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Contribution to the High Frequency Electronics of the MAGIC Gamma

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Contribution to the High Frequency Electronics of the MAGIC Gamma UNIVERSIDAD COMPLUTENSE DE MADRID FACULTAD DE CIENCIAS FÍSICAS DEPARTAMENTO DE FÍSICA APLICADA III Contributions to the high frequency electronics of MAGIC II Gamma Ray Telescope Thesis presented by Pedro Antoranz Canales For the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the subject of Physics Thesis Advisor Dr. José Miguel Miranda Pantoja June 2009, Madrid Para Mere. Para Fuencisla. Gracias. A mis padres y a mi hermano. Por estar ahí incluso cuando yo no estoy. Acknowledgments AGRADECIMIENTOS He dedicado bastante tiempo a reflexionar acerca de cómo empezar esta sección, intentando ser original. Pero cuanto más pienso en ello, más claro está en mi mente: si algo se convierte en estándar, es porque normalmente es la mejor opción. Sin embargo, no sólo los convencionalismos, sino también lo que realmente siento es lo que me ha decidido sobre a quién dar las gracias en primer lugar. A las dos personas que me ‘secuestraron’ y me introdujeron en este mundo de Ciencia. Un mundo lleno de decepciones, de frustraciones y, desgraciadamente, lleno a veces de lágrimas por compañeros que se van. Pero, sin lugar a dudas, un mundo lleno también de satisfacciones, de nuevos descubrimientos y de gente a la que se puede llamar amigo. Estas dos personas son, por supuesto, mi Director de Tesis, José Miguel Miranda, y la Investigadora Principal del grupo UCM en el experimento MAGIC, María Victoria Fonseca. Gracias. Según pasaban los años, el ‘Síndrome de Estocolmo’ se hacía cada vez más fuerte, y la lista de gente a la que agradecer su apoyo iba también creciendo. I want to have a special word on Florian Goebel. A guy to whom we all must be grateful. A life dedicated not only to Science, as proven by MAGIC I and especially by MAGIC II. Also a life dedicated to the people, to the Collaboration human point of view. This is why I want to thank him twice: thank you for making MAGIC possible and better, and thank you for always having a word and a piece of advice when needed. Una de las primeras personas que me encontré al empezar mi Doctorado fue un divertido italiano, Fabrizio, cuyo laboratorio era un reducto de orden y limpieza hasta que yo entré en escena. Más adelante, Fabrizio decidió dejar Madrid para volver a su ciudad eterna y dedicarse a hacer Ciencia bajo el agua en el proyecto Nemo. Pero al poco de comenzar mi etapa en la Colaboración MAGIC, tuve que hacer mi primer viaje a La Palma para participar en la instalación del Pixel Central. Y, asustado como estaba, tanto Fabrizio como Mariano fueron un gran apoyo. Y así continuaron mientras permanecieron en el grupo. Muchas gracias. A lo largo de estos años, he trabajado con muchas personas. Pero en el día a día, en la continua y exasperante coexistencia, unos pocos han sufrido mi compañía más que el resto. Y quiero agradecer a los dioses, al destino o como queráis llamarlo por darme los mejores compañeros de despacho que uno podría soñar. Gracias a Igor, a Miguel, a Dani y a Silvia por todas las risas, por i Acknowledgments todos los buenos ratos y el apoyo en los momentos de frustración y monotonía. Todo lo que puedo decir es gracias a la gente que ha integrado el grupo durante estos años, oficial y extraoficialmente: Raquel, Marcos, Debanjan, Adolfo, Luispa, Leandro, Valeria, Pablo… y los dos ‘seniors’ más ‘juniors’ que he conocido en mi vida, José Luis y Juan Abel. Being on a shift is one of the most extraordinary things that I have experienced along the years of my PhD. Some times at La Palma, working at night in a so isolated place, I felt like some kind of modern and technological Robinson Crusoe. And as such, I would like to truly thank the many excellent ‘Fridays’ I have had. I have not only survived, but I also had great times in there because of them. Thank you Dorota and Maxim for escaping a fire with me, thank you Michele for showing me ‘El Pinar de la Virgen’, thank you Saverio for the good times supporting Barça, thank you to you all, Robert, Roger, Daniela, Thomas… Gracias al Pibe, a David, a Mariano y a Valentín por todos los descafeinados, sándwiches y mucho más. Que, como diría aquél, no sólo de Ciencia vive el hombre. Y por último, gracias a todos aquellos a quienes esta tesis os sonará a chino, pero la hojearéis con más cariño que nadie. A mi familia, que se empeña en estar ahí contra viento y marea, y a mis amigos, a veces viento y marea pero siempre chaleco salvavidas. ii Table of Contents TABLE OF CONTENTS AGRADECIMIENTOS..................................................................................................................... i TABLE OF CONTENTS ................................................................................................................ iii LIST OF FIGURES ....................................................................................................................... vii LIST OF TABLES ....................................................................................................................... xiii ABBREVIATIONS ........................................................................................................................ xv Chapter 1 ..................................................................................................................................... 1 Introduction ................................................................................................................................ 1 1. Gamma-Ray Astronomy History ................................................................................. 2 1.1. Early days ................................................................................................................ 2 1.2. The Satellite Era ...................................................................................................... 3 1.3. Ground-based Telescopes ..................................................................................... 4 2. Gamma rays in the atmosphere ................................................................................... 6 3. Detectors ........................................................................................................................ 10 4. High frequency, low noise electronics ...................................................................... 14 5. Structure and Objectives of this Thesis ..................................................................... 15 6. References ...................................................................................................................... 17 Chapter 2 ................................................................................................................................... 19 The MAGIC Telescopes ......................................................................................................... 19 1. Introduction .................................................................................................................. 21 2. Structure and Drive System ........................................................................................ 22 3. Reflector ......................................................................................................................... 23 4. Camera ........................................................................................................................... 25 4.1 Photomultipliers ................................................................................................... 25 4.2 Preamplifier and Optical Transmission ............................................................ 27 5. Readout System ............................................................................................................ 30 5.1 MAGIC I ................................................................................................................ 30 5.2 MAGIC II ............................................................................................................... 32 6. Trigger ............................................................................................................................ 33 6.1 Standard trigger .................................................................................................... 33 6.2 Sum trigger ............................................................................................................ 35 7. Analysis ......................................................................................................................... 36 8. The Central Pixel .......................................................................................................... 38 8.1 Motivation ............................................................................................................. 38 8.2 The Photodetector ................................................................................................ 39 iii Table of contents 8.3 The Electro-Optical System ................................................................................. 40 8.4 The Power Supply ................................................................................................ 43 8.5 The DAQ System and Operation Modes .......................................................... 45 8.6 Results: Crab Observations ................................................................................. 46 9. Control and Operation of the Telescope ................................................................... 49 9.1 Organization of the shifts .................................................................................... 49 9.2 Telescope operation ............................................................................................
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