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W©IR<[L[Q) [F{][E~Lll~ (Q)OO~[M~~U~Cawj WHO!VBC/87.949 W©IR<[L[Q) [F{][E~lLl~ (Q)OO~[M~~u~cawJ ~®©it(Q)1F ~O(Q)~~ ~!T1lcdl CCootl:rnij [Q)n~o~n(Q)!1i), , ., 1987 FOREWORD Since 1970 the Vector Biology and Control Division of WHO has. prepared, with the assistance of collaborators outside the Organization, a number of papers on vector control. The Expert Committee on Insecticides held in October 1974 (Technical Report Series No. 561) recommended that these documents - general reviews of the ecology and control of individual vector groups - should be continued and reviewed from time to time to provide workers with up-to-date practical information on the particular subject. In 1985, with the greater demand for this material for use as training and information guides by different categories of personnel. particularly in the deVeloping countries, it was decided to develo(J two separate series of these documents; an advanced series for M. Sc. students in medical entomology and professional staff, and a middle-level series for less specialized workers in the community. The advanced series will cover the relevant subject in more detail and at a higher technical level. It is believed that this type of information will assist vector control specialists to acquire the knowledge required for their daily work. In order to improve the value and usefulness of this guide, evaluation forms are attaChed, and users are requested to send the completed forms to the WHO Division of Vector Biology and Control in Geneva so that their comments may be taken into consideration when the guide is revised. WORLD HEALTH ORGANIZATION DISTR . : GENERAL(E) ORGANISATION MONDIALE DE LA SANTE ("' - I /yS' COMMENSAL RODENT CONTROL by J.E. Brooks and F.P. Rowe This document is not a formal publication of the World Ce document n'est pas une publication officielle de l'Orga· ~e a lth Organi zation (WHO), and all rights are reserved nisation mondiale de la Sante (OMS) et tous les droits y ~ the Organizat io n. The document may. however . afferents sont reserves par l'Organisation. S'il peut etre , freely reviewed , abstracted, reproduced or translated, commente, resume ou cite sans aucune restriction, il ne t~ p a ~ or in whole, but not for sale or use in conjunc- saurait cependant etre reproduit ni traduit, partiellement on with commerc ia l purposes. ou en totalite, pour la vente ou a des fins commerciales. The View. s expressed in documents by named authors Les opinions exprimees dans les documents par des auteurs are solely lhp responsibility of those authors. cites nommement n'engagenet que lesdits auteurs. , " WHO/VBC/87.949 page 2; CONTENTS I Introduction ••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• j II Classification ••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 6 III Characteristics, habitats and distribution ••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 9 III.l Norway rat ................................................................ 9 !IL2 Roof rat .................................................................. 13 III.l House mouse ••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 16 111.4 Developing commensals of local importance ••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 17 111.4.1 Lesser bandicoot rat •••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 17 111.4.2 Polynesian rat •••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 18 111.4.3 Multimammate rat •••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 18 IV Sensory and physical attributes .................................................. IV.l Sensory abilities ••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• IV.l.l Smell ••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 19 IV.l.2 Touch· ••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• U IV.l.l llearing •.• ~ • '.I!i. • .••••••••••••••• Ii •••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 19 IV.l.4 Vision •••••• ~ ••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• •••••• 20 IV.loS Taste ••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 20 IV.2 PhY,sical abilities ...... ~ ' .~ .......... ~ .................................. .. 20 IV.2.I Digging ••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 20 IV. 2.2 Climbing. • . • . • • . • • • • • • • • • • • • . • •• • . • • • • • • • • . • • • • • • . • • • • . • • • • • • • 20 IV. 2.3 Jumping. .. • • • • • • • • . • • • • • • . • • • . • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 21 IV.2.4 Gnawing ••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 21 IV.2.S Swimming and diving •••••.•••••••••.••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 21 V Behaviour of rats and mice •••••••••••••• ~ •••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 21 V.l Orientation and movement patterns ••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 21 V.2 Foods and feeding behaviour ••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 22 V.3 Social behaviour ...............•..••................•.................•.•• 23 VI Population characteristics ••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 24 VI.l Environmental resources ................................................... 24 VI.2 Reproduction .............................................................. 25 VI.3 Hortali ty .•.•.••.•.••.•.......•••.•.••..•••.••...•..•.•....•.••.••••••••.• 26 VI.4 Population growth, competition and dispersal •••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 27 VII Public health importance ••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 27 VII. 1 Plague .................................................................... 28' VII.2 Salmonellosis •.•••••••••••••••••.••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 28 . , '" ,. ... WHO/VBC/87.949 page 3 VII.3 I..eptospirosis ..•.•.......••........•.........•.•..•..............•..... .. 30 VII.4 Murine typhus •..••....••.••••...•..•.•.............•...........•.......... 30 VII.5 Ricket t sialpox •........................................•....•...........•. 32 VII.6 Lassa and other rodent-borne haemorrhagic fevers •••••••••••••••••••••••••• 32 VII. 7 Lymphocytic choriomeningitis •••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••. 32 VII.8 Rabies •••.•...••...••••.••.•.••.••.•••.•••..•••.•..••...•.•••.•••••••.••.• 33 VII.9 Ra t-bite fever 33 VII.IO Trichinosis .....•..•.•.......•..••.....•......•.•............•••••..•...•. 33 VII.II Other endoparasites •...•••••...•••...•••...•••••..•••.•••.••..•.•••.••••.. 34 VIII Economic importance •.••..•...•...•.•••.•......•..••••.••.••••••.•.•••.••...•••.•• 34 IX Commensal rodent control •.•.••..•••••.•.•.•.•••.•••..•.•••••••••.•••••••.•••••••. 36 IX.l Environmental sanitation 36 IX.2 Rodent exclusion ...•.....•. " ........................................ " ........... " .................... .. 37 IX.3 Mechanical proofing .... " .............................. " ................................... " ...... .. .......... " ........ .. 37 IX.4 Repellents ................ " " " ............ " .......... " " ... " " ..................................... 38 IX. 5 Ultrasound 38 IX.6 Electrical barriers " .... ""."" ••. "."" .. "." .. """ •• " .... "." ....... " ........ " .. ,, ............. 39 IX.7 Tr a pp i ng """ ...... " ................ " ........................................................................ " ..... " ... .. 39 IX.8 Fumigant s ........ " .•• " .. " .• " ......... "" .•• " ... "" •• "" .• """ ...... " ......... " ........ ,, .. 42 IX.8.l Calcil1ID cyanide " ... " ............ """" ... " ....... " .... " .... " .. " .. "" .................... "" .. ,, .. 42 IX.8.2 Me thyl bromide ..... " .• " ................ "." ............................. " •• 43 IX.B.3 Chloropicrin ." ......... """"""" .... ""." .. """.""""".,,,, .. "",,.,,""""""""""" 43 IX.8.4 Hyd rogen phosphide """"" .. " •• """"""""""""."." .... " .... " .. " .. """ ...... " .. ,, .. ,, .... .. 43 IX.8.5 Ca rbon dioxide .... " ...... """ .... "" ............ " ......... " ............. " .......... " .... ",, ..... .. 44 IX.8.6 Ca.rbon monoxide .. " .. """ ........ " ........ " .... "" .... "" ....................... "" ....... ,, .............. .. 44 IX.8.7 Sulfur dioxide "" .................. " ............... "" ... " .............. " .................................. .. 44 IX.9 Rodenticides " •• "".""""""" ........... " .. " .• " ....................................... ,, ................ .. 44 IX.9.l Arlticoagulants .... " .. " .. " .............................. "" .. " ......... "" ....... " ...... " ........ 44 IX. 9.2 .Acute rodenticides .... " .......... " .............................................. " ......... "" .... " 49 IX.9.3 Extremely hazardous rodenticides •••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 49 IX.9.4 Moderately hazardous rodenticides ••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 53 IX.9.5 Minimally hazardous rodenticides •••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 56 IX.lO Chemosterilants .. .. .. " ........ " ...... " .... " .. " ........... " ..... " ...... " ................................... 57 IX. 11 Rodenticide application techniqueri ••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• • 58 IX.II.I Food baits and additives ......... " ......................... " ......... " ....... " 58 IX.ll.2 Water baits ............ "." ........... " .......................................... " .... .. 60 WHO/VBC/87.949 page 4 IX.II.3 Anticoagulant poison treatments ••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 61 IX.l1.4 Acute poison treatments ••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 61 IX.ll.S Poison dusts, gels and grease............ •.•••••••••••••••••••••••• 62 lX.12 Anticoagulant resistance •••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 63 IX.l3 Sewer rat control
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