DOCSLIB.ORG

Chemical Thermodynamics

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Chemical Thermodynamics CHEMICAL THERMODYNAMICS Handbook of Exercises Valentim Maria Brunheta Nunes 2013 Chemical Thermodynamics _____________________________________________________________________________________ "A theory is the more impressive the greater the simplicity of its premises, the more varied the kinds of things that it relates and the more extended the area of its applicability. Therefore classical thermodynamics has made a deep impression on me. It is the only physical theory of universal content which I am convinced, within the areas of the applicability of its basic concepts, will never be overthrown." -- Einstein (1949) INTRODUCTION Thermodynamics it’s a discipline that is very important for many engineering degree programs like Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Environment Engineering or Mechanical Engineering. With the Chemical Thermodynamics course we intend to introduce the principles of thermodynamics, and apply them to systems, that are solids, liquids or gases, with an interest in chemical engineering, don’t forgetting environmental issues. This course is also fundamental in the development of important calculation techniques in engineering. This exercise book will serve to accomplish the lectures, and the problems presented seek to encompass the entire program taught to prepare students for the final evaluations. The resolution of examinations of previous academic years may be also quite helpful for the students. Handbook of Exercises 2 _________________________________________________________________________________ Chemical Thermodynamics _____________________________________________________________________________________ 1st Series of Exercises - Gaseous State 1. Calculate the volume occupied by 3 moles of a perfect gas at 2 bar and 350 K. 2. Calculate the final pressure when 1 mole of nitrogen at 300 K and 100 atm is heated, at constant volume, until attaining 500 K. 3. The mass percentage of dry air at sea level is approximately: N2, 75%; O2, 23.2% and Ar, 1.3%. What are the partial pressures of each component when the total pressure is 1 atm? 4. Calculate the pressure exerted by 1 mole of CO 2 behaving as (a) perfect gas and (b) van der Waals gas, when it is confined in the following conditions: T = 273.15 K and V = 22.414 L (constants of the van der Waals equation: a = 3.592 atm L 2mol -2 and b = 4.267 ×10 -2 Lmol -1) 5. Calculate the molar volume of nitrogen at 100 °C and 30.5 atm using: 5.1. The perfect gas equation. 5.2. The van der Waals equation (a = 1.35 dm 6.atm.mol -2; b = 38.6 ×10 -3 dm 3.mol -1) 5.3. The virial equation: Z = 1 – 5.3 ×10 -4 p + 4.8 ×10 -6 p2, with p in atm. 6. At 300 K and 20 atm, the compressibility factor of a given gas is 0.86. Calculate (a) the volume occupied by 8.2 mmol of gas (b) the approximate value of the second virial coefficient at 300 K. Handbook of Exercises 3 _________________________________________________________________________________ Chemical Thermodynamics _____________________________________________________________________________________ 7. Calculate the pressure exerted by 1 mole of ethane (C 2H6) behaving as: (a) perfect gas; (b) van der Waals gas, when confined in the following conditions: i) 273.15 K and V = 22.414 L; ii) 1000 K and 100 cm3. Data: a = 5.489 L 2.atm.mol -2 and b = 6.380 ×10 -2 L.mol -1. 8. Suggest the pressure and temperature for 1 mole of He to be in corresponding states with 1 mole of H2 at 1 atm and 25 °C. Data: Pc(H 2) = 12.8 atm; Tc(H 2) = 33.23 K; Pc(He) = 2.26 atm; Tc(He) = 5.2 K. 3 -1 9. The critical constants of methane are pc = 45.6 atm, V c = 98.7 cm .mol and Tc = 190.6 K. Calculate the parameters of the van der Waals equation for this gas and make an estimative of the molecules radius (considered as spheres). 10. A sample of 87 mg of an ideal gas at 0.600 bar duplicates its volume and triplicates its temperature. What will be the final pressure? 11. Two balloons of equal volume and in vacuum are connected by a tube with negligible volume. The first one it’s in a thermostatic bath at 200 K and the other in a bath at 300 K; then it is injected in the system 1 mole of an ideal gas. What will be the final number of moles in each balloon? 12. One compound made of nitrogen and oxygen as the following variation of density with pressure at 0 °C: p / atm 0.333 0.500 0.667 1.000 (ρ/p)/g.L-1 .atm -1 1.9694 1.9722 1.9746 1.9804 Handbook of Exercises 4 _________________________________________________________________________________ Chemical Thermodynamics _____________________________________________________________________________________ 12.1. Calculate the molar mass of the compound and suggest the correspondent molecular formula. 12.2. Calculate the 2 nd virial coefficient at 0 °C. 13. Deduce the relation between pressure and density for a perfect gas with molar mass M. Confirm graphically that dimethyl ether at 25 °C behaves like a perfect gas at low pressures and calculate the correspondent molar mass of gas. p/torr 91.74 188.98 273 .3 452.8 639.3 760 ρ/ g.L -1 0.225 0.456 0.664 1.062 1.468 1.734 2nd Series of Exercises – The First Law of Thermodynamics 14. Two moles of an ideal gas at 500 K are isothermally and reversibly compressed until a final volume that is 1/10 of the initial volume. Calculate: (a) ∆U (b) ∆H (c) work done by the gas (d) heat absorbed by the gas. -1 -1 15. Two moles of an ideal gas for which Cp = 40 JK mol are heated from 300 to 400 K, (a) at constant pressure and (b) at constant volume. Calculate in each case (i) ∆U, (ii) ∆H, (iii) work done by the gas and (iv) heat absorbed by the gas. 16. One mole of an ideal gas expands from 10 L and 0 °C to 20 L and 100 °C. -1 -1 Taking CV = 20 JK mol , calculate ∆U, W and Q for each of the Handbook of Exercises 5 _________________________________________________________________________________ Chemical Thermodynamics _____________________________________________________________________________________ following alternative steps for the whole process: (a) Isothermic and reversible expansion at 0 °C from 10 L to 20 L, followed by a constant volume heating until 100 °C and (b) Heating of 10 L at constant volume until 100 °C, followed by an isothermic and reversible expansion until 20 L. 17. A given quantity of an ideal gas occupies 1 dm 3 at 1 atm and 300 K. It is subject to the following transformations: (a) Heated at constant pressure until attaining the volume of 2 dm 3. (b) Heated at constant volume of 2 dm 3 until the pressure attains 2 atm. (c) Cooled at constant pressure until the volume decreases to 1 dm 3. (d) Cooled at constant volume until the pressure attains 1 atm. Calculate the sum for the 4 steps for (i) ∆U, (ii) ∆H, (iii) Q e (iv) W 18. A sample of 4.5 g of methane occupies 12.7 L at 310 K. Calculate the work done by the gas when it expands isothermally against an external constant pressure of 200 torr until the volume increases 3.3 L. Calculate the work if the expansion was reversible. 19. Two moles of a gas suffers a reversible and isothermic expansion at 300 K from 1 dm 3 to 10 dm 3. Calculate the work considering (a) a perfect gas (b) the gas obeys the van der Waals equation, with a = 1.36 atm dm 6 mol -2 e b = 3.183 ×10 -2 dm 3mol -1. 20. Write an expression for d V, considering V as a function of p and T. Deduce an expression for d lnV in terms of the isobaric thermal expansion coefficient and the isothermic compressibility coefficient. Handbook of Exercises 6 _________________________________________________________________________________ Chemical Thermodynamics _____________________________________________________________________________________ 21. In order to project a given refrigerator we need to know the decrease of temperature due to the adiabatic expansion of a refrigerant gas. -1 For a given Freon, µµµJT = 1.2 K atm . What is the decrease of pressure necessary to produce a decrease of temperature of 5.0 K? 22. Calculate the amount of heat we have to furnish to 500 g of O2 in order to increase the room temperature from 298 K to 500 K, at constant pressure, knowing that: -3 5 2 -1 -1 Cp (O 2) = 7.16 + 1 ×10 T – 0.40 ×10 /T cal K mol 23. Consider one mole of nitrogen (Cp = 29.4 JK -1mol -1) at 300 K and 1 atm that suffers a reversible adiabatic compression until 400 K. Calculate: (a) The final pressure (b) Work, W, heat, Q and the internal energy change of the gas. 24. The following figure shows two reversible processes 1-2-3 and 1-4-3 in which a mole of Freon changes from state T1, p 1 to the state T2,p 3. The p 1 2 T1 4 T2 3 V curves T1 and T2 are isotherms, and the vertical lines are isochoric (V constant). Show that the heat involved in the two processes is deferent, assuming that the Freon is a perfect gas. Handbook of Exercises 7 _________________________________________________________________________________ Chemical Thermodynamics _____________________________________________________________________________________ 25. Consider a monoatomic perfect gas (CV = 3/2 R) that undergoes the following transformation: P/bar B 2 A C 1 273 546 T/K 25.1. From the p,T diagram obtain the correspondent p,V diagram 25.2. Complete the next table: A B C cycle ∆U Q W 26. One kmol of perfect gas undergoes a cyclic process with four steps as shown in the p,V diagram.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Fundamentals of Modern UV-Visible Spectroscopy
    Fundamentals of modern UV-visible spectroscopy Primer Tony Owen Copyright Agilent Technologies 2000 All rights reserved. Reproduction, adaption, or translation without prior written permission is prohibited, except as allowed under the copyright laws. The information contained in this publication is subject to change without notice. Printed in Germany 06/00 Publication number 5980-1397E Preface Preface In 1988 we published a primer entitled “The Diode-Array Advantage in UV/Visible Spectroscopy”. At the time, although diode-array spectrophotometers had been on the market since 1979, their characteristics and their advantages compared with conventional scanning spectrophotometers were not well-understood. We sought to rectify the situation. The primer was very well-received, and many thousands of copies have been distributed. Much has changed in the years since the first primer, and we felt this was an appropriate time to produce a new primer. Computers are used increasingly to evaluate data; Good Laboratory Practice has grown in importance; and a new generation of diode-array spectrophotometers is characterized by much improved performance. With this primer, our objective is to review all aspects of UV-visible spectroscopy that play a role in obtaining the best results. Microprocessor and/or computer control has taken much of the drudgery out of data processing and has improved productivity. As instrument manufacturers, we would like to believe that analytical instruments are now easier to operate. Despite these advances, a good knowledge of the basics of UV-visible spectroscopy, of the instrumental limitations, and of the pitfalls of sample handling and sample chemistry remains essential for good results.
    [Show full text]
  • Chloroform Safety Data Sheet According to Federal Register / Vol
    Chloroform Safety Data Sheet according to Federal Register / Vol. 77, No. 58 / Monday, March 26, 2012 / Rules and Regulations Date of issue: 06/03/2013 Revision date: 03/21/2017 Supersedes: 03/21/2017 Version: 1.3 SECTION 1: Identification 1.1. Identification Product form : Substance Substance name : Chloroform CAS-No. : 67-66-3 Product code : LC13040 Formula : CHCl3 Synonyms : 1,1,1-trichloromethane / Chloroform / formyl trichloride / freon 20 / methane trichloride / methane, trichloro- / methenyl chloride / methenyl trichloride / methyl trichloride / R 20 / R 20 refrigerant / TCM (=trichloromethane) / trichloroform / trichloromethane 1.2. Recommended use and restrictions on use Use of the substance/mixture : Bactericide Fumigant Insecticide Solvent Chemical substance for research Recommended use : Laboratory chemicals Restrictions on use : Not for food, drug or household use 1.3. Supplier LabChem, Inc. Jackson's Pointe Commerce Park Building 1000, 1010 Jackson's Pointe Court Zelienople, PA 16063 - USA T 412-826-5230 - F 724-473-0647 1.4. Emergency telephone number Emergency number : CHEMTREC: 1-800-424-9300 or +1-703-741-5970 SECTION 2: Hazard(s) identification 2.1. Classification of the substance or mixture GHS-US classification Acute toxicity (oral) H302 Harmful if swallowed Category 4 Acute toxicity (inhalation) H331 Toxic if inhaled Category 3 Skin corrosion/irritation H315 Causes skin irritation Category 2 Serious eye damage/eye H319 Causes serious eye irritation irritation Category 2A Carcinogenicity Category 2 H351 Suspected of causing cancer Reproductive toxicity H361 Suspected of damaging the unborn child. Category 2 Specific target organ H372 Causes damage to organs (liver, kidneys) through prolonged or repeated exposure toxicity (repeated exposure) (Inhalation, oral) Category 1 Full text of H statements : see section 16 2.2.
    [Show full text]
  • Locating and Estimating Air Emissions from Sources of Chloroform
    United States Office of Air Quality EPA-450/4-84-007c Environmental Protection Planning And Standards Agency Research Triangle Park, NC 27711 March 1984 AIR EPA LOCATING AND ESTIMATING AIR EMISSIONS FROM SOURCES OF CHLOROFORM L &E EPA- 450/4-84-007c March 1984 LOCATING & ESTIMATING AIR EMISSIONS FROM SOURCES OF CHLOROFORM U.S. ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY Office of Air and Radiation Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27711 This report has been reviewed by the Office Of Air Quality Planning And Standards, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, and has been approved for publication as received from GCA Technology. Approval does not signify that the contents necessarily reflect the views and policies of the Agency, neither does mention of trade names or commercial products constitute endorsement or recommendation for use. ii CONTENTS Figures ...................... iv Tables ...................... v 1. Purpose of Document ............... 1 2. Overview of Document Contents .......... 3 3. Background .................... 5 Nature of Pollutant ............ 5 Overview of Production and Uses ...... 8 4. Chloroform Emission Sources ........... 11 Chloroform Production ........... 11 Fluorocarbon Production .......... 20 Pharmaceutical Manufacturing ........ 26 Ethylene Dichloride Production ....... 29 Perchloroethylene and Trichloroethylene Production . ............. 38 Chlorination of Organic Precursors in Water. 44 Miscellaneous Chloroform Emission Sources . 61 5. Source Test Procedures ............... 63 References 66 Appendix - Derivation of Emission Factors from Chloroform Production .................... A-1 References for Appendix ............... A-23 iii FIGURES Number Page 1 Chemical use tree for chloroform ............ 10 2 Basic operations that may be used in the methanol hydrochlorination/methyl chloride chlorination process 12 3 Basic operations that may be used in the methane chlorination process ................
    [Show full text]
  • Equilibrium Critical Phenomena in Fluids and Mixtures
    : wil Phenomena I Fluids and Mixtures: 'w'^m^ Bibliography \ I i "Word Descriptors National of ac \oo cop 1^ UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE • Maurice H. Stans, Secretary NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS • Lewis M. Branscomb, Director Equilibrium Critical Phenomena In Fluids and Mixtures: A Comprehensive Bibliography With Key-Word Descriptors Stella Michaels, Melville S. Green, and Sigurd Y. Larsen Institute for Basic Standards National Bureau of Standards Washington, D. C. 20234 4. S . National Bureau of Standards, Special Publication 327 Nat. Bur. Stand. (U.S.), Spec. Publ. 327, 235 pages (June 1970) CODEN: XNBSA Issued June 1970 For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 20402 (Order by SD Catalog No. C 13.10:327), Price $4.00. NATtONAL BUREAU OF STAHOAROS AUG 3 1970 1^8106 Contents 1. Introduction i±i^^ ^ 2. Bibliography 1 3. Bibliographic References 182 4. Abbreviations 183 5. Author Index 191 6. Subject Index 207 Library of Congress Catalog Card Number 7O-6O632O ii Equilibrium Critical Phenomena in Fluids and Mixtures: A Comprehensive Bibliography with Key-Word Descriptors Stella Michaels*, Melville S. Green*, and Sigurd Y. Larsen* This bibliography of 1088 citations comprehensively covers relevant research conducted throughout the world between January 1, 1950 through December 31, 1967. Each entry is charac- terized by specific key word descriptors, of which there are approximately 1500, and is indexed both by subject and by author. In the case of foreign language publications, effort was made to find translations which are also cited. Key words: Binary liquid mixtures; critical opalescence; critical phenomena; critical point; critical region; equilibrium critical phenomena; gases; liquid-vapor systems; liquids; phase transitions; ternairy liquid mixtures; thermodynamics 1.
    [Show full text]
  • A Hansen Solubility Parameter Approach
    View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by Sussex Research Online Understanding solvent spreading for Langmuir deposition of nanomaterial films: A Hansen solubility parameter approach Matthew J. Large,∗ Sean P. Ogilvie, Alice A. K. King, and Alan B. Dalton∗ University of Sussex, Falmer, Brighton, BN1 9RH, United Kingdom E-mail: [email protected]; [email protected] Abstract In order to prepare high-quality Langmuir films of two-dimensional materials it is important to select a solvent optimized for both exfoliation and spreading at the air-water interface. Whilst it is generally accepted that exfoliation and stabilisation of two-dimensional materials is well-described using the Hansen solubility parameter theory, a complementary description of solvent spreading behaviour is lacking. To this end we develop an understanding of solvent spreading using a Hansen sol- ubility parameter framework. Our model accurately predicts the behaviour of both water-immiscible and water-miscible solvents in Langmuir film formation experiments. We demonstrate that spreading behaviour can be modified by controlling the surface pressure of the subphase using an amphiphilic species and accordingly utilise this ap- proach to determine the maximum spreading pressure for a selection of solvents. Ultimately, by building on this understanding we open up additional routes to optimize the preparation of Langmuir films of two-dimensional materials and other nanoparticles. Keywords: Langmuir film, spreading solvent, interfacial interaction 1 Introduction Langmuir film formation (combined with Blodgett or Schaefer deposition methods) has emerged as an attractive method for preparation of large-area, particulate monolayer films of liquid-exfoliated graphene1{4 and other two-dimensional (2D) nanomaterials.
    [Show full text]
  • LIQUID VISCOSITY and CHEMICAL CONSTITUTION of ORGANIC COMPOUNDS : a NEW CORRELATION Mmw and a COMPILATION of LITERATURE DATA
    vìi ιΤ»Αϋ.ΓΪ*>*ν >tíÀí.k *ΊιπίιΠ IFIULJ-V.!·» 'ft' Λ'. -låiiSiip ¡Ili^iilfeÉ COMMISSION OF THE EUROPEAN COMMUNITIES ■Mié LIQUID VISCOSITY AND CHEMICAL CONSTITUTION OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS : A NEW CORRELATION mMW AND A COMPILATION OF LITERATURE DATA by D. VAN VELZEN (Euratom) R. LOPES CARDOZO (A.K.Z.O., Albatros Koninklijke Zout Organon, Hengelo, the Netherlands) H. LANGENKAMP (Euratom) 1972 Joint Nuclear Research Centre Ispra Establishment ­ Italy i Chemistry wmSËSS^gSSXÊÊ. m -li LEGAL NOTICE iiíliip mm•m' This document was prepared under the sponsorship of the CommissioM'Ai n of the European Communities. mr 'MÈwffi!mw-'< Neither the Commission of the European Communities, its contractors nor any person acting on their behalf: make any warranty or representation, express or implied, with respect to the accuracy, completeness, or usefulness of the information contained in this document, or that the use of any information, apparatus, method or process disclosed in this document may not infringe privately owned rights; or assume any liability.mtmmEEm with respect to the use of, or fo r damages resultin11.11g $ from the use of any information, apparatus, method or process disclosed in this document. «If ;-«Thi s report is on sale at the addresses listed on cover page iliPili4 i ¡Éill¡p^ ommission of the Europeanui upean Communitievjommunmes D.G. XIII ­ C.I.D. {VTI-f Ïm4w 29, rue Aldringen xembourg Jw i $m M ,**■ ii '.»■>« 'f f F* ■*[..-■: UI: J Uni f||i »sira This document was reproduced on the basis of the best available copy. mm ιΛ« EUR 4735 e LIQUID VISCOSITY AND CHEMICAL CONSTITUTION OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS : A NEW CORRELATION AND A COMPILATION OF LITERATURE DATA by D.
    [Show full text]
  • Chemical Response Guide
    CHLOROFORM Dans la même collection Acide phosphorique, 2008 - 76 p. Acide sulfurique, 2006 - 64 p. Acrylate d’éthyle, 2006 - 57 p. Ammoniac, 2006 - 68 p. Benzène, 2004 - 56 p. Chlorure de vinyle, 2004 - 50 p. 1,2-Dichloroéthane, 2005 - 60 p. Diméthyldisulfure, 2007 - 54 p. Essence sans plomb, 2008 - 56 p. Hydroxyde de sodium en solution à 50 %, 2005 - 56 p. E.U. Classification: Méthacrylate de méthyle stabilisé, 2008 - 72 p. Méthyléthylcétone, 2009 - 70 p. Styrène, 2004 - 62 p. Xylènes, 2007 - 69 p. UN n°: 1888 Centre de documentation, de recherche et d’expérimentations sur les pollutions accidentelles des eaux 715 rue Alain Colas, CS 41836, F 29218 BREST CEDEX 2 MARPOL Classification: Y Tél. +33 (0)2 98 33 10 10 - Fax +33 (0)2 98 44 91 38 Cedre Courriel : [email protected] - Internet : http://www.cedre.fr SEBC Classification: SD Guide d’intervention chimique : Chloroforme ISBN 978-2-87893-099-3 ISSN 1950-0556 © Cedre - 2011 CHEMICAL RESPONSE GUIDE couverture.indd 1 11/08/2011 14:07:10 Cedre Chloroform Chemical Response Guide CHLOROFORM PRACTICAL GUIDE INFORMAT I ON DEC I S I ON -MAK I NG RESPONSE This document was drafted by Cedre (the Centre of Documentation, Research and Experimentation on Accidental Water Pollution) with financial support and technical guidance from ARKEMA and financial Warning support from the French Navy. Certain data, regulations, values and Cedre norms may be liable to change sub- sequent to publication. We recom- mend that you check them. The information contained in this guide is the result of research and experimentation conducted by Cedre.
    [Show full text]
  • Supporting Information for Adv
    Copyright WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69469 Weinheim, Germany, 2016. Supporting Information for Adv. Funct. Mater., DOI: 10.1002/adfm.201601821 Paper-Based Surfaces with Extreme Wettabilities for Novel, Open-Channel Microfluidic Devices Chao Li, Mathew Boban, Sarah A. Snyder, Sai P. R. Kobaku, Gibum Kwon, Geeta Mehta,* and Anish Tuteja* Supporting Information Paper-based Surfaces with Extreme Wettabilities for Novel, Open-Channel Microfluidic Devices Chao Li, Mathew Boban, Sarah A. Snyder, Sai P. R. Kobaku, Gibum Kwon, Geeta Mehta*, and Anish Tuteja* Note 1. Capillary flow on multiplexed fluoro-paper A Seven different liquids were selected to demonstrate the capability of the O2 plasma patterning technique, covering both polar and non-polar liquids, with surface tensions lv = 18.4– 72.8 mN/m (at 20 °C) (Table S1). Seven straight channels 50 mm long × 2 mm wide were fabricated on each fluoro-paper A substrate (390 m thick) (Methods; Figure S4). 20 L droplets of each of the seven test liquids were then placed at the end of its corresponding channel, and the lateral flow behavior under room temperature and atmospheric pressure was observed (Figure S5a). Three parameters, which directly relate to device design and applications, were systematically studied: maximum wetting length in the channel (Table S3), average wetting velocity (maximum wetting length divided by the total wetting time) (Table S4), and wetting depth (the vertical distance the liquid wets into the channel) (Table S5, Figure S5b). The wetting length of a liquid in a capillary tube is described by Washburn’s equation as follows[31] Dt cos L2 4 here L is the wetting length, is the liquid surface tension, D is the capillary diameter, is the contact angle, andis the viscosity of the liquid.
    [Show full text]
  • Laboratory Manual for Thermodynamics
    Laboratory manual for Thermodynamics izred.prof.dr. Regina Fuchs-Godec izred.prof. dr. Urban Bren Januar, 2019 1 Contents 1. Vapour-liquid equilibrium ....................................................................................................... 4 Theoretical background ...................................................................................................................... 4 Vapour liquid equilibrium - VLE ......................................................................................................... 4 Experimental apparatus ..................................................................................................................... 6 Experimental procedure and analysis ................................................................................................ 6 Measurements and results ................................................................................................................. 8 Thermodynamic Consistency Tests - Integral Test ............................................................................ 9 The excess Gibbs energy (G E ) and an activity coefficient ............................................................. 11 Correlation between measured and calculated values for the T-x1-y1 ........................................... 15 Data analysis and reporting: ............................................................................................................ 16 2. Liquid-Liquid equilibria .............................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • List of Surface Tensions and Surface Energies
    Surface tension values of some common test liquids for surface energy analysis Name CAS Ref.-No. Surface tension @ 20 °C in mN/m Temperature coefficient in mN/(m K) 1,2-Dichloro ethane 107-06-2 33.30 -0.1428 1,2,3-Tribromo propane 96-11-7 45.40 -0.1267 1,3,5-Trimethylbenzene (Mesitylene) 108-67-8 28.80 -0.0897 1,4-Dioxane 123-91-1 33.00 -0.1391 1,5-Pentanediol 111-29-5 43.30 -0.1161 1-Chlorobutane 109-69-3 23.10 -0.1117 1-Decanol 112-30-1 28.50 -0.0732 1-nitro propane 108-03-2 29.40 -0.1023 1-Octanol 111-87-5 27.60 -0.0795 Acetone (2-Propanone) 67-64-1 25.20 -0.1120 Aniline 22°C (AN) 62-53-3 43.40 -0.1085 2-Aminoethanol 141-43-5 48.89 -0.1115 Anthranilic acid ethylester 22°C 87-25-2 39.30 -0.0935 Anthranilic acid methylester 25 °C 134-20-3 43.71 -0.1152 Benzene 71-43-2 28.88 -0.1291 Benzylalcohol 100-51-6 39.00 -0.0920 Benzylbenzoate (BNBZ) 120-51-4 45.95 -0.1066 Bromobenzene 108-86-1 36.50 -0.1160 Bromoform 75-25-2 41.50 -0.1308 Butyronitrile 109-74-0 28.10 -0.1037 Carbon disulfid 75-15-0 32.30 -0.1484 Quinoline 91-22-5 43.12 -0.1063 Chloro benzene 108-90-7 33.60 -0.1191 Chloroform 67-66-3 27.50 -0.1295 Cyclohexane 110-82-7 24.95 -0.1211 Cyclohexanol 25 °C 108-93-0 34.40 -0.0966 Cyclopentanol 96-41-3 32.70 -0.1011 p-Cymene 99-87-6 28.10 -0.0941 Decalin 493-01-6 31.50 -0.1031 DataPhysics Instruments GmbH • phone + 49 (0)711 77 05 56 0 www.dataphysics-instruments.com • [email protected] Surface tension values of some common test liquids for surface energy analysis Name CAS Ref.-No.
    [Show full text]
  • Equilibrium Critical Phenomena in Fluids and Mixtures
    : wil Phenomena I Fluids and Mixtures: 'w'^m^ Bibliography \ I i "Word Descriptors National of ac \oo cop 1^ UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE • Maurice H. Stans, Secretary NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS • Lewis M. Branscomb, Director Equilibrium Critical Phenomena In Fluids and Mixtures: A Comprehensive Bibliography With Key-Word Descriptors Stella Michaels, Melville S. Green, and Sigurd Y. Larsen Institute for Basic Standards National Bureau of Standards Washington, D. C. 20234 4. S . National Bureau of Standards, Special Publication 327 Nat. Bur. Stand. (U.S.), Spec. Publ. 327, 235 pages (June 1970) CODEN: XNBSA Issued June 1970 For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 20402 (Order by SD Catalog No. C 13.10:327), Price $4.00. NATtONAL BUREAU OF STAHOAROS AUG 3 1970 1^8106 Contents 1. Introduction i±i^^ ^ 2. Bibliography 1 3. Bibliographic References 182 4. Abbreviations 183 5. Author Index 191 6. Subject Index 207 Library of Congress Catalog Card Number 7O-6O632O ii Equilibrium Critical Phenomena in Fluids and Mixtures: A Comprehensive Bibliography with Key-Word Descriptors Stella Michaels*, Melville S. Green*, and Sigurd Y. Larsen* This bibliography of 1088 citations comprehensively covers relevant research conducted throughout the world between January 1, 1950 through December 31, 1967. Each entry is charac- terized by specific key word descriptors, of which there are approximately 1500, and is indexed both by subject and by author. In the case of foreign language publications, effort was made to find translations which are also cited. Key words: Binary liquid mixtures; critical opalescence; critical phenomena; critical point; critical region; equilibrium critical phenomena; gases; liquid-vapor systems; liquids; phase transitions; ternairy liquid mixtures; thermodynamics 1.
    [Show full text]
  • Chloroform Risk Assessment
    EU RISK ASSESSMENT – C HLOROFORM CAS 67-66-3 COVER CHLOROFORM CAS-No.: 67-66-3 EINECS-No.: 200-663-8 RISK ASSESSMENT Final Report (2007) France Rapporteur for the risk evaluation of chloroform is the Ministry for the Protection of Nature and the Environment as well as the Ministry of Employment and Social Affairs in co-operation with the Ministry of Public Health. Responsible for the risk evaluation and subsequently for the contents of this report is the rapporteur. The scientific work on this report has been prepared by the National Institute for Research and Security (INRS) as well as the National Institute for Industrial Environment and Risks (INERIS), by order of the rapporteur. Contact point: INERIS INRS DRC/ECOT SCP Parc Technologique ALATA 30, rue Olivier Noyer BP N° 2 75680 Paris CEDEX 14 60550 Verneuil en Halatte FRANCE FRANCE RAPPORTEUR F RANCE I ESR R EPORT DRAFT OF JUNE 2007 EU RISK ASSESSMENT – C HLOROFORM CAS 67-66-3 COVER Foreword to Draft Risk Assessment Reports This Draft Risk Assessment Report is carried out in accordance with Council Regulation (EEC) 793/93 1 on the evaluation and control of the risks of “existing” substances. Regulation 793/93 provides a systematic framework for the evaluation of the risks to human health and the environment of these substances if they are produced or imported into the Community in volumes above 10 tonnes per year. There are four overall stages in the Regulation for reducing the risks: data collection, priority setting, risk assessment and risk reduction. Data provided by Industry are used by Member States and the Commission services to determine the priority of the substances which need to be assessed.
    [Show full text]