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Tinkering in Uncharted Technological Territory

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Tinkering in Uncharted Technological Territory FASCINATING RESEARCH PHYSICS IN THE MECHAN I CS DEPART M ENT OF THE MAX PLANCK INST I TUTE FOR PHYS I CS IN MUN I CH , THE TECHN I C I ANS CREATE I NNOVAT I VE SOLUT I ONS FOR SCIENTIFIC EXPER im ENTS The truss of the (2) CS MAGIC telescopes: I HYS The space truss P supports the mirrors FOR of the telescopes. : MPI HOTOS P Tinkering in Uncharted Technological Territory 4 4 MAX P LANCK R ESEA R CH 4/2008 4/2008 MAX P LANCK R ESEA R CH 45 FASCINATING RESEARCH PHYSICS Physicists will lower the GERDA Experiment in the mountain: The water tank in the laboratory In the Machinery Pool: Thomas Haubold heads the Mechanics detectors in rows into liquid argon. below the Gran Sasso massif harbors the GERDA experiment. Department, which also encompasses a mechanics workshop. yet unknown rest mass of these ‘ghost’ particles. t is just as well The germanium detectors will hang I that border con- in a tank in the underground labora- trols have all but tory in Gran Sasso. This tank has disappeared in Eu- roughly the circumference of a brew- rope. Otherwise, the ing vat, but is twice as high and filled scientists at the Max with about 70 cubic meters of liquid Planck Institute for Physics would argon. The tank is crowned with a have to put up with unpleasant ques- system of locks from which protrude tions time and again in the coming two tubes, each measuring four me- months when they drive to the un- ters long; the germanium detectors derground laboratory in Gran Sasso, are transported through the lock into Italy: “Why do you have two pres- the argon tank, which rests in a wa- sure cookers strapped into the child ter tank the size of a feed silo. seats? What are those connectors The details of the construction and fittings doing on the pots?” The were thought up by the staff of the physicists would be able to quickly Mechanics Department – in contin- placate the customs officers – with a uous dialog with the scientists: document that declares the pressure “Since the project started in 2004, cookers to be tested transport con- we have been getting together one tainers; each contains about two ki- morning a week to discuss technical lograms of germanium and is filled problems,” says Thomas Haubold, with the noble gas argon. who heads the Mechanics Depart- It was Karlheinz Ackermann’s idea ment at the institute in Munich. In to put the germanium into pressure those days, the only specification cookers. He is an engineer, and one was that the 14 germanium detec- of eight design engineers at the Max tors should be positioned as close Planck Institute for Physics. They together as possible, yet still develop instruments for complicated equipped with the necessary mea- physics experiments that go by such suring instruments, and suspended CS I names as GERDA, MAGIC, ATLAS, HYS in an argon tank – “from sky P CRESST and HEGRA, based on the FOR hooks.” scientists’ specifications. The work of : MPI SUSPEN di NG SIX ESCH these design engineers is all in the I HOTO KI LOGRA M S OF GER M AN I U M R P name of research, but it is also a sci- G XEL AND A C I : ence in itself and frequently leads H The design engineers use the term P RA HOTO them into uncharted technological G sky hooks when scientists want to P territory – and not always via the fix something in thin air so that it shortest route. Prototypes and models of some de- Fourteen of these crystals form the floats as freely as possible. The sci- is indistinguishable from the rare only copper, Kapton and Teflon, The engineers’ laboratory stretches tails can also be seen. The originals core of GERDA, the GERmanium De- entists have their reasons, of course: events that are so important to the which release radon in even smaller across the entire Mechanics Depart- of some of these pieces fill rooms the tector Array, which the physicists most materials in an engineer’s tool- physicists. Even minute traces of ra- doses than other materials. So Karl- ment of the institute in Munich, but size of a sports hall. want to use to detect an extremely box, and in our environment, con- don become a problem for the GER- heinz Ackermann spent six months the engineers produce their designs The researchers use many of the rare nuclear decay event in the crys- tinuously emit the radioactive noble DA experiment: a concentration of tinkering with filigree supports, try- in an open-plan office with chest- instruments to investigate exotic tals. Such events are caused by neu- gas radon. There are about ten mil- 500 radon nuclei per cubic meter in ing to support the crystals with high cabinets for dividers, and walls species from the particle menagerie trinos, and the researchers expect lion radon nuclei per cubic meter of the apparatus is sufficient to render three nylon threads, or with steel that are covered with structural of physics. The germanium crystals there to be less than one nuclear de- air in a building, which presents no the measurement useless. wires for one or more detectors on drawings and photographs from lots in the pressure cookers, which are cay event per year in one kilogram risk to health. But in the Gran Sasso This means that most plastics, trays. Ackermann keeps the result of of projects and devices that have used as detectors in the GERDA ex- of germanium. The results will main- detector, the nuclear decay of the ra- metals and glasses are ruled out as his exercises in suspension in a been dreamt up and realized here. periment, serve this same purpose. ly serve to gain insight into the as don nuclei can produce a signal that possible materials. Physicists accept plastic dish next to his PC: more 4 6 MAX P LANCK R ESEA R CH 4/2008 4/2008 MAX P LANCK R ESEA R CH 47 FASCINATING RESEARCH PHYSICS Working in a dust-free atmosphere: The muon detectors for the ATLAS experiment The brains behind this plan. After the detectors for ATLAS have been manufactured, at the Large Hadron Collider were assembled in a clean room at the institute. Thomas Haubold also checks whether they have been installed correctly. could recognize at a glance that this piece of copper, which looks like a hexagonal stamp the size of your palm with an impractically shaped and perforated handle, is complicated to produce. Markus Eichenlaub has already ti- dily arranged five of these contact plates side by side on his workbench. Each one requires 26 production steps and more than a day’s work. They are produced on a programma- ble CNC machine that Eichenlaub taught when and where to mill away copper and where to drill holes. RUST AN D DI RT THREATEN GERDA’S LI FE The end results of this protracted work are supports, tracks and skids. Assembling these parts into a fin- ished device sometimes requires a screwdriver, sometimes a welding torch. As we speak, Marco Wehr- meister is working with a welding torch in the metals workshop. He is welding together a stainless steel housing the size of a milk carton: “It will hold a small cable drum,” says Wehrmeister, pulling down the visor on his helmet, only to discover that he cannot work with the pistol- shaped welding electrode inside the housing. He needs to shorten the (2) ESCH I electrode. R G After a small adjustment, Wehr- XEL A meister holds a wire to the open edge : HOTOS of the housing and strikes the arc, P which, when viewed through the vi- CS than a dozen of these parts together shop, a precision mechanics work- scene in the workshop. The devices I sor of his helmet, shines about as effort here, because rust and dirt are treatment, the weld gleams again in HYS weigh a mere 34 grams, but they shop, and one where plastics are required for GERDA present a chal- P brightly as the flame of a cigarette life-threatening to GERDA. steel-gray. In the future, the fin- can support more than six kilo- processed. Reinhard Hofmann is the lenge not only for Karlheinz Acker- FOR lighter. He briskly moves it along the “We have specially procured a ished cable box will hold a cable to grams. Since the components of the master craftsman in the production mann, the engineer, but also for : MPI joint, leaving behind a small blue- device to remove the oxides,” ex- a measuring device that will be HOTO supports cannot be bought, either engineering section and organizes the technicians – even when we are P black bead. Not only does this look plains Wehrmeister, bringing a lowered into the argon tank togeth- individually or as a set, the staff of the work of 18 staff members, in- talking about such an unassuming sloppy, it also points to the presence transformer on a kind of trolley er with the germanium detectors. the Mechanics Department must cluding those in the metals and the item as a contact plate: the germa- of oxides, which act as a breeding closer to his workbench. He rubs an The crystals themselves are sus- manufacture them themselves. The plastics workshops. nium detectors are suspended from ground for rust. Wehrmeister would oily liquid onto the weld and moves pended from ten-meter-long chains institute has its own workshops for The light green paint of more it, and it also serves to provide an usually remove these discolorations an electrode the width of two fin- along which the cables for the de- this kind of precision work: a car- than a dozen drills, milling ma- electrical contact to the detectors.
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