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The Internment and Repatriation of the Japanese-French Nationals Resident in New Caledonia, 1941–1946

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The Internment and Repatriation of the Japanese-French Nationals Resident in New Caledonia, 1941–1946 PORTAL Journal of RESEARCH ARTICLE Multidisciplinary The Internment and Repatriation of the International Studies Japanese-French Nationals Resident in Vol. 14, No. 2 September 2017 New Caledonia, 1941–1946 Rowena G. Ward Communities Acting for Sustainability in the Pacific University of Wollongong Special Issue, guest edited by Anu Bissoonauth and Rowena Corresponding author: Dr Rowena G. Ward, Senior Lecturer in Japanese, School of Humanities Ward. and Social Inquiry, University of Wollongong, Northfields Avenue, Wollongong NSW 2522, Australia. [email protected] DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5130/portal.v14i2.5478 © 2017 by the author(s). This Article History: Received 03/04/2017; Revised 16/07/2017; Accepted 18/06/2017; is an Open Access article Published 05/10/2017 distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Abstract Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0) License (https:// creativecommons.org/licenses/ The pre-1941 Japanese population of New Caledonia was decimated by the French by/4.0/), allowing third parties administration’s decision to transfer most of the Japanese residents to Australia for internment to copy and redistribute the at the outbreak of the Asia-Pacific theatre of the Second World War. Among the men material in any medium transferred to Australia were ten men who had been formerly French nationals but had lost or format and to remix, transform, and build upon the their French nationality by decree. The French Administration’s ability to denationalise and material for any purpose, even intern, and then subsequently repatriate, the former-Japanese French-nationals was possible commercially, provided the due to changes to the French nationality laws and regulations introduced by the Vichy regime. original work is properly cited This paper considers the case of the Japanese who had taken French nationality and were and states its license. denationalised in the context of the changes to the French nationality laws that, in turn, Citation: Ward, R.G. 2017. The negatively affected the post-1945 sustainability of the Japanese community in New Caledonia. Internment and Repatriation of the Japanese-French Keywords Nationals Resident in New Caledonia, 1941–1946. PORTAL Japanese; internment; World War Two; New Caledonia; French; denationalisation; Journal of Multidisciplinary repatriation. International Studies, 14:2, 55-67. http://dx.doi. org/10.5130/portal.v14i2.5478 ISSN 1449-2490 | Published by UTS ePRESS | http://portal. epress.lib.uts.edu.au 55 DECLARATION OF CONFLICTING INTEREST The author(s) declared no potential conflicts of interest with respect to the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article. FUNDING The author(s) received no financial support for the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article. Ward The long-term sustainability of an immigrant community depends on both internal mechanisms, such as the choice of where to live, and external factors, such as the attitudes of local communities to the community’s decision to live where it chooses. In periods of unrest or conflict, both factors can change quickly and have an impact on the sustainability of a community. The French administration’s decision to intern the male members of the Japanese community in New Caledonia and send most of them to Australia for internment ultimately saw the virtual elimination of the Japanese community in the French Pacific colony. Among those interned were a number of former Japanese French nationals (hereafter former-JF nationals) or Japanese who had taken French nationality (hereafter JF nationals) but had either decided to revoke it after the outbreak of war in the Pacific or were forcibly denationalised.1 The denationalisation and internment of these men was made possible by changes to the French Nationality Act introduced by the Vichy regime. Whilst these changes have been analysed in the context of metropolitan France and the denationalisation of the local Jewish community (Marrus & Paxton 1995), and to a lesser extent in Algeria where both the Muslim and Jewish communities were targeted in different ways (Weil 2008), the changes have not been the focus of research in New Caledonia. In this paper, the JF nationals are used as a case study of a group that forms part of a larger group—both internally and externally recognised—to illustrate some of the external mechanisms that can have an impact on the sustainability of a community. Importantly, these factors are complex and not always coherent or consistent, but that does not negate their effects. In the case of the JF nationals, a complex intertwined network of laws, regulations and policies introduced in the late 1930s and early 1940s by the French government combined with changing attitudes to the Japanese community served to curtail the sustainability of New Caledonia’s Japanese community post–1945. Research on Japanese communities in the South Pacific An increasing body of work has examined the Japanese who lived across the South Pacific during the first half of the 20th century. For instance, Iwamoto (1999) examines the emigration of Japanese to Papua and New Guinea whilst Peattie (1988) discusses the emergence of a Japanese community in Micronesia. Ganter (1994), Oliver (2007), Nagata (1996; 2001; 2004), Bennett (2001) and Sissons (1977; 1979; 2016) all address issues related to early Japanese communities in Australia, and Bennett (2009) discusses the internment in New Zealand of local Japanese residents as well as those transferred from Fiji and Tonga. In the case of the Japanese in New Caledonia, Kobayashi (1980) and Palombo (2003) both consider the economic factors behind the Japanese’ migration whilst Tsuda (2006) addresses the historical and social context of their arrival. Ishikawa (2007) focuses on the emigrants from Okinawa Prefecture who between 1892 and 1919 accounted for almost 15 percent of the Japanese in New Caledonia. From a different perspective, Raulet-Akaza (2012) examines the life of Ono Yaichi who was heavily involved in the negotiations facilitating the first group of workers from Japan to work in New Caledonia in the late 19th Century. Denton (2014) discusses the life of the Japanese-French woman, Rosalie Kitazawa-Fouque, who became a leading figure in the development of the nickel trade between New Caledonia and Japan. In contrast, Cayrol (2015) notes the ‘wall of silence’ around the Japanese community in New Caledonia and the role that an exhibition in 2012 at the Musée de Nouvelle Calédonie (Museum of New Caledonia) 1 ‘Denationalisation’ and the ‘withdrawal of nationality’ are used interchangeably in this paper. 56 PORTAL Journal of Multidisciplinary International Studies, Vol. 14, No. 2, September 2017 The Internment and Repatriation of the Japanese-French Nationals Resident in New Caledonia, 1941–1946 played in recognising the existence of the pre-war community. Research on the changes to the legislation governing French nationality, especially during the Vichy regime, is also ongoing. Weil (2008) provides a comprehensive analysis of the changes to French nationality laws since the French Revolution, and Plender (1974) explains the changes to the laws in 1973 that removed the differences between the laws governing those eligible to take French nationality in metropolitan France vis-à-vis its Overseas Territories. Marrus and Paxton (1995) highlight the changes to French nationality directed at the exclusion of Jews. To date, however, no detailed analysis of the effects that these changes had in New Caledonia, especially as they pertain to the Japanese who had taken French nationality, has been undertaken. This paper aims to remedy this situation. New Caledonian history France annexed New Caledonia in 1853 and shortly afterwards established a penal colony on the island of Nouville, a short distance from Nouméa. During World War Two Nouville became the site of an internment camp for the colony’s enemy aliens. Until 1956, New Caledonia was administered from metropolitan France through a High Commissioner for the Pacific who simultaneously acted as the Governor of New Caledonia (hereafter Governor). While the 1998 Nouméa Accord has given New Caledonia a ‘special collectivity’ status among France’s overseas territories, it remains French territory and as such, the laws of metropolitan France in most cases apply in New Caledonia. In September 1940 New Caledonians chose to align with the Free French government in exile, an act that saw many New Caledonia-based Vichy supporters expelled and sent to Saigon.2 At the time, the population of New Caledonia consisted primarily of French- Europeans (Cardoche), Tonkinese,3 Javanese, local Indigenous ‘Kanak’ Melanesians, and Japanese. The Japanese community, in fact, was the largest in the South Pacific and only second in size to that of Hawaii. Most of the Japanese had migrated to work in New Caledonia’s nickel mines. As Denton (2014) notes, members of the Japanese community had a comparatively privileged position compared to other immigrant communities and were respected by the French administration. Japanese population of New Caledonia Japanese emigration to New Caledonia began in 1892 with the signing of an agreement to allow Japanese to work in the nickel mines in the French colony (Bencivengo 2012; Raulet- Akaza 2012). In accordance with this agreement, 599 men from Kumamoto Prefecture moved to New Caledonia in 1892 (Kobayashi 190: 276–277). The harsh working conditions combined with the tropical climate meant only eight men stayed to the end of their five-year contracts. As a result of the problems, the agreement was terminated and no further Japanese emigrated until after a revised agreement was signed in 1900 (Kutsuki 2004: 190).4 Under the revised new agreement, 1,208 Japanese moved to New Caledonia in 1900 and 1901 (Kutsuki 2004: 191). Thereafter, small groups of mostly miners emigrated on an irregular basis through to the outbreak of World War 1. At the end of their contracts, the majority of 2 For discussions on the shift to the Free French cause, see chapter two of Munholland (2005).
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