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Palestine, Israel, and the Politics of Popular Culture PALESTINE, ISRAEL, AND THE POLITICS OF POPULAR CULTURE Rebecca L. Stein and Ted Swedenburg, editors PALESTINE, ISRAEL, AND THE POLITICS OF POPULAR CULTURE Duke University Press Durham & London 2005 © 2005 Duke University Press All rights reserved Printed in the United States of America on acid-free paper Designed by Rebecca Giménez Typeset in Scala by Tseng Information Systems Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data appear on the last printed page of this book. CONTENTS Acknowledgments : vii Rebecca L. Stein and Ted Swedenburg Introduction: Popular Culture, Transnationality, and Radical History : 1 I HISTORICAL ARTICULATIONS Salim Tamari Wasif Jawhariyyeh, Popular Music, and Early Modernity in Jerusalem : 27 Mark LeVine The Palestinian Press in Mandatory Jaffa: Advertising, National- ism, and the Public Sphere : 51 Ilan Pappé Post-Zionism and Its Popular Cultures : 77 II CINEMAS AND CYBERSPACES Carol Bardenstein Cross/Cast: Passing in Israeli and Palestinian Cinema : 99 Laleh Khalili Virtual Nation: Palestinian Cyberculture in Lebanese Camps : 126 Livia Alexander Is There a Palestinian Cinema? The National and Transnational in Palestinian Film Production : 150 III THE POLITICS OF MUSIC Joseph Massad Liberating Songs: Palestine Put to Music : 175 Amy Horowitz Dueling Nativities: Zehava Ben Sings Umm Kulthum : 202 Ted Swedenburg Against Hybridity: The Case of Enrico Macias/Gaston Ghrenassia : 231 IV REGIONAL AND GLOBAL CIRCUITS Rebecca L. Stein ‘‘First Contact’’ and Other Israeli Fictions: Tourism, Globalization, and the Middle East PeaceProcess:259 Melani McAlister Prophecy, Politics, and the Popular: The Left Behind Series and Christian Evangelicalism’s New World Order : 288 Mary Layoun Telling Stories in Palestine: Comix Understanding and Narratives of Palestine-Israel : 313 Elliott Colla Sentimentality and Redemption: The Rhetoric of Egyptian Pop Culture Intifada Solidarity : 338 Bibliography : 365 Contributors : 397 Index : 401 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS his volume has been long in the making and depended on the assis- tance of many friends and colleagues.We found critical inspiration for Tthis project in the work of Ammiel Alcalay, Edward Said, and Ella Sho- hat; while none of these scholars was able to contribute to the volume, their early interest and support for the initiative was critical in its realiza- tion. Portions of this volume were originally presented as papers in a panel that we organized for the American Anthropological Association Meetings in November 2001. Thanks to Nadia Abu El-Haj and Susan Slyomovics, who offered insightful critiques in their capacity as discussants and helped shape the volume to come. Joel Beinin,Yael Ben-Zvi, Robert Blecher, Elliott Colla, Andrew Janiak, Zachary Lockman, and Shira Robinson provided generous consultation and constructive commentary during the course of the volume’s production. Particular thanks are due to the contributors, whose pioneering work on issues of popular culture in Palestine and Israel made this volume possible; we thank them for their incredibly hard work in bringing this text to publication. Elizabeth Angel did extensive edito- rial work on the manuscripts and helped all of us to clarify and strengthen our arguments. At Duke Press, Ken Wissoker’s enthusiasm for the project, intellectual support, and critical advice was this volume’s backbone. Court- ney Berger’s enormous editorial care and heavy lifting was invaluable as the volume went into production. Kate Lothman skillfully moved the manu- script into its final stages.Thanks also to our partners and families for their patience, encouragement, and support. And to our colleagues and friends at Middle East Report; this volume grows out of our collective struggle for justice in Palestine and Israel. Introduction REBECCA L. STEIN & TED SWEDENBURG Popular Culture, Transnationality, and Radical History raditionally, most radical scholarship on Palestine and Israel has ig- nored questions of popular culture, or, at best, consigned popular cul- Tture forms and processes to the margins of scholarly debate and in- 1 vestigation. For many scholars, the act of marginalization has seemed a necessary response to the severity of the national conflict, the harsh vio- lence of the Israeli occupation, and the enduring struggle for Palestinian national liberation. Popular culture’s frequent appearance in commodity form has made the labor of marginalization seem all the more necessary, particularly for scholars wedded to classic Marxist analytics, in which mass production and commodification are thought to render the cultural form ‘‘inauthentic.’’ For scholars concerned primarily with questions of nation- alism and national conflict in Palestine and Israel, the global circuits of the popular cultural commodity have further removed it from the scholarly agenda. Popular culture, in all these approaches, is deemed epiphenome- nal to questions of politics and power. In the past decade, scholars in the field of Middle East studies have begun to rethink these presumptions, taking popular culture seriously as 2 a space, practice, or discourse. Our volume grows out of this larger effort. In the most basic terms, we are arguing that the question of popular cul- ture in Palestine and Israel is fundamentally one of politics and power. In turn, we suggest that the marginalization of popular culture in progres- sive scholarship on the region is symptomatic of the conceptual and meth- odological limits that still define much of this scholarship: the pervading logic of the nation or nation-state, on the one hand, and the analytic tools of traditional Marxist historiography and political economy, on the other. In what follows, we turn to a notion of cultural politics as a way to think be- yond these limits. At stake is an attempt to broaden our understanding of the terrain of power in Palestine and Israel and thereby the possible arenas and modalities of struggle. Radical Genealogies Together, the essays in this volume grow out of, and pay homage to, at least three decades of radical scholarship on Palestine, Israel, and the his- tory of Zionism, by which we mean scholarship that has been framed through questions of colonization, occupation, and the Palestinian self- 3 determination struggle. At the turn of the twenty-first century, as new scholarship on the region proliferates, it is perhaps easy to forget the rela- tively recent appearance of this radical agenda in the U.S. academy. As recently as the 1980s and into the early 1990s, efforts to publish on or speak critically about Zionism and its histories were frequently met with fierce opposition in institutions of higher education, academic advisors cautioned graduate students with Palestine-based projects of certain diffi- culties on the job market, and research funding for such projects was diffi- 4 cult to secure. The parameters of permissible discourse on Palestine and Israel have shifted significantly since this period, evidenced by the wide- spread use of the colonial paradigm by scholars in both the United States 5 and Israel. Thus, despite the current ‘‘war on terror’’ and its effects in the academy, radical scholarship on the region is no longer the ‘‘lonely’’ enter- 6 prise described by Said in The Question of Palestine in 1979. By our accounting, there are six key moments in the history of this radi- cal scholarly agenda as it pertains to the U.S. academy. The first was what we might call the documentary moment, which took place in the wake of the June 1967 war and emerged out of the Palestinian resistance move- ment and its nascent affiliated institutions. These emergent institutions, largely based in Beirut, began the unprecedented labor of publishing a body of literature on the Palestinian question from the Palestinian perspective, produced in Western languages and aimed at export. These various cen- ters of research and publication (such as the Institute for Palestine Studies and the plo-affiliated Palestine Research Center) provided key sources for 7 emerging U.S. radical journalism and scholarship. The second moment, crucially enabled by the first, was the gradual radi- 2 Rebecca L. Stein and Ted Swedenburg calization of U.S. Middle East studies, beginning in the mid-1970s and con- tinuing through the 1980s. Deeply influenced by the political ferment of the 1960s and deploying what Said has called ‘‘antithetical knowledge,’’ a younger generation of U.S. scholars began to draw parallels between U.S. imperialist intervention in Vietnam and U.S. support for Israel in the Middle East—an analogy that emerged forcefully only after the 1967 war. This radicalized generation began to enter the professoriate and, in turn, the Middle East Studies Association and to shift the overall terms of the 8 debate on the Middle East and its histories. The third moment, and in a sense the culmination of the first two, was the appearance of Said’s The Question of Palestine in 1979, a book that, pub- lished by a trade press and thus widely available, sought to redress the in- visibility of Palestinians in state and academic accounts of the Middle East and to unsettle the presumed isomorphism of ‘‘Palestinian’’ and ‘‘terrorist’’ in the popular U.S. lexicon of the period. Said’s text played a major role in bringing the Palestinian viewpoint into public visibility. The Israeli invasion of Lebanon (1982) and the first Palestinian uprising or Intifada (1987–1993) mark the fourth and fifth discursive shifts. Al- though the 1982 Lebanon war provided an incentive for increased orga- nizing on the Palestine question in both academic and activist arenas in the United States, the left liberal public was primarily consumed with cold war concerns (nuclear disarmament, U.S. covert intervention in Central America, etc.). The U.S. response to the uprising of 1987 was quite dif- ferent. The heightened media visibility of a Palestinian struggle waged by stone-hurling youth against a heavily armed Israeli army helped to edu- cate the public about Palestinian demands for self-determination and to displace the iconic image of the Palestinian terrorist. The Intifada also gave rise to a substantial body of solidarity literature produced in the West.
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