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Conciliating Traffic with Liveability Within an Urban Sound Planning

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Conciliating Traffic with Liveability Within an Urban Sound Planning Promotoren: Prof. Dr. Ir. Dick Botteldooren Prof. Dr. Ir. T. Van Renterghem Examencommissie Em. Prof. Dr. Ir. Daniël De Zutter (chairman) Universiteit Gent Prof. Dr. Ir. Dick Botteldooren (promotor) Universiteit Gent Prof. Dr. Ir. T. Van Renterghem (promotor) Universiteit Gent Prof. Dr. Ir. Bert De Coensel (secretary) Universiteit Gent Dr. Arch. Francesco Aletta Universiteit Gent Prof. Dr. Ir-Arch. Pieter Pauwels Universiteit Gent Prof. Dr. Jiang Kang University College London Prof. Dr. Luigi Maffei Università degli Studi della Campania Luigi Vanvitelli Universiteit Gent Faculteit Ingenieurswetenschappen en Architectuur WAVES research group (http://waves.intec.ugent.be/) Vakgroep informatietechnologie iGent Technologiepark-Zwijnaarde 15, B-9052 Ghent, België Tel: +32 09 264 33 21 Preface Have you ever imagined a city without noise problems which - at the same time - provides spaces with good sound quality? Can you imagine a pleasurable public space, a street to enjoy walking, or a pleasant square inviting you to stop and sit for a while? I hope you have experi- enced this at least once in the urban space. Unfortunately, most metropolitan public spaces are far from being pleasant environments even providing inhospitable noisy places contrib- uting to a stressful and unhealthy city which reduces the quality of liveability. The following question might arise: Can urban decisions affect the soundscape? The answer is affirmative. Urban decisions can have an impact on the sound environment. Thus, sound is an essential factor that should be considered in any urban intervention. But how does one design urban spaces that provide a high quality sound environment? Due to the big gap between acoustics and urban planning, this question is difficult to answer. In this work, a framework for Urban Sound Planning is initiated. Acknowledgments The present dissertation comprises not only scientific research, but also the beginning and the end of a new stage of my life. Five years ago, I would not have believed the direction that my life was suddenly going to take: a Copernican turn in all aspects. I definitely do not regret taking the opportunity I was offered, catching that train that brought me to Belgium. I am entirely pleased with this enriching experience and with my new life. Therefore, I need to thank those who have made it possible together with those who have helped me during these years. Firstly, thanks to the professors in the Telecommunication School (EUITT) and to the mem- bers of the acoustics group of the Architecture School (ETSAM) in the Polytechnic University of Madrid (UPM). They planted the seed that made this dissertation potentially possible providing me with knowledge of acoustics, trusting my capabilities, allowing me investigating in the direction of my interest, and giving me the opportunity to attend my first international conference. Without them this dream would not have been possible. Secondly I would like to thank both my supervisors, who have been watering the plant of this dissertation by my side with care and patience so that it provides its fruits. Their profes- sionalism, their guidance, and support have been vital for the quality of this research, and their hard work has always been an encouraging example to follow. I want to thank Timothy for his generous availability, for this accuracy, for the speed and efficiency in his work. His sincerity, objectivity, and support have been always like a beacon from a light house. I also need to thank Dick for being the perfect group leader. I profoundly admire his unparalleled imagination and ingenuity, and his ability to understand far beyond. His patience, his compre- hensiveness, humility, and closeness provides an environment of trust and well-being within the group. He detected my qualities and knew the best way to use them for the research. I thank him for believing in me, for aiming higher even when I was not sure if I would be capable, for convincing me to try anyway and for finally being right. He is the best leader I ever had, and probably the best leader I will ever have. I would like to thank my colleagues from the acoustic group. Their help, professionalism, support, and friendship made possible a fabulous work environment where I felt comfortable and happy. I will never forget the hours working together, the amusing moments shared dur- ing lunch time, and the after-school plans. Special thanks to my godfather and friend at the university. He has been an admirable example to follow. His advice and guidance have been crucial at the beginning of my research. He invested his time generously in providing me with the knowledge I needed. His capacity to draw in paper even the most complex engineering concept could turn a problem into an exciting challenge. Probably thanks to him I find the world of scientific research so exciting. Even in the distance he has been an important support until the end of my PhD. Also thanks to the professors and colleagues from the Sonorus project for making this ex- perience a perfect dream. The meetings, classes, workshops, conferences and travels together expanded my knowledge and boosted my inspiration. The friends I made here are a gift that will endure in the future. Finally, many thanks to those who represent the sun that helped with its light the healthy growth of this research. My friends in Spain and those spread around the world sending me courage and support, thanks for being still there despite the distance. Thanks also to my new friends in Ghent for giving me so many unforgettable moments, and especially those best friends I regularly meet since the beginning of this stage, because you are somehow my family in Belgium. Thanks for being there always in any circumstance. Thanks to my family in Madrid and Málaga, for your continuous concern, for your advice, for your hospitality, and for missing me. Very special thanks to my parents and brother. They are the soil of this research, providing the nutrients since a long time before even the seed was planted. They are the base of my education, and the biggest reason for being who I am. Thanks for doing constantly your best, for being always there unconditionally, for your endless love and infinite generosity. Thanks to my brother for his grace and freshness, for painting with colours my days with his funny jokes even in the distance. Thanks to my mother for her unlimited energy, for her courage and for the positive energy she sends packaged in a beautiful picture of good wishes. Special thanks to my father, for even doing the effort to come to Belgium to help me when I needed it the most. He worked hard together with me. Papá, this dissertation is a little bit of yours also. Finally, my very profound gratitude goes to my partner for his unfailing support and en- couragement, for his availability, his endless care and his love. Gemma Echevarria Ghent, August 2018. “Nothing in life is to be feared, it is only to be understood. Now is the time to understand more, so that we may fear less.” Marie Curie1 1 The first woman to win a Nobel Prize, the first person and only woman to win twice, and the only person to win a Nobel Prize in two different sciences. Table of Content Preface .............................................................................................................................. 7 Acknowledgments ............................................................................................................. 9 Table of Content ............................................................................................................. xiii Summary ....................................................................................................................... xvii Samenvatting ................................................................................................................. xxi List of publications......................................................................................................... xxv List of Abbreviations ..................................................................................................... xxvii Introduction. Urban Sound Planning. The future of Noise Control ......................... 1 1. The problem of noise .................................................................................................. 1 2. The limited efficiency of legislation ............................................................................. 2 3. Sound perception ....................................................................................................... 3 4. Urban Sound Planning ................................................................................................ 3 5. Personal factors .......................................................................................................... 4 6. Content and objectives ............................................................................................... 5 Chapter 1 Reducing traffic noise in street canyon by architectural design ................... 9 1 The effect of street canyon design on traffic noise exposure along roads. .................... 9 xiii 1.1 Introduction .......................................................................................................... 10 1.2 Methodology ......................................................................................................... 11 1.3 Results and discussion .......................................................................................... 18 1.4 Summary
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