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CHEMISTRY DATA BOOK October 2011

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CHEMISTRY DATA BOOK October 2011 CHEMISTRY DATA BOOK October 2011 INTRODUCTION This Data Book contains a selection of information and data which is relevant to the Chemistry Courses at York. As far as thermal data is concerned there are often variations in the values cited in the literature. In these instances, one particular set of values has been chosen for display in the tables and, under normal circumstances, no special problems should arise on account of this choice. For precise work, however, it is advisable to consult the extensive tabulations of source material that are available in the Morrell and Whinfield Libraries. The most valuable of these is: CRC Handbook of Physics and Chemistry Ed. R C West A useful compilation and summary of SI conventions is found in Quantities, Units and Symbols in Physical Chemistry, Mills et. al., Blackwell (1989). D K Smith October, 2011 CONTENTS Page Introduction Periodic Table Back Page Greek Alphabet 1 1 Atomic and Ionic Properties Atomic First Ionisation Energies 2 Electron-Gain Energies 3 Enthalpies of Formation of Gaseous Monatomic Cations 11 Ionic Radii (Shannon-Prewitt) 4 Slater Atomic Radii & Allred-Rochow Electronegatives 6 Standard Half-Cell Reduction Potentials 8 2 Thermal Properties of Matter Heats of Combustion 21 Properties of Selected Organic Compounds 24 Standard Enthalpies of Fusion and Vaporisation 12 Standard Enthalpies of Hydration 13 Standard Enthalpies of Hydration of Ions 13 Steam - Temperature, Pressure & Volume 26 Thermal Properties of Liquid Water 27 Thermodynamic Data for Inorganic Compounds 14 Thermodynamic Data for Organic Compounds 22 3 Energy Energy Equivalents 28 Approximate Energy Conversion Factors 29 4 Terrestrial Data Atmosphere 31 Earth 30 Geological Time Scales 32 United Kingdom Land Statistics 31 5 Physical and Chemical Properties and Data 1H NMR Chemical Shifts 33 13C NMR Chemical Shifts 34 Amino Acids 61 Bravais Lattices 41 Common Abbreviations 50 Genetic Code 63 Hammett Substituent Constants 65 Infra-red Absorption Frequencies for Inorganic Species 39 Infra-red Absorption Frequencies for Organic Functions 40 Mohs’ Hardness Scale 48 NMR Properties of Single Isotopes 35 Order of Precedence for Common Groups – Table A 52 Order of Precedence for Common Groups – Table B 54 Physical Properties of Gases 43 Physical Properties of Liquids 44 Physical Properties of Some Solid Materials 46 pKA approximate values of Selected Organic Compounds 64 Selected Stability Constants 49 Stokes’ Law of Viscosity 48 Structures of Selected Cyclic Organic Compounds 55 Structures of Selected Organic Compounds 58 Structures of Selected Organic Groups 60 Summary of organic Nomenclature (IUPAC) 51 6 Mathematical Data Arithmetical Progression 89 Assigning a Molecule to its Point Group 66 Bionomial Series 87 Character Tables for Selected Groups 67 Complex Numbers 86 Critical Values for F for a One-tailed Test 95 Definitions of Binomial Series 87 Derivatives and Indefinite Integrals 88 Direct Product Rules for Chemically Important Groups 82 Factorial Definitions 87 Geometrical Progression 89 Group Theoretical Formulae 81 Hyperbolic Functions 86 Integration by Parts 85 Maclaurin Series 89 Normal Distribution (Single Sided) 96 Probability Points of the 2 Distribution 98 Quadratic Equations 86 Scalar, Vector Products 89 Simpson’s Rule 85 Students’ t-Distribution 92 Taylor Series 89 Tolerance Intervals 94 Trapezoidal Rule 85 Trigonometrical Formulae and Results 90 7 Units and Constants Atomic Units 101 Fundamental Constants 99 Multiples of Base 10 101 SI Units 100 GREEK ALPHABET Alpha Nu Beta Xi Gamma Omicron Delta Pi Epsilon Rho Zeta Sigma Eta Tau Theta Upsilon Iota Phi Kappa Chi Lambda Psi Mu Omega ATOMIC FIRST IONIZATION ENERGIES (eV) H 13.6 He 24.6 Li Be B C N O F Ne 5.4 9.3 8.3 11.3 14.5 13.6 17.4 21.6 Na Mg Al S i P S Cl Ar 5.1 7.6 6.0 8.2 10.5 10.4 13.0 15.8 K Ca Ga Ge As Se Br Kr 4.3 6.1 6.0 8.1 9.8 9.8 11.8 14.0 Rb Sr In Sn Sb Te I Xe 4.2 5.7 5.8 7.3 8.6 9.0 10.5 12.1 Cs Ba Tl Pb Bi Po At Rn 3.9 5.2 6.1 7.4 7.3 8.4 10.8 10.7 Sc Ti V Cr Mn Fe Co Ni Cu Zn 6.5 6.8 6.7 6.8 7.4 7.9 7.9 7.6 7.7 9.4 Y Zr Nb Mo Tc Ru Rh Pd Ag Cd 6.4 6.8 6.9 7.1 7.3 7.4 7.5 8.3 7.6 9.0 La Hf Ta W Re Os Ir Pt Au Hg 5.6 6.6 7.9 8.0 7.9 8.7 9.1 9.0 9.2 10.4 Ce Pr Nd Pm Sm Eu Gd Tb Dy Ho Er Tm Yb Lu 5.5 5.5 5.5 5.6 5.6 5.7 6.1 5.9 5.9 6.0 6.1 6.2 6.3 5.4 Th Pa U Np Pu Am Cm Bk Cf Es Fm Mv No Lw 6.3 5.9 6.2 6.3 6.0 6.0 6.0 6.2 6.3 6.4 6.5 6.6 6.7 4.9 ELECTRON-GAIN ENERGIES Uo / kJ mol 1 PERIODIC TABLE ARRANGEMENT Li B C N O F 59.8 17.3 122.3 20.1 141.1 328.0 Na Al Si P S Cl 52.2 44 133.6 72 200.4 348.8 K Cu Ge As Se Br 45.4 118 115 77 195.0 324.6 Rb Ag Sn Sb Te I 46.9 125.7 120 100 190.2 295.4 Cs Au 45.5 222.8 IONIC RADII (in pm - after Shannon and Prewitt) The values given are applicable to oxides and fluorides (c.n. 6, based on the value 140 pm for 6-coordinated O2-). Radii for other c.n’s are given in the Notes below, and the values for species enclosed in the “box” gives an appropriate idea of the sizes of these ions. Oxidation State (A) Non-transition Metals –3 N P As 155 185 220 –2 O(c) S Se Te 140 185 195 220 –1 F(d) Cl Br I OH– SH– 133 180 195 220 155 200 +1 Li(a) Na K Rb Cs Tl NH4+ 74 102 138 149 170 150 150 +2 Be(b) Mg Ca Sr Ba(e) Zn Cd Pb 35 72 100 116 136 75 105 118 +3 Al Sc Y La 53 89 109 115 +4 Ti Zr 61 80 Oxidation State (B) Transition Metals Ti V Cr Mn Fe Co Ni Cu +2 Low spin 73 67 61 65 High spin 86 79 82 83 78 75 69 73 Low spin 58 55 55 56 +3 High spin 67 64 62 65 65 61 60 - Notes: (a) c.n. 4, 59 pm (b) c.n. 4, 27 pm (c) c.n. 2, 135 pm; c.n. 8, 142 pm (d) M-F is at least 10 pm greater than M-O in ScOF and YOF (See Wells, p. 404, 4th edn). (e) c.n. 8, 142 pm; c.n. 12, 160 pm SINGLE BOND COVALENT RADII (in pm) H 30 C 77 N 75 O 73 F 71 Si 118 P 110 S 103 Cl 99 Ge 122 As 121 Se 117 Br 114 Sn 140 Sb 143 Te 135 I 133 SLATER ATOMIC RADII AND ALLRED-ROCHOW ELECTRONEGATIVITIES Data are given in the form: Atom Radius/pm Electronegativity H 53 2.20 Li 145 Be 105 B 85 C 70 N 65 O 60 F 50 0.97 1.47 2.01 2.50 3.07 3.50 4.10 Na 180 Mg 150 Al 125 Si 110 P 100 S 100 Cl 100 1.01 1.23 1.47 1.74 2.0 2.44 2.83 K 220 Ca 180 Ga 130 Ge 125 As 115 Se 115 Br 115 0.91 1.04 1.82 2.02 2.20 2.48 2.74 Rb 235 Sr 200 In 155 Sn 145 Sb 145 Te 140 I 140 0.90 0.99 1.49 1.72 1.82 2.01 2.21 Cs 260 Ba 215 Tl 190 Pb 180 Bi 160 Po 190 At - 0.86 0.97 1.44 1.55 1.67 1.76 1.90 Fr - Ra 215 Ac 195 0.86 0.97 1.00 .......................................................................... Sc 160 Ti 140 V 135 Cr 140 Mn 140 Fe 140 Co 135 Ni 135 Cu 135 Zn 135 1.20 1.32 1.45 1.56 1.60 1.64 1.70 1.75 1.75 1.66 Y 180 Zr 155 Nb 145 Mo 145 Tc 135 Ru 130 Rh 135 Pd 140 Ag 160 Cd 1.11 1.22 1.23 1.30 1.36 1.42 1.43 1.35 1.42 155 1.46 La 195 Hf 155 Ta 145 W 135 Re 135 Os 130 Ir 135 Pt 135 Au 135 Hg 150 1.08 1.23 1.33 1.40 1.46 1.52 1.55 1.44 1.41 1.44 ..................................................................... ...... Ce 185 Pr 185 Nd 185 Pm 183 Sm 185 Eu 185 Gd 180 1.08 1.07 1.07 1.07 1.07 1.01 1.11 Tb 175 Dy 175 Ho 175 Er 175 Tm 175 Yb 175 Lu 175 1.10 1.10 1.10 1.11 1.11 1.06 1.14 ................... ........................................................ Th 180 Pa 180 U 175 Np 175 Pu 175 Am 175 1.11 1.14 1.22 1.22 1.22 1.2 Notes: (1) The Electronegativities are taken from Table 4.8 of Inorganic Chemistry, by J E Huheey - see also A L Allred and E G Rochow, J.
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