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Nutritional and Gut Microbial Analyses of Adult Male Cockroaches (Periplaneta Americana) (Dictyoptera, Blattodea) from Three Locations in Abeokuta, Nigeria

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Nutritional and Gut Microbial Analyses of Adult Male Cockroaches (Periplaneta Americana) (Dictyoptera, Blattodea) from Three Locations in Abeokuta, Nigeria Entomologica romanica 24: 19-23, 2020 ISSN 2601-7105 online / ISSN 1224-2594 print / doi: 10.24193/entomolrom.24.2 Nutritional and Gut Microbial Analyses of Adult Male Cockroaches (Periplaneta americana) (Dictyoptera, Blattodea) from Three Locations in Abeokuta, Nigeria Kehinde Olutoyin Ademolu, Oluwatosin Yetunde Mustapha & Adewunmi Babatunde Idowu Summary: Cockroaches are cosmopolitan insects and are found in different parts of the house. There has been an increase call for their inclusion in the diet of both man and livestock. However, their nutritional value and gut microbial load based on different locations had received little attention in literature. This study aimed at investigating nutritive value and the microbial load in the gut of male cockroaches found in different locations (dumpsite, kitchen and toilet). Thirty (30) adult male cockroaches (Periplaneta americana), ten (10) from each location were used. The gut was taken out for microbial analysis and the other parts of the cockroaches were arranged for proximate composition, minerals and vitamins analysis using standard methods. Data analysis was done using one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) and Student Newman Kuel was used for mean separation of significant means. The gut microbial analysis from the three locations revealed that bacterial and fungal counts (2.00×105 cfu/ml, 9.00×105 cfu/ml respectively) in cockroaches from the dumpsite were significantly higher (p<0.05) than other sites. Cockroaches collected from the kitchen had highest Ca2+ and Mg2+ concentrations while cockroaches from the dumpsite had the least. Proximate composition showed that cockroaches from the kitchen had significantly higher (p <0.05) protein, ash, fat and carbohydrate content than other locations. This study showed that location affects the nutritional and microbial content of cockroaches. Key words: cockroaches, nutritional value, location, microorganisms Introduction and transmit pathogens rapidly at night (Fischer et al. 2003). They frequently feed on human faeces, garbage Cockroaches are considered one of the most and sewage; therefore they have copious opportunity adaptable insect groups ever in human history to disseminate pathogenic agents (Uckay et al. 2009). (Etim et al. 2013). Of the over 4,000 known species Their attraction to human and animal faeces, rotting of cockroaches, only a dozen can be considered food, secretions from corpses, sputum, pus, and the like as pests. These include the American Cockroach; gives them a well-earned “disgust factor” among the Periplaneta americana (about 30 millimeters long), general public. These moist, organic habitats contain the German cockroach, Blatella germinica (about staggering amounts of bacteria, protozoa, amoebae, 14 millimeters long), the Brown banded cockroach fungi, and other microbial material (William et al. Supella longipalpa (about 14 millimeters long) and 2011). the oriental cockroach, Blatta orientalis (about 14 It has been particularly difficult to determine millimeters long). Reports have shown that the specific nutritional values for cockroaches, partly American cockroach, P. americana and the German because of the presence of microbial symbiotes cockroach, B. germanica are the most common (bacteroids) in specialized cells (mycetocytes) in the cockroaches infesting buildings worldwide (Uneke fat body. Elimination of symbiotes from P. americana 2007, Omudu and Eyumah 2008). by antibiotic treatment results in poor growth and Cockroaches live in groups and are attracted to diminished reproductive capacity (Richards and humidity, warmth and darkness and are common in Brooks 1958). toilets, bathrooms, kitchens and dining and bedrooms. Yi et al (2013) reported insect protein quality The American cockroach (Periplaneta americana) is to be higher than soyabean and lower than casein the largest. They can survive up to two years, much proteins. Barroso et al. (2014) stated that amino longer than other cockroaches’ types. Cockroaches acid profile of some Diptera is superior to soyabean have dirty habits with an ability to spoil food, transfer meal. Evaluation of the nutritive value of cockroaches pathogens, cause allergic reactions and psychological become important as the insects could form a base distress (Brenner 1995). Cockroaches breed and for new feed product of considerable nutritive value. forage in sewer systems, garbage bins, and latrines Similarly the nutritional value changes according to (Mpuchane et al. 2006). They are nocturnal in habit the preparation and processing before consumption (drying, cooking, frying etc.) (Huis-Van et al. 2013). of fungi was done by Bernett and Hunter (1972) According to Payne et al (2016) insect’s nutritional techniques. composition showed high diversity between species. Statistical Analysis Due to the limited information, this study investigates Data collected were analyzed using One-way the nutritional value of cockroaches based on their Analysis of Variance (ANOVA). Separation of locations. significant means was done using the Student- Newman-Keuls (SNK). Materials and methods Results Experimental Site This study was carried out in the laboratory of the The results of the morphometrics of cockroaches Department of Pure and Applied Zoology, Federal from three different locations are presented in Table University of Agriculture, Abeokuta, Ogun State, 1. There was no significant difference (p>0.05) in Nigeria. the measurement of head, thorax and abdomen of Experimental Procedures cockroaches from the three locations. The body Adult cockroaches were captured (mostly at night length of the cockroaches from the three locations time and early morning) from different locations in showed no significant difference (p>0.05) as well. The hostels at Camp Area of Abeokuta (kitchens, toilets metathoracic legs of cockroaches from the dumpsite and dumpsites) by hand picking method using sterile (3.96±0.45cm) had the lowest measurement compared gloves and transferred to perforated containers for to the toilet, which had the highest measurement of access to air. These containers were directly transferred (5.00±0.25cm). The body length and mesothoracic to laboratory for further process. On the arrival of the legs also followed the same trend. The body weight cockroaches at the laboratory, ten male cockroaches of cockroaches from the dumpsite was significantly were put into an envelope and kept in the freezer for higher (p <0.05) than other locations. 10 minutes to make them immobile. After 10 minutes, Table 2 shows the proximate composition of each cockroach was weighed using electric weighing cockroaches from different locations in Abeokuta. scale and weight was calculated. Other cockroach The moisture content of cockroaches in all three samples (50) were arranged for chemical analysis. locations, and there was significant difference (a) Morphometrics: The morphometric studies (p<0.05) among cockroaches from the dumpsite to of each cockroach were also carried out with concise the cockroaches found in the toilet and kitchen. The reading taken. The measurements of the following cockroaches found in the dumpsite have the highest body parts were carried out using calibrated ruler: value of (69.91±1.29acm) while kitchen has the body length,head, thoracic, abdomen, wings length, lowest value of (57.62±2.83bcm). Fat content, crude prothoracic leg, mesothoracic leg and metathoracic protein content and carbohydrate of cockroaches from leg.Each cockroach samples was dissected at a time the kitchen showed significant difference (p<0.05) to avoid mix up during microbial analysis of the gut from the other two locations. content. The gut measurement (fore gut, mid gut and Mineral analysis of cockroaches from all three hind gut), each cockroach was dissected as the whole locations shows the presence of Na+, K+, Ca2+, gut was removed carefully with the aid of forceps. Fe, Mg2+ and Cl- (Table 3). Cockroaches (b) Proximate Analysis: the moisture, ash, crude collected from the kitchen had the highest Ca2+, g2+ fat, crude fibre and crude protein, and carbohydrate concentrations, while cockroaches from the dumpsite content of the experimental cockroaches were had the least. It can also be seen that Fe2+ and Cl- are determined by A.O.A.C. (1990) method. the least minerals present in all three locations. + + 2+ (c) Mineral Analysis: Mineral (Na , K , Ca , Fe, Results showed the presence of vitamins A, B2 and Mg2+ and Cl-) composition of the cockroaches from C in the cockroaches from the three locations. There the three locations were determined using Atomic was significant difference (p< 0.05) in the composition Absorption Spectrophotometry (AAS). of vitamin C. (d) Vitamins Composition: Vitamin (Vitamins A, Cockroaches in the kitchen have the highest B2 and C) composition of the cockroach samples were vitamins while dumpsite has the least vitamins. determined following methods of A.O.A.C. (1990). Vitamin A is least of vitamins amongst the All chemical analyses were done in triplicates. cockroaches from all the three locations (Table 4). (e) Microbial Analysis of the gut: Ten Microbial analysis of the gut regions of P. cockroaches (from each location) were dissected americana is shown in Figure 1. It shows that following protocols describe by Ademolu and Idowu fungi growth is significantly higher than bacterial (2011). The whole gut was removed and the content growth in the gut of cockroaches picked from all emptied into sterile labeled petri dishes and kept in the three locations. The result of microbial analysis
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