P O Lymers and People
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Literature Compass Editing Humphry Davy's
1 ‘Work in Progress in Romanticism’ Literature Compass Editing Humphry Davy’s Letters Tim Fulford, Andrew Lacey, Sharon Ruston An editorial team of Tim Fulford (De Montfort University) and Sharon Ruston (Lancaster University) (co-editors), and Jan Golinski (University of New Hampshire), Frank James (the Royal Institution of Great Britain), and David Knight1 (Durham University) (advisory editors) are currently preparing The Collected Letters of Sir Humphry Davy: a four-volume edition of the c. 1200 surviving letters of Davy (1778-1829) and his immediate circle, for publication with Oxford University Press, in both print and electronic forms, in 2020. Davy was one of the most significant and famous figures in the scientific and literary culture of early nineteenth-century Britain, Europe, and America. Davy’s scientific accomplishments were varied and numerous, including conducting pioneering research into the physiological effects of nitrous oxide (laughing gas); isolating potassium, calcium, and several other metals; inventing a miners’ safety lamp (the bicentenary of which was celebrated in 2015); developing the electrochemical protection of the copper sheeting of Royal Navy vessels; conserving the Herculaneum papyri; writing an influential text on agricultural chemistry; and seeking to improve the quality of optical glass. But Davy’s endeavours were not merely limited to science: he was also a poet, and moved in the same literary circles as Lord Byron, Samuel Taylor Coleridge, Robert Southey, and William Wordsworth. Since his death, Davy has rarely been out of the public mind. He is still the frequent subject of biographies (by, 1 David Knight died in 2018. David gave generously to the Davy Letters Project, and a two-day conference at Durham University was recently held in his memory. -
1 Fundamentals of Polymer Chemistry
1 Fundamentals of Polymer Chemistry H. Warson 1 THE CONCEPT OF A POLYMER 1.1 Historical introduction The differences between the properties of crystalline organic materials of low molecular weight and the more indefinable class of materials referred to by Graham in 1861 as ‘colloids’ has long engaged the attention of chemists. This class includes natural substances such as gum acacia, which in solution are unable to pass through a semi-permeable membrane. Rubber is also included among this class of material. The idea that the distinguishing feature of colloids was that they had a much higher molecular weight than crystalline substances came fairly slowly. Until the work of Raoult, who developed the cryoscopic method of estimating molecular weight, and Van’t Hoff, who enunciated the solution laws, it was difficult to estimate even approximately the polymeric state of materials. It also seems that in the nineteenth century there was little idea that a colloid could consist, not of a product of fixed molecular weight, but of molecules of a broad band of molecular weights with essentially the same repeat units in each. Vague ideas of partial valence unfortunately derived from inorganic chem- istry and a preoccupation with the idea of ring formation persisted until after 1920. In addition chemists did not realise that a process such as ozonisation virtually destroyed a polymer as such, and the molecular weight of the ozonide, for example of rubber, had no bearing on the original molecular weight. The theory that polymers are built up of chain formulae was vigorously advocated by Staudinger from 1920 onwards [1]. -
Implementing NIR for Polymer Production Process Monitoring Dr
Implementing NIR for Polymer Production Process Monitoring Dr. Hari Narayanan, Senior Product Manager – Spectroscopy, Metrohm USA Inc Introduction while at the bench or pilot plant level it can be used to Polymers are a very important class of organic materials, optimize reaction conditions. Finally, when used in a widely used in many fields due to their unique properties complete feedback-control-loop at the industrial reactor such as tensile strength and viscoelastic behavior under level, significant improvement in product quality can be deformation. With more stringent demands on the quality expected, as well as savings of non-renewable resources, of polymer products and pressure to reduce cost in energy, reactor and personnel time. Creating an effective production and processing, the need for fast, accurate and NIR implementation strategy depends on the type of reliable monitoring methods is greater than ever. polymerization process, the properties of interest, and measurement conditions. Analytical methods, which require time-consuming and intensive sample preparation, are difficult to implement Polymerization Processes effectively in a process or quality control environment, NIR spectroscopy can be used for bulk, solution, emulsion and waste precious time and materials. Efficient process and suspension polymerization monitoring, providing control demands a measurement technique which is information on copolymer composition and distribution, rapid, requires little or no sample preparation and minimal monomer conversion, molecular weight averages, average technical expertise. It should be reliable, rugged and easily particle sizes and more. automated. Bulk polymerization Near-infrared (NIR) spectroscopy meets those needs by In bulk polymerization, the reaction is carried out in the being both rapid and precise. -
Atomic History Project Background: If You Were Asked to Draw the Structure of an Atom, What Would You Draw?
Atomic History Project Background: If you were asked to draw the structure of an atom, what would you draw? Throughout history, scientists have accepted five major different atomic models. Our perception of the atom has changed from the early Greek model because of clues or evidence that have been gathered through scientific experiments. As more evidence was gathered, old models were discarded or improved upon. Your task is to trace the atomic theory through history. Task: 1. You will create a timeline of the history of the atomic model that includes all of the following components: A. Names of 15 of the 21 scientists listed below B. The year of each scientist’s discovery that relates to the structure of the atom C. 1- 2 sentences describing the importance of the discovery that relates to the structure of the atom Scientists for the timeline: *required to be included • Empedocles • John Dalton* • Ernest Schrodinger • Democritus* • J.J. Thomson* • Marie & Pierre Curie • Aristotle • Robert Millikan • James Chadwick* • Evangelista Torricelli • Ernest • Henri Becquerel • Daniel Bernoulli Rutherford* • Albert Einstein • Joseph Priestly • Niels Bohr* • Max Planck • Antoine Lavoisier* • Louis • Michael Faraday • Joseph Louis Proust DeBroglie* Checklist for the timeline: • Timeline is in chronological order (earliest date to most recent date) • Equal space is devoted to each year (as on a number line) • The eight (8) *starred scientists are included with correct dates of their discoveries • An additional seven (7) scientists of your choice (from -
Origins of Life: Transition from Geochemistry to Biogeochemistry
December 2016 Volume 12, Number 6 ISSN 1811-5209 Origins of Life: Transition from Geochemistry to Biogeochemistry NITA SAHAI and HUSSEIN KADDOUR, Guest Editors Transition from Geochemistry to Biogeochemistry Staging Life: Warm Seltzer Ocean Incubating Life: Prebiotic Sources Foundation Stones to Life Prebiotic Metal-Organic Catalysts Protometabolism and Early Protocells pub_elements_oct16_1300&icpms_Mise en page 1 13-Sep-16 3:39 PM Page 1 Reproducibility High Resolution igh spatial H Resolution High mass The New Generation Ion Microprobe for Path-breaking Advances in Geoscience U-Pb dating in 91500 zircon, RF-plasma O- source Addressing the growing demand for small scale, high resolution, in situ isotopic measurements at high precision and productivity, CAMECA introduces the IMS 1300-HR³, successor of the internationally acclaimed IMS 1280-HR, and KLEORA which is derived from the IMS 1300-HR³ and is fully optimized for advanced U-Th-Pb mineral dating. • New high brightness RF-plasma ion source greatly improving spatial resolution, reproducibility and throughput • New automated sample loading system with motorized sample height adjustment, significantly increasing analysis precision, ease-of-use and productivity • New UV-light microscope for enhanced optical image resolution (developed by University of Wisconsin, USA) ... and more! Visit www.cameca.com or email [email protected] to request IMS 1300-HR³ and KLEORA product brochures. Laser-Ablation ICP-MS ~ now with CAMECA ~ The Attom ES provides speed and sensitivity optimized for the most demanding LA-ICP-MS applications. Corr. Pb 207-206 - U (238) Recent advances in laser ablation technology have improved signal 2SE error per sample - Pb (206) Combined samples 0.076121 +/- 0.002345 - Pb (207) to background ratios and washout times. -
Materials Science and Engineering 1
Materials Science and Engineering 1 EN.515.603. Materials Characterization. 3 Credits. MATERIALS SCIENCE AND This course will describe a variety of techniques used to characterize the structure and composition of engineering materials, including metals, ENGINEERING ceramics, polymers, composites, and semiconductors. The emphasis will be on microstructural characterization techniques, including optical The Materials Science and Engineering Program for professionals allows and electron microscopy, x-ray diffraction, and acoustic microscopy. students to take courses that address current and emerging areas Surface analytical techniques, including Auger electron spectroscopy, critical to the development and use of biomaterials, electronic materials, secondary ion mass spectroscopy, x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, structural materials, nanomaterials and nanotechnology, and related and Rutherford backscattering spectroscopy. Real-world examples of materials processing technologies. Students in this program gain an materials characterization will be presented throughout the course, advanced understanding of foundational concepts and are exposed to including characterization of thin films, surfaces, interfaces, and single the latest research that is driving materials-related advances. crystals. Courses are offered at the Applied Physics Laboratory, the Homewood EN.515.605. Electrical, Optical and Magnetic Properties. 3 Credits. campus, and online. An overview of electrical, optical and magnetic properties arising from the fundamental electronic and atomic structure of materials. Continuum materials properties are developed through examination of microscopic Program Committee processes. Emphasis will be placed on both fundamental principles and James Spicer, Program Chair applications in contemporary materials technologies.Course Note(s): Principal Professional Staff Please note that this 515 course is also listed as a 510 course in the full- JHU Applied Physics Laboratory time program. -
Dupont™ Teflon® PTFE TE-3876
DuPont™ Teflon® PTFE TE-3876 Aqueous Fluoropolymers made with Echelon™ Dispersion Technology Product Information Aqueous Dispersion Brand hibits, even at high temperature usage, improved durability, Teflon® is a registered trademark of DuPont for its brand of abrasion resistance, flex-life, gloss and color. These charac- fluoropolymer resins, which can only be licensed by DuPont teristics make it specially suited for topcoats in for example for use in approved applications. Customers who wish to metal and glasscloth coatings. use the Teflon® trademark in connection with DuPont DuPont™ Teflon® PTFE TE-3876 is based on new and products under license from DuPont should either contact improved polymer and formulation technologies that ensure (800) 262-2745 in the US or the regional sales office listed at higher product quality and processing improvements in the back of this brochure. Without a license, customers may various coating applications. Teflon® PTFE TE-3876 disper- not identify their product as containing Teflon®, but may refer sion has improved shear resistance, hence is less prone to the resin as PTFE fluoropolymer dispersion TE-3876. to coagulation, and is therefore well suited to processes where high shear is present such as roller and curtain coat- Description ings. Other product improvements include higher gloss, me- DuPont™ Teflon® PTFE TE-3876 fluoropolymer resin is chanical strength and durability, while the processor benefits a negatively charged, hydrophobic colloid, containing from improved Critical Cracking Thickness and improved approximately 60% (by total weight) of 0.05 to 0.5 µm sinterability, which lead to improved productivity and yields. polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) resin particles suspended in When properly processed, the PTFE resin in Teflon® PTFE water. -
John Dalton By: Period 8 Early Years and Education
John Dalton By: Period 8 Early Years and Education • John Dalton was born in the small British village of Eaglesfield, Cumberland, England to a Quaker family. • As a child, John did not have much formal education because his family was rather poor; however, he did acquire a basic foundation in reading, writing, and arithmetic at a nearby Quaker school. • A teacher by the name of John Fletcher took young John Dalton under his wing and introduced him to a great mentor, Elihu Robinson, who was a rich Quaker. • Elihu then agreed to tutor John in mathematics, science, and meteorology. Shortly after he ended his tutoring sessions with Elihu, Dalton began keeping a daily log of the weather and other matters of meteorology. Education continued • His studies of these weather conditions led him to develop theories and hypotheses about mixed gases and water vapor. • He kept this journal of weather recordings his entire life, which later aided him in his observations and recordings of atoms and elements. Accomplishments • In 1794, Dalton became the first • Dalton joined the Manchester to explain color blindness, Literary and Philosophical which he was afflicted with Society and instantly published himself, at one of his public his first book on Meteorological lectures and it is even Observations and Essays. sometimes called Daltonism referring to John Dalton • In this book, John tells of his himself. ideas on gasses and that “in a • The first paper he wrote on this mixture of gasses, each gas matter was entitled exists independently of each Extraordinary facts relating to other gas and acts accordingly,” the visions of colors “in which which was when he’s famous he postulated that shortage in ideas on the Atomic Theory color perception was caused by started to form. -
Polymers: a Historical Perspective
Journal & Proceedings of the Royal Society of New South Wales, vol. 152, part 2, 2019, pp. 242–250. ISSN 0035-9173/19/020242-09 Polymers: a historical perspective Robert Burford, FRSN Emeritus Professor, School of Chemical Engineering, UNSW Sydney Email: [email protected] Abstract This commissioned paper outlines the emergence of new forms of synthetics and plastics as our under- standing of polymer chemistry has advanced. Synopsis phenols and styrene are “polymerised” to olymers have been ubiquitous since form thermosets,1 including phenol for- simple gaseous molecules began to form maldehyde “Bakelite” thermosets, but are P 2 life-giving organic structures many millions also present in thermoplastics including of years ago. Today, we rely upon proteins polystyrene and related materials such as comprising twenty amino acids, as well as styrene acrylonitrile (SAN) and ABS.3 The DNA and RNA with many fewer nucleic manufacture of Bakelite is often viewed as acids. Similarly, many fibres and plants the birth of the synthetic polymer industry. comprise carbohydrate polymers: we and The enormous growth both in diversity and other animals use these and protein-based volume of thermoplastics is a feature of the polymers for our diet. Hence, organic earth’s 20th century, dismissively called the “plastics surface has an enormous diversity of natu- age.” Again, important but sometimes ser- rally occurring polymers, sometimes called endipitous discoveries are a feature of this macromolecules. period, but the associated large-scale produc- Today, these continue to feed and clothe tion introduced multinational corporations us, and much more, but the beginning of originating mainly in Europe, the US and man-made materials might be considered Japan. -
Contribution to the Historical Development of Macromolecular Chemistry – Exemplified on Cellulose
CELLULOSE CHEMISTRY AND TECHNOLOGY CONTRIBUTION TO THE HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT OF MACROMOLECULAR CHEMISTRY – EXEMPLIFIED ON CELLULOSE PETER ZUGENMAIER Institute of Physical Chemistry, Clausthal University of Technology, D-38678 Clausthal-Zellerfeld, Germany Dedicated to Professor Elfriede Husemann, on the occasion of her 100th birthday in December 2008. She was an admirable and internationally highly recognized scientist and the first director of the Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry (Hermann-Staudinger-Haus) of the Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg; the foundation of the institute owing to the eminent scientific success and recognition of the work of Hermann Staudinger, leading to the Nobel Prize in the field of macromolecular chemistry. Received October 20, 2009 The development of the structure determination for cellulose and its derivatives as macromolecules is described from the beginning of the 20th century to the 1940s. The first correct presentation of the constitution of cellulose as a linear chain macromolecule of 1-4 linked β-D-anhydroglucopyranose, with the help of organic chemistry, dates from 1928. The size and shape of cellulose molecules still remained a controversial topic for some time. On the one hand, there were proposals of micelles i.e. aggregates of cyclic mono- or oligoanhydroglucose or micelles of small macromolecules of 30-50 glucose units. On the other hand, cellulose was seen as large macromolecules with more than 3000 glucose units for structures considered in solution as well as in fibres. The final clarification of the cellulose structure as a semi-flexible macromolecule of high molecular weight was extremely hindered by the inadequate interpretation of experimental results. Later, additional experimental and theoretical methods led to a consistent picture of the cellulose structure with high precision. -
Dupont Performance Materials a Broad Range of Advanced Solutions for Healthcare Components
DuPont Performance Materials a broad range of advanced solutions for healthcare components DuPont Performance Materials delivers science-based, high quality thermoplastics to the healthcare industry. 1 These thermoplastics are used in the manufacture of demanding components across many different healthcare segments. DuPont Performance Materials… a broad range of advanced solutions for healthcare components DuPont draws on its long experience in materials research, application development, technology, safety and regulatory compliance to provide expert support to healthcare product manufacturers, backed by its global manufacturing and supply strength. The Key Properties Our Materials Can Offer Your Products Depending on the specific High Strength First and foremost, designers are looking for an optimum application, DuPont can deliver an balance of strength, stiffness and toughness with excellent molding characteristics. The right balance of appropriate solution from its broad these properties is the key to designing components for maximum reliability, safety and manufacturability. range of standard products, or from DuPont™ Delrin® POM, having the most metal-like behavior of any unreinforced plastic due to its very high crystallinity, its portfolio of “Special Control” (SC) is often the first choice for designers. DuPont also offers a wide range of reinforced engineering and “Premium Control” (PC) grades, plastics for applications requiring even higher stiffness, which are differentiated by a greater strength and creep resistance (See Figure -
Complicated Views: Mainstream Cinema's Representation of Non
University of Southampton Research Repository Copyright © and Moral Rights for this thesis and, where applicable, any accompanying data are retained by the author and/or other copyright owners. A copy can be downloaded for personal non-commercial research or study, without prior permission or charge. This thesis and the accompanying data cannot be reproduced or quoted extensively from without first obtaining permission in writing from the copyright holder/s. The content of the thesis and accompanying research data (where applicable) must not be changed in any way or sold commercially in any format or medium without the formal permission of the copyright holder/s. When referring to this thesis and any accompanying data, full bibliographic details must be given, e.g. Thesis: Author (Year of Submission) "Full thesis title", University of Southampton, name of the University Faculty or School or Department, PhD Thesis, pagination. Data: Author (Year) Title. URI [dataset] University of Southampton Faculty of Arts and Humanities Film Studies Complicated Views: Mainstream Cinema’s Representation of Non-Cinematic Audio/Visual Technologies after Television. DOI: by Eliot W. Blades Thesis for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy May 2020 University of Southampton Abstract Faculty of Arts and Humanities Department of Film Studies Thesis for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Complicated Views: Mainstream Cinema’s Representation of Non-Cinematic Audio/Visual Technologies after Television. by Eliot W. Blades This thesis examines a number of mainstream fiction feature films which incorporate imagery from non-cinematic moving image technologies. The period examined ranges from the era of the widespread success of television (i.e.