THE WM KECK FOUNDATION 2006 Annual Report

THE W. M. KECK FOUNDATION

2006 annual report

promising directions NEWeyes

THE W. M. KECK FOUNDATION

2006 annual report P a g e | The W. M. Kec k F o u n dat i o n t the same time those giant eyesAt thesametimethosegiant are probing thevast frontiers ofspace, otherKeck which expert groups identified major future scientific challenges and opportunities in groupsidentifiedmajor future scientificchallenges andopportunities which expert Foundation ishelpingscientistsgaininsightintoourworld atthesubatomic, For more thantenyears, astronomers have deeperintotheuniverse beenpeering CHAIRMAN’S MESSAGE human andcosmicscales. using thetwintelescopesat W.M. Keck atopHawaii’s Observatory MaunaKea. important fortheadvancementimportant ofscience, we know thatvisionanddiscovery require in the spring of in thespring fundamental advances atnanometerdimensions. innovative Bysupporting basic grant recipients acrossaregrant tomake usingprecision thecountry instrumentation of seniorandjuniorscientistspooledtheircollective todiscuss and debate brilliance of scientificdisciplines. more. What isalsoneededare ways fordatacaptured by eachlens–atany scale–to data managementandanalysis, genomics, nanotechnology andcomplexity. belief thatinnovation isnotjustaboutdata. It’s aboutideas. bold new directions inscientificinnovation. our Theseinsightfulpeopleconfirmed be examined, interpreted, shared andutilizedby innovative minds across thefullrange science and engineering through thedevelopmentscience andengineering ofnew tools, the W.M. Keck While thesetools, Keck includingtheextraordinary telescopes, are critically The Because ourobjective istostay attheforefront ofinnovative research funding, 2006 2006 symposiawere modeledafterasimilarevent we heldin theFoundation hostedtwo symposiawhere adiverse group 1999

, at year’s annual report. instrumentation to gather data remains a priority inevery fieldofscience. togatherdataremains apriority instrumentation Second, new methodsare essentialtovisualizeandcommunicate dataacross on funding the most pioneering andhigh-impactscientific greatestresearch withthe on fundingthemostpioneering data beingacquired. potential formajorbreakthroughs ourworld. inunderstanding touch onthefollowing questions: and tonew ways ofseeing. that Itisillustratedinthefollowing pageswithstories and scientists toderive meaningandgainnew insightsfrom themassive amountsof scientific disciplines. Third, new cross-disciplinaryconceptualframeworks canenable 1999 n n n

What funding opportunities didthe What fundingopportunities These conversations inspired ustofocuson “New Eyes” asthethemeforthis The Keck Foundation is grateful to those who participated inboththe The Keck tothosewhoparticipated Foundation isgrateful What newcouldbe generatedby meaningsandunderstandings creatively What new insightscouldbederived from usingnew toolsforvisualizingand What unseenandeven phenomenamightbediscovered unimagined using new instrumentation togatherdataatscalesandresolutionsusing new not instrumentation currently available?currently applying strategies andmodelsfromapplying strategies onediscipline toanother? synthesizing data? roundtables. These discussionshave beeninvaluable inshapingourfocus As withtheKeck telescopes, thisthemespeakstobothnew tools, 2006 symposiahelpusidentify?First, new

2006

P a g e | The W. M. Kec k F o u n dat i o n P a g e | The W. M. Kec k F o u n dat i o n America’s investigators. bestandbrightest we are usingourexceptionalstaffandboard resources inthemostefficientand In away, we have adoptedourown new ways ofseeingsothatwe canbestevolve In alifornia program.California Whereas inthepast, applicationswould grant beevaluated Grant Activities legacy while ensuring thatwe source continuelegacy whileensuring offundingfor tobeanimportant for evaluating inourfocusareas ofscience, grants engineering, andmedical research, education, scienceandliberalarts inundergraduate andourSouthern effective way possible; tokeep nature pacewiththeinterdisciplinary ofthe grant applicationswegrant receive; andtodeepenourcommitment W.M. Keck’s model andhave adoptedamore collaborative processes approach toourinternal dations toourboard. Ourobjective istoensure thatwe fundthebestandmost disciplinary teamsofourown applicationsandmakedisciplinary toassessgrant recommen by staffdedicatedtoeachofourprogram areas, today we multi- are forming and makingfundingdecisions. Ourgoalsindoingsowere manifold: toensure application guidelines, aswell astheprocess we useforevaluating applications and refine our own practices. are fundingthevery bestoftheideasbrought tousforconsideration. 2006 We looked nature tothemulti-disciplinary ofscientificprogress asa This review hasproduced andpositive anumber ofimportant changes. , aswe have donefrom timetointhepast, we reviewed ourgrant Above all, ourgoalistoensure thatwe -

W.M. Keck Foundation inparticular. Often, thatmeansfundingbold, projects inwhichresearchers, high-risk educators, hope theseprojects willbecomesuccessfullater-stageapplicationstootherpublic intensely evaluative phase. Ourgoalissimple: tofundinnovative ordistinctive impaired but fortheassistanceofprivate philanthropy generally, andthe improved ofcomplexscientific, understanding social andenvironmental issues. We models. direct ustoward Ourevaluation criteria projects thatwould beseriously problem orissue, create new fundamentalknowledge, andnew new instruments projects thatwillhave atransformative orsignificantimpactonacompelling projects passtheinitialorqualifyingphaseare invited toproceed toamore promising projects according evaluative torigorous criteria, regardless ofwhere they might fall withinourtraditionalcategories.they mightfall and awarded at application policiesandguidelines, we are publishing themonourwebsite and private fundingsources. collectdataordevelopand community leaders insightsthatmay leadtoan www.wmkeck.org. We continue to use a two-phase process review. for grant We projects aimtofacilitate thatwillleadtobreakthrough advancements. To helpensure thatall applicantsare fullyaware grant ofourcurrent In 2006 3 7 , the W.M. Keck Foundation paidoutmore than new grants totaling new grants $3 8 million. made Ofthenew grants $4 Applicants whose 7 million

P a g e | The W. M. Kec k F o u n dat i o n P a g e | The W. M. Kec k F o u n dat i o n rts Committee.Arts Finally, we welcome Mr. Sean Vaughan andMr. Finchasthe Brian The Foundation isdelightedtowelcome Dr. Thomas Everhart, theFoundation’s where hesucceedsMr. Richard Foster. Tom andSteve have provided years ofvaluable Research Committee, Mr. Theodore Keck hasjoinedtheScienceandEngineering Foundation’s newest board members. ommittee during histenureResearch asitschairman. Committeeduring Committee, andMs. Tammis andLiberal California Day hasjoinedtheSouthern Governance Myers, whowill serve asChief Senior Scientific in engineering, andliberalarts, of theFoundation. business, and heissucceededby bilities. Likewise, Iwant oftheMedical tothankDickforhisexemplary leadership the Foundation’s program. California Southern and contributions totheFoundation.and contributions Jonathan hasdecidedtoestablish hisown appointment ofDr. StephenRyan asthechairofMedicalResearch Committee, service totheFoundation andweservice tothemforassumingtheseresponsi are grateful 2006 We are thatMr. alsopleasedtoreport StephenKeck hasjoinedtheMedical , Finally, Iwould like tothankJonathan Jaffrey forhismany years ofservice 1 5 were for science and engineering research, were forscienceandengineering scienceand undergraduate Advisor since 10 were formedicalresearch, and 1998 Administrative Officerand Chief FinancialOfficer Allison Keller, in O’Melveny a partner & formerly , asanew board director, andtoannouncethe 1 2 were madeunder -

The W. M. Keck Foundation continues tooperateonasolidfinancialbasis. $1.4 Our auditors, & Ernst Young, thatthenetassetsofFoundation report were Financial Matters for anotheryear of ofaccomplishmentsinthepursuit W.M. Keck’s visionfor new eyes. Since exploration, andindiscovering by opportunities lookingatoldproblems with to philanthropy, fundingboldideaswithbreakthrough potential. available onourwebsite. scientific andculturaladvancement. billionasofDecember W.M. inbeingatthecutting-edgeofoilandgas Keck tookpride In closing, Iwant tothankourboard andstafffortheirdedication CHIEF EXECUTIVOFFICER CHAIRMAN Sincerely, R OBERT 19 A. DA 54 , PRESIDENT , theKeck Foundation hasworked totake thesameapproach Y 3 1 , 2006 AND . The completefinancialstatementsare

P a g e | The W. M. Kec k F o u n dat i o n P a g e | The W. M. Kec k F o u n dat i o n Proust’s words have significancefor great researchers inscience, and engineering medicine whoprobe thesecrets ofnature, inseeingthehundredsofuniverses inseeingtheuniverse withtheeyes ofanother, ofhundredsothers, landscapes, notinseeingnew but inhaving eyes, new design theequipmentand systemsthat promising directions II: The only realvoyage ofdiscovery consists that eachofthemsees. — new eyes By Thomas E. Everhart marcel

proust

i o n t

empower society, and apply these new F o u n da k designs and systems to improving human The W. M. Kec

welfare. As the Keck Foundation seeks to encourage P a g e cutting-edge, high-impact, high-risk research to probe nature and use the knowledge

gained to improve the human condition, we need the perspective provided by the D -CC Camera

“new eyes” of those engaged in these enterprises, whether we gain that perspective

by reading, by discussing, or by seeing directly. In 1999, the Foundation convened

a group of experts to help our directors and staff to understand some of the most

important areas of science going forward. The scientists defined the bottlenecks

they were experiencing in these areas, and speculated on the best ways to reduce or

eliminate those bottlenecks. These symposia were enlightening to all of us and we

shared the outcome with colleagues in Promising Directions, our 1999 special report. Cultured ovarian cancer cells.

We repeated this roundtable exercise in the spring of 2006, inviting both new and i o n t

repeat participants to give us their perspective on the progress science had made since F o u n da k

1999 in the areas defined inPromising Directions: post-genomic biology, nanotechnology, The W. M. Kec

complexity, data analysis and bioinformatics. These discussions were designed to help 1 0

P a g e ensure that the Foundation funds new projects Larg with Telescope the potential to have the greatest

impact in these and other state-of-the art fields.

Researchers have been able to see many new landscapes since 1999. The

Mars Exploration Rovers continue to send back images of our neighboring planet

The Milky Way Galaxy. Wikswo talked aboutseeingatnew timescales—chemists, how by learning tosee we canseeordetectonlyafractionofthematterthatmakes upouruniverse. Here at work. Partho Ghoshtoldusthatresearchers would “like tohave alittlevideocamera in home, enables functionalmagneticresonance ustoseethehumanmindat imaging in commonregardless ofhow we lookorbehave. experiment madepossible by newexperiment micro scalesensors, physicists haspersuaded that the femto-second( the celltowatch processes.” complexbiological Likewise, physicist Roger Blandford us.that botheducateandintrigue said thathewould like to “see” darkmatter. and biophysicist Bioengineer John side by sidehasemphasizedhow much allvertebrates, andespeciallyallhumans, have And new dataallowing ustoseeseveral genomes, including thehumangenome, Yet scientistslongtoseemore landscapes. 10 -1 5 sec)timescalemovements ofmoleculesasthey combine Boomerang , telescope aballoon-born At thesesymposia, biologist

P a g e 11 | The W. M. Kec k F o u n dat i o n P a g e 1 2 | The W. M. Kec k F o u n dat i o n We discovered how little we know ofourearth, aboutthisportion andhow itwill landscape — the part of our earth we ofourearth can’tlandscape —thepart seebecauseitiscovered by deepoceans. need to be able to correlate this new information with theirpresent knowledge. thisnewneed tobeable tocorrelate information For example, color-codingthesignalfrom thedifferent elementsdetectedby electron- composition ofsurfaces. of otherphenomena. John Oceanographer Delaney spoke ofyet anotherimportant data in easily interpreted images can turn millions of bits of data into information millionsofbitsdataintoinformation imagescanturn data ineasilyinterpreted beam x-ray microanalysis hasbeenusedformany years toreveal thechemical benefit ustoseemore withthetoolsthatare becoming available. that humanscanmore readily comprehend. Inorder toadvance science, researchers and disassociate, have thephysicists spurred toseekatto-second( seems to be burying us.seems tobeburying Indeed, we are “seeing” insomany ways amountofdata thattheenormous As many oftheroundtable mentioned, participants visualizing Astronomers now usesimilarmethods, images superimposing 10 -18 sec)resolution obtained with telescopes in the x-ray, ultraviolet, visible, and infrared wavelengths

to provide more comprehensive and visually comprehensible information about the

universe. Participants at the 1999 roundtables warned us about “the data problem.”

Nearly a decade later, we have seen progress in the challenge of turning the vast

amounts of data into knowledge, but there is much left to do.

Two areas that were considered new in 1999 and were expected to advance

rapidly in both knowledge and importance were nanoscience and post-genomic i o n t

biology. Both have met those expectations. Fundamental advances at nanometer F o u n da k

dimensions have occurred in many areas. As engineer Evelyn Hu described, there The W. M. Kec

are two approaches: top down and bottom up. The top down approach writes ever- 3 1

P a g e smaller patterns using the techniques of lithography that have been developed to

an amazing degree by the semiconductor industry. Feature sizes approaching 50

nanometers should be in production soon. (The diameter of a human hair is 100,000

Illustration of ecogenomic sensors on the Neptune network.

Bincocular nanometers.) The bottom up approach, also described by bioengineer Sam Stupp, uses

newer methods of self-assembly to congregate ensembles of molecules. These self-

assembly techniques are often based on biological analogs, but lead to new materials

and structures not formed in nature. Both approaches are dependent upon advancing

scientific and engineering understanding of nanoscale systems and materials.

Knowledge of the human genome has enabled our understanding of

many aspects of biology and medicine, including how aberrations in our genes can i o n t

cause cancer and other diseases. New screening techniques described by chemist F o u n da k

and geneticist David Schwartz, among others, are proving powerful for finding and The W. M. Kec

4 understanding mutations of genes involved in cancer and other diseases, and are also 1

P a g e indicating that the complexity of cancer is much greater than previously expected.

As in 1999, the 2006 participants often discussed how interdisciplinary

approaches are proving increasingly powerful in scientific research. But as such

Microtubules in mitotic spindle during cell division.

Binocular Loupe various perspectivesvarious promise aquicker, more completesolutionoftheproblem. resolutions inspaceandtime, distances(andtherefore toseeobjectsatgreater further efforts increase,efforts there isalsoanincreased recognition ofthedifficultiesinherent in communicating andcollaborating across disparatefields. The continue tobelieve are that new key instruments toenabling ustoseeathigher our attentiononrecent progress inthesesameareas, andhonedoursensitivity to on themostpromising directions inscienceatthattime, the much more complexwhenviewed from two ormore perspectives. However, these do notseemcomplexwhenviewed from theperspective ofonedisciplinemay seem back intime), hasbeenopaquetous. thatsofar andtoseenew information We need problems whosesolutionswillpromise impactsintheyears thegreatest ahead. We a greater appreciationa greater ofthecomplexitymany problems inscience. Problems that Just asthe 1999 symposiafocusedtheKeck Foundation’s directorsandstaff 006 2006 2006 participants voiced participants symposia focused

P a g e 15 | The W. M. Kec k F o u n dat i o n P a g e 1 6 | The W. M. Kec k F o u n dat i o n We lookforward toadvances inalloftheseareas aswe goforward. Alan Yuille inLos Kelsey Martin, Geoffrey West, John Wikswo, Tiffani Williams, Delaney, Judith Frydman, MarkGerstein, Lynn Loo, DanaRandall, David Schwartz, Mike Gazzaniga, Partho Ghosh, Evelyn Hu, Julia Kornfield, HodLipson, Sam Stupp, Stormer, Horst in New York. We were andenlightened by enriched these interactions and are new ways toseeandcomprehend dataandtoseethrough eachothers’ eyes. board ofdirectors, Iwould like toexpress ourappreciation tothe pleased to share them with you in this report. whotooktimeoutoftheirbusy schedulestoshareparticipants theirthoughts and ideaswithus: Roger Blandford, Wah Chiu, Clurman, Bruce Ken Farley, O n behalf of our chairman, Robert Angeles; andNancy Alex Szalay, Tandy Warnow andPhilZamore Andreasen, Vijay Balasubramanian, John A . D ay, and the Foundation’s Angela Wilson, and 006 2006 Electron tomograph of chloroplast ultrastructurechloroplast in phytoplankton. symposia

[ SEEING FURTHER ] i o n t F o u n da k The W. M. Kec

There is not much known about 1 8

P a g e what is left to be discovered. — john delaney

As Tom Everhart wrote in Promising

Directions, “the knowledge gained from Hubbles Telescope new instruments stimulates scientists to devise new experiments, to originate new

theories and to test new models.” What unimagined

phenomena might we see with new eyes? Scientists are clamoring for instruments

that are capable of stretching the boundaries of imaging and measurement to new i o n t F o u n da k The W. M. Kec

scales and time resolutions. At the symposia, the engineers, physicists, and biologists 1 9

P a g e repeatedly emphasized that they needed new ways of seeing into the inner workings

of cells, the atom, or the depths of the sea, and new ways of synthesizing and visualizing that data. They

Hubbles Telescope

John: To what extent is chemistry a rate-limiting step in experimental neurosciences?

Kelsey: It’s rate-limiting if we want to look at processes that are happening on millisecond time scales. In both microscopy and fluorescent imaging, indicators that will allow us to look at these very fast scale processes will be a big leap in understanding signaling and communication.

John: Then synthetic chemistry has a tremendous playground in neuroscience. P a g e 2 0 | The W. M. Kec k F o u n dat i o n potentials in it. to record an entire retina at millisecond precision and to locate individual action neurons at the micron scale of a million individual neurons. This would allow us goal. We just want to see the electrical activity — the action potentials — of Vi Sam: Vijay: Tom: have to develop a way to get the power for the device in and the signal out. you are talking about, but the difficulty is doing this in a living creature. You millisecond precision deep in living tissue. This is a much less precise scale than completely revolutionized by a device that could record a million neurons at working at incredible resolutions! My work in neuroscience would be Vi j j ay: ay: By “record” you mean…

You aren’t anything? interested inimaging lectrical impulses. Electrical When you talk about your “camera in a cell,” you are talking about I t would be great to have that too, but I ’m seeking a much more modest Multiple modalityimage of convergence ofpinceau region ofcerebellumand Purkinje cellaxon. noted the need for scientists from different disciplines to work together to design

new instruments that can “see” the dynamic conformational changes in a functioning

protein, for example, or reveal how molecular machines work, or peer inside synapses

to disclose the molecular basis of memory and learning.

Likewise, systems as large as the earth and its oceans hide unimagined

realities that may be exposed once they are wired with networks of instruments

providing real-time data measurements. Phenomena on all scales, from minute cells

to giant stars, present new challenges and opportunities creative people will solve by working together. The more we see, the more we open the way to new insights that

in turn open new promising directions for further research. P a g e | The W. M. Kec k F o u n dat i o n THE DEEPSEA EXPLORING John Delaney arguedthatbecause — “the oceansare centraltothequalityoflifeon Earth on ourglobeissequestered beneaththeoceanfloor. 90% Oceans dominateourplanet. They cover over processes are difficulttotrack, becauseshipscanonly and evolve rapidlythrough timeandspace. These processes thatdrive themare episodic, highlyenergetic, that oceansare very complicatedbecausesomeofthe “It modulatestheenvironment we live in.” Further, henoted climate,”flywheel oftheplanetary hestatedinhispresentation. and ultimately, theway we manageourplanet. “The oceanfunctionsasthe them inboldnew ways. they are mysterious, dangerous andthey unexplored,” are virtually itisessentialtoexplore SEEING FURTHER ofthebiomassonEarth. Scientistsestimatethatbetween The view thoseexplorationsare uswillchangeourperceptions giving oftheoceans

70% oftheearth’s andcontainupto surface At thesymposium, oceanographer 20 % and 50% ofallcarbon Neptune One proposed OOIprogram is Project InitiativeOcean bservatories OOI). ( Science Foundation hasestablished the continual interactive humanpresence. provide four-dimensionaldataandallow to conducting oceanscienceare necessary Toward thisend, theN ational levels oftheoceans. New ways of , directed by John andthe limited to the uppermost limited totheuppermost satellite information is satellite information a time, andmost be inoneplaceat to thescientists. University of Washington. NEPTUNE nternet andwillsenddatainreal-time Internet laboratories willbewired tothe laboratories sites alongthecable. These underwater and establishing with nearly The scientistsare encircling theplate roughly the Juan deFucatectonicplatein robotic thatwillmonitor sensorarrays ofinteractive observatory is aregional the northeast Pacificthe northeast Ocean, anarea 500 kmby 2,500 s John described it,As John described 10 kmoffiberopticcable major experimental majorexperimental NEPTU of lifeonseafloor examine thelimits instruments 1,000 hydrothermal vents. kminsize.

P a g e | The W. M. Kec k F o u n dat i o n P a g e | The W. M. Kec k F o u n dat i o n vents, suchasthewhite octopiwho creatures living nearhydrothermal researchers have discovered fascinating deep geology. Inthepasttwo decades, between andEarth’s microbial life-forms an increasing emphasisontheinteractions seismology andtectonicsintoonewith forgeophysical studiesin primarily conceiveda project thatwas originally havefield ofbiogeochemistry turned all thetime.” “ Neptune Recent discoveries intheemerging isaboutbeingonline

ew instrumentation isnowNew instrumentation revealing of tubeworms studded with limpets. are thetopconsumers, andclusters many roundtable participants. an During the public, to asubjectofmuch concern making scienceaccessible tostudentsand oflife.origins energy transductionandpossibly even the a newaboutmicrobial understanding microbes andmineralscouldleadto theinteractionsbetweenUnderstanding data aboutlifeatthemicroscopic scale. Project Neptune 7,000 White octopusinthe Mothra hydrothermal vent fieldatadepthof isalsoabout feet. Tubeworms and sulfide microbial incubator on an active chimney. i o n expedition Te escopelin the fall of 2005, three live Why Project Neptune? John t broadcasts were beamed from a research explained, “We want to look down to F o u n da k ship to the University of Washington some of the most fascinating processes campus and broadcast by the Research on the planet.” For example, scientists Channel. These showed the scientists at will study the subduction zones where The W. M. Kec

work installing instruments, and video earthquakes originate, rather than just the

from the robotic submersible JASON II surface seismology of the earthquakes. P a g e provided a glimpse of the variety of living What will they find out?A s John says, organisms that make up the biomass living things we may not even imagine. “There off the volcanic gases and rocks around is not much known about what is left to deep sea vents. This high-definition be discovered.” demonstration brought state-of-the-art science into classrooms and living rooms.

Evelyn: You talked about the need for analytical tools that have greater sensi- tivity, spatial resolution, and computation. What are the most critical needs?

Ken: It would be wonderful to have a tricorder like they had on Star Trek, so you could point it at a rock and it would tell you everything. Ultimately we need the ability to detect every ion that comes off a rock when it’s volatilized, or even better, to see what’s in the rock without destroying it. SEEING FURTHER i o n t EXPLORING

F o u n da THE cell k

Cell biologists work at an entirely different scale than geologists and oceanographers, yet they face similar challenges The W. M. Kec

understanding how a complex system of proteins, ions, 6 2

organelles, and molecular machines interact to create a P a g e single cell, and how cells interact with and influence other cells. Unraveling these complex interactions requires new instrumentation with spatial resolution

4ELESCOPE John Wikswo identified gaps in the over oftime. aperiod different instruments asaconstraintthat different instruments understand cellularphenomena.understand Hespoke about challenges”“grand forscience, limits researchers’ abilitytothoroughly scales and resolutions available from enough tobeable data toreport Bioengineer andbiophysicistBioengineer quick andnon-invasive in minute samples, and to detectsingleions sensitive enough In thatlight, hislab’s hedescribed vision cells, coupledwithreal-time control of developing forchemicaland biosensors his lab and their collaborators arehis labandtheircollaborators hundred-plus timedependentvariables. microfluidics and information technology,microfluidics andinformation metabolic andsignalingvariablesin making subsecondmeasurements ofa biological agents.biological While itisnotquite both singlecells, andacross groupsof including instrumentation capable of including instrumentation the cells. cellularbiophysics, Bymerging to develop torecord instrumentation Multi-scale sequence to individualneuron. from brain slicedown

P a g e 2 7 | The W. M. Kec k F o u n dat i o n P a g e 2 8 | The W. M. Kec k F o u n dat i o n volume of experiments necessary,volume ofexperiments David complete. Inorder todealwiththesheer questions, however, but simplyleadto capabilities willnotanswer allofour Schwartz talked aboutthepossibility dynamics inandbetween cells. a “camera inacell,” hislabisdeveloping more questions. Every protein orgene identified asacandidateforcancer this way, the “story” ofthecelland therapy drug, forexample, requires a the systemsitinfluencesisnever quite new setofexperiments, whichwill new ways togatherinsightsintothe suggest even more experiments. In Even suchstate-of-theart Then our stories willhaveThen ourstories real biological volume ofasampleinreal time. every experiment, labwould thesmart explained, “Right now, we are really capabilities. labswillperform These smart conduct them, leaving theresearchers of doing microscale experiments with of doingmicroscale experiments microfluidics, imaging, and recording more theresults. timetointerpret The making thestories, by whichImean good atfindingcandidates, but badat putting allthedatatogether inaway impact.” Ratherthanscientistsperforming thousands of experiments onatiny thousands ofexperiments that synthesizesourideasandsimulations. robotics thatcontainnanobiosensors, Purkinje neurons in themammalian brain. As David andallrequirehuge computingresources. — allrequirecollaboration, they oftenacrossinstitutions, visual biology, andphysical biology. All ofthemhave onefeature incommon: There arealotofbuzzwords Biology: that IcalltheNew Do you ever totrackchangesover try time?Iassumethere must bedynamic on the fibers. There is work going on to do this. fibers together like a cloth, there could be all ofsorts self-assembly taking place might be able to represent the motifs on a fiber. If we componentsasamotif, represent experimental like moveable type, we of experiments, and the materials we want to test are going to be very precious. Da Sam: in timeaswell. may have ofthesealterations. adifferent genomeinterms ways.bizarre Then itbecomeseven more complicated. Eachcellinthetumor Frankenstein-esque —they andjoinbacktogether break inthemost apart Da changes we don’t know much about. Sam: have tofind thealterations. Inalotoftumors, thechromosomes become v experiments to be run on far smaller onfar toberun experiments computers andtheroboticscomputers automate vid: the experiments, allowing more far researchers fortheirsynthesis. Eventually samples, theresults andreport to i d

How would self-assembly helpyou dealwiththeanalysis? Are inaspecifictypeofcell? you targetingthesequenceinformation :

A We needtobuild aphylogeny ofalterations tothegenome. you First t the risk of sounding like systems biology, nanobiology, syntheticsbiology, mechanicalbiology, C arl Sagan, we want to do billions and billions I I f we weave thousands of these t’s not quite science fiction. And thisisevolving wah

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P a g e 2 9 | The W. M. Kec k F o u n dat i o n P a g e 3 0 | The W. M. Kec k F o u n dat i o n mind. Notmany ofthesegroupsexist. to thepeoplewhoreally want ittowork andwhohave specificproblems in that thetypeofindividuals neededtomake itwork would needtobecoupled Sam: Hors along theselines?Ifnot, why not? all ofthemoleculeswithinacellasfunction time. “The convergence ofthinkingmachines with nano-techniques to miniaturize with nano-techniquestominiaturize of experiments. different stories. For example, whilewe data may stillnotallow ustointerconnect high-throughput atthescaleof and manipulate biological matter and manipulatebiological gives ustheabilitytosynthesize machine,” saidDavid aboutthischallenge. large number of experiments welarge number need” ofexperiments process, itcango. thefaster “The best less ascientisthastobehands-oninthe leading tonew hypotheses andanew set individual geneorprotein. The to ferret outthestories.to ferret tool anyone canmake isathinking the phenomenonbeingstudied, inturn this analysiswillleadtomodelsthatbetter represent thedifferent systemsaffecting t There are many reasons thatwe progress. are notmakingfaster Oneis John’s andDavid’s require scenarios John pointedoutthateven allthat : Sam, you mentionedadesire tohave thatcanmeasure aninstrument

we needare streetlights thatletyou see efforts as efforts “effectively lookingforourkeys expression data because of recent advances under thestreetlight becausethat’s where have an “explosion” ofqualitative gene however, drives ourabilitytounderstand a vital, force neededtopropel driving macro andmicro worlds. between thingsismore difficult. “What protein concentrations. Hedescribes instrumentation andinnovationinstrumentation remains technology,in genearray itisstilldifficult it and translate the discoveries into stories it andtranslatethediscoveries intostories those dynamiclinkages.” the lightis.” Makingtheconnections measurementthe current andmodeling toexpressed to relate thisinformation to microbes ofthe andtheinterrelation that explaineverything from earthquakes science forward. How we lookatthedata, s many participants pointedout,As many participants Are we progressing [ EIGBETTER SEEING ]

P a g e 31 | The W. M. Kec k F o u n dat i o n P a g e | The W. M. Kec k F o u n dat i o n With thenaked eye, thenlaterwitha with theobjectsthey were investigating. At onetimescientistsinteracteddirectly comeintoyour eyes. — What you perceive isquitedifferent telescope or microscope, they could usually increasingly smallordistantobjectspreviously considered invisible, andcomputers see theirsubject. fromthesimplephysics ofhow many photons As advances intechnology helpusdetect alan

yuille

Ophthalmoscope

i o n t F o u n da k The W. M. Kec

record the vast amounts of data flowing in, new modes for managing and visualizing

P a g e data are needed.

Thinking creatively about how to take the data from number string to visual or other modes of presentation concerned many of the symposia participants.

Most people interact with the world visually. Finding new ways to present

data in a way that allows scientists to synthesize it and to find new patterns in

it is a key challenge.

This problem goes hand-in-hand with the continued struggle to learn how

to handle massive amounts of data. “The data problem” discussed in 1999 continued

to be a hot-button topic at the 2006 symposia and the subject sparked animated Photomicrograph of a mouse retina.

discussions about how to store data as well as what data to store, knowing that even i o n t

greater amounts of data will come. Methods to facilitate analysis of the data were also F o u n da k Te scope l

discussed. The participants agreed that new and sophisticated methods of interpretation The W. M. Kec

are needed. Fortunately, scientists from all fields recognize these urgent needs and are

P a g e

Nanofilters customized for neural progenitor cell differentiation. very high. concentrating their efforts onnew andcreativeconcentrating theirefforts solutions. The stakes forsuccessare solve thischallengeinthenextdecade, we ourplanet.” couldbetterunderstand know toomuch. The analysisprograms needtodomore. don’t needtoknow more computerscience, because they already needto Ho moment we are really inefficientatit. Alan: more aboutcomputationalconcepts. discipline isbecomingmore computation-heavy, soeveryone needstoknow in computerscienceandapplyingittoyour own discipline. Everyone’s should have computationalthinking. This meanstakingfundamentalconcepts Tiffani: approach where computation, mathematics, and statisticswork together. d: Iwould arguethattherelationship needstogotheotherway. People The dataminingissueisvery important. There isaneedforunified s engineer Julia pointedout,As engineer Kornfeld “It’s very compellingthatifwe Jeannette University Mellon believesWing atCarnegie thateveryone

At the

P a g e | The W. M. Kec k F o u n dat i o n P a g e 3 6 | The W. M. Kec k F o u n dat i o n learning fr na Transforming acontinual flow ofphotonsintousefulknowledge aboutourenvironment In asense, thephenomenonofvisionisnature’s version ofasolutiontothedataproblem. assume thatwhatyou see iswhatyou get. Infact, illusion. When it comes to visual perception, we generally different eyes oftheoctopusandinsect. eyes withtheevolution andbrainbut concurrently ofthevery thedata.interpret Yet nature accomplishedthisnotjustwithourvertebrate and more raw data, there isnoequivalent inthesciencelabstoabrainevolved toinstantly The problem becomemore andmore isthatastheinstruments powerful andgathermore and–ultimatelywhat’sin ordertheirstructure tounderstand happeninginsideacell. in orderwhat’s tounderstand happeningintheuniverse, orbouncingx-rays offproteins is fundamentallythesameprocess asusingatelescope togatherphotonsfrom outerspace SEEING BETTR We ofanoptical have thesurprise allexperienced ture

om roundtable tolookata participants open andthelightsare on. Hechallenged flows intoour eyes whenever they are that ofinformation torrent extraordinary creates whatwe call “seeing” outofthe He isdelvingintohow the humanbrain inthesecomplexities.vision isimmersed Statistician context isambiguousorunexpected. Alan Yuille’s work on computer process – especially when the and highlysubjective seeing isacomplex how difficultitisforamachinetodiscern and intention. These dynamicsunderscore dynamics ofdimensionality, movement isamplified by the basic information quickly becomesapparent thatthis elements. Lookingatalive scene, it and meaningsfrom theseabstract brain identifiesobjects, orientations nation –andnoticehow instantlyour our eyes –color, shape, texture, illumi beingtransmittedto of information andconsider thetypes photograph The Milky Way Galaxyat various wavelengths fromsoft x-ray toradio.

P a g e 3 7 | The W. M. Kec k F o u n dat i o n P a g e 3 8 | The W. M. Kec k F o u n dat i o n conveyed usingvisualizationratherthan how quicklyandeffectively ideascanbe discussions. Participants emphasized was afrequent topicintheroundtable better” withcomputerorotheraids surroundings. This conceptof “seeing intheir heightening thesalientpatterns vision toaugmentvisualperception by literally seebetterby usingcomputer similar results. similarly —oratleasttoproduce tofunction that hecantraincomputers so recognition thatourbrains perform thehierarchy understand ofpattern a tallchimney. chair, theletter “h” and ahousewith the difference between, forinstance, a Alan’s research aimstohelp people Alan’s research seeksto

relying onwords. Computerscientist we cansee. realm tohow we useoureyes and what be anexperiment, openinganew shape, andtexture. This would initself abstract visualcomponentssuchascolor, bydatainto fashioning information visual ability ofourbrainstointerpret One suggestionistorely ontheproven imperative asdatacontinues todelugeus. would behelpful, andindeed may be new methodsofvisualizingdataitself something.”than reading apapertolearn with acolleagueisvastly more efficient text. Standinginfront ofawhiteboard communicate withpictures ratherthan Tiffani Williams noted that “scientists Many participants suggestedthat Many participants The Milky Way Galaxy at hard x-ray wavelength.

Larg Binocular reacquire thedata, thenthatclearlyisaway togo. Ifittakes two orthree weeks toredo anexperiment, thenno, people will want tokeep theirdata. Alex: there,right look for somethingspecificandthrow outmostofthedata. Hors Alex: Vijay: istogetmore data. tail ofthedistribution find themwith distribution, however, attherare events thatare oneinabillion, we willnot Alex: upfront? toreduceAre thedatasetright thattry there strategies biology —allthedatareceived by theeye isnotsentdown theopticnerve. Hors tical questionsabouttheaverage, we can. Ifyou are lookingatthetailof Inbigsurveys, oneperson’s junkisanother’s gold. Itdependsonthetypeofquestionwe want toanswer. Ifyou askstatis t t Mostdataisthrown away, however. There isanissueofconvenience, though. Ifittakes five minutes to : : Perhaps you cannotkeep allthedataanymore? You puttheprocessor Dowe create toomuch data?Iwas thinkingofananalogy to 100,000 datapoints. The onlyway tofinddatahiddeninthe

P a g e 3 9 | The W. M. Kec k F o u n dat i o n

Larg Binocular SEEING BETTER i o n t FINDING THE

F o u n da HAYSTACKS k

Decades ago, science advanced through researchers’ direct interaction with their data. Whether that data was generated from empirical The W. M. Kec

observation, experimental measurement or theoretical 0 4

prediction, most of the analysis could be done on the P a g e desktop with the help of a slide rule. Today, computational data analysis has changed this situation dramatically. Soon overwhelming amounts of data and the increasing complexity of the data itself will require radically new approaches to storage and analysis. edInfrar Telesope Astronomers and particle physicists may lead the charge. In the 1950s, particle physicists scanned bubble-chamber photographs with the naked eye. In the decades since, they have been at the forefront of new data-handling developments. Electronic systems have replaced the naked eye and The OptIPuter enables researchers to interactively perform real-time visualize high-definition images. Directions filtered dataeach year. entirely new scalesofdatastorageand of analysis to find subtle patterns in of analysistofindsubtlepatterns data problem” discussedin as thedataflow-rategrew, allscientists management, but alsofornew methods produce over aPetabyte ( previous measurements.” Itusedtobethat it thisway: “We needtofindboth the this challengeasanextensionof “the the data. needed were more tapes, discsordrives to needles inthehaystack andthevery small haystacks that were undetectedin upthisyear,scheduled tostart soonwill The roundtable saw participants particle accelerator,new CERNparticle . They called fornotonly Astronomer it by factors of it by factors the raw dataandreduce techniques thatfilter Alex Szalay put pattern recognitionpattern 10 Promising 1 5 10

bytes) of 7 . Yet the Alex, “That seemshard, but inmany you have asufficientlysensitive metal ways itisactuallysimple, becausewe easy tofindaneedleinhaystack if of datacreated pressure forincreasingly detector. istosearchThe hard for part have avector andasearch image. We put a bucket.” Inotherwords, it’s relatively also tookuplessandspace. analysis. Butnow athreshold isbeing mean itwas easy, asthegrowing amounts meant thattheadditionalstoragecapacity progress in solid state miniaturization progress insolidstateminiaturization looking fortheHiggsparticle. Says the smallerhaystacks, that thepatterns into the datathatmatchespattern represent new knowledge about particles reached atwhich “more isdifferent.” sophisticated statisticalprocessing and said, “more” was just “more.” This doesn’t store andprocess it. How different? Physicists are And forquiteawhile, As Alex

P a g e 4 1 | The W. M. Kec k F o u n dat i o n P a g e | The W. M. Kec k F o u n dat i o n other, we don’t communicate withtext, we communicate withpictures. TiffanI: Julia: away from it? Evelyn: need tofind ways tocondenseitintosomething – Geoff: R visualize andminehugedatasets. Julia: in away we’re receptive to?How canyou clusterthedata? What canyou take what you are lookingfor? To search for oger: explained, “when my datasetgrows by a continue doingwhatwe are doing,” he arecomputers gettingfaster, they are data willexplodeoutofsight. We cannot and theirinteractions. How doyou look grows byof afactor grouped intomultiple clusters. into patterns, then andthepatterns factor often,factor my computationalproblem for somethingwhenyou don’t know noted withconcern. not doingsoquicklyenough. “Soon the relationships, thedatahastobesorted OnethingIheard oftentoday was theneed tohave theabilityto How doyou getthemeaningfrom thenumbers? We have an infinitedimensionalspacewithallthisdatainit, and we Yes, creative visualization! Canwe datainaway cluster or short-hand thatrepresents thereality Ifyou thinkabouthow we asscientistscommunicate witheach 1,000 .” While Alex The answer totoday’s “data problem” challenge and opportunity isforcreativechallenge andopportunity willbeanincreasingcomputers part of thesolution. “A new scientific have somuch datathatthecomputers are becoming an essential part ofeveryare becominganessentialpart may indeedbeinthecollaborationand inwhichwemethodology isemerging people todevelop new ways tosolve including computerscience. The these problems. sharing ofideasbetween manysharing disciplines, step ofthescientificprocess,” said It isclearthatfrom now on, Alex. [ SEEING IN NEW IN SEEING WA Y S ]

P a g e | The W. M. Kec k F o u n dat i o n P a g e | The W. M. Kec k F o u n dat i o n Ivory towers andsinglefieldstudies are In globalscience, nodisciplineisanisland. In aglobaleconomy, nomanisanisland. Crea making way fornew paradigmsbasedon one fieldto another. exporting observations and theories from observations andtheories exporting SEEING INNEW W that oneapproach networks: isto thinkofproblemsbiological in terms “we can ting newp A YS

erstein noted MarkGerstein Bioinformaticist aradigms i o n t conceptualize the Internet in terms of biology, social networks in terms of biology, F o u n da k and neural and protein networks in terms of biology.” In order to deal with complex The W. M. Kec

| problems, why not look for commonalities that could explain phenomena at different

P a g e scales? Theoretical physicist Geoff West explained that Binocular“hierarchical networks play a role in many phenomena. There are extraordinary commonalities if you look at different sciences.”

Evelyn: Hod, you asked if we can teach computers to be creative. My question is whether there is anything you’ve learned about teaching humans to be creative? Does your work give you insights into the human creative process?

Hod: There’s one thing I always use in teaching: you have to create more than one solution. How humans come up with ideas is a very deep question. Does our abstract evolutionary concept have anything to do with how humans come up with ideas? I don’t know. P a g e 4 6 | The W. M. Kec k F o u n dat i o n implications oftheanalysis beforehand. Alex: down thehall? Hors complicated algorithms. will besolargeandtheoutputcomplicated thatyou willneed theoretical people. Mostpeoplewillbeinthemiddle. The amountofdata Alex: at somepointare we goingtohave theoretical biologists? colleague down thehall. computerscience, learning Butinsteadofbiologists Hors 5 Alex: scientist? or 10 Iseetwo ends of thespectrum, andthevery the very experimental You might thinkdifferently ifyou aboutyour seethe experiment t t Are we atapointthatwhenwe have aproblem we gotoacomputer : : years from now. ButwillI, asanexperimentalist, dothis, orwillIgotomy colleague Ifhave aproblem, Idon’t my own write code, I gotomy theorist lgorithmic theory will be an inherent part ofthescientificprocess willbeaninherent part theory Algorithmic Photomicrograph

of ascorbicacid (vitamin C).

Te escopel without losing scientific rigor inany ofthedisciplines.without losingscientific ways mingledinresearch inwhichmultiple situations disciplinescanberichly Frydman pointedout,Frydman forpeoplefrom“It isvery important otherfieldsgettinginto ration work isaspecialistintheirfieldandthey is thateachperson have theabilityto easy. You can’t pickituponthefly.” Computerscientist Tandy Warnow notedthatin conceptualize. theirdataandhave Ifthedomainscientistsunderstand theabilityto communicate and understand abstraction,communicate andunderstand thenwe canwork together becausewe can collaborations withmathematiciansorcomputerscientists, “What makes acollabo conviction research. thatitistimetoraisethebaronmultidisciplinary They discussed dynamic anddiverse. recognizedThe participants thatmuch divides these disciplines, design, testandrefine amodel.” Relationships between disciplinesare wonderfully biological problems somebiology.biological tolearn There isamisconceptionthatbiology is Given thesechallenges, thescientistsatsymposiafrequently voiced their s biologist andchemistJudithAs biologist -

P a g e 4 7 | The W. M. Kec k F o u n dat i o n P a g e 4 8 | The W. M. Kec k F o u n dat i o n Sub-micron photonicstructuredesignedby yet thedesire forknowledge, andsolvingpressing understanding humanproblems a processmimicingnatural evolution. needed tocompletethemodelofIndonesianearthquake. This allowed geologists to create themodelofpropagation ofearthquake waves thatspawned the sation withaphysicist. Hefoundthatfluiddynamicshadalready solved aproblem should draw thesedisciplinestogether inmeaningfulways. eologist KenGeologist Farley ofachance related hisstory “watercooler” conver Cellular markers in asectionofrat hippocampus. - “There isoftenconfusionbetween aproblem beingcomplicatedandaproblem being In otherwords, heasked, whattheoretical frameworks between canbeimported understanding of underlying principles thatcanthenbeusedtodiscuss ofunderlyingprinciples understanding “everything from mitochondrial behaviorfrom tosocietalbehavior mitochondrial with complex,” hesaid. “Is there any simplicityunderlyingcomplexity? devastating tsunamis. thisascomputationalgeoscienceandconcluded Hedescribed disciplines. While there willnever bea “Newton’s law ofbiology,” canscientistslook the sametwo basedonnetworks?” orthree principals that massive computationisatoolinitsown right. at data in certain ways behaviorat dataincertain from togleangeneric themtogetageneral salities and regularities that can inform thestudyofseeminglyunrelated problems?” thatcaninform salities andregularities Nancy: John: things lockintoplaceandanew ideaemerges. ideas are floatingaround randomly. Sometimesthatdisorganizationcongeals, neuronal level? The brainisRESTing[RandompisodicSilent Thought] — ideas whenwe aren’t lookingforthem. Sowhere dothey comefrom atthe Nancy: John: How dowe enhanceourown creativity? What are weaboutcreativity? learning Geoff hadeven higherexpectationsforcollaborationsbetween disciplines. Spendmore timeRESTing! Inourstudyofcreativity, my working hypothesis isthatwe get Are there univer -

P a g e 4 9 | The W. M. Kec k F o u n dat i o n P a g e 5 0 | The W. M. Kec k F o u n dat i o n “has notpannedout,” asmathematicianDanaRandallbluntly putit. Los computer. The roundtable feltthatsofar, participants however, intelligence artificial diverse fieldsasnanotechnology, neurobiology andcomputersciencetoinvent and possible toachieve the elusive goalofintelligentcomputing—literally, athinking build anintelligentcomputer. Suchtechnology, whenfullydeveloped, willmake it Angeles roundtable withhisdemonstrationofhow knowledge heisintegrating nother example is in the application of theories and strategies from andstrategies such Another exampleisintheapplicationoftheories Computer scientistHodLipson, however, galvanized discussionsatthe from many diverse fields to develop machines that can perform higher level tasks. His

computers blur not only disciplinary lines, but machine-biology lines. These robots

started with a question: “If humans are able to generate new ideas and objects in

response to need and available resources, can we also do the same thing automatically?”

To this end, he has created robots that are left to “evolve” a solution in an iterative

process. For example, the robots learned to develop a model of themselves and to

locomote effectively (though the solution was not the one chosen by nature for four- i o n t

legged land creatures) by playing out an evolutionary process of successive solutions. F o u n da k

Hod envisions systems that can propose and carry out experiments, The W. M. Kec

generate symbolic models from the data and then perturb the system and carry out a 1 5

P a g e new set of experiments. Where, he asks, do the lines between computers and humans

blur based on what we consider uniquely human traits of creativity and curiosity? His

Self-modeling robot.

D -CC Camera

what creativity is and how to enhance it. She notes that while many people are most most are people many while that notes She it. enhance to how and is creativity what

ancy ancy N like researchers other human?” distinctively is that ndreasen are asking just just asking are ndreasen A

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re we ready to relinquish creativity, this last thing thing last this creativity, relinquish to ready we re A “ asking, is od H While e g a P

them, asking more questions and doing more experiments infinitely.” infinitely.” experiments more doing and questions more asking them, |

W M. c e K . M W. e h T We need a way to automate this very laborious process of asking questions, answering answering questions, asking of process laborious very this automate to way a need We

da n u o F ew York roundtable. “We need to think about how machines can creatively design. design. creatively can machines how about think to need “We roundtable. York ew N

n o i comments, though not his approach, echoed the concerns of of concerns the echoed approach, his not though comments, avid Schwartz at the the at Schwartz avid D Computer modelof have tomake dataavailable tousandtheuniquekindofhumancomputationthat heavily knowledge-based.” Shegoesontonotethat “creative peopleseethingswe tornado flowfields.tornado goes on to interpret it.”goes ontointerpret creative before age don’t see, but to them it’s so obvious that they can’t understand why others don’t see it.” peak early, but stay biologists active intotheir take allourcreativity tosolve today’s andtomorrow’s problems. suggested, ofthisincredible“there willneedtobesomemerging capacitycomputers Ultimately, sciencewillneedtotacklealltheseproblems andmore. Itwill 3 0 , insciencethere are wide variations. “Often mathematicians 70s . Mathisaboutinsights, andisn’t as As John Delaney NCMIR atUCSD. BioWall atthe

P a g e | The W. M. Kec k F o u n dat i o n P a g e | The W. M. Kec k F o u n dat i o n The who knows whatwe willsee? understand complexitywillpushscientiststonewunderstand standards formultidisciplinary have notchangeddrasticallyinthedecadesince unlocking complexity and understanding inanotherdiscipline.unlocking complexityandunderstanding Development ofnew Scientists, however, are seeingtheseissues withnew eyes andaskingquestionswitha if betterways tounlockthesecrets hiddeninthedataare developed. to The effort related toenvironment, energyandhealth. The W.M. Keck Foundation continues to result ofsuccessfulscienceandholdsthepromise ofanabundance ofnew insights new sophistication. The dataproblem continues togrow, thoughthisprofusion isthe efforts, aproblem asunderstanding inonedisciplinemay for openideasandstrategies could have potentialtobenefithumanity. enormous When we lookwithnew eyes, be privileged to facilitate several tofacilitate be privileged oftheseapproaches bythe supporting “best ofthe best” scientific projects thathave anelementofinnovationrisk but ifsuccessful and tools willallow usto “see” thefundamentalscientificprocesses in much more detail and collaborationamongdisciplinesofinformatics, physics, chemistry, materials comprehension.and withgreater This newandclosecommunication understanding science, biology, andmedicinewillprovide thebasistosolve complicated issues 2006 roundtables scientiststoday demonstratedthatthechallengesfacing Promising Directions was published. The ofPsychiatry Journal American ssociation and the Psychiatric Research Association andthePsychiatric ACP’s DistinguishedService Brain: The NeuroscienceofGenius College ofPsychiatrists, aswell asthe roundtable written severalwritten booksincluding He was aJunior Fellow oftheHarvard Dr. Vijay Balasubramanian Psychiatric Psychiatric Research Center. Sheisoneoftheworld’s center andatrainingprogram emphasizing of the Society ofFellows andaFellow-at-Large of Science in Society andhasreceived the Director oftheIowaHealth Clinical Mental http://iowa-mhcrc.psychiatry.uiowa.edu has aResearch Scientist and directs amentalhealthclinicalresearch and theDean a memberoftheInstituteMedicineand foremost authorities onschizophrenia.foremost authorities She the SantaFe Institute. Heispresently the theoretical physics University. from Princeton neuroimaging. Dr. received thePresident’s NationalMedalof merican Psychopathological Psychopathological American 2000 ssociation Prize forResearch Association Prize A ward from The . SheisEditor-in-Chiefof Andreasen ispastpresident Andrew H. Woods College ofMedicineand at Chair ofPsychiatry Dr. Nancy Andreasen computer scienceaswell Dr. Dr. Balasubramanianhas BS degrees inphysicsBS degrees and as anMSincomputer the University ofIowa received hisPhDin science from MIT. He

Andreasen is participants A ward from NIMH, merican American A ward. Sheis . merican American . The Creating Shehas “gravitational lensing” (whichreferstothe A Accelerator Center. Hehasbeenan Academy of

way lighttravels incurved pathsaround within two areas physics –theoretical particle e has a particular interest inthenatureHe hasaparticular Merriam Merriam Term Dr. Roger Blandford covering awiderangeoftheoretical physics. class of stars knownclass ofstars aswhitedwarfs, andthe of information andthewaysof information itisproduced, objects thatgobble upmatterandlight), of Royal Society, anda Fellow of Sloan Fellow, aGuggenheimFellow, aFellow Society. Dr. Blandford’s research interests Dr. Blandford isthePehong and Balasubramanian hasworked onproblems he received theIra H. http://www.astro.caltech.edu/people/ http://dept.physics.upenn.edu/~vbalasub at theUniversity ofPennsylvania, where and theoretical neurobiology. a memberofthe processed andtransmittedbothata bluebook/blandford.html include black holes(supermassive space fundamental level inspace-timeandliving structure andevolutionstructure oftheuniverse. space known asgammaray bursts, thedim andgalaxies),stars high-energywaves from systems. ward fordistinguishedteaching. Dr. As such, hispresent research occurs rts andSciences.Arts Heisalso Associate Professor ofPhysics merican American Institute for Stanford University. Heis Director oftheKavli and Cosmology at at theStanford Linear also Professor ofPhysics A brams Memorial Astronomical Astrophysics Adele Chen merican American Alfred P.

P a g e | The W. M. Kec k F o u n dat i o n P a g e 5 6 | The W. M. Kec k F o u n dat i o n Training intheHouston-Galveston area Galveston MedicalBranch. Cancer enter, University of Texas Houston College ofMedicine, RiceUniversity, onsortia forCollaborativeConsortia Research and roundtable p with faculty andtraineesfromwith faculty Baylor University ofHouston, M D He isalsotheco-founderofGulfCoast Houston area whotrainfuture scientists Medical SchoolandUniversity of Texas Founding Director ofthe Graduate Program computational and engineering sciences.computational andengineering of Medicine with 68 faculty members from members of Medicinewith68faculty http://proteinfoldingcenter.org http://ncmi.bcm.edu and MolecularBiophysics atBaylor College and physical, chemical, mathematical, betweenat theinterface biomedicine multiple academicinstitutions inthegreater in the structural determination of biological ofbiological determination in thestructural in Structural andComputationalBiology in Structural to approach atomicresolution. Heisthe nanomachines usingelectron cryomicroscopy College ofMedicine. He Dr. Wah Chiu Romansky Professor of Dr. Chiuis Biochemistry atBaylorBiochemistry is aleadinginvestigator articip nderson Anderson ants Alvin (continued)

Virginia where hestudied philosophyVirginia and Cancer enter. Dr. completedhis Clurman Sloan-Kettering College andMemorial arreras Foundations,Carreras andthe www.fhcrc.org/science/humanbio/hb_ Hutchinson CancerResearch Center Fred Hutchinson/ University of Washington Medicine. HeattendedtheUniversity of Molecular andCellularBiology Program ornell UniversityPhD program atCornell Medical certified inMedicalOncology and attends certified on theFred Hutchinsonbonemarrow of Pathology. School before entering themedicaloncology School before entering Society ofOncology. Dr. isboard Clurman distinction. HethencompletedtheMD/ Defense, theJames S. McDonnellandJose his and and Women’s Hospitalandarvard Medical awards from theNIH, of theDepartment award, Dr. hasreceived Clurman and grants epartment program oftheDepartment and thegraduate biochemistry and graduated withhighest andgraduated biochemistry internal medicine training at the Brigham medicinetrainingattheBrigham internal fellowship programs atFred Hutchinsonand faculty.html the University of Washington Schoolof the University of Washington. Inadditionto transplant wards. Heisamemberofthe 1999 Associate Professor ofMedicineat Keck Distinguished Young Scholar

Dr. Clurman Bruce Dr. isan Clurman associate memberin biology attheFred the divisions ofclinical research andhuman merican American

marine geologist,A marine Dr. Delaney’s research Committee forEnvironmental Research It’s difficulttostudy humans. — question. withtheright tostart — The bottomlineis, you have which successfullybroadcast thefirst-ever working asamineralexploration geologist winning the Teaching University of whileconcurrently Virginia NASA committeeplanningmissionstothe Lunar and Planetary InstituteandJohnsonLunar andPlanetary Pacific Ocean. REVL professional development program joined theUniversity of Washington’s co-led the VISION oceanographic researchoceanographic cruises. Delaney of theJuan deFucaRidgeinthenortheast of the ceanography faculty in School ofOceanography faculty Space Centerfrom degree ingeologydegree from LehighUniversity, he received hisMSingeology from the http://www.neptune.washington.edu includebeingnamedaFellowhonors and theDistinguishedResearch and Education. moons ofJupiter, andontheNSF geology attheUniversity of leading thedevelopment andlaunch ofthe live, from high-definitionvideoimagery in in Charlottesville. hisPhDin Heearned for scienceteachers; onthe andserving focuses onthedeep-seavolcanic activity the seafloor. served aschiefscientist on over forty 1991 merican GeophysicalUnion; American co- . Hewas avisitingscientistatthe Additional activities and After receiving hisB University of Washington. Dr. John Delaney Project andProfessor of Oceanography atthe of theNEPTUNE Dr. Delaney isDirector 1977 200 A ward in to 5 research cruise, 1980 Arizona. He 1980 A . Hehas ward dvisory Advisory A 1977

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A rts andSciences.Arts Heisalsoamemberof merican American W. M. Keck Foundation andserves asthe lectrical ofElectrical oftheDepartment Chairman University.Cambridge H ewas Professor and Caltech. HeisaFellow oftheInstitute of Champaign andisPresident Emeritus University.Cornell He served as Chancellor University atBerkeley, ofCalifornia and andComputerScienceatthe Engineering lectrical andElectronics Engineers,Electrical the Foundation’s SeniorScientific alifornia atLos of California of theUniversity ofIllinoisat Urbana- currently ontheBoardcurrently ofDirectorsthe of Science, andthe ngineering at Dean oftheCollegeEngineering in engineering from Clare Collegeat in engineering the Royal the National ndreasen Association forthe Academy ofEngineering. Heis ngineering and Academy ofEngineering AB inphysics atHarvard, Moderator Dr. Tom Everhart, Dr. Everhart received his his MScinapplied physics attheUniversity merican American Angeles, andhisPhD bruce Advancement Academy of

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P a g e 5 7 | The W. M. Kec k F o u n dat i o n P a g e 5 8 | The W. M. Kec k F o u n dat i o n 199 York in Technology. Hewas awarded the W.M. Keck eological and Planetary SciencesDivision. andPlanetary Geological roundtable p www.gps.caltech.edu/~farley/farley.htm University ofBuenos Institution ofOceanography in Foundation Sciences Professorship forEarth complex inmammaliancellsanddeveloped joined thelabofDr. Hartl, Ulrich oneofthe completed herPhDinbiochemistry. She attheSchoolofSciences chemistry alifornia Instituteof Sciences attheCalifornia Dr. ofthe FarleyC hairman iscurrently at the Sloan-Kettering InstituteinN ewat theSloan-Kettering a biochemicalsystemtostudyhow proteins pioneers inthefieldofmolecularchaperones,pioneers eological and Planetary in theDivision andPlanetary ofGeological in fold following theirsynthesisonribosomes. studies, shediscovered anovel chaperonin 200 3 , hehasbeenProfessor ofGeochemistry 3 . Inadditiontoteachingandresearch, 1991 . herpost-doctoral During 1986 University. Shestudied Dr. Ken Farley Dr. Judith Frydman Professor inthe Sciences atStanford Sciences attheScripps Dr. Farley received his epartment of Biological ofBiological Department Dr. is Frydman BS degree in chemistry inchemistry BS degree from Yale University in Aires, where shealso articip arth andhisPhDinEarth 1991 ants Associate . Since (continued) Gazzaniga isthePresident of The Cognitive Gazzaniga becamethe Center forognitive Neuroscience. Most

University ofCalifornia, SantaBarbara. Dr. In Neuroscience Institute, whichhefounded er studies led to important insightsinto Her studiesledtoimportant Jr. Professor andDirector of ofPsychiatry novo Keck Distinguished Young Scholar Sage CenterfortheStudyofMindat artmouth CollegeandDirector ofthe Dartmouth Distinguished University Professor at Biological SciencesatStanfordBiological University Director oftheCenterforNeuroscience at MedicalSchool.Dartmouth Hebecamethe http://www.stanford.edu/group/frydman/ under theguidanceofRoger Sperry. index.htm in in the role ofchaperones intheprocess of the Program inCognitive Neurosciences at the University ofCalifornia, Davis in recently, hewas theDavid T. McLaughlin recently director he became thefirst of received hisPhDinpsychobiology working stints in various academicsettings,stints invarious Dr. 1996 1982 1996 folding. of ShejoinedtheDepartment , of andisEditor-in-Chiefemeritus . Dr. istherecipient ofa Frydman , anduntil toDartmouth hereturned College. Hethenattended Dr. MichaelGazzaniga of Technology, where he Dr. Gazzanigareceived his alifornia Institute the California AB from Dartmouth Andrew W. Thompson, A ward. After 1992 de .

1997 Young Scholar merican American erstein is the principal scientistresponsible istheprincipal Gerstein and arenotafraid toventureground. intonew — istohireyoung peoplewho know aboutthesethings but areallsolvable, they andtheway tosolve them All theproblems aretrue, ofdata sharing www.psych.ucsb.edu/people/faculty/ Institute ofMedicine. Hehaspublished Harvard Collegein Foundation and theNavy. President’s CouncilonBioethics, andwas Society,Psychological serves onthe elected in Sciences. InadditiontoaKeck Distinguished Science. Hereceived his did post-doctoralwork at Stanford and he alsofounded. Hewas electedtothe http://bioinfo.mbb.yale.edu/ epartment ofComputer appointee intheDepartment gazzaniga/index.php biophysics in from Cambridge investigator awards from theDonaghue for informatics anddataanalysiswithin for informatics the took uphispostat Yale inearly the Yale CenterforExcellenceinGenome several books. Journal ofCognitive Neuroscience Journal , was electedPresident ofthe Academy of 200 5 A totheNational ward, hehasreceived young University, andisajoint Molecular Biophysics Dr. MarkGerstein Dr. isProfessor Gerstein and Biochemistry at and Biochemistry Yale epartment of in theDepartment 1989 rts &Sciencesin Arts AB inphysics from andhisPhDin 199 Academies 1997 merican American , which 3 . He . Dr. Wiley atHarvardbiology onthestructural 5S RNAusingnuclear magnetic resonance. University ofCalifornia, SanDiego. Heis University ofCalifornia, SanDiego. Hewas Moore anddynamicsof onthestructure carried outresearch there withDr.carried Peter alifornia, San Francisco to carry out of California, SanFranciscotocarry of theimmune response, focusingonMHC toxinsof ionchannelsandpore-forming Scholar doctoral research withD r. Stroud, Robert Dr. Ghoshthenmoved totheUniversity doctoral research withthe lateDr. Don http://pghosh.ucsd.edu using biochemicalandX-ray crystallographic and biochemistry fromand biochemistry Yale University, and and worked andmechanism onthestructure age seven intheUnitedStates. Dr. Ghosh graduated withaBSinmolecularbiophysicsgraduated glycoproteins and T cellreceptors. Dr. Ghosh born inCalcutta,born India, andwas raisedfrom the recipient ofaKeck Distinguished Young techniques. Dr. outpost- Ghoshcarried started hisown in started laboratory A ward. mike

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P a g e 5 9 | The W. M. Kec k F o u n dat i o n P a g e 6 0 | The W. M. Kec k F o u n dat i o n A AAAS, Doctorate of andholdsanHonorary roundtable p www.cnsi.ucsb.edu ngineering (ECE)in Engineering Engineering, the ngineering from theUniversity ofGlasgow.Engineering UCLA-SB collaborative California Institute forScienceandnnovation. She From Fellow award, an Materials, andisScientificCo-Director Patterning Processes.Patterning ShejoinedUCSB of technicalstaffatBellLaboratories, and of the alifornia NanosystemsInstitute,of theCalifornia a http://hu.cnsi.ucsb.edu her PhDatStanford. Sheisamember holds jointappointmentsinECEand lectrical andComputer as Professor ofElectrical in chemical engineering atCaltech,in chemicalengineering and is amemberoftheNational from recipient ofanNSFDistinguished Teaching ward, Fellow oftheIEEE, 1981 197 merican Instituteof Chemical American 5 to to 1981 1984 AAAS LifetimeMentor Academica Sinicaof Taiwan, was for asupervisor VLSI , Dr. Huwas amember Columbia University. College andherMA ngineering atCaltech.Engineering Dr. Evelyn Hu Dr. Julia Kornfield Professor ofChemical PhD inphysics from chemistry and herMS chemistry She received herBSin Dr. Hureceived herB Dr. is Kornfield in physics from Barnard articip 1984

. Shecurrently APS, andthe Academy of ants Associate (continued) A - Israelnstituteof Technology. Young Investigator merican Physical Society,American Division ofHigh Association forthe Physical Society,American Engineers, nformation Science Information Fellow ofthe Foundation. ngineering Department.Mechanical Engineering He Polymer Physics; the Science, Research Society, Materials and She hasreceived theDillonMedalof Science of University Women Recognition epartment andalecturer atMIT’sScience Department http://www.mae.cornell.edu/lipson/ http://cheme.che.caltech.edu/groups/jak/ and anNSF-NA appointment, hewas apost-doctoral graduate fieldsatCornell. tothis graduate Prior in merging Scholars;for Emerging andaPresidential the SocietyofRheology. Shehasbeena received hisPhDin researcher atBrandeisUniversity’s Computer 2001 . Heisamemberofthe and merican ChemicalSociety,American Computational Biology merican Physical Society,American T O Postdoctoral Fellow. Engineering Mechanical & Dr. HodLipson Dr. Lipsonjoined A faculty of faculty Advancement of epartments of the Departments ornell University atCornell 1998 ward, NationalScience merican American from the Technion merican American Computing & Association andthe Computer Aerospace A

ward 10 2001, Austin. Shereceived herPhDinchemical andhow isthehumanbrain able tograsp What aretheunderlying lawsofnature,

www.che.utexas.edu/lloo was recently namedtheinauguralrecipient ngineering sponsored by the Engineering Investigator New Faculty ngineering andScienceof Medicine Engineering Texas. Professor Grant, theNSF-CAREE electrical contacts to mechanically fragile contactstomechanicallyfragile electrical engineering from Princeton University from in Princeton engineering organic materials. Shewas profiled asoneof of thePeter andEdithO’Donnell Staff before joiningUT. Shehasreceived under age and the as aPost-Doctoral Memberof Technical printing techniqueforestablishing efficient printing issue of inventing –acontact nanotransferprinting Dreyfusincluding theCamilleandHenry ngineering attheUniversity of in Engineering Texas at numerous recognitions forherwork, selected one of the Top merging Scholars intheJanuary Scholars Emerging then spent a year at Bell Laboratories thenspentayear atBell Laboratories rnold andMabelBeckman Arnold Young Diverse: IssuesinHigher Education these lawsat all?— 35 A by MIT’s A ward. In ward, theDuPont Young General Dynamics Endowed FacultyFellow anda Engineering Dr. L Professor inChemical Dr. Loois 200 Technology Review 100 ynn Loo . 4 , Dr. Loowas Young Assistant Academy of A Innovators ward in 2006 A vijay ward, and for

balasubramanian Congo, workingandchildhealth inmaternal Career Center, andtheMolecular Biology Institute volunteer intheDemocraticRepublic of Institute, theMentalRetardation Research Human Behavior atUCLAin Fund forNeuroscience Young Scholar hemistry andin Chemistry andBiological Psychiatry care. SheobtainedMDandPhdegrees Schizophrenia andDepression (NARSAD). Scholar B Dr. KandelatColumbia, Eric where she http://www.gonda.ucla.edu/researchlabs/ awards including a Keck at UCLA. Sheistherecipient ofseveral and the literature atHarvard University in martin/ post-doctoral research of in thelaboratory is alsoamemberoftheBrainResearch interest toneurobiology, her shepursued in molecularbiophysics andbiochemistry from theNational epartments of memberintheDepartments faculty from Yale University in then spentover two years asaPeace Corps the SemelInstituteforNeuroscience and synaptic plasticity. Dr. becamea Martin studied thecellbiology oflearning-related A inEnglishand A A 2001 ward, aMcKnightEndowment ward, aBurroughs Wellcome Fund DanielX. Freedman Alliance forResearch on merican languageand American Dr. Kelsey Martin Professor inthe Dr. is Martin epartments of Departments Psychiatry at UCLA. Shereceived a Chemistry and Biological

1992 Distinguished Young . Turning her 1999 Associate A 1979 . She ward A . She ward,

P a g e 6 1 | The W. M. Kec k F o u n dat i o n P a g e 6 2 | The W. M. Kec k F o u n dat i o n arnegie Institutionof Carnegie Washington. In hemistry and Biochemistry atNew and Biochemistry Chemistry York roundtable p University andwas latergiven anadjunct Fellowship, anNSFGraduateFellowship, Madison in issertation Presidential Dissertation Year Fellowship. of ComputerScienceandMathematics of Wisconsin, Madison. Schwartz moved toUW hislaboratory Baird Faculty Teaching Berkeley in he was appointedStaff http://www.lmcg.wisc.edu/ http://www.math.gatech.edu/~randall/ he was appointedan and theUniversity ofCalifornia, SanDiego, eorgia Instituteof at Georgia Technology. There appointment intheCourantInstitute an NSFCareer post-doctoral work atHarvard University physics andcomputerscience. Shehas interdisciplinary work bridging statistical workinterdisciplinary bridging for theMathematicalSciences. Professor received the she established aprogram inanew fieldof 1999 1994 Alfred P. SloanResearch A . . Sheis ward, the William Genetics, Chemistry, and Center attheUniversity Dr. DanaRandall Dr. David Schwartz computer scienceatUC Dr. Randallreceived Dr. Schwartz isProfessor her B at Harvard University epartments of in theDepartments in 1988andherPhD the UWBiotechnology articip Assistant Professor of Associate atthe A fter graduate and After graduate Associate Professor A inmathematics ward, andaUC ants A. (continued)

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obel Prize inPhysicsHe shared in theNobelPrize Hall effect. ispresently aScientific Stormer Labs in Physical of Research Laboratory Physics atColumbiaUniversity. Departments Professor inthePhysics andthe Stormer.html hasworkedStormer extensively onthe epartment andbecametheDirector ofthe Department Director ofthe NSFColumbiaanoScience http://www.ap.columbia.edu/apam/AP/ and becameamemberoftechnicalstaff potential asfuture electronic devices. properties oflower-dimensional electron in fundamentals oforganicmoleculesandtheir for thediscovery ofthefractionalquantum the subject. the SemiconductorPhysics Research transport, emphasizingnanosizedstructures, such assemiconductorwires andmolecules. systems andpublished over 1978 withD . From 1992 At present hestudieselectronic . C . In 198 . Tsui andR. 1997 3 University ofStuttgart, Dr. HorstStormer PhD in joined BellLabsasa Dr. received Stormer his postdoc shortly after,postdoc shortly to , moved Stormer to 1992 1977 heheaded B. 200 Laughlin papers on papers from the Applied A T&T Bell Association forthe Academy of World Congress. Biomaterials Hisawards Chemistry, aHumboldtSenior in simple terms andwho cantakewhatin simpleterms Iamsaying When Ifindindividuals inotherfields whocan translate things andtranslate itintotheir language, thenitbecomes was appointedDirector oftheInstitutefor Edward Youde Fund Visiting Memorial University ofIllinoisat Urbana-Champaign. In orthwestern UniversityNorthwestern in Materials Research Society’sMaterials Medal Paris. InMay hemistry atthe Hong Professorship inChemistry Leaders ShapingtheFutureLeaders of Technology. Kong University ofScienceand Technology, of the cole Supérieure Sciences Medallecturer atEcoleSupérieure Stupp isamemberofthe Science, Chemistry, andMedicine, andlater ndustrielles in de Physique etdeChimieIndustrielles Science, World Technology Network, and BioNanotechnology inMedicine. Professor until http://stupp.northwestern.edu/ and the and was listedinthe a Board of Trustees Professor ofMaterials orthwestern atNorthwestern a memberofthefaculty in Polymer Chemistry. Hewas recently Paris nergy Prize ofEnergyPrize include theDepartment for Outstanding 1999 1980 merican Physical Society,American , as toNorthwestern hereturned merican ChemicalSociety American a really productive collaboration. — andthenspent rts andSciences,Arts andFellow 200 Achievement inMaterials 5 , hewas awarded aSir UCLA andhisPhD Dr. Samuel Stupp Dr. his Stuppearned BS in chemistry fromBS inchemistry and engineering from and engineering in materials science in materials Advancement of Scientific American merican American 18 years atthe 1977 A ward, the . Hewas merican American A A ward,

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200 merican American dana hicago before accepting a faculty position Chicago before acceptingafaculty urrently heisinvolvedCurrently inthemeasurement was born andeducatedinHungary.was born In fluctuations intheuniverse usingdatafrom umboldt Prizes inPhysical Sciencesin Humboldt Prizes National Observatory.Virtual of thelargescalepower ofdensity spectrum on thestatisticalmeasures ofthespatial epartment ofComputerScience.Department He Director oftheNational Observatory.Virtual distribution ofgalaxiesandgalaxyformation.distribution http://www.sdss.jhu.edu/~szalay/ at Johns Hopkins. In at UCBerkeley andtheUniversity of orresponding Member.a Corresponding HeisProject and received oneofthe graduation he spent post-doctoral periods hespentpost-doctoralperiods graduation is Project Director oftheNSF-funded ungarian to theHungarian igital SkySurveythe SloanDigital (SDSS)and 200 4 . Dr. Szalay working isacosmologist 3

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Academy ofSciencesas Centennial Professor Hopkins University. He Dr. Alexander Szalay of Dr. Szalay is is alsoProfessor inthe 1990, Astronomy atJohns rts andSciences,Arts Alexander Von hewas elected Alumni After

P a g e 6 3 | The W. M. Kec k F o u n dat i o n P a g e 6 4 | The W. M. Kec k F o u n dat i o n ornell and Harvard universities,Cornell andwas a roundtable p University of Texas, including computer Investigator evolutionary histories inbothbiologyevolutionary and histories ngineering in Science andEngineering doctoral trainingatUSC Stanford University. He hasheldpositionsat Dr. Warnow works onevolutionary history historical linguistics.historical Herresearch combines http://www.cs.utexas.edu/users/tandy linguistics.historical and LucilePackard Foundation mathematics atUCBerkeley anddidpost- and computationalappliedmathematics. mathematics, computerscienceandstatistics inbiology and methodology andalgorithms molecular andcellularbiology, mathematics, member offivegraduate programs atthe the NationalScienceFoundation Young faculty memberinthePhysics faculty Department University from andPhDfrom Cambridge for reconstructing complexandlarge-scale for reconstructing to develop improved modelsandalgorithms science, ecology, evolution andbehavior, A ward in A theoretical physicist, Texas at Dr. Tandy Warnow Dr. Geoffrey West of ComputerSciences of theSantaFe Institute. Dr. Warnow isProfessor Distinguished Professor Dr. West isPresident and he received hisB at theUniversity of received herPhDin articip 1994 . Shereceived andtheDavid Austin. She 1996 ants A . Sheisa ward in A (continued)

eart ResearchArea CommitteeFellow, Heart ational Laboratory inNew Mexico,Alamos NationalLaboratory Vanderbilt University as Cain University Professor, www.santafe.edu where hehadpreviously beentheleaderof John SimonGuggenheimFellow.H eisa Institute in He was aResearch Fellow inCardiology at Fellow, anNSFPredoctoral Fellow, aBay Fellow ofthe Molecular Physiology &Biophysics, and Professor ofBiomedicalEngineering, Physics. Hehasbeena Woodrow Wilson Professor, hewas aSeniorFellow atLos Physical Society. tocomingthe Prior Professor ofLiving StatePhysics, Director of Physics in of the Vanderbilt Instituteforntegrative Biological Engineering,Biological the Biosystems Research andEducation, and an at Stanford. West isaFellow ofthe from the the Stanford University SchoolofMedicine the high-energy theory group.the high-energytheory epartment ofPhysicsthe Department and Alfred P. Sloan Research Fellow, anda merican InstituteforMedicaland American 197 5 to 200 1977 1977 merican Physical Society,American 4 asaDistinguishedResearch . Heisnow Gordon . in Hejoinedthefaculty University of Virginia Dr. John Wikswo B Dr. Wikswo received a and hisMSPhDin physics from Stanford. A inphysics from the Assistant Professor A.B. Learned merican American Astronomy at merican American A. Vanderbilt University. Cardiovascular Sciencesofthe Central Florida. Shewas aPost-doctoral

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ngineering Society.Engineering In eart Heart Heart er honors includeaRadcliffeInstitute Her honors Fellowship, an Fellow attheUniversity ofNew Mexico. Dr. Tiffani Williams Post-doctoral Fellowship, andaMcKnight computer sciencefrom theUniversity of of She earned herBSincomputerscience She earned Doctoral Fellowship. ofComputerScienceat Department Texas Dr. Williams is html http://www.vanderbilt.edu/viibre/Wikswo. http://faculty.cs.tamu.edu/tlw are in the areas of bioinformatics andhigh- are intheareas ofbioinformatics performance computing. performance from Marquette University andPh D in the Thomas Jefferson Advanced StudyatHarvard University. Association, andtheBiomedical Association, theCouncilonBasic moleculesmove. — revel inthescaleyou areat. — Alfred P. SloanFoundation Assistant Professor inthe A&M University. During year, shewas theEdward, Frances, andShirley B. DanielsFellow at the the RadcliffeInstitute Herresearch interests A 200 ward from 1997, 4-200 hereceived merican American 5 academic

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schwartz A Associate Memberofthe ward. SheisaCouncilor Center for Dr. Angela Wilson Professor inthe Dr. Wilson is hemistry ofChemistry Department and Co-Director ofthe Applied Chemistry. She julia 2006

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P a g e 6 5 | The W. M. Kec k F o u n dat i o n P a g e 6 6 | The W. M. Kec k F o u n dat i o n 1986-199 2 200 Patterns oftheFace” Gordon, P.J. Giblin andD roundtable p www.stat.ucla.edu/~yuille/ Eye Research InstituteinSanFrancisco. In J.J. Clark, and “ Laboratory atMITbefore joiningthe Laboratory Professor. From Physics atSantaBarbara. From Los Psychology attheUniversity of California, edited “ for Sensory Information ProcessingSystems Information for Sensory Senior ScientistattheSmith-Kettlewell Division of doc inphysics attheUniversity of Texas has co-authored two books− “ he worked atthe ambridge in at Cambridge at for Imageand Vision ScienceatUCLA. He Austin andtheInstitutefor Theoretical Angeles andisamemberoftheCenter hebecameProfessor inStatisticsand Active Vision 5 , rising totherankof rising Applied SciencesatHarvard from Two and Three-Dimensional 199 1980 rtificial Intelligence Artificial withP.W. Hallinan, G ambridge University ofCambridge Dr. Alan PhD intheoretical physics B Dr. Yuille received his in 2, 5-200 ” with articip A inmathematicsatthe 1976 andworked asapost- .B. Mumford, and . Hecompletedhis A. Blake. heworked as Y uille ants 1982-86, Data Fusion Associate (continued) ” with

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grants

P a g e 6 7 | The W. M. Kec k F o u n dat i o n P a g e 6 8 | The W. M. Kec k F o u n dat i o n Ames, IA Woods Hole, MA Cambridge, MA Providence, RI New York, NY To acquire aparallelDNAsequencing To research support onself-replicating/self- To investigate theoretical interrelated To develop high-throughput atomicmapping To designandbuild ahigh-speedx-ray Technology 2006 Marine Biological Laboratory Biological Marine Massachusetts Instituteof Technology Research science Brown University Iowa StateUniversity ofScienceand of materials chemistry.of materials New assembling colloidal particles forapplications assembling colloidalparticles materials. microbes.marine problems atthecore of quantum biomechanics research. in biology and thedevelopment ofnovel theory.information systemformusculoskeletalimaging system toenable aninitial censusof Y ork University

grants and engineering

Washington, DC Boston, MA Riverside, CA Houston, TX Medford, MA To of theconstruction support To research chemistry support in atmospheric To research support for designingnovel To develop acomprehensive ofgalaxy theory To ofatomicphysics principles integrate Tufts University with condensedmatterphysics for University ofCalifornia, Riverside Smithsonian Institution Rice University environmental chamber. delivery oftherapeutics. developing novel materials. Northeastern University Northeastern and purchase special instrumentation foran and purchase specialinstrumentation assembly inahierarchical universe. multifunctional nanoassembled devices for soft-bodied robots. in vivo biomarker analysisand

Washington, DC Grantham, PA Spokane, WA Richmond, IN Los Angeles, CA To projects anintegrated curriculum support To imaging acquire state-of-the-art To purchase fourpower workstations To develop curriculum interdisciplinary To aprogram thatwilldevelop support and furthering experiment.and furthering — reliable workdesigningexperiment, understandingexperiment hasgottengoodenoughthat weTheory cando Gonzaga University Council ofIndependentColleges Undergraduate science Messiah College Loyola University Marymount program.engineering environment. engineering Earlham College and Business. and bioengineering. and molecularanalysisequipmentfor modules and student/faculty researchmodules andstudent/faculty projects focusingonmetalsinthe institutions. atliberalarts learning it totheSchoolofMathematics, Engineering, andtoextend department in theengineering for the transmission and distribution for thetransmissionanddistribution student/faculty researchstudent/faculty inbiology sustainable modelsofeffective language and liberal

and arts

angela

wilson Cold Spring Harbor,Cold Spring NY Berkeley, CA New York, NY Indianapolis, IN Los Angeles, CA To themolecularmechanisms understand To toresearch establish alaboratory To ofavian studythepandemicrisk To themechanismsof understand To mapthearchitecture ofthehumanand City ofHope Cold Spring HarborLaboratory Cold Spring University ofCalifornia, Berkeley medical research Mount SinaiSchoolofMedicine Indianapolis Indiana University-Purdue University of humantransmission. dynamics underlyingmotivated behavior. harming normal cells. normal harming underlying canceranddevelop new therapies and applythesemechanismstopotential molecular machinesthatmediate information flow incellsandviruses.information usingananimalmodel influenza viruses that destroy lymphomacellswithout regenerative therapies. regeneration andrestoration inamphibians rodent brainandgainaninsightintoneural structures and functionsofthefundamental structures

P a g e 6 9 | The W. M. Kec k F o u n dat i o n P a g e 7 0 | The W. M. Kec k F o u n dat i o n Ann Arbor, MI Washington StateUniversity Y Pullman, WA Philadelphia, PA New Haven, CT Louisville, KY To mapbasiccellularnetworks inthebrain To gaininsightintothemechanisms To develop novel methods for To develop systemof anintegrated To studythecellularandmolecular 2006 University ofP University ofLouisville University ofMichigan capable of chemically interfacing with capable ofchemicallyinterfacing distributed microscaledistributed actuators, underlying thephenomenonofsleep. thecelltypesinvolvedunderstanding in and theimmune system. and develop therapeuticinterventions. a developing embryo. mechanisms of facilitating cell regulatory cellregulatory mechanisms offacilitating intracellular sensors andfeedbackcontrolsintracellular sensors function onhematopoeticstemcells. neurodegenerative diseases like Parkinson’s, ale University

grants ennsylvania

( continued

)

Y Baltimore, MD New Haven, CT La Jolla, CA Dallas, TX Evanston, IL To Dr. support LuisN To Dr. support SethBlackshaw’s work to To Dr. support RussellDeBose-Boyd’s work To Dr. support To Dr. support Jonathan S. Bogan’s work Center atDallas University of Texas SouthwesternMedical University ofCalifornia, SanDiego Johns HopkinsUniversity Distinguished embryonic development. how functionallydistinctretinal celltypes Northwestern UniversityNorthwestern microRNAs regulate specifictargetgenes. become different from oneanotherduring like modification. proteins control stabilityandthereby limit identify the molecules that determine identify themoleculesthatdetermine information onagiven system. biological information to understand howto understand extracellularstimuli to studythecentralproblem ofhow togleantheimportant tional toolsnecessary to develop new mathematicalandcomputa to understand howto understand newly discovered Insig regulate protein traffickingand ubiquitin- synthesis ofcholesterol.

ale University Y Amy Pasquinelli’s work oung Scholars . Amaral’s studieswork

- Van Nuys, CA Arts andCulture Arts San Marino, CA Los Angeles, CA To expandprogramming inscienceand To preserve collectionandexpand theart To provide educationalandcreative workwitheachother. — who have tocommunicate learned witheachother The bestway tomakeheadway istohave people The data don’t yet existtodrivethemodels. — Children’s MuseumofLos Angeles Henry E.Henry HuntingtonLibrary Southern California Public Radio California Southern southern california educational programs by renovating and forchildren byexperiences fabricating upgrading theHuntingtonGallery.upgrading broadcast andproduction facility. by purchasing andrenovating anew digital interactive exhibits. technology, andpublic affairs thecultural arts

epartment ofRecreation andParks.Angeles Department San Pedro, CA Santa Monica, CA Los Angeles, CA Los Angeles, CA To expandacademicandenrichment To tolow-income expandfree legalservices To expandandconsolidateprograms for To expandafter-schoolprograms foryouth Ocean P Civic andCommunity Services Harbor Heart ofLos Heart Angeles Lafayette withtheLos Park inpartnership Boys &GirlsClubsoftheLos Angeles constructing anew facility.constructing Public CounselLaw Center twoconstructing new facilities. programs forteensin Wilmington by low-income andhomeless individuals by by renovating thecommunity centerat families in the greater Los inthegreater families renovating facility. anew headquarters

john ark Community Center

wikswo

tandy Y outh Angeles area by

warnow

P a g e 7 1 | The W. M. Kec k F o u n dat i o n P a g e 7 2 | The W. M. Kec k F o u n dat i o n Los Angeles, CA Long Beach, CA Wilshire HealthCenter. To establish acomprehensive healthprogram To expandaccesstoqualityhealthcare 2006 Children’s Clinic Health Care Los Angeles Free Clinic equipping anew facility. families byfamilies renovating the Hollywood- for low-income, uninsured children and for low-income by children andfamilies

grants

( continued ) West Covina, CA Alliance forCollege ReadyPublic Pasadena, CA Los Angeles, CA To middleandhighschool establish acharter To expandaccesstoqualitypreschool To expandearlychildhoodandparenting Options - A ChildCare &Human Mothers’ ClubCommunity Center Schools Services Services Agency Precollegiate Education opportunities forlow-incomeopportunities children by high performance schools.high performance earning Program Early Learning a new facility as part ofanetwork aspart a new ofsmall, facility agency’s headquarters. permanent first programs by the purchasing andconstructing in Pico-Unionby purchasing andrenovating renovating abuilding.

board

directors

P a g e 7 3 | The W. M. Kec k F o u n dat i o n P a g e 7 4 | The W. M. Kec k F o u n dat i o n Assistant Secretary Vice President Vice President Vice President Vice President Vice President Vice Chairman W. M. Keck, Sr. Chairman, 1954 –1964 Chairman, 1964 –1995 Chief Executive Officer Chairman, Presidentand Secretary W. Walter B. Gerken W. M. Keck, Jr. Willametta Keck Day OFFICERS directors w FOUNDING MEMBERS Judith Jonathan D Howard B. Keck, Jr. Howard B. Keck Harold C aurice G Naurice Howard M. Day Marsh Marsh Robert Robert Stacy E. Mercado Dr. BenjaminHager M. . m Keck II A. Lower A. Cooper . A. Day . Morton keck . Cummings . Jaffrey

, foundation officers

* Walter B. Gerken W. M. Keck III W. M. Keck II Theodore J. Keck Theodore J. Day Tammis rin Erin James R. Ukropina James Paul Lower Julian O John E. Kolb John E. Bryson Howard B. Keck, Jr. Howard M. Day Barker,Norman Jr. Joseph Deegan-ay Hon. David Nancy DalyRiordan Michael T. Masin Marsh Marsh Matthew Day, Jr. MEMBERS AND DIRECTORS Peter K. Barker Lucinda D Kerry K.Kerry Mott Kent Kresa Richard N Robert Stephen M. Keck Sean Vaughan Dr. Lew Brian Brian Dr. Thomas E. Everhart Dr. Edward C Dr. StephenJ. Ryan Dr. SimonRamo Dorothy W. Day Member only

and A. Keck A. Finch A. Cooper

A. Day . von Kalinowski A. Day

Allen, Jr.

. Fournier . Foster committees A. Thomas * * . Stone, Jr. * * * , Chairman Chairman AUDIT COMMITTEE W. M. Keck II Walter B. Gerken W. M. Keck II Walter B. Gerken year Theodore J. Day EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE James R. Ukropina James R. Ukropina John E. Bryson John E. Kolb Howard M. Day orman Barker,Norman Jr. Howard B. Keck, Jr. Howard M. Day Howard B. Keck, Jr. Michael T. Masin Michael T. Masin Marsh Marsh Peter K. Barker Peter K. Barker Robert Robert Kent Kresa Richard N Dr. Edward C Dr. StephenJ. Ryan Dr. SimonRamo A. Cooper A. Day 2007 . Foster . Stone, Jr. Chairman Chairman Chairman Medical Research W. M. Keck III W. Theodore J. Day GRANT COMMITTEES COMPENSATION COMMITTEE Julian O James R. Ukropina John E. Kolb John E. Kolb Hon. David James Paul Lower Howard M. Day (Ex-Officio) James R. Ukropina Howard M. Day Michael T. Masin Michael T. Masin Peter K. Barker Peter K. Barker Richard N Robert Robert Robert Kent Kresa LEGAL COMMITTEE Stephen M. Keck Dr. SimonRamo Dr. Edward C Dr. StephenJ. Ryan Dr. StephenJ. Ryan M. Keck II A. Day A. Day . von Kalinowski . Foster A. Thomas . Stone, Jr. Chairman Chairman Southern California and California Southern Science andEngineering Research Committee Research Liberal Committee Arts Walter B. Gerken Theodore J. Keck Tammis James R. Ukropina Hon. David Nancy DalyRiordan Howard M. Day (Ex-Officio) John E. Bryson Julian O orman Barker,Norman Jr. Howard B. Keck, Jr. Joseph Deegan-ay Howard M. Day Marsh Marsh Lucinda D Peter K. Barker Robert Robert Kent Kresa Richard N Robert Dr. Edward C Dr. SimonRamo Dr. Lew A. Cooper A. Day A. Day . von Kalinowski A. Day Allen, Jr. . Fournier . Foster A. Thomas . Stone, Jr.

Vancouver, BC ACCOUNTANTS Program Director Program Director Program Director Program Director Los Angeles, California Los Angeles, California GRANT PROGRAMS INDEPENDENT PUBLIC SENIOR SCIENTIFIC ADVISOR rnst & Ernst Young anna and Morton LLP Hanna andMorton Mercedes Talley Longview Roxanne Ford PUBLIC RELATIONS LEGAL COUNSEL Dr. Dorothy Fleisher Dr. Thomas E. Everhart Dr. Matesh Varma Communications,

Inc.

P a g e 7 5 | The W. M. Kec k F o u n dat i o n P a g e 7 6 | The W. M. Kec k F o u n dat i o n Radio Continuum ( http://canopus.physik.uni-potsdam.de/~axm/astrophot.html; MolecularHydrogen –Columbia/fA, Cerro Tololo (Dameetal. Dan Sandin, Greg D awe, Tom Peterka, TomDeFanti, Jason Leigh, JinghuaGe, Javier Girado, BobKooima, Todd Margolis, LanceLong, Kweku Mark Ellisman, Director, NationalCenterforMicroscopy andImageResearch (NCMIR), UC SanDiego; Smarr, Larry Director, Calit2 enter, UCIrvine; Tom Deerinck, NCMIR, UCSanDiego; Institution ofOceanography; Scripps OptIPuterProject Milky Way wavelengths Galaxyatvarious (assembled by Seth Digel): SoftX-ray –Snowden etal. NEPTUNE Project www.neptune.washington.edu andJohn Delaney, DeborahKelley, MarkStoermer, Ruiz Christine Addae-Mensah, NickKassebaum, LauraPentassuglia, RonReiserer, DouglasSawyer, andJohn Wikswo, Vanderbilt University “Spontaneous emergence of periodical patterns inbiologically-inspired simulation ofphotonicstructures,” patterns “Spontaneous emergenceofperiodical 2.4-.7 Marketta Bobik, MaryannE. Martone,New Rudy( Bernardo York University MedicalCenter) 55 PD Countway andDA Caron, UniversityCalifornia; ofSouthern T MoisanandNCMIR 0 south hope street, suite suite street, hope south 0 Alan Verlo, MaxineBrown, Jurgen Schulze, QianLiu, IanKaufman, BryanGlogowski GHz)–Bonn, Parkes (Duncanetal. Radio Continuum ( Godarenko THE THE W. M. FOUNDATION KECK “Resilient Machinesthrough Self-Modeling,” Pages ACKNO A., Preble S., RobinsonJ., ChenL., Lipson H., LipsonM. ( 8, 11, 1 INTEGRAL/SPI (Knoedisederetal. Bongard J.D 408 Donna Cox, Patterson, Robert NCSA Roger Blandford, Stanford University WLEDGEMENTS Physical ReviewLetters Sam Stupp, University Northwestern COBE/DIRB (Hauseretal. MHz)–Jodrell Bank, Bonn, Parkes (Haslametal. 5 Hod Lipson, University Cornell , 16, 17, 2 Pages www.wmkeck.org tel: tel: Pages ., Zykov V., Lipson, H. ( 1 ourtesy of: Courtesy ourtesy of: Courtesy ourtesy of: Courtesy ourtesy of: Courtesy ourtesy of: Courtesy 6, 27, 28, 3 Pages Science 2 2, 17, 2 25 1 Page 10, 3 199 3 ,lsagls aiona9 071 90 california angeles, los 0, 0 .680. 48, 50 5 1, 22, 23 2004 6, 3 AND IMAGE CREDITS 35 ); Atomic Hydrogen –Dwingeloo, Villa Elisa(Kalberlaetal. Vol. 1, 35 7, 3 3 8 8 96 , 40, 4 , 24 33 , 1 43 199 1, 4 90 2006 Science 5 2006 ) 7, 48, 52, 53 4 ) ) (in press) 2006 1982 1997 ) ) ; Optical–Mellinger, 2001 200

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