Taxonomie Intégrative De La Tribu Des Rattini (Rodentia, Muridae) En Asie Du Sud-Est

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Taxonomie Intégrative De La Tribu Des Rattini (Rodentia, Muridae) En Asie Du Sud-Est MINISTÈRE DE L’ENSEIGNEMENT SUPÉRIEUR ET DE LA RECHERCHE ÉCOLE PRATIQUE DES HAUTES ÉTUDES Sciences de la Vie et de la Terre MÉMOIRE Présenté Par Yannick Chaval Pour l’obtention du diplôme de l’École Pratique des Hautes Études Taxonomie intégrative de la tribu des Rattini (Rodentia, Muridae) en Asie du Sud-Est soutenu le 25/04/2014 devant le jury suivant : Dr Nicolas Navarro Maître de Conférences, EPHE, Dijon Président Dr Julien Claude Maître de Conférences, UM2, Montpellier Tuteur scientifique Dr Claudine Montgelard Maître de Conférences, EPHE, Montpellier Tutrice pédagogique Pr Stéphane Aulagnier Professeur, UPS, Toulouse Rapporteur Dr Violaine Nicolas Maître de Conférences, MNHN, Paris Examinatrice Dr Jean-François Cosson Directeur de recherche, INRA, Montpellier Examinateur Mémoire préparé sous la direction de : Julien Claude Laboratoire : UMR 5554 ISEM Directeur : Agnès Mignot et de Claudine Montgelard Laboratoire : UMR 5175 Cefe Directeur : Philippe Jarne EPHE (Sciences de la Vie et de la Terre) Remerciements Tout d’abord un grand merci à Goy de l’université de Kasetart, à Nid et Tong de l’université de Maha Sarakham et à leur armée d’étudiants qui ont patiemment et méticuleusement préparé les crânes de rongeurs sur lesquels j’ai travaillé. Sans eux et leur labeur efficace mon travail n’aurait pas existé. Je tiens ensuite à remercier mes collaborateurs les plus proches. Jean-François Cosson qui m’a recruté (ce qui était déjà un bon point) et m’a poussé à la réalisation de ce travail dans le cadre d’un cursus de diplôme EPHE. Tu m’as permis de découvrir de nouveaux horizons tant scientifiques que géographiques et culturels. Ces richesses font aujourd’hui partie de mon bagage professionnel et humain. Je t’en remercie infiniment et te souhaite un rétablissement rapide pour un retour en forme. Je remercie également Nathalie Charbonnel. Tu as été pour moi une encadrante administrative sans faille, pleinement impliquée dans ton rôle et toujours prête au dialogue. Tu m’as rapidement érigé en partenaire de tes expérimentations de terrain me délégant l’encadrement des étudiants et m’invitant à participer à la mise au point des protocoles, je te remercie de la confiance que tu m’as témoigné. Je remercie Maxime Galan, moléculariste infatigable, débordant d’idées, de dynamisme et de compétences. Que d’aventures avons-nous partagées tous les quatre du Jura aux Ardennes, à chaque fois ce n’était pas tout Phrae mais ça nous a permis de boire des coups à Loei (Herbreteau, com. Pers.). Ces moments professionnels mais aussi les gros à côté (soirées, concerts, repas….) partagés avec vous ont été de grands moments de vie. Je ne regrette rien de ce temps et vous ouvre toutes grandes les portes de ma nouvelle demeure. Un très grand merci également à Serge Morand, porteur des projets CERoPath et aujourd’hui BiodivHeathSEA, à la fois bulldozer de la science capable de monter des collaborations innombrables et fécondes, homme de terrain infatigable, homme de sciences incroyable, machine à écrire haut débit…..bref une sorte de Sen Yai. Sacré Serge, tu as toujours un coup d’avance sur tout le monde et même quand on connaît ta botte secrète : « la projection dans le futur de demain », c’est quand même impressionnant. Sans toi rien n’aurait été possible et l’appellation porteur de projet trouve en toi son incarnation. Tu m’as traité sur un pied d’égalité et tu as su me faire prendre confiance en moi, me lançant des défis sans me les imposer et m’emmenant toujours plus haut. Que de bons moments partagés autour d’un ragout de rats ou à déguster des œufs embryonnés. Je te souhaite une longue carrière dans cette Asie du Sud-Est qui nous a tous deux conquis. Saches que pour toi aussi ma porte restera ouverte tant au niveau professionnel que pour partager de bons moments et de bons plats ensemble. Merci à Vincent Herbreteau qui m’a tout appris des rongeurs asiatiques, m’a fait découvrir la culture et la vie thaïlandaise. Par ta connaissance du terrain, par ta maîtrise de la langue et des us et coutumes locaux, tu as été le trait d’union des cultures qui a permis la réussite de nos projets là-bas. Je n’oublierai jamais, et pour cause, nos réveils laotiens en fanfare au son du cochon que l’on égorge. Tu étais la seule personne avec qui je pouvais partager le charme subtil de ce réveil matin biologique car il en fallait plus pour troubler le sommeil de Serge. Là encore ma porte reste ouverte si tu passes par Toulouse un de ces jours et finalement …..si on le faisait ce bouquin ? Un grand merci également à Marie Pagès, j’ai aimé ta rigueur sans faille. Ton travail de qualité a construit des bases solides sur lesquelles j’ai pu m’appuyer. Tu as joué pleinement le jeu du partage et de la collaboration et c’était un vrai bonheur de travailler avec toi. Je te souhaite de trouver l’emploi que tu mérites, le plus rapidement possible. Une fois de plus la ville rose en ma personne t’accueillera à bras ouvert. Merci aux personnes qui m’ont gentiment offert de relire les différentes parties du manuscrit : Nathalie, Gauthier, Manue, Guillaume, Marie, Jeff et bien sûr mes encadrants Claudine et Julien. Leur remarques ont été essentielles pour en améliorer la qualité. Merci donc à Julien Claude pour la relecture du manuscrit mais également et surtout pour avoir pris le temps d’enseigner à cet étudiant attardé la poésie des statistiques lorsqu’elles sont mises en musique avec R. Ce ne fût pas une sinécure mais avec un peu d’énervement on finit par faire des choses avec ce truc. J’espère que le lecteur trouvera ces quelques productions à son gout. Merci à Claudine Mongélard pour son encadrement et la relecture, tes conseils sur le manuscrit m’ont bien aidé. Un grand merci particulier à Tonk, scientifique brillant actuellement en thèse à Liverpool et qui ira loin, c’est certain. Au-delà du réel plaisir que j’ai eu à travailler avec lui et à partager des moments en compagnie de sa petite famille, il a été lui aussi une porte d’entrée dans la culture thaïlandaise. Tu es d’une bienveillance extraordinaire lorsqu’on porte sur toi un regard français mais, il faut bien l’avouer sans intention de nuire à ton prestige, tout à fait dans les normes thaïlandaises. Je remercie également M, moins connu que son homonyme français, peut-être aussi moins bon chanteur mais très certainement beaucoup plus efficace sur le terrain. Nous resterons tout trois en contact car il en va ainsi des amitiés. Merci aux chauffeurs et techniciens khmers, Oun le séducteur et Vibol l’indécis et son célèbre « may be » et bien sûr merci à Monsieur Balli pour le grand frisson sur la route. Merci à Kone, chauffeur du Nafri laotien et son fameux « safety first » prononcé alors qu’il bouclait sa ceinture tout en faisant demi-tour à la sortie d’un virage sans aucune visibilité. Ton entêtement à nous trainer au temple pour sauver notre âme m’a touché et mon cœur est léger aujourd’hui de stopper ma participation au génocide murin. Merci à nos chauffeurs thaïlandais : Joe, Kay, Toto, Som pot, To toujours prêts à rendre service. Merci à Alice Latinne pour le prêt des crânes de Leopoldamys neilli, à Aude Verwilghen pour le prêt des crânes de Rattus tiomanicus, à Madougou Garba pour le prêt des crânes de R. rattus, à Vincent Herbreteau une nouvelle fois mais cette fois pour le prêt des crânes collectés durant sa thèse. Merci à John Peter Yougote plus connu au Laos sous le nom de Dr Onco, porteur du projet ANR Roboviroses à Hantavirus de nous avoir associé au travail de terrain et introduit dans la formidable diversité murine du Sud-Est Asiatique. Merci à Gauthier Dobigny pour la crise de rires lors de l’incendie (sans gravité) de l’appartement du docteur Onco. Merci également pour l’accueil au Niger et pour les discussions riches ou délirantes. Merci aux copains du CBGP, que je ne peux pas tous citer mais il suffit de regarder l’organigramme de l’unité pour en avoir un aperçu à peine augmenté. Parmi ceux-ci je remercie particulièrement ceux que j’ai le plus fréquenté en dehors des jours ouvrables à savoir dans l’ordre alphabétique Anne, Armelle, Carine, Manue, Max, Nathalie (la grande et la petite), Jeff, Réjane, Sylvain , Ainsi que mes thésards préférés Karine, Julie, Manu, Cécile ce fût un plaisir d’assister vos manips de terrain et Bertrand avec qui je n’ai pas fait de terrain mais qui est un bon gars quand même. Merci à la formation permanente Inra et au CBGP de m’avoir permis de financer cette formation et à l’EPHE pour la qualité de la plupart de ses enseignements. ÉCOLE PRATIQUE DES HAUTES ÉTUDES SCIENCES DE LA VIE ET DE LA TERRE Taxonomie intégrative de la tribu des Rattini (Rodentia, Muridae) en Asie du Sud-Est Yannick Chaval Soutenu le 25/04/2014 RÉSUMÉ L’Asie du Sud-Est est un point chaud de la biodiversité et, dans le même temps, cette région est un foyer actif d’émergence ou de réémergence de zoonoses (SRAS, grippes aviaires, leptospirose, roboviroses etc..). Le développement économique sans précédent et la croissance démographique humaine que connait la zone biogéographique indochinoise sont un moteur de changements considérables des écosystèmes. Dans le contexte du changement global, il est primordial de comprendre comment ces modifications environnementales modifient les interactions entre les communautés d’hôtes et leurs communautés de parasites/pathogènes afin d’appréhender les transformations du paysage épidémiologique.
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