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Oldenburgische Beiträge Zu Jüdischen Studien Band 10
Oldenburgische Beiträge zu Jüdischen Studien Schriftenreihe des Seminars Jüdische Studien im Fachbereich 3 der Carl von Ossietzky Universität Band 10 Herausgeber Aron Bodenheimer, Michael Daxner Kurt Nemitz, Alfred Paffenholz Friedrich Wißmann (Redaktion) mit dem Vorstand des Seminars Jüdische Studien und dem Dekan des Fachbereichs 3 Mit der Schriftenreihe „Oldenburgische Beiträge zu Jüdischen Studien“ tritt ein junger Forschungszweig der Carl von Ossietzky Universität Oldenburg an die Öffentlichkeit, der sich eng an den Gegenstand des Studienganges Jüdische Studien anlehnt. Es wird damit der Versuch unternommen, den Beitrag des Judentums zur deutschen und europäischen Kultur bewußt zu machen. Deshalb sind die Studiengebiete aber auch die Forschungsbereiche interdisziplinär ausgerichtet. Es sollen unterschiedliche Themenkomplexe vorgestellt werden, die sich mit Geschichte, Politik und Gesellschaft des Judentums von der Antike bis zur Gegenwart beschäftigen. Ein anderes Hauptgewicht liegt auf der biblischen und nachbiblischen Religion. Ergän- zend sollen aber auch solche Fragen aufgenommen werden, die sich mit jüdischer Kunst, Literatur, Musik, Erziehung und Wissenschaft beschäftigen. Die sehr unterschiedlichen Bereiche sollen sich auch mit regionalen Fragen befassen, soweit sie das Verhältnis der Gesellschaft zur altisraelitischen bzw. Jüdischen Religion berühren oder auch den Antisemitismus behandeln, ganz allgemein über Juden in der Nordwest-Region informieren und hier auch die Vernichtung und Vertreibung in der Zeit des Nationalsozialismus behandeln. Viele Informationen darüber sind nach wie vor unberührt in den Akten- beständen der Archive oder auch noch unentdeckt in privaten Sammlungen und auch persönlichen Erinnerungen enthalten. Diese Dokumente sind eng mit den Schicksalen von Personen verbunden. Sie und die Lebensbedingun- gen der jüdischen Familien und Institutionen für die wissenschaftliche Geschichtsschreibung zu erschließen, darin sehen wir eine wichtige Aufgabe, die mit der hier vorgestellten Schriftenreihe voran gebracht werden soll. -
Life in the Ghetto of Lodz
Life in the Ghetto of Lodz The European Commission support for the production of this publication does not constitute endorsement of the contents which reflects the views only of the authors, and the Commission cannot be held responsible for any use which may be made of the information contained therein. Life in the ghetto of Lodz Life in the ghetto of Lodz A ”special area” for Jews Three weeks after the invasion of Poland Reinhard Heydrich, leader of the security service in Nazi Germany, instructed the so called Einsatzgruppen that the Jews should be concentrated in special areas Vashem© Yad and that this was neccesary in order to accomplish the “final goal”, i.e. to get rid of all the Jews. Therefore Artur Greiser and Friedrich Uebelhoer, Nazi leaders for Wartheland, where Jakob was born, acted according to this intent when they started planning for a special living area for Jews in Lodz. The planning of the ghetto started in December 1939. The authorities sent a message to the Jewish Community instructing them on how the resettlement should be carried out. The assigned area included the Old City, where many Jews already lived, and part of the district Baluty in the outskirts of the city, representing a total area of 4.13 square kilometers. Both areas were poor and run-down. Most of the houses Arthur Greiser, leader of the Wartheland region. did not have running water or sewage. To isolate the area and keep the non-Jewish population out large signs were posted at the entrances, warning people of epidemics and illnesses in the Jewish settlement area. -
1 in Lawrence, Kansas Every 8Th Grade Student Is Required to Read
In Lawrence, Kansas every 8th grade student is required to read Growing Up in the Holocaust by Ben Edelbaum. I chose to write a teacher’s guide to help students through the experience of Mr. Edelman’s survival. As a member of the Isak Federman Holocaust Teaching Cadre at the Midwest Center for Holocaust Education, I have heard many Holocaust survivors’ testimonies. I can feel the pain in their voice as they tell of their experiences, the desperation, as they know their time on earth is short and the need to know that their memories will live on. I have sat and cried as I listened, uncomfortable with the lack of ability to relieve the pain, ashamed that I am a member of the human race that created such atrocities. I never had the honor of meeting Mr. Edelbaum; he passed away before I became involved in the Cadre. Still his story haunts me and I feel an obligation to pass on his memory. I have created summaries of each section of the book and study questions that will help the students understand the experiences. I have also included some history of the Holocaust so that the reader will be aware of the other events happening during the time period. Mr. Edelbaum’s experience can teach students many good lessons about human diversity and the consequences of intolerance. The book is a wonderful introduction to the Holocaust and has many lessons to teach. I hope that by creating this teachers guide I am somehow passing on his memory to others. -
When the Jews Fled to Germany. a Forgotten Chapter of Postwar History by Hans‐Peter Föhrding and Heinz Verfürth
Sample Translation (Chapter 1 and 2) When the Jews Fled to Germany. A forgotten chapter of postwar history by Hans‐Peter Föhrding and Heinz Verfürth Translated by Jefferson Chase © 2017, Verlag Kiepenheuer & Witsch GmbH & Co. KG Publication: March 2017 (Hardcover) 352 pages ISBN: 978‐3‐462‐04866‐7 Foreign rights with: Verlag Kiepenheuer & Witsch GmbH & Co. KG Iris Brandt ibrandt@kiwi‐verlag.de Aleksandra Erakovic aerakovic@kiwi‐verlag.de Chapter 1 The Safety of the New Ghetto in the Middle of Germany: Jewish Refugees after 1945 Aron Waks is nervous. The young man is waiting impatiently for an American jeep, which left the camp in the western German camp of Ziegenhain that morning, to finally return. It was sent out to pick up a family, a couple and their five children, from another camp in the neighboring town of Schwarzenborn. Around noon, the turnpike barrier at the wide front camp gate is raised, and the open jeep slowly rolls down the dusty street. The Lessers have arrived in Ziegenhain, their final destination after weeks of dangerous traveling. Aron greets everyone heartily. But only after he’s given the Lessers’ eldest daughter Lea a prolonged embrace. The young man in his mid‐twenties has been in love with her for a few weeks. Lea, too, has feverishly awaited their reunion. That morning she was suddenly called to appear before the camp administration. Some wanted to talk to her urgently on the telephone, she was told. Who would be trying to reach her here, in an isolated provincial German village, she asks herself? Most probably, she decides, it’s just one of those enquiries that her family has had to endure in various places since they left Poland. -
The Story of Jewish Resistance in the Warsaw, Łódź, and Kraków Ghettos, 1940-1944
From Milk Cans to Toilet Paper: The Story of Jewish Resistance in the Warsaw, Łódź, and Kraków Ghettos, 1940-1944 By Jason Michael Hadley A THESIS APPROVED FOR THE DEPARTMENT OF HISTORY 14 June 2017 Table of Contents Abstract iii Dedication v Acknowledgements vi Note on Translation vii Introduction 1 Chapter 1: Warsaw 23 Chapter 2: Łódź 45 Chapter 3: Kraków 71 Conclusion 92 Bibliography 96 ii Abstract The fate of European Jewry was still unwritten when Adolph Hitler and his Nazi party came into power in January 1933; however, over the course of twelve years he and his followers attempted to eradicate the continent’s 9.5 million Jews. Despite the high levels of death and destruction, the Jews did not submit to their oppressors like Hilberg and other scholars had claimed. To resist the Nazis, the Jews often used a pen rather than a gun. By examining the attempts to preserve Jewish history and culture in Poland’s Warsaw, Łódź, and Kraków ghettos, I will prove these actions constitute a form of resistance because they were an effort to save Jewish history, values, ideas, concepts, and rules of behavior and circumvent the Nazis efforts to eradicate any trace of Jewish existence. In Warsaw, Emanuel Ringelblum established Oneg Shabbath, the largest underground ghetto archive. He and the highly trained O.S. staff compiled and preserved over 35,000 pages of Jewish history and culture. The members meticulously reviewed everything to ensure accuracy. The collection holds studies, monographs, and testimonies pertaining to every aspect of Jewish life from pre-war to the ghetto experience across Poland. -
Holocaust Ghettos
History in the Making Volume 7 Article 8 January 2014 Holocaust Ghettos Rebecca Parraz CSUSB Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarworks.lib.csusb.edu/history-in-the-making Part of the European History Commons, and the Holocaust and Genocide Studies Commons Recommended Citation Parraz, Rebecca (2014) "Holocaust Ghettos," History in the Making: Vol. 7 , Article 8. Available at: https://scholarworks.lib.csusb.edu/history-in-the-making/vol7/iss1/8 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the History at CSUSB ScholarWorks. It has been accepted for inclusion in History in the Making by an authorized editor of CSUSB ScholarWorks. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Rebecca Parraz Holocaust Ghettos By Rebecca Parraz Abstract: In Nazi Germany, the Jewish people were forced into segregated areas that would ultimately evolve into “Holocaust ghettos.” Thousands of these ghettos were built across Europe, and within these ghettos Jews were under complete control and forced to follow severe regulations. These ghettos soon became overpopulated, and resources became scarce. By the end of World War II, thousands of Jews had died within the walls of the ghettos. Causes of death ranged from starvation to disease, and even murder. It is evident that as the war progressed, the Nazis began to use the ghettos as a tool in the Final Solution. The ghettos, however, were not initially intended as a stage in the Final Solution; rather, as they evolved, the Nazis began to use them as another tool to solve the Jewish Question. At the start of war, Jews were forced into areas, primarily slums, in order to expel Jews from German communities which created a “Jewish Absence.” The slums usually consisted of older districts that harbored rundown warehouses and buildings; they became a “Jewish Place.” The Jews, under extreme stress, utilized the area by implementing highly organized communities which aided in the adjustment of life within the ghettos. -
German Politics Influence the City of Lodz
German Politics Influence the City of Lodz The European Commission support for the production of this publication does not constitute endorsement of the contents which reflects the views only of the authors, and the Commission cannot be held responsible for any use which may be made of the information contained therein. German politics influence the city of Lodz German politics influence the city of Lodz Polish Jews are forced out of Germany We are now in the fall of 1938: Many Jews had come from Eastern Europe to work in Germany. Some of them had lived there for many generations, but only very few had German citizenship. In the autumn of 1938 the Nazi authorities decided that all Polish Jews without citizenship should be sent back to Poland. Approximately 15 000 Jews were affected by this decision. The Polish authorities did not want to let them in to Poland even though they were Polish citizens. Instead they were placed in camps along the Polish-German border, near the town of Zbaszyn. One of the affected families was the Grynszpan family. They had lived in Germany since 1911. Their son Herschel had fled from Hannover to Paris in 1936 when he was only 15 year’s old, to escape from the Nazi oppression. When he heard that his parents and sister had been deported from Germany and stayed in terrible conditions in a refugee camp, Herschel got hold of a gun, went to the German legation in Paris and shot the diplomat Ernst vom Rath. Two days later, on the 9th of November vom Rath died of his injuries. -
Ghettos 1939–1945 New Research and Perspectives on Definition, Daily Life, and Survival
UNITED STATES HOLOCAUST MEMORIAL MUSEUM CENTER FOR ADVANCED HOLOCAUST STUDIES Ghettos 1939–1945 New Research and Perspectives on Definition, Daily Life, and Survival Symposium Presentations W A S H I N G T O N , D. C. Ghettos 1939–1945 New Research and Perspectives on Definition, Daily Life, and Survival Symposium Presentations CENTER FOR ADVANCED HOLOCAUST STUDIES UNITED STATES HOLOCAUST MEMORIAL MUSEUM 2005 The assertions, opinions, and conclusions in this occasional paper are those of the authors. They do not necessarily reflect those of the United States Holocaust Memorial Council or of the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum. The articles in this collection are not transcripts of the papers as presented, but rather extended or revised versions that incorporate additional information and citations. All the contributions were copyedited. Although the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum makes every reasonable effort to provide accurate information, the Museum cannot guarantee the reliability, currency, or completeness of the material contained in the individual papers. First printing, August 2005 Copyright © 2005 by Christopher R. Browning; Copyright © 2005 by Dennis Deletant; Copyright © 2005 by Dan Michman; Copyright © 2005 by Sara Bender; Copyright © 2005 by Alexandra Garbarini; Copyright © 2005 by Gershon Greenberg; Copyright © 2005 by Henry M. Abramson. Contents Foreword.......................................................................................................................................... i Paul A. Shapiro -
Verfolgung Und Deportation Der Mühlheimer Juden (© Jörg Neumeister) Stand: 09.05.2020
Verfolgung und Deportation der Mühlheimer Juden (© Jörg Neumeister) Stand: 09.05.2020 Die Judenverfolgung durch die Nationalsozialisten ist eines der dunkelsten Kapitel in der deutschen Geschichte. Ziel der nachstehenden Abhandlung ist es, das Schicksal und Leiden der 92 jüdischen Menschen1 aufzuzeigen, die im Jahr 1933 in Mühlheim und Dietesheim lebten. Ihre Namen sind im Text hervorgehoben. Die Verfolgungen zwischen 1933 und 1945 sind in Form einer Zeittafel dargestellt. Markante Ereig- nisse, wie der Erlass der Nürnberger Rassengesetze 1935, die verschärften Verfolgungen nach der Pogromnacht 1938, die verschärften Lebensbedingungen während der Kriegsjahre sowie die physische Vernichtung der jüdischen Gemeinde in den Jahren 1941 bis 1943 werden eingehend beschrieben. Außerdem werden allgemeine Ereignisse erwähnt, die sich im Reich, Land und in Mühlheim ereignen sowie Beschreibungen von Erlebnissen einzelner Personen ausführlich geschildert. Die Fußnoten, die an manchen Ereignissen angebracht sind, enthalten neben Quellenangaben auch noch weitere Erläuterungen zu den jeweiligen Begebenheiten. Am Anfang steht jedoch ein Abriss von Ereignissen in den jüdischen Gemeinden von Mühlheim und Dietesheim bis zur sogenannten „Machtergreifung“ der Nationalsozialisten. Vorgeschichte der jüdischen Gemeinde in Mühlheim und Dietesheim (Diese Kapitel ist noch in Bearbeitung und deshalb unvollständig) Während die Mühlheimer ab 1887 eine eigene Gemeinde bildeten, blieben die Dietesheimer Juden weiterhin der Gemeinde in Groß-Steinheim angeschlossen. Dort gingen sie zur Synagoge und auf dem dortigen Friedhof wurden die Toten beerdigt. Bis 1887 beerdigten auch die Mühlheimer ihre Toten dort. 14. Juli 1789 Sturm auf die Bastille in Paris und Beginn der Französischen Revolution, Beginn der Zeitepoche, die als „Neuere Geschichte“ bezeichnet wird. Vor 1795 Zuzug von Hertz und Sinschen Rollmann nach Mühlheim2 Im Jahr 1799 Die jüdische Gemeinde Mühlheim ist an der Errichtung des jüdischen Fried- hofs in Groß-Steinheim beteiligt. -
Eprize Rumkowski
Copyright 2002, TheTHE Concord CONCORD Review, Inc.REVIEW (all rights reserved) 79 Ralph Waldo Emerson Prize 2003 THE GREAT DELUSION: CHAIM RUMKOWSKI’S ATTEMPT TO SAVE THE JEWS OF LODZ [6,529 words] Rachel E. Hines This paper is dedicated to the members of my family who lived, perished and survived in the Lodz ghetto. “Arbeit Macht Frei”—work sets you free. This Nazi slogan pervaded concentration camp and ghetto propaganda during the Holocaust, most infamously greeting those who faced the entrance gates of the Auschwitz death camp. The motto was also embraced in the Lodz ghetto during the four difficult years of its existence, through the policies of its Chairman, Chaim Rumkowski. The city of Lodz which, prior to WWII, was home to the second largest Jewish population in Poland, was the first ghetto to be enclosed and the last Polish ghetto to be liquidated. Chaim Rumkowski was deluded by the Nazis into believing that “arbeit macht frei”—that productivity and compliance with Gestapo or- ders would earn the Lodz Jews survival—a misconception that made the ghetto’s ultimate demise after its unique longevity all the more tragic. A sizable Jewish community began to spring up in Lodz in 1820 as Lodz’s growing industry drew increasing numbers of Jews Rachel E. Hines is at the University of Maryland. She wrote this paper at Richard Montgomery High School in Rockville, Maryland, for Mr. Gilbert Early’s history course in the 2000/2001 academic year. 80 Rachel E. Hines to the city. By the outbreak of the second World War, the Jews had grown to comprise about one-third of the city’s population and owned an even greater proportion of factories in Lodz, mostly textile-producing.1 But the interwar years brought economic dev- astation to the Jewish community. -
Barry Lawrence Ruderman Antique Maps Inc
Barry Lawrence Ruderman Antique Maps Inc. 7407 La Jolla Boulevard www.raremaps.com (858) 551-8500 La Jolla, CA 92037 [email protected] (Lodz, Poland -- Second Largest WWII Jewish Ghetto) Plan von Litzmannstadt Stock#: 48188 Map Maker: Thiem Date: 1942 Place: Litmannstad, Poland Color: Color Condition: VG Size: 34 x 28 inches Price: SOLD Description: The Jewish Ghetto at Lodz, Poland--Second Largest WWII Jewish Ghetto in Poland. Scarce city plan of Lodz, Poland, then called by the Germans, Litzmannstadt, during World War II. The map shows German occupied Lodz in 1942. The most notable features, as shown in part on the index on the verso, are 61 different streets identified by number and letter as "Strasse Getto Norden". The area called "Nord" on the map roughly identifies the Jewish Ghetto. The index can be seen here: {{ inventory_enlarge_link('48188a') }} The Lodz Ghetto (Litzmannstadt), was a World War II ghetto established for Polish Jews and Roma, following the 1939 invasion of Poland. It was the second-largest ghetto in all of German-occupied Europe after the Warsaw Ghetto. Situated in the city of Lodz, and originally intended as a preliminary step upon a more extensive plan of creating the Judenfrei (Jewish-free) province of Warthegau, the ghetto was Drawer Ref: Oversized 4 Stock#: 48188 Page 1 of 3 Barry Lawrence Ruderman Antique Maps Inc. 7407 La Jolla Boulevard www.raremaps.com (858) 551-8500 La Jolla, CA 92037 [email protected] (Lodz, Poland -- Second Largest WWII Jewish Ghetto) Plan von Litzmannstadt transformed into a major industrial center, manufacturing much needed war supplies for Nazi Germany and especially for the German Army. -
1 Die Deutschen Kreditinstitute Im Besetzten Polen Und Die
Die deutschen Kreditinstitute im besetzten Polen und die Ermordung der Juden des Gettos Litzmannstadt 1939–19451 Ingo Loose Entrechtung, Pauperisierung und Gettoisierung der polnischen Juden bis Ende 1941 voranging. Die Geschäftstätigkeit deutscher Kreditinstitute, die noch im Herbst 1939 ihre Filialen im besetzten Polen eröffneten, muss sich daran messen lassen, inwieweit sich die Bankmitarbeiter zur Teilnahme an einer Politik bereit fanden, deren kriminelle und unmenschliche Grundzüge bereits im Herbst 1939 unübersehbar waren. Wie gut war der Informationsstand deutscher Großbankfilialen in den sog. ›eingegliederten Ostgebieten‹ in bezug auf die NS-›Judenpolitik‹ und die Judenvernichtung2? Veranschaulicht werden soll dies im Folgenden anhand zweier Verbrechenskomplexe: erstens allgemein anhand der Ausraubung und Enteignung der jüdischen Bevölkerung mit Hilfe der Banken3 sowie zweitens ausführlich am Beispiel der Rolle, die die deutschen Kreditinstitute beim Aufbau und der Ausbeutung des Gettos Litzmannstadt spielten. Die Pauperisierung der jüdischen Bevölkerung Die Ziele der Nationalsozialisten hinsichtlich der jüdischen Bevölkerung in Polen waren vom ersten Tag der Okkupation an völlig unmissverständlich. Wie bereits im Altreich sollte auch in Polen schnellstmöglich der Ausschluss der Juden aus dem gesamten ökonomischen Leben erfolgen. Hinsichtlich des Anteils, den die Juden an der polnischen Gesamtbevölkerung ausmachten, erwies sich die Erwartung der Nationalsozialisten, die ›Entjudung‹ in Polen ähnlich durchzuführen wie zuvor die ›Arisierungen‹ im Reich, jedoch als vollkommen unrealistisch. So lebten allein im Reichsgau Wartheland ca. 435.000 Juden, davon allein über 230.000 Personen in der Textilmetropole Łódź (1940 umbenannt in Litzmannstadt)4. Die Lösung bestand in einer Radikalisierung des Procederes, und allgemein war man freier in der Ausführung der Verordnungen – wenn man sich überhaupt auf solche stützte.