DOCSLIB.ORG

Solutions of Exercises

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Solutions of Exercises SOLUTIONS OF EXERCISES LEVEL 0 001 equilibrium 001:1 vessels with water in thermal contact It is plausible to assume that the heat involved in changing the temperature of a quantity of water by one degree is proportional to its mass and more or less constant between the given temperatures, say C units per kg, so that . 10 (te − 50)·C + 5 (te − 25)·C = 0. Equilibrium temperature te = 41 ⅔ °C 001:2 vessels with water in thermal contact The equilibrium temperature (46.4 °C) differs considerably from 41 ⅔ °C (foregoing exc). Apparently the property C is different for different substances. 10 ·(tC−+−= 50) · 5 ·( t 25 ) · C0 eHOeHSO224 CC= 0.34 HSO24 HO 2 001:3 sulphuric acid poured into water The heat of mixing (of two different substances) comes into action; the final temperature is not the same. 002 variables 002:1 the air’s pressure at the Puy de Dôme 725 Torr and 639 Torr, respectively. 002:2 pressure at top and bottom 101329 Pa. 002:3 Fahrenheit’s temperature scale t' t 9 =×+ 32 −17.8 °C 35.6 °C °°FC5 002:4 two phases and their amounts of two substances added together in phase L in phase L I II n(A) n(C) n(A) n(C) n(A) n(C) 10 10 6 2 4 8 5 5 3 1 2 4 6 4 4.8 1.6 1.2 2.4 2 8 0 0 2 8 320 Solutions 002:5 ethanol and water saturate a space P = (300/760) · 101325 Pa PV· V = 50·10-3 m3 n ==0.722 mol RT T = 333.15 K ethanol mole fraction in vapour - in equilibrium with liquid at 60 °C and 300 Torr - is about 0.57. amount of ethanol = 0.57 · 0.722 mol = 0.41 mol amount of water = 0.43 · 0.722 mol = 0.31 mol 003 the rules of the game 003:1 three variables subjected to two conditions There is one independent variable, because of M − N = 3 − 2 = 1. Taking X as the independent variable, then Y (X) =− 2 X {Z (X) = X 003:2 phase diagram or not? The phase diagram is supposed to be the graphical representation of the mole fractions of pairs of coexisting phases as a function of T (or P). Hence, for every point of the vaporus there has to be a corresponding point on the liquidus. In the case of figure a) this obvious rule is violated. In the case of b) the rule is respected; however, for thermodynamic reasons, as will be seen later on, the two curves are allowed to make contact in an extremum only. ? a) b) 003:3 derivation of lever rule from “law of conservation of substance B” i.e. overall amount of B = amount of B in α + amount of B in β Xo {n(α) + n(β)} = Xα · n(α) + Xβ · n(β) 003:4 a system formulation In addition to the three liquid phases I, II and III there, obviously, is a vapour phase V MM⎡⎤PXXXXXXXX ,I , I , II , II , III , III , V , V = ⎣⎦BCBCB C BC NN⎡⎤I II III V , I II III V , I II III V =⎣⎦ μμμAAA === μμμμ ABBB === μμμμμ BCCC === C f = M − N = 9 – 9 = 0 Solutions 321 003:5 amounts of three phases out of three substances n(α) = 0.846 mol ; n(β) = 1.538 mol ; n(γ) = 0.615 mol 003:6 the experimental advantage of a small vapour phase In liquid + vapour equilibrium experiments with low vapour pressures and carried out such that the vapour phase occupies but a small fraction of the space, the equilibrium composition of the liquid phase is ‘forced’ to be equal to the overall composition, Xo (before the experiment adjusted by the investigator), within experimental uncertainty. As an (extreme) example, if Xo = 0.0500 and Xvap = 0.99 and n(liq) = 105 n(vap), then Xliq = (calculated value) 0.0499906. As a result: the answer is Xliq = 0.20 and P = 287.7 003:7 naphthalene is added little by little to toluene P 0.25 0.5 X P 0.25 0.5 o X 003:8 does an empty place matter? Each new open place makes that the number of variables will be one less, just like the number of conditions; in the end f remains equal to c − p + 2. 004 pure substances 004:1 the position of phase symbols fields: β top; γ right; α bottom left increasing entropy: α, β, γ 322 Solutions 004:2 zero Celsius and zero Celsius TV·Δ Δ=TP =Δ Q apply SI units 273 K·(− 1.63 · 10-6 m 3 ·mol− 1 ) =− (611 101325) Pa 6008J·mol−1 = 0.0075 K the answer is 7 mK 004:3 water’s triple point pressure A priori: the data indicate that the result will be close to 0 °C and (4.579/760)·101325 Pa = 610.5 Pa Calculations: • lin. least sq. of pairs {y = ln (P sol /P liq); x = (273.15 + t) -1} for y = 0, calculate x → 273.15 + t /°C = 273.159 • lin. least sq. of pairs { y = ln (P sol ); x = (273.15 + t) -1} for x = (273.159)-1, calculate y → P = 4.5822 Torr or P liq data → P = 4.5822 Torr result: t = 0.01 °C; P = 4.5822 Torr = 610.9 Pa; rounded: 611 Pa. 004:4 carbon dioxide’s metastable normal boiling point liq → vap -1 Q ≈ 17 kJ·mol Tnbp ≈ 185 K 004:5 the substance water under high pressure liquid → solid at 100°C: at about 2.5 GPa triple point (II + V + l): in vicinity of (−19 °C; 0.32 GPa) see also (Fletcher 1970) 004:6 a rule to be respected by metastable extensions → for spontaneous change the shaded field is • at the α side of (α + β): β → α⎫ ⎫ ⎬ γ → α ⎪ • at the β side of (β + γ) : γ → β ⎭ ⎬ ⊗ ⎪ • at the γ side of (α + γ): α → γ ⎭ ⊗ this is the absurdity! 004:7 a phase diagram acts as a thermobarometer 800 • Triple point at 620 ºC and I 0.55GPa • Equilibrium (I+III): 600 dt/dP = 530 K·GPa-1. II • Rules for equilibrium t/°C III lines (metastable 400 extensions) • III at high-pressure side 0 P/GPa 1 Solutions 323 004:8 superposition of stable and metastable P L ()β α V T 004:9 Antoine’s equation A = 15.7576 B = 2408.66 C = 62.060 with these values the following pressures, expressed in Torr, are calculated 289.15 433.56 759.94 1267.95 2025.98 the mean absolute difference in experimental and calculated pressure is just 0.03 Torr (and partly due to round-off effects)! 004:10 supercritical fluid L S P V T 004:11 iron: the heat effect of magnetic change rounded to an integer in kJ·mol-1: 8; heat needed 35.6 kJ 004:12 boiling water altimeter Combine d(lnP)/dT (from the Clapeyron equation) with d(lnP)/dh (from the barometric formula ←002); heat of vaporization 41kJ.mol-1. 005 binary and ternary systems 005:1 a unary diagram made to look like a binary one triple point → eutectic type of three-phase equilibrium boiling curve → two-phase region like region of demixing in Figure 3 324 Solutions 005:2 the amounts of the phases during an experiment n(α) n(β) n(L) i = 0 0 ii < 0 > iii < > > iv 0 < > v 0 0 = 005:3 phase diagram and cooling curve temp. (interval) phase(s) change in temp. is 600 to 515 °C liq fast 515 to ~ 350 °C liq + sol (LiCl) slow at 350 °C liq + sol (LiCl) + sol (KCl) zero 350 to 200 °C sol (LiCl) + sol (KCl) fast 005:4 a reciprocal system Two variables: X (the fraction of the cations that are K+) Y (the fraction of the anions that are Br-) a composition square, of which the vertexes are occupied by the pure substances: NaCl (X= 0; Y = 0 ); KCl (1; 0); KBr (1; 1); NaBr (0; 1) 005:5 increasing repulsive interaction and the phase diagram The change to liquid is more and more “postponed” to higher temperatures: the A liquidus (except for its initial part) is moving upwards, and the eutectic point is moving up to B’s melting point. From a certain “moment” on the A liquidus will be interrupted by a (liquid + liquid) region of demixing - together involving a monetectic three-phase equilibrium. 005:6 overlapping two-phase regions The two three-phase equilibrium temperatures are given by the intersections of the (β + L) solidus and the upper solvus of the (α + β) field. The (α + L) field is between the two three-phase equilibrium lines; and such that the (metastable parts of) the (β + L) liquidus and the (α + β) lower solvus are inside the field. 005:7 the construction of ternary phase diagrams R = racemate = compound AB; Q = quasiracemate = compound AC section stable solids single-phase fields two-phase fields invariant triangles i) C L C + L R R + L ii) *) (A) L (A + L) (B) (B + L) C C + L C L Q Q Q + L R R + L iii) A 2 times L A + L A L R B B + L B L R Solutions 325 C C + L C L R Q Q + L C Q R R R + L L Q R • temperature is just above or just below m.p. of A and B 005:8 the appearance of an incongruently melting compound The sequences of the (two -) and single-phase fields are, when considered from high to low temperature and from left to right (assuming that B’s melting point is below the peritectic temperature): L (A + L) L (A + AB) (AB + L) L (A + AB) (AB + L) L (L + B) (A + AB) (AB + B) 005:9 ternary compositions having a constant ratio of the mole fractions of two components AR : XB for Q; SB: XA for Q AP : XB for P; PB; XA for P Ratios: AP : PB = RP : PS = (AP − RP) : (PB − PS) = AR : SB QED 005:10 cyclohexane with aniline - mixing and demixing Temperature 19.5 ºC - the milky aspect of tube 1.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • FUGACITY It Is Simply a Measure of Molar Gibbs Energy of a Real Gas
    FUGACITY It is simply a measure of molar Gibbs energy of a real gas . Modifying the simple equation for the chemical potential of an ideal gas by introducing the concept of a fugacity (f). The fugacity is an “ effective pressure” which forces the equation below to be true for real gases: θθθ f µµµ ,p( T) === µµµ (T) +++ RT ln where pθ = 1 atm pθθθ A plot of the chemical potential for an ideal and real gas is shown as a function of the pressure at constant temperature. The fugacity has the units of pressure. As the pressure approaches zero, the real gas approach the ideal gas behavior and f approaches the pressure. 1 If fugacity is an “effective pressure” i.e, the pressure that gives the right value for the chemical potential of a real gas. So, the only way we can get a value for it and hence for µµµ is from the gas pressure. Thus we must find the relation between the effective pressure f and the measured pressure p. let f = φ p φ is defined as the fugacity coefficient. φφφ is the “fudge factor” that modifies the actual measured pressure to give the true chemical potential of the real gas. By introducing φ we have just put off finding f directly. Thus, now we have to find φ. Substituting for φφφ in the above equation gives: p µ=µ+(p,T)θ (T) RT ln + RT ln φ=µ (ideal gas) + RT ln φ pθ µµµ(p,T) −−− µµµ(ideal gas ) === RT ln φφφ This equation shows that the difference in chemical potential between the real and ideal gas lies in the term RT ln φφφ.φ This is the term due to molecular interaction effects.
    [Show full text]
  • A Study of the Equilibrium Diagrams of the Systems, Benzene-Toluene and Benzene-Ethylbenzene
    Loyola University Chicago Loyola eCommons Master's Theses Theses and Dissertations 1940 A Study of the Equilibrium Diagrams of the Systems, Benzene- Toluene and Benzene-Ethylbenzene John B. Mullen Loyola University Chicago Follow this and additional works at: https://ecommons.luc.edu/luc_theses Part of the Chemistry Commons Recommended Citation Mullen, John B., "A Study of the Equilibrium Diagrams of the Systems, Benzene-Toluene and Benzene- Ethylbenzene" (1940). Master's Theses. 299. https://ecommons.luc.edu/luc_theses/299 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Theses and Dissertations at Loyola eCommons. It has been accepted for inclusion in Master's Theses by an authorized administrator of Loyola eCommons. For more information, please contact ecommons@luc.edu. This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-No Derivative Works 3.0 License. Copyright © 1940 John B. Mullen A S'l'IJDY OF THE EQUTI.IBRIUM DIAGRAMS OF THE SYSTEMS, BENZENE-TOLUENE AND BENZENE-~ENZENE By John B. Mullen Presented in partial :f'u.J.tilment at the requirements :f'or the degree o:f' Master o:f' Science, Loyola University, 1940. T.ABLE OF CONTENTS Page Acknowledgment 1i Vita iii Introduction 1 I. Review of Literature 2 II. Apparatus and its Calibration 3 III. Procedure am Technique 6 IV. Observations on the System Benzene-Toluene 9 V. Observations on the System Benzene-Ethylbenzene 19 VI. Equilibrium Diagrams of the Systems 30 Recommendations for Future Work 34 Bibliography 35 ACKNOWLEOOMENT The au1hor wishes to acknowledge with thanks the invaluable assistance, suggestions, and cooperation offered by Dr.
    [Show full text]
  • Phase Diagrams
    Module-07 Phase Diagrams Contents 1) Equilibrium phase diagrams, Particle strengthening by precipitation and precipitation reactions 2) Kinetics of nucleation and growth 3) The iron-carbon system, phase transformations 4) Transformation rate effects and TTT diagrams, Microstructure and property changes in iron- carbon system Mixtures – Solutions – Phases Almost all materials have more than one phase in them. Thus engineering materials attain their special properties. Macroscopic basic unit of a material is called component. It refers to a independent chemical species. The components of a system may be elements, ions or compounds. A phase can be defined as a homogeneous portion of a system that has uniform physical and chemical characteristics i.e. it is a physically distinct from other phases, chemically homogeneous and mechanically separable portion of a system. A component can exist in many phases. E.g.: Water exists as ice, liquid water, and water vapor. Carbon exists as graphite and diamond. Mixtures – Solutions – Phases (contd…) When two phases are present in a system, it is not necessary that there be a difference in both physical and chemical properties; a disparity in one or the other set of properties is sufficient. A solution (liquid or solid) is phase with more than one component; a mixture is a material with more than one phase. Solute (minor component of two in a solution) does not change the structural pattern of the solvent, and the composition of any solution can be varied. In mixtures, there are different phases, each with its own atomic arrangement. It is possible to have a mixture of two different solutions! Gibbs phase rule In a system under a set of conditions, number of phases (P) exist can be related to the number of components (C) and degrees of freedom (F) by Gibbs phase rule.
    [Show full text]
  • Neutron Star Cooling and Discuss the Main Issue: What We Can Learn About the Internal Structure of Neutron Stars by Confronting Theory and Observation
    To appear in Ann. Rev. Astron. Astrophys. 2004 Neutron Star Cooling D. G. Yakovlev 1 and C. J. Pethick 2 1Ioffe Physical Technical Institute, Politekhnicheskaya 26, 194021 St.-Petersburg, Russia, e-mail: yak@astro.ioffe.ru 2NORDITA, The Nordic Institute for Theoretical Physics, Blegdamsvej 17, DK– 2100 Copenhagen Ø, Denmark, e-mail: pethick@nordita.dk Abstract Observation of cooling neutron stars can potentially provide information about the states of matter at supernuclear densities. We review physical properties important for cooling such as neutrino emission processes and superfluidity in the stellar interior, surface envelopes of light elements due to accretion of matter and strong surface magnetic fields. The neutrino pro- cesses include the modified Urca process, and the direct Urca process for nucleons and exotic states of matter such as a pion condensate, kaon con- densate, or quark matter. The dependence of theoretical cooling curves on physical input and observations of thermal radiation from isolated neutron stars are described. The comparison of observation and theory leads to a unified interpretation in terms of three characteristic types of neutron stars: high-mass stars which cool primarily by some version of the direct Urca process; low-mass stars, which cool via slower processes; and medium-mass stars, which have an intermediate behavior. The related problem of thermal states of transiently accreting neutron stars with deep crustal burning of accreted matter is discussed in connection with observations of soft X-ray transients. arXiv:astro-ph/0402143v1 6 Feb 2004 1 INTRODUCTION Neutron stars are the most compact stars in the Universe. They have masses M ∼ 1.4 M⊙ and radii R ∼ 10 km, and they contain matter at supernuclear densities in their cores.
    [Show full text]
  • Cooling Electrons in Semiconductor Devices: a Model of Evaporative Emission
    PHYSICAL REVIEW B 75, 035316 ͑2007͒ Cooling electrons in semiconductor devices: A model of evaporative emission Thushari Jayasekera, Kieran Mullen, and Michael A. Morrison* Homer L. Dodge Department of Physics and Astronomy, The University of Oklahoma, 440 West Brooks Street, Norman, Oklahoma 73019-0225, USA ͑Received 4 April 2006; revised manuscript received 2 November 2006; published 11 January 2007͒ We discuss the theory of cooling electrons in solid-state devices via “evaporative emission.” Our model is based on filtering electron subbands in a quantum-wire device. When incident electrons in a higher-energy subband scatter out of the initial electron distribution, the system equilibrates to a different chemical potential and temperature than those of the incident electron distribution. We show that this re-equilibration can cause considerable cooling of the system. We discuss how the device geometry affects the final electron temperatures, and consider factors relevant to possible experiments. We demonstrate that one can therefore induce substantial electron cooling due to quantum effects in a room-temperature device. The resulting cooled electron population could be used for photodetection of optical frequencies corresponding to thermal energies near room temperature. DOI: 10.1103/PhysRevB.75.035316 PACS number͑s͒: 73.50.Lw, 73.23.Ϫb I. INTRODUCTION achieve electron cooling. We improve upon this result by switching to a “plus-junction” design, which improves the As electronic devices become smaller, they leave the re- cooling characteristics of the device. In Sec. IV we discuss gime of classical physics and enter the realm of quantum applications and realistic parameters for a device to cool physics.
    [Show full text]
  • Exam3 Practice
    Materials Science and Engineering Department MSE 360, Test #3 ID number _______________________________ Name: _____________________________________ No notes, books, or information stored in calculator memories may be used. Cheating will be punished severely. All of your work must be written on these pages and turned in. Constants, equations, and other data are given on the last page of the exam. _______________________________________________________________________________ Problem 1-18: 2 points each (Key:1C2B3B4B5A6D 7B8D9B10B11A12A 13A14A15A16B17A18A) 1. A regular solution will likely form an ordered atomic structure if: d.) Ω = 0 b.) Ω > 0 c.) Ω < 0 2. With increasing temperature and constant pressure, the Gibbs free energy of a single phase A) increase, B) decrease 3. During annealing, the grain #2 represented in the right figure will A) be stable B) grow C) shrink 4. The mechanism of diffusion for a dilute solute atom of small atomic radius compared to the host material would be best described by: a.) Substitutional diffusion b.) Interstitial diffusion c.) Vacancy diffusion d.) all of the above 5. When Lf/Tm > 4R, where the Lf is the latent heat of fusion, Tm is the melting temperature, the liquid/solid interface is A) Smooth, B) Rough 6. The inhomogeneous nucleation is easier than the homogeneous nucleation because the inhomogeneous nucleation A. Has a critical nucleus with smaller diameter B. Has a critical nucleus with smaller volume C. Has a critical nucleus with smaller critical Gibbs free energy D. Both B and C 7. For heterogeneous nucleation in the grain interior, grain boundaries, grain edges and grain corners, their critical energy barriers can be described as A.
    [Show full text]
  • COOLING CURVE ANALYSIS in BINARY Al-Cu ALLOYS: PART I- EFFECT of COOLING RATE and COPPER CONTENT on the EUTECTIC FORMATION
    Association of Metallurgical Engineers of Serbia Scientific paper AMES UDC: 669.715.018 COOLING CURVE ANALYSIS IN BINARY Al-Cu ALLOYS: PART I- EFFECT OF COOLING RATE AND COPPER CONTENT ON THE EUTECTIC FORMATION M. Dehnavi1, F. Kuhestani2, M. Haddad-Sabzevar1 1Department of Materials Engineering and Metallurgy, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran 2Faculty of Materials Engineering, Semnan University, Semnan, Iran. Received 28.02.2015 Accepted 25.08.2015 Abstract There are many techniques available for investigating the solidification of metals and alloys. In recent years computer-aided cooling curve analysis (CA-CCA) has been used to determine thermo-physical properties of alloys, latent heat and solid fraction. In this study, the effect of cooling rate and copper addition was taken into consideration in non- equilibrium eutectic transformation of binary Al- Cu melt via cooling curve analysis. For this purpose, melts with different copper weight percent of 2.2, 3.7 and 4.8 were prepared and cooled in controlled rates of 0.04 and 0.42 °C/s. Results show that, latent heat of alloy highly depends upon the post- solidification cooling rate and composition. As copper content of alloy and cooling rate increase, achieved non- equilibrium eutectic phase increases that leads to release of high amount of latent heat and appearing of second deviation in cooling curve. This deviation can be seen in first time derivative curve in the form of a definite peak. Key words: cooling curve, latent heat, first derivative curve, non- equilibrium eutectic Introduction Depending on the casting conditions and alloy composition, microstructure, properties and characteristics of the aluminum alloys will be different [1].
    [Show full text]
  • A DSC-Study on the Demixing of Binary Polymer Solutions
    A DSC-study on the demixing of binary polymer solutions Peter van der Heijden A DSC-STUDY ON THE DEMIXING OF BINARY POLYMER SOLUTIONS PROEFSCHRIFT ter verkrijging van de graad van doctor aan de Universiteit Twente, op gezag van de rector magnificus, prof. dr. F.A. van Vught, volgens het besluit van het College voor Promoties in het openbaar te verdedigen op vrijdag 12 oktober te 15.00 uur door Petrus Cornelis van der Heijden geboren op 16 augustus 1973 te Hoogland Dit proefschrift is goedgekeurd door de promotoren: prof.dr.-ing M. Wessling en prof.dr.ing M.H.V.Mulder This research was financially supported by the Nederlandse organisatie voor Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek (NWO) ISBN: 90 365 1646 3 2001 by P.C. van der Heijden All rights reserved. Printed by PrintPartners Ipskamp, Enschede Cover design: Carolien van der Heijden Contents Chapter 1 1 Introduction Chapter 2 9 Quenching of concentrated polymer-diluent systems Appendix 2: Heat transfer in a DSC-pan 34 Chapter 3 39 Phase behavior of polymer-diluent systems characterized by temperature modulated differential scanning calorimetry Chapter 4 55 Quantification and interpretation of temperature modulated differential scanning calorimetry data on liquid-liquid demixing and vitrification Appendix 4A: Verification of the assumptions proposed in Chapter 4 72 * Appendix 4B: Physical significance of the interpolated heat capacity cp i 82 Chapter 5 89 Diluent crystallization and melting in a liquid-liquid demixed and vitrified polymer solutions Appendix 5: Comments on the concept of thermoporometry 118 Chapter 6 129 Determination of a binary phase diagram with one single temperature modulated differential scanning calorimetry experiment Chapter 7 145 Evaluation and outlook Summary 155 Samenvatting 157 Dankwoord 159 Levensloop 161 Chapter 1 Introduction 1.1 The formation of porous structures by thermally-induced phase-separation Porous polymer membranes can be prepared by different techniques: track-etching, stretching and phase-separation [1].
    [Show full text]
  • Commercial Air Conditioner Haier and Higher
    SYJS-002 Commercial Air Conditioner Haier and Higher Selected Design and Installation for Haier Commercial Air Conditioners Haier Group 2001 Большая библиотека технической документации http://splitoff.ru/tehn-doc.html каталоги, инструкции, сервисные мануалы, схемы. CONTENTS Chapter One Basic theory of air conditioning------------------------------------------1 Section one Basic features of humid air---------------------------------------------------1 1-1 Basic features of humid air---------------------------------------------------------------- 1 1-2 Temperature-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 2 1-3 Humidity------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 3 1-4 Enthalpy ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 7 Section two Humid air I-d diagram-------------------------------------------------------- 8 2-1 Humid air I-d diagram----------------------------------------------------------------------8 2-2 Application of the I-d diagram----------------------------------------------------------- 11 Section three Environmental conditions--------------------------------------------------16 3-1 Meteorological data of major Chinese cities--------------------------------------------16 3-2 Physiologically required air quality and quantity--------------------------------------16 3-3 Harmful gas, substance and maximum allowable odorous gas and ventilation------ 17 3-4 Pleasant air temperature and humidity range-------------------------------------------19
    [Show full text]
  • Fundamentals of Modern UV-Visible Spectroscopy
    Fundamentals of modern UV-visible spectroscopy Primer Tony Owen Copyright Agilent Technologies 2000 All rights reserved. Reproduction, adaption, or translation without prior written permission is prohibited, except as allowed under the copyright laws. The information contained in this publication is subject to change without notice. Printed in Germany 06/00 Publication number 5980-1397E Preface Preface In 1988 we published a primer entitled “The Diode-Array Advantage in UV/Visible Spectroscopy”. At the time, although diode-array spectrophotometers had been on the market since 1979, their characteristics and their advantages compared with conventional scanning spectrophotometers were not well-understood. We sought to rectify the situation. The primer was very well-received, and many thousands of copies have been distributed. Much has changed in the years since the first primer, and we felt this was an appropriate time to produce a new primer. Computers are used increasingly to evaluate data; Good Laboratory Practice has grown in importance; and a new generation of diode-array spectrophotometers is characterized by much improved performance. With this primer, our objective is to review all aspects of UV-visible spectroscopy that play a role in obtaining the best results. Microprocessor and/or computer control has taken much of the drudgery out of data processing and has improved productivity. As instrument manufacturers, we would like to believe that analytical instruments are now easier to operate. Despite these advances, a good knowledge of the basics of UV-visible spectroscopy, of the instrumental limitations, and of the pitfalls of sample handling and sample chemistry remains essential for good results.
    [Show full text]
  • Chloroform Safety Data Sheet According to Federal Register / Vol
    Chloroform Safety Data Sheet according to Federal Register / Vol. 77, No. 58 / Monday, March 26, 2012 / Rules and Regulations Date of issue: 06/03/2013 Revision date: 03/21/2017 Supersedes: 03/21/2017 Version: 1.3 SECTION 1: Identification 1.1. Identification Product form : Substance Substance name : Chloroform CAS-No. : 67-66-3 Product code : LC13040 Formula : CHCl3 Synonyms : 1,1,1-trichloromethane / Chloroform / formyl trichloride / freon 20 / methane trichloride / methane, trichloro- / methenyl chloride / methenyl trichloride / methyl trichloride / R 20 / R 20 refrigerant / TCM (=trichloromethane) / trichloroform / trichloromethane 1.2. Recommended use and restrictions on use Use of the substance/mixture : Bactericide Fumigant Insecticide Solvent Chemical substance for research Recommended use : Laboratory chemicals Restrictions on use : Not for food, drug or household use 1.3. Supplier LabChem, Inc. Jackson's Pointe Commerce Park Building 1000, 1010 Jackson's Pointe Court Zelienople, PA 16063 - USA T 412-826-5230 - F 724-473-0647 1.4. Emergency telephone number Emergency number : CHEMTREC: 1-800-424-9300 or +1-703-741-5970 SECTION 2: Hazard(s) identification 2.1. Classification of the substance or mixture GHS-US classification Acute toxicity (oral) H302 Harmful if swallowed Category 4 Acute toxicity (inhalation) H331 Toxic if inhaled Category 3 Skin corrosion/irritation H315 Causes skin irritation Category 2 Serious eye damage/eye H319 Causes serious eye irritation irritation Category 2A Carcinogenicity Category 2 H351 Suspected of causing cancer Reproductive toxicity H361 Suspected of damaging the unborn child. Category 2 Specific target organ H372 Causes damage to organs (liver, kidneys) through prolonged or repeated exposure toxicity (repeated exposure) (Inhalation, oral) Category 1 Full text of H statements : see section 16 2.2.
    [Show full text]
  • Locating and Estimating Air Emissions from Sources of Chloroform
    United States Office of Air Quality EPA-450/4-84-007c Environmental Protection Planning And Standards Agency Research Triangle Park, NC 27711 March 1984 AIR EPA LOCATING AND ESTIMATING AIR EMISSIONS FROM SOURCES OF CHLOROFORM L &E EPA- 450/4-84-007c March 1984 LOCATING & ESTIMATING AIR EMISSIONS FROM SOURCES OF CHLOROFORM U.S. ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY Office of Air and Radiation Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27711 This report has been reviewed by the Office Of Air Quality Planning And Standards, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, and has been approved for publication as received from GCA Technology. Approval does not signify that the contents necessarily reflect the views and policies of the Agency, neither does mention of trade names or commercial products constitute endorsement or recommendation for use. ii CONTENTS Figures ...................... iv Tables ...................... v 1. Purpose of Document ............... 1 2. Overview of Document Contents .......... 3 3. Background .................... 5 Nature of Pollutant ............ 5 Overview of Production and Uses ...... 8 4. Chloroform Emission Sources ........... 11 Chloroform Production ........... 11 Fluorocarbon Production .......... 20 Pharmaceutical Manufacturing ........ 26 Ethylene Dichloride Production ....... 29 Perchloroethylene and Trichloroethylene Production . ............. 38 Chlorination of Organic Precursors in Water. 44 Miscellaneous Chloroform Emission Sources . 61 5. Source Test Procedures ............... 63 References 66 Appendix - Derivation of Emission Factors from Chloroform Production .................... A-1 References for Appendix ............... A-23 iii FIGURES Number Page 1 Chemical use tree for chloroform ............ 10 2 Basic operations that may be used in the methanol hydrochlorination/methyl chloride chlorination process 12 3 Basic operations that may be used in the methane chlorination process ................
    [Show full text]