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Dissertation Nigro Cosimo.Pdf Study of Persistent and Flaring Gamma-Ray Emission from Active Galactic Nuclei with the MAGIC Telescopes and Prospects for Future Open Data Formats in Gamma-Ray Astronomy DISSERTATION zur Erlangung des akademischen Grades doctor rerum naturalium (Dr. rer. nat.) im Fach: Physik Spezialisierung: Experimentalphysik eingereicht an der Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftlichen Fakultät der Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin von Cosimo Nigro Präsident der Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin: Prof. Dr.-Ing. Dr. Sabine Kunst Dekan der Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftlichen Fakultät: Prof. Dr. Elmar Kulke Gutachter: 1. Prof. Dr. Elisa Bernardini 2. Dr. Gernot Maier 3. Prof. Dr. Alberto Franceschini Tag der mündlichen Prüfung: 23 September 2019 Ai miei genitori Rocco e Lucia, a mio fratello Diego. Abstract Powered by the accretion of matter to a supermassive black hole residing at their centre, active galaxies constitute the most powerful and persistent sources of radiation in the universe. A tenth of these sources shows collimated relativistic outfows of plasma commonly referred to as jets. Their electromagnetic emission can extend in some cases in the gamma-ray domain. The aim of this work is to characterise the mechanisms and the sites beyond this highly-energetic emission. To accomplish this task we employ observations of two jetted active galaxies at hundreds of GeV conducted with the MAGIC imaging atmospheric Cherenkov telescopes. We support the physical in- terpretation with observations at lower energies (100 MeV − 100 GeV) by the Fermi Gamma-ray Space Telescope and with multi-wavelength data sets collected from instruments observing the sky at lower frequencies. We examine two peculiar jetted active galaxies: PKS 1510-089 and NGC 1275. They belong to classes of sources relatively rare to detect by imaging Cherenkov telescopes. PKS 1510-089, having the peak of its highest-energy continuum in the MeV − GeV regime, manifests very low fuxes at hundreds of GeV and is normally observable in this energy regime only during faring states. The MAGIC telescopes, monitoring the source since 2012, detect a signifcant emission over tens of observation hours in what appears to be a low but persistent gamma-ray state. NGC 1275 detection is instead hampered by a jet that, contrarily to most of the active galaxies detected in gamma-rays, is misaligned with the line of sight of the observer. Despite the consequent poor Doppler boost of its intrinsic luminosity, the source has shown in the period between September 2016 and February 2017 a major outburst in its gamma-ray activity: MAGIC recorded the source highest gamma-ray luminosity, variability of the order of few hours and for the frst time emission of TeV photons. The broad band emission of jetted active galaxies is commonly modelled with the radiative processes of a population of particles accelerated in a blob of plasma streaming along the jet. The persistent gamma-ray emission of PKS 1510-089 conforms to this scenario as it can be described with the inverse Compton scattering of electrons accelerated in the jet over the photon felds generated by the accretion of matter to the central black hole. It appears though that the luminous, energetic and fast gamma-ray outburst observed for NGC 1275 cannot be accommodated easily within the same jet-dominated scenario. One could therefore consider that in such an extreme faring state the acceleration of particles and their successive radiation has an origin close to the event horizon of the black hole residing at the centre of the galaxy. From both the sources studied it is evident that the combination of data from diferent instruments critically drives the physical interpretation. Instruments for gamma-ray astronomy, inheriting their tech- nologies and analysis principles from particle-physics experiments, deliver data products that are re- markably diferent from those produced by the rest of the astronomical community. Additionally each experiment owns a diferent analysis software and data structure. Moving towards accessible and in- teroperable data becomes a compelling issue for gamma-ray astronomers as they prepare for the next generation instrument, the Cherenkov Telescope Array, that will be operated as an observatory open to the entire astronomical community. 1 This thesis presents the technical endeavour to produce high-level data for Cherenkov telescopes, and more generally for gamma-ray instruments, in a format that allows for multi-instrument analyses and fosters accessibility of data and reproducibility of results. An example of a future gamma-ray astronomy analysis that pursues this approach is provided by combining uniformed high-level data from a gamma-ray satellite and four Cherenkov telescopes to obtain the spectrum of the Crab nebula. The novel approach we propose performs the data analysis and disseminates the results making use only of open-source assets. We make the case that once the data standardisation is fnalised then open-source analysis tools can develop to comply with such a uniformed format and reproducible scientifc results arise as a natural consequence of this efort. 2 Zusammenfassung Angetrieben durch die Akkretion von Materie in ein super massives Schwarzes Loch in ihrem Zentrum, stellen aktive Galaxien die stärksten und beständigsten Strahlungsquellen im Universum dar. Ein Zehntel dieser Quellen weist gebündelte relativistische Plasmaausbrüche auf, sogenannte Jets. Ihre elektromag- netische Emission kann sich bis in den Gammastrahlenbereich ausbreiten. Das Ziel dieser Arbeit ist, diese Mechanismen und die Orte jenseits der hoch energetischen Emission zu charakterisieren. Dafür werden die Observationen von zwei Aktiven Galaxien im Bereich von hunderten von GeV verwen- det, welche mit den Cherenkov Teleskopen MAGIC aufgenommen wurden. Die physikalische Interpreta- tion wird mit Observationsdaten bei niedrigeren Energien (100 MeV − 100 GeV) des Fermi Gamma-Ray Space Teleskops und mit weiteren Daten von Instrumenten, die den Himmel bei niedrigeren Frequenzen observieren, unterstützt. Wir untersuchen zwei besondere Aktive Galaxien mit Jet: PKS 1510-089 und NGC 1275. Sie gehören zu einer Galaxienklasse, welche mit Cherenkov Teleskopen relativ selten detektiert werden kann. PKS 1510- 089 erreicht sein Maximum bei den höchsten Energien im MeV−GeV Bereich, zeigt sehr niedrige Flüsse im Bereich von hunderten GeV und ist dort normalerweise nur während starker Flussausbrüche, sogenannten Flares, messbar. Die MAGIC Teleskope, welche die Quelle seit 2012 immer wieder beobachten, detektieren eine signifkante Emission über dutzende von Observationsstunden, was auf schwache aber kontinuierliche Gammastrahlung aus dieser Quelle hinweist. Die Detektion von NGC 1275 wird stattdessen durch die Ausrichtung des Jets erschwert, welcher, anders als bei den meisten im Gammastrahlenbereich detek- tierten Aktiven Galaxien, nicht in Richtung des Beobachters zeigt. Trotz des resultierenden schwachen Doppler-Boost, zeigte die Quelle in der Periode von September 2016 bis Februar 2017 einen großen Ausbruch im Gammerstrahlenbereich: MAGIC zeichnete die bisher höchste Luminosität der Quelle auf, sowie eine Variabilität in der Grössenordnung von wenigen Stunden und die erstmalige Emission von TeV Photonen. Die Bandbreite der Emission von Aktiven Galaxien wird normalerweise mit Strahlungsprozessen von Teilchenpopulationen modelliert, welche in Plasmaansammlungen, die sich entlang des Jetstroms be- wegen, beschleunigt werden. Die konstante Gammaemission von PKS 1510-089 ist konform mit dem Szenario, welches diese mit inverser Compton-Streuung von in den Photonfeldern im Jet beschleu- nigten Elektronen erklärt. Die luminöse, energetische uns kurzzeitige Gammastrahlenausbruch der Quelle NGC 1275 kann jedoch nicht mit dem selben Jet dominierten Szenario vereinbart werden. Daher kann angenommen werden, dass die Beschleunigung von Teilchen und dessen sukzessiver Strahlung in einem solch extremen Flarezustand ihren Ursprung in der Nähe des Ereignishorizonts des schwarzen Lochs im Galaxienzentrum hat. Für die beiden hier studierten Quellen ist die Kombination der Daten verschiedener Instrumente bei der physikalischen Interpretation maßgeblich. Instrumente der Gammaastronomie, welche ihre Technolo- gien und Analyseprinzipien von Experimenten der Teilchenphysik übernommen haben, liefern Daten, welche sich aufallend von denen der restlichen experimentellen Astronomie unterscheiden. Des Weit- eren besitzt jedes Experiment sowohl seine eigene Analyse als auch eine individuelle Datenstruktur. Die Entwicklung hin zu zugänglichen und interoperablen Daten wird für die Gammastrahlenastronomen bei 3 der Vorbereitung auf das Instrument der nächsten Generation, dem Cherenkov Teleskop Array, das als ein der gesamten astronomischen Gemeinschaft ofen stehendes Observatorium betrieben werden soll, zu einem zwingenden Thema. Diese Dissertation zeigt die Produktion von Cherenkov Teleskop Daten, und generell Daten der Gam- mastrahleninstrumente, in einem einheitlichen Format, welches die Multiinstrumentanalyse erlaubt und sowohl den Zugang zu den Daten als auch die Reproduzierbarkeit von Ergebnissen erlaubt. Ein Beispiel zukünftiger Gammaastronomieanalysen, wie in diesem Ansatz angestrebt, wird durch die Kombination von vereinheitlichten Daten eines Gammasatelliten und vier Cherenkov Teleskopen bereit- gestellt, um das Spektrum des Krebsnebels zu erhalten. Mit dem hier vorgeschlagenen, neuen Ansatz wird die Analyse mit ausschließlich open-source Daten durchgeführt und dessen Ergebnisse
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