Holocaust Ghettos
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Oldenburgische Beiträge Zu Jüdischen Studien Band 10
Oldenburgische Beiträge zu Jüdischen Studien Schriftenreihe des Seminars Jüdische Studien im Fachbereich 3 der Carl von Ossietzky Universität Band 10 Herausgeber Aron Bodenheimer, Michael Daxner Kurt Nemitz, Alfred Paffenholz Friedrich Wißmann (Redaktion) mit dem Vorstand des Seminars Jüdische Studien und dem Dekan des Fachbereichs 3 Mit der Schriftenreihe „Oldenburgische Beiträge zu Jüdischen Studien“ tritt ein junger Forschungszweig der Carl von Ossietzky Universität Oldenburg an die Öffentlichkeit, der sich eng an den Gegenstand des Studienganges Jüdische Studien anlehnt. Es wird damit der Versuch unternommen, den Beitrag des Judentums zur deutschen und europäischen Kultur bewußt zu machen. Deshalb sind die Studiengebiete aber auch die Forschungsbereiche interdisziplinär ausgerichtet. Es sollen unterschiedliche Themenkomplexe vorgestellt werden, die sich mit Geschichte, Politik und Gesellschaft des Judentums von der Antike bis zur Gegenwart beschäftigen. Ein anderes Hauptgewicht liegt auf der biblischen und nachbiblischen Religion. Ergän- zend sollen aber auch solche Fragen aufgenommen werden, die sich mit jüdischer Kunst, Literatur, Musik, Erziehung und Wissenschaft beschäftigen. Die sehr unterschiedlichen Bereiche sollen sich auch mit regionalen Fragen befassen, soweit sie das Verhältnis der Gesellschaft zur altisraelitischen bzw. Jüdischen Religion berühren oder auch den Antisemitismus behandeln, ganz allgemein über Juden in der Nordwest-Region informieren und hier auch die Vernichtung und Vertreibung in der Zeit des Nationalsozialismus behandeln. Viele Informationen darüber sind nach wie vor unberührt in den Akten- beständen der Archive oder auch noch unentdeckt in privaten Sammlungen und auch persönlichen Erinnerungen enthalten. Diese Dokumente sind eng mit den Schicksalen von Personen verbunden. Sie und die Lebensbedingun- gen der jüdischen Familien und Institutionen für die wissenschaftliche Geschichtsschreibung zu erschließen, darin sehen wir eine wichtige Aufgabe, die mit der hier vorgestellten Schriftenreihe voran gebracht werden soll. -
Masterarbeit / Master's Thesis
MASTERARBEIT / MASTER’S THESIS Titel der Masterarbeit / Title of the Master‘s Thesis „Gewalt auf Distanz. Zur Farbfotografie in der Shoah“ verfasst von / submitted by Eva Maria Pirker, BA angestrebter akademischer Grad / in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts (MA) Wien 2016 / Vienna 2016 Studienkennzahl lt. Studienblatt / A 066 835 degree programme code as it appears on the student record sheet: Studienrichtung lt. Studienblatt / Kunstgeschichte degree programme as it appears on the student record sheet: Betreut von / Supervisor: Mag. Dr. Friedrich Tietjen Inhaltsverzeichnis I Einleitung ................................................................................................................................. 2 II Forschungsstand und Methoden ............................................................................................. 4 III Die Farbfotografie als Element der Verflechtung von Industrie und Propaganda im Nationalsozialismus ................................................................................................................... 6 IV Die sogenannte „Endlösung“ – eine Demonstration einer Radikalisierung ....................... 17 V Walter Genewein – Dokumentation der ökonomischen „Effizienz“ des Holocaust ............ 21 V a. Das „Getto Litzmannstadt“ und dessen deutsche „Gettoverwaltung“ .......................... 22 V b. Die Entdeckung der Farbdias Walter Geneweins ......................................................... 38 V c. Die Bedeutung der Farbdias aus dem „Getto -
Using Diaries to Understand the Final Solution in Poland
Miranda Walston Witnessing Extermination: Using Diaries to Understand the Final Solution in Poland Honours Thesis By: Miranda Walston Supervisor: Dr. Lauren Rossi 1 Miranda Walston Introduction The Holocaust spanned multiple years and states, occurring in both German-occupied countries and those of their collaborators. But in no one state were the actions of the Holocaust felt more intensely than in Poland. It was in Poland that the Nazis constructed and ran their four death camps– Treblinka, Sobibor, Chelmno, and Belzec – and created combination camps that both concentrated people for labour, and exterminated them – Auschwitz and Majdanek.1 Chelmno was the first of the death camps, established in 1941, while Treblinka, Sobibor, and Belzec were created during Operation Reinhard in 1942.2 In Poland, the Nazis concentrated many of the Jews from countries they had conquered during the war. As the major killing centers of the “Final Solution” were located within Poland, when did people in Poland become aware of the level of death and destruction perpetrated by the Nazi regime? While scholars have attributed dates to the “Final Solution,” predominantly starting in 1942, when did the people of Poland notice the shift in the treatment of Jews from relocation towards physical elimination using gas chambers? Or did they remain unaware of such events? To answer these questions, I have researched the writings of various people who were in Poland at the time of the “Final Solution.” I am specifically addressing the information found in diaries and memoirs. Given language barriers, this thesis will focus only on diaries and memoirs that were written in English or later translated and published in English.3 This thesis addresses twenty diaries and memoirs from people who were living in Poland at the time of the “Final Solution.” Most of these diaries (fifteen of twenty) were written by members of the intelligentsia. -
Life in the Ghetto of Lodz
Life in the Ghetto of Lodz The European Commission support for the production of this publication does not constitute endorsement of the contents which reflects the views only of the authors, and the Commission cannot be held responsible for any use which may be made of the information contained therein. Life in the ghetto of Lodz Life in the ghetto of Lodz A ”special area” for Jews Three weeks after the invasion of Poland Reinhard Heydrich, leader of the security service in Nazi Germany, instructed the so called Einsatzgruppen that the Jews should be concentrated in special areas Vashem© Yad and that this was neccesary in order to accomplish the “final goal”, i.e. to get rid of all the Jews. Therefore Artur Greiser and Friedrich Uebelhoer, Nazi leaders for Wartheland, where Jakob was born, acted according to this intent when they started planning for a special living area for Jews in Lodz. The planning of the ghetto started in December 1939. The authorities sent a message to the Jewish Community instructing them on how the resettlement should be carried out. The assigned area included the Old City, where many Jews already lived, and part of the district Baluty in the outskirts of the city, representing a total area of 4.13 square kilometers. Both areas were poor and run-down. Most of the houses Arthur Greiser, leader of the Wartheland region. did not have running water or sewage. To isolate the area and keep the non-Jewish population out large signs were posted at the entrances, warning people of epidemics and illnesses in the Jewish settlement area. -
Liberation & Revenge
Episode Guide: Orders & Initiatives September 1941–March 1942 Jews from the Lódz ghetto board deportation trains for the Chelmno death camp. Overview "Orders and Initiatives" (Disc 1, Title 2, 48:27) highlights the crucial decision-making period of the Holocaust and reveals the secret plans of Adolf Hitler, Heinrich Himmler, and Reinhard Heydrich to annihilate the Jews. At a conference in January 1942, the Nazis plan how to achieve their goals. The first gas chambers are built at Auschwitz and the use of Zyklon B is developed. German doctors arrive to oversee each transport, deciding who should live and who should die. In the program's Follow-up Discussion (Disc 2, Bonus Features, Title 8, 7:18), Linda Ellerbee interviews Claudia Koonz, professor of history at Duke University and author of The Nazi Conscience (Belknap, 2003), and Edward Kissi, professor of Africana studies at the University of South Florida and an expert on international relations and human rights. Target Audience: Grades 9-12 social studies, history, and English courses Student Learning Goals • Citing specific events and decisions, analyze how the Nazi mission changed from September 1941 to March 1942, explaining the reasons for the changes. • Compare Auschwitz I and Auschwitz II (Birkenau) in terms of location, purpose, population, and living conditions. • Identify the incremental steps the Nazis used to isolate Jews and deport them from their home environments to death camps, and the effects on Jews, their neighbors, and the Nazis at each stage. • Summarize how and why many European nations collaborated with the Nazis, including their history of antisemitism. -
Jewish Behavior During the Holocaust
VICTIMS’ POLITICS: JEWISH BEHAVIOR DURING THE HOLOCAUST by Evgeny Finkel A dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy (Political Science) at the UNIVERSITY OF WISCONSIN–MADISON 2012 Date of final oral examination: 07/12/12 The dissertation is approved by the following members of the Final Oral Committee: Yoshiko M. Herrera, Associate Professor, Political Science Scott G. Gehlbach, Professor, Political Science Andrew Kydd, Associate Professor, Political Science Nadav G. Shelef, Assistant Professor, Political Science Scott Straus, Professor, International Studies © Copyright by Evgeny Finkel 2012 All Rights Reserved i ACKNOWLEDGMENTS This dissertation could not have been written without the encouragement, support and help of many people to whom I am grateful and feel intellectually, personally, and emotionally indebted. Throughout the whole period of my graduate studies Yoshiko Herrera has been the advisor most comparativists can only dream of. Her endless enthusiasm for this project, razor- sharp comments, constant encouragement to think broadly, theoretically, and not to fear uncharted grounds were exactly what I needed. Nadav Shelef has been extremely generous with his time, support, advice, and encouragement since my first day in graduate school. I always knew that a couple of hours after I sent him a chapter, there would be a detailed, careful, thoughtful, constructive, and critical (when needed) reaction to it waiting in my inbox. This awareness has made the process of writing a dissertation much less frustrating then it could have been. In the future, if I am able to do for my students even a half of what Nadav has done for me, I will consider myself an excellent teacher and mentor. -
Lessons from the Treblinka Archive: Transnational Collections and Their Implications for Historical Research Chad S.A
Journal of Contemporary Archival Studies Volume 5 Article 14 2018 Lessons from the Treblinka Archive: Transnational Collections and their Implications for Historical Research Chad S.A. Gibbs University of Wisconsin-Madison, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://elischolar.library.yale.edu/jcas Part of the Archival Science Commons, European History Commons, and the Jewish Studies Commons Recommended Citation Gibbs, Chad S.A. (2018) "Lessons from the Treblinka Archive: Transnational Collections and their Implications for Historical Research," Journal of Contemporary Archival Studies: Vol. 5 , Article 14. Available at: https://elischolar.library.yale.edu/jcas/vol5/iss1/14 This Case Study is brought to you for free and open access by EliScholar – A Digital Platform for Scholarly Publishing at Yale. It has been accepted for inclusion in Journal of Contemporary Archival Studies by an authorized editor of EliScholar – A Digital Platform for Scholarly Publishing at Yale. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Lessons from the Treblinka Archive: Transnational Collections and their Implications for Historical Research Cover Page Footnote No one works alone. True to this statement, I owe thanks to many for their assistance in the completion of this work. This article began as a seminar paper in Professor Kathryn Ciancia's course "Transnational Histories of Modern Europe." I thank her and my classmates for many enlightening discussions and the opportunity to challenge my ongoing research in new ways. As always, I thank my advisor at the University of Wisconsin- Madison, Professor Amos Bitzan. His guidance and example are always greatly appreciated. In completing this work, I also had the support of my colleague Brian North and Professors Christopher Simer of the University of Wisconsin-River Falls and Connie Harris of Dickinson State University. -
Poles and Jews: the Quest for Self-Determination 1919- 1934
Poles and Jews: The Quest For Self-Determination 1919- 1934 By Feigue Cieplinski Poland became an independent nation against all odds in the interwar period and retained her sovereignty from 1919 to 1939; hence the concept “interwar Poland.” The vicissitudes of her existence earned her the name of “God’s Playground.” [1] The Jews within her borders shared her history since 1240 C.E. Their freedoms during this period, unequaled in other places of Western Europe, earned Poland the Biblical allusion of “New Canaan.” [2] In contrast, some scholars have described Poland’s Jewry in the interwar Republic as being “On the Edge Of Destruction.” [3] That Polish Jewry was in distress is attested by the urgent visit of Mr. Neville Laski, a member of the British Joint Foreign Committee closely associated with the American Jewish Committee (AJC) and the Joint Distribution Committee, in 1934. [4] His August visit fell between two historical events framing Polish Jewry’s status: seven months before, in January of that year, Poland and Germany signed a bilateral non- aggression declaration and in September Colonel Josef Beck, as Foreign Minister, announced in Geneva, his country’s unilateral abrogation of the Minorities Treaty in force since 1919. The scholars listed below have studied separately either the birth of Poland and the imposition of the Minorities Protection Treaty, the rapprochement between Poland and Germany, or the situation of the Jews in Poland. However, they have paid scant attention to the nexus between the rise of Hitler, the rapprochement between Poland and Germany, the demise of the Minorities Protection Treaty, and the consequent worsening situation of Polish Jewry. -
1 in Lawrence, Kansas Every 8Th Grade Student Is Required to Read
In Lawrence, Kansas every 8th grade student is required to read Growing Up in the Holocaust by Ben Edelbaum. I chose to write a teacher’s guide to help students through the experience of Mr. Edelman’s survival. As a member of the Isak Federman Holocaust Teaching Cadre at the Midwest Center for Holocaust Education, I have heard many Holocaust survivors’ testimonies. I can feel the pain in their voice as they tell of their experiences, the desperation, as they know their time on earth is short and the need to know that their memories will live on. I have sat and cried as I listened, uncomfortable with the lack of ability to relieve the pain, ashamed that I am a member of the human race that created such atrocities. I never had the honor of meeting Mr. Edelbaum; he passed away before I became involved in the Cadre. Still his story haunts me and I feel an obligation to pass on his memory. I have created summaries of each section of the book and study questions that will help the students understand the experiences. I have also included some history of the Holocaust so that the reader will be aware of the other events happening during the time period. Mr. Edelbaum’s experience can teach students many good lessons about human diversity and the consequences of intolerance. The book is a wonderful introduction to the Holocaust and has many lessons to teach. I hope that by creating this teachers guide I am somehow passing on his memory to others. -
James T. Chiampi the EXEMPLARY CHAIM RUMKOWSKI in PRIMO LEVI's
James T. Chiampi THE EXEMPLARY CHAIM RUMKOWSKI IN PRIMO LEVI’S “LA ZONA GRIGIA” n his essay “A Defnition of the Esthetic Experience,” Eliseo Vivas offers this Idescription of the signifying effect of art on the perceiving mind: “An esthetic experience is an experience of rapt attention which involves the intransitive apprehension of an object’s immanent meanings in their full presentational immediacy.”1 Vivas continues, [“Intransitive”] means to signify that attention is esthetic when it is so controlled by the object that it does not fy away from it to meanings not present immanently in the object; or in other words that attention is so controlled that the object specifes concretely and immediately through refexive cross- references its meanings and objective characters. And thus we may contrast esthetic with all other modes of attention by noting that other modes of atten- tion discover in objects not immanent but referential meanings, which is to say, meanings which carry us beyond the object to other objects or meanings not present upon it. (408–9) This experience of concentrated and contained attention is a creative fascina- tion in which meanings, detached from circumambient referential meanings, are reforged. In the novel, self- renewing literary artwork, the endless possible variety of meanings in combination and recombination, in their manifold dense allusivity, all present and absent even in a single reading—these “refex- ive cross- references”—set the esthetic object in unceasing semantic fow. Thus, only homonymy would bind the esthetic and extraesthetic word. Such mean- ings, which refuse reduction to the univocal, clearly cannot be captured all together at once either in the moment of consumption, or in retrospect. -
Paper for B(&N
International Journal of Humanities and Social Science Vol. 8 • No. 11 • November 2018 doi:10.30845/ijhss.v8n11p1 The Planning and Architecture of Deportation, Imprisonment and Death - Reflections on the Ethical Implications of the Holocaust for Built and Natural Environment Disciplines Richard Kötter Senior Lecturer in Economic /Political Geography Department of Geography and Environmental Sciences School of the Built and Natural Environment Faculty of Engineering and Environment Northumbria University Lewis Preston Formerly Senior Lecturer in Architecture School of the Built and Natural Environment Northumbria University Newcastle upon Tyne, NE1 8ST. Abstract This paper is based on an exchange and dialogue between two academics on how the legacy of the Nazi period is relevant for built environment, planning and human geography disciplines.We argue that we should be reflecting on the conduct and utility of spatial and urban planning and design in the Nazi period from the perspective of professional ethics, not just as a historical reflection and remembrance but also to inform current and future generations of professionals. Keywords: National Socialist (NS / Nazi) spatial planning and urban design; professional conduct and ethics, Holocaust / Shoah / Porajnos 1, „tabula rasa“; Oswiecim / Auschwitz; German occupation of Poland from 1939. 2 1.0 Architecture and Planning‚ Post-Auschwitz‘? Taking their cue from Adorno„s text on „education after Auschwitz“ in the 1960s 3, a whole series of professions have asked this question for their respective field: what do the events of Auschwitz (as the central symbolic reference space) and the genocide in Europe more broadly perpetrated by Nazi Germany and her collaborateurs mean for the actors of the following generations ? 4 We shall restrict ourself to a consideration (informed by historiographies) of the disciplines of architecture and urban construction (Rose, 1993, Gutschow, 2001; Willems, 2000), spatial planning and urban design (Rössler, 1989 and 2001, in Szöllösi-Janze, M. -
Commemoration Program
COMMEMORATION PROGRAM The author of the drawing used as the logo for the commemorations, which represents a silhouette of the Church of the Assumption of the Blessed Virgin Mary - the tallest building on the terrain of the Litzmannstadt Ghetto - and the bridge on Zgierska, is Abraham Koplowicz. He was born on 18 February 1930 in Łódź, the only child of Mendel and Yochet Gittel Koplowicz. Taken from the ghetto along with his parents on the last transport to Auschwitz, he perished in the gas chamber in September 1944. Eliezer Grynfeld, whose mother married after the war Mendel Koplowicz, found after the dead of his stepfather several memorabilia, including a school exercise book with a hand-drawn illustration on the cover along with the title “Litzmannstadt-Ghetto 1943” and the words: A. KOPLOWICZ “HIS OWN WORKS”. Our thanks to Mr Eliezer Grynfeld for providing the illus- tration and family photographs. Litzmannstadt Ghetto (1940-1944) In February 1940 the German chief of Łódź police issued January 1942 saw mass deportations begin from Łódź to an order that a special district for Jews was to be created the Kulmhof extermination camp (Chełmno on Ner). Be- in the north of the city. Jews had to leave their homes tween January and September over 70,000 people were in other parts of Łódź to live in Bałuty and Stare Miasto murdered there by the Germans. The most important (the Old City). At the same time Poles and Germans were moment in the history of the ghetto was the so-called forced to move out of the area designated only for Jews.