Civic Education at ... (Suidatet al.)

CIVIC EDUCATION AT HIGHER EDUCATION: DEVELOPMENT STUDY OF HAND BOOK OF MENUJU KEHIDUPAN YANG DEMOKRATIS DAN BERKEADABAN

Suidat, Didin Saefuddin, Adian Husaini, Endin Mujahidin Doktor Pendidikan Islam Universitas Ibn Khaldun E-Mail: [email protected]

Abstract: Civic education is one of the basic courses that must be taken by every student at the College. The regulation of the course is based on the mandate contained in the law on the National Education System. Through Civic Education courses, the students can be directed national personality, that is how they love their homeland , being a democratic, civilized, tolerant and so on. Muhammadiyah through the Council of Higher Education, Research and Development of Muhammadiyah head quarter published a textbook on Civic Education with the title Civic Education toward a Democratic and Civilized Life. The book became a staple in reference Civic Education Course in Universities of Muhammadiyah (PTM). However when elaborate on the Indonesian ideology or, in the book does not contain the formulation history of state basic ideology which was done by the founding fathers. Also how the role and Islamic thought figures who participated in formulating the state basic ideology be part of the material that was duly presented in the book. It is important that students who study in PTM to know and understand the history and struggle of Islamic figures in formulating the basis of the state and the dynamics that occurred at that time. So that their knowledge is complete and in understanding the as the state basic ideology of Indonesia. Ki Bagus had very important role in the Committee for Indonesian Independence (PPKI) experienced of dead lock about the change of first principle of Pancasila, and there was serious debate and dynamic. Likewise, the role and thought of Kasman Singodimedjo was also important on the basis state in both the trial PPKI, as well as in the Constituent Assembly. Perpsektif Kasman about Pancasila based on Islam became important after the implementation of 1945 Constitution and Presidential Decree July 5th 1959. The role of Abdul Kahar Mudzakkir as a witness to the history of the struggle of Muslims cannot be neglected; especially Mudzakkir included in the Committee of Nine which develops the basic state eventually became the Charter and accepted unanimously by BPUPKI. Furthermore, in the Constituent Assembly Mudzakkir remain committed to make Islam as the basis of the state, where the Constituent Assembly is the foundation of the momentum of the second volume formulation. The core of the Civics book is how the problem of state ideology especially Pancasila can be described in a comprehensive, complete and not partial. Including the relationship between the and the Constitution 1945. Other matters concerning aspects of citizenship is derived and the meaning of ideology or basic state. Therefore, this paper presents the role and thought of Ki Bagus Hadikusumo, Kasman Singodimedjo, and Abdul Kahar Mudzakkir become material development of Civic Education in the book of Civic Education toward a Democratic and Civilized Life.

Key word: Civic education; Muhammadiyah Higher Education; Hand book

Abstrak: Pendidikan Kewarganegaraan merupakan salah satu mata kuliah dasar yang mesti ditempuh oleh setiap mahasiswa dalam studinya di Perguruan Tinggi. Ketentuan adanya mata kuliah ini berdasarkan amanat yang tertuang dalam undang-undang tentang Sistem Pendidikan Nasional. Melalui mata kuliah Pendidikan Kewarganegaraan ini mahasiswa diarahkan dapat berkepribadian nasional, yaitu bagaimana mereka cinta tanah air Indonesia, bersikap demokratis, beradab, toleran dan lain sebagainya. Muhammadiyah melalui 1 PROFETIKA, Jurnal Studi Islam, Vol. 18, No. 1, Juni 2017: 1-17

Majelis Pendidikan Tinggi, Penelitian dan Pengembangan (Diktilitbang) Pimpinan Pusat Muhammadiyah (PP Muhammadiyah) menerbitkan satu buku teks tentang Pendidikan Kewarganegaraan (Civic Education) dengan judul Pendidikan Kewarganegaraan Menuju Kehidupan yang Demokratis dan Berkeadaban. Buku ini menjadi referensi pokok dalam Mata Kuliah Pendidikan Kewarganegaraan di Perguruan Tinggi Muhammadiyah (PTM). Akan tetapi ketika menguraikan tentang ideologi atau dasar negara Indonesia pada bagian yang membahas tentang “Membangun Identitas Nasional”, tidak memuat bagaimana sejarah perumusan dasar negara yang dilakukan para founding fathers. Bagaimana pemikiran tokoh-tokoh Islam seperti Ki Bagus Hadikusumo, Kasman Singodimedjo, dan Abdul Kahar Mudzakkir tidak menjadi bagian dalam materi yang sepatutnya disajikan dalam buku tersebut. Hal ini penting agar mahasiswa mengetahui dan memahami sejarah dan perjuangan tokoh-tokoh Islam dalam merumuskan dasar negara serta dinamika yang terjadi saat itu. Sehingga pengetahuan mereka menjadi utuh dan tidak parsial dalam memahami Pancasila sebagai dasar negara Indonesia. Peran Ki Bagus sangat penting ketika Panitia Persiapan Kemerdekaan Indonesia (PPKI) mengalami deadlock soal perubahan sila pertama dasar negara Indonesia. Demikian juga pemikiran Kasman Singodimedjo tentang dasar negara baik dalam sidang PPKI, maupun dalam sidang Konstituante. Perpsektif Kasman tentang Pancasila yang berbasis pada Islam menjadi penting setelah diberlakukan kembali UUD 1945 dengan lahirnya Dekrit Presiden 5 Juli 1959. Demikian juga pemikiran Abdul Kahar Mudzakkir sebagai saksi sejarah perjuangan umat Islam tidak bisa dilupakan begitu saja, Abdul Kahar Mudzakkir termasuk dalam Panitia Sembilan yang bertugas menyusun dasar negara yang pada akhirnya menjadi Piagam Jakarta. Dalam Sidang Konstituante Mudzakkir tetap komitmen menjadikan Islam sebagai dasar negara, di mana Sidang Konstituante adalah momentum perumusan dasar negara jilid kedua. Inti dari buku PKn adalah bagaimana masalah ideologi negara khususnya Pancasila dapat dijelaskan secara komprehensif, utuh dan tidak parsial. Termasuk hubungan antara Piagam Jakarta dan UUD 1945. Oleh karena itu disertasi ini membahas pemikiran Ki Bagus Hadikusumo, Kasman Singodimedjo, dan Abdul Kahar Mudzakkir menjadi bahan pengembangan materi Pendidikan Kewarganegaraan dalam buku ajar Pendidikan Kewarganegaraan Menuju Kehidupan yang Demokratis dan Berkeadaban.

Kata kunci: Pendidikan Kewarganegaraan; Pendidikan Tinggi Muhammadiyah; Buku Ajar

INTRODUCTION Muhammadiyah as a religious organization in Indonesia, took part in Civic education is one of the subjects building Indonesian society through that must be taken by every student in empowerment in education. Its role in the his/her study at the College. This course field of education is undeniable. Until now is usually given in the first semester. Muhammadiyah education developed quite Condition of the course is based on the rapidly, ranging from elementary to higher mandate contained in law, which states that education. higher education curriculum shall contain: In the context of Higher Education, Religious Education; Civic education; and Muhammadiyah through the Council language1. The obligation of giving the Civic for Higher Education, Research and Education course reaffirmed in Government Development (Diktilitbang) Muham- Regulation No. 19 of 2005 on National madiyah Headquart (PP Muhammadiyah) Education Standards, that the Higher published a textbook of Civic Education with Education Unit Level Curriculum subjects the title of Pendidikan Kewarganegaraan Menuju must include civic education (in addition to Kehidupan yang Demokratis dan Berkeadaban. Religious Education, Bahasa Indonesia, and The book was published in collaboration English)2. between the Council for Higher Education, Research and Development (Diktilitbang) 1 Law number 20 year 2003 about National Education System. section 37 verse 2. 2 Government regulation number 19 year 2005 about National Education Standard, section 9 verse 2. 2 Civic Education at ... (Suidatet al.) of Muhammadiyah, with the Institute for spearhead the process of democratization Education Research and Development in this count r y, being able to integrate (LP3) University Muhammadiyah of the universal values ​​of Islam into various , and The Asia Foundation. Of topics, able to internalize the values ​​of Islam course the purpose of publishing these in student life “. textbooks cannot be separated from efforts to realize the personalities of students who DISCUSSION have values ​​as mentioned in the decision of the General Director of Higher Education of 1. Civic Education at the University of National Education Ministry. Muhammadiyah The aim of Mu h ammadiyah by There are eight chapters presented in publishing th e book of Civic Education the civics books. The focus of this paper is for Universit i es should be appreciated. It the content presented in chapter five, which was as had be e n mentioned “In order to is “Building a National Identity”. The details make Muhammadiyah universities able to are in the table below.

Chapter Sub chapter a. Definition of national identity b. Factors supporting the establishment of national identity c. Pluralistic and national integration d. Ideology e. The types of ideology: Chapter 5 1. Marxism, Communism, and Socialism Build a National Identity. 2. Liberalism and Capitalism 3. Nationalism 4. Feminism 5. Pluralism 6. Postmodernism f. Islam as an ideology g. Pancasila as an ideology

The material discussed on this ideology BPUPKI)3. BPUPKI several times conducted is very important, Especially in explaining meeting. The first council meeting took the nation ideology of Indonesia as a place between May 28 to June 1, 1945 to nation’s identity. This ideology needs to be discuss the basic nation. The second council understood comprehensively by the entire meeting took place between July 10 to nation. Pancasila as the basic state not only 17, 1945 to discuss the form of the nation, be understood in the context of today, but territory, Civic, the draft Constitution, also how to understand the history of the economics and finance, defense, education, birth of Pancasila. And what about the role and teaching.4 of Islamic figures in the formulation and 3 Anwar Hardjono, Perjalanan Politik Bangsa, Jakarta: understanding of Pancasila. Gema Insani Press, 1997, pp. 36-37 4 Saafroedin Bahar, dkk. (Ed.), Risalah Sidang Badan 2. Development of Civic education Penyelidik Usaha-usaha Persiapan Kemerdekaan content Indonesia (BPUPKI) Panitia Persiapan Kemerdekaan Indonesia (PPKI) 28 Mei 1945-22 Agustus 1945 a. History of the formulation of the basic (dalam Anwar Hardjono, Perjalanan Politik Bangsa, state p. 37-38). According to Muhammad yamin in his book To show its sincerity to give Pembahasan Undang-Undang Dasar Republik, as independence to Indonesia, so that on March quoted by Endang Saifuddin Anshari, that BPUPKI 1, 1945 Japan formed Dokuritsu Zjunbi second summit from july 10 to 16, 1945. Endang Saifuddin Anshari, Piagama Jakarta 22 Juni 1945, Tjoosakai (Investigation Agency Efforts page. 14. In Deliar Noer note, from the number and Preparation of Indonesian Independence- composition of the member, almost all BPUPKI member are Indonesian. Ther were eight Japanese in it, one of them was Yoshio Ichibangase, residence of 3 PROFETIKA, Jurnal Studi Islam, Vol. 18, No. 1, Juni 2017: 1-17

There are some national figures that with the compromise, the dispute between convey the basic formulation of the country the two sides disapear. Every compromise In the first council BPUPKI. It was recorded is based on the giving and taking, geven in the BPUPKI agenda that there are three and nemen. is a compromise based on the characters that convey the basic formulation giving and taking. In short this is the best of nation were , Supomo, possible compromise. Thus, the committee and . In addition BPUPKI then will uphold the compromise called by the formed a committee which develops the honorable member Muh. Yamin “Djakarta basis of the country. This committee consists Charter”, which accompanied the words of nine people.5 Herein after known as the of the honorable member Soekiman lord, committee of nine, This committee then gentlemen agreement, that is held firmly established and ratified the nation basic between the Islamic and national parties.7 formula that consists of five points, and is Until Proclamation of Independence known as The Jakarta Charteratau June 22, of Indonesia, the Jakarta Charter is still 1945.6 agreed as the basis of the nation. But the Since June 22 until August 1945, the next day on August 18, 1945, the Jakarta Jakarta Charter was accepted unanimously Charter is amended. It happened when the basis of Indonesia, Even when there is a the Preparatory Committee for Indonesian suggestion that the phrase of “for adherents” Independence (PPKI) or dokuristu zyunbi crossed out, Sukarno asserted that the inkai,8 conduct the council meeting in order Jakarta Charter as a result of a compromise to formulate the country’s constitution. between the Islam and ethnicity. The changes in this case is the changes that We found these sentences were entirely occur in the first part of the Jakarta Charter, based on the deity. This was the result of a which originally read “Ketuhanan dengan compromise between the two parties, so that kewajiban menjalankan syari’at Islam bagi pemeluk-pemeluknya” (Godhead with the Cirebon, as vice leader. However those eight people obligation to run the Shari’ah for adherents) can be neglegtec since they are not participating into “Ketuhanan Yang Maha Esa” (The in lobbying. Deliar Noer, Partai Islam di Pentas Nasional, page. 30. Therefore the members of Almighty God). BPUPKI were 60 people, not including the leader This change is not without cause. and young leader. There were two young leader, According to news received by Hatta from they are Yoshio Ichibangase and R.P. Suroso (also officers Kaigun, that representatives of the as administration leader). Theleader was dr. K.R.T. Radjiman Wediodiningrat. It can be conclude that the eastern part of Indonesia Christians and total number of member were 63people. (Suhatno, Ki Protestants disagree with the seven words. Bagus Hadikusumo, Hasil Karya dan Pengabdiannya, They recognize that this part of the sentence p. 79) is not binding on them, only the people 5 These nine committee were Soekarno, Moh. Hatta, who are Muslims. But the inclusion of such A.A. Maramis, , Abdul Kahar Mudzakkir, , Ahmad Soebardjo, Wachid Hasjim, Moh. Yamin. Pada tanggal 29 Mei 1945, 7 Saafroedin Bahar, dkk. (Ed.), Risalah Sidang Badan Muhammad Yamin deliver his idea that nation basis is Penyelidik Usaha-usaha Persiapan Kemerdekaan : 1). Peri-Kebangsaan, 2). Peri-Kemanusiaan, 3). Peri- Indonesia (BPUPKI), pp. 264-265 Ketuhanan, 4). Peri-Kerakyatan, 5). Kesejahteraan 8 After the draft of lawas approved by BPUPKI on rakyat. Sementara menurut susunan dasar July 16th, 1945, at 9th August 1945 Panitia Persiapan negara adalah: 1). Persatuan, 2). Kekeluargaan, 3). Kemerdekaan Indonesia (PPKI) was formed or Keseimbangan lahir bathin, 4). Musyawarah, 5). Dokuritsu Zyunbi Inkai. PPKI is planned as a board Keadilan rakyat. This formulation was delivered by which approved the UUD. Initially government of Soepomo on 3st of Mei 1945. Mean while Soekarno Japan will approve PPKI on 18th of august 1945, and on 1st June giving the speech to deliver his formulation directly conducting summit. The agenda of the summit which were: 1). Kebangsaan, 2). Internasionalisme was the agenda which was prepared by BPUPKI, atau Peri Kemanusiaan, 3). Mufakat atau demokrasi, and on 1945 Indonesia was independent. 4). Kesejahteraan sosial, 5). Ketuhanan. (In Endang However on 15 of august 1945 japan was surrendered Saifuddin Anshari, Piagam Jakarta 22 Juni 1945, p. to allies, so that they could not their attempt to make 165). Indonesia independent. In that condition, PPKI still 6 Anwar Hardjono, Perjalanan Politik Bangsa,Menoleh conducting its summit forindonesia independence ke BelakangMenatap Masa Depan, Jakarta: Gema preparation.(see in Suhatno, Ki Bagus Hadikusumo, Insani Press, 1997, p. 39 Hasil Karya dan Pengabdiannya, p. 114, 115 4 Civic Education at ... (Suidatet al.) provisions in the ordinance that became the 1945, Ki Bagus Hadikusumo principal basis of the Constitution to mean got the opportunity to to discriminate against their minorities. deliver his perspective in If discrimination was set as well, they front BPUPKI about the would rather stand outside the Republic of nation basis. In his speech Ki Indonesia.9 Bagus did not call a nation According to Hatta’s assessment, basic formula as presented because Japanese officer Kaigun was by Muhammad Yamin and seriously like Indonesia’s independence and Supomo. Ki Bagus only unity while also reminiscent of the motto convey his argument that “united we stand and divided we fall”, can deliver to a decision in akhiranya Hatta felt that the officer’s words setting the basic nation with affect his perspective. Hatta imagine how an Islamic basis. if the fight which was over 25 years, with Some important points great sacrifice like imprisoned and exiled to are conveyed by Ki Bagus in achieve independence, and then break out BPUPKI is: “If the gentlemen and being re- colonized. Because it was so earnestly wants Indonesia serious, in the next morning on 18 August have strong and closely unite 1945, the Preparatory Committee before the people based on brotherhood trial began, Hatta invited Ki Bagus, Wahid and mutual cooperation, our Hasyim, Kasman Singodimedjo, and Teuku country is founded on top Muhammad Hasan to hold a preliminary of clues al- Quran and al- meeting to discuss it. In order not to be Hadith as I explained earlier.10 separated, it was agreed by the five figures “ Ki Bagus emphasize again, that by replacing the sentence according to “build our country with the Hatta piercing the hearts of the Christian, joint of Islamic religion with and replace it with The Almighty God. wisdom and truth ‘.11 With passion and a. Role of Islamic Leaders determination, Ki Bagus 1) Ki Bagus Hadikusumo said that Islam is the religion a) Ki Bagus Hadikusumo of the majority of the Thought about Islam as the Indonesian, even the law of basic ideology of nation Islam is already live and act Ki Bagus was Indonesian in Indonesia before the Dutch Islamic leaders who played a came and occupied it. So a major role could even be said lot of Islamic law which later to be a key figure in finding a became the nation’s customs way out of the impasse and of Indonesia. Therefore, tough debate on changes to according to Ki Bagus to the first principle of Pancasila. adjust Indonesia with the A history of the foundation of soul of its people, then the the nation is very important framers of the basic state must to be lifted and disseminated know really their soul to the to the current generation, to Islamization of the people. be understood and seated Dive on the heartiest soul of proportionally, to maintain the people to be essentially the the continuity of the history of Pancasila itself. 10 Saafroedin Bahar,Nannie Hudawati (peny.), Risalah On the same day with Sidang Badan Penyelidik Usaha-usaha Persiapan Supomo which were May 31, Kemerdekaan Indonesia (BPUPKI), Panitia Persiapan Kemerdekaan Indonesia (PPKI) 28 Mei 1945-22 Agustus 1945, Jakarta: Sekretariat Negara Republik 9 , Sekitar Proklamasi 17 Agustus Indonesia, 1998, Edition IVth, p. 39 1945, Djakarta: Tintamas, 1969, p. 57 11 Ibid, p. 41 5 PROFETIKA, Jurnal Studi Islam, Vol. 18, No. 1, Juni 2017: 1-17

governance of our country, So based on candor, net of that our country can become greed and selfishness a strong and prosperous - Morals problems should country12. And as a Muslim, be the main concern who aspires Indonesia - Islam teaches unity on highways and independence, the basis of a strong the independent Indonesia so brotherhood that it can stand upright and - Religion is the source of steadfast, strong and robust, unity. Do not be afraid I expect this will be the to express religious establishment of Indonesia teachings based on Islam.13 - The economy becomes The perspective of Ki an important part in Bagus to make Islam as the Islamic teachings. state represents Islamic- - Islam establish fair and leaning faction which was justice governance, anti-secular thought. Political based on democracy affairs (nation) were the part and deliberation, and that cannot be separated from freedom of religion religion. Ki Bagus provides - Islam be the best basis an illustrative administration for our country, does not built on the foundation of controversial and even Islam, which is a government very in accordance with led by the Prophet our national Muhammad S.A.W. based on the instructions of the Qur’an b) Ki Bagus Hadikusumo role and Hadith. “Try that all of in PPKI council summit on you (gentelments) investigate August 18th, 1945 the history of Islam during Because it was so serious, the Prophet Muhammad’s the next morning on 18 S.A.W. led his people to the August 1945, the Preparatory instructions of the Koran, Committee before the and at the time of Caliphs summit began, Hatta invited Rasyidin perform Islamic law Ki Bagus, , in society, where gentlemen Kasman Singodimedjo, and will get a good model to build to the country and develop the hold a preliminary meeting community.”14 to discuss it. In an effort to Here are some of the guard against the split, it was main ideas of Ki Bagus agreed by the five figures that delivered in BPUPKI in order by replacing the sentence to explain the importance of according to Hatta that it Islam as a basis: was piercing the hearts of the - The concept of human Christian, and replace it with and society The Almighty God. - The people’s At first the lobbying was representatives in the a failed, because Ki Bagus deliberations must be adamant reject the proposed changes. Hatta and Teuku 12 Ibid, p. 46 13 Ibid, p. 47 Muhammad Hasan out of 14 Suhatno, Ki Bagus Hadikusumo, the room leaving Ki Bagus Hasil Karya dan Pengabdiannya, Jakarta: Dep- alone. Kasman see the dead dikbud, 1982/1983, p. 17 lock, he meet Ki Bagus on 6 Civic Education at ... (Suidatet al.)

their own will and requested ₋ In line with the above that he is willing to negotiate. changes, the article 29 Kasman explained that the to be a “state based on situation was critical, because God Almighty”, instead it is necessary to form the of “State based on God, nation Constitution and the with the obligation to establishment of the Republic carry out the Shari’ah for of Indonesia’s independence. adherents”16 After six months later Consultative Assembly will According to Hatta: convene to form the new “These changes are all Constitution. With Kasman important to unite all approach, finally Ki Bagus nations”. After taking over the expressed his willingness to leadership, Soekarno added negotiate again. Then Hatta, that the Constitution created Teuku Muhammad Hasan this interim Constitution, the asked to come, so there talks Constitution of lightning, once again where Ki Bagus Revolutiegrondwet17. willing to accept not to include “. , , with the obligation to 2) Kasman Singodimedjo conduct the regulation of a) Kasman Singodimedjo role as islam for adherents “. Instead opener of “deadlock” Hatta and Teuku Muhammad Kasman is not included Hasan willing to also meet Ki as a member of BPUPKI, Bagus proposal, namely the but that does not mean Godhead with the additional Kasman has no role at all in with the Almighty, who was relation to the basis of nation Ki Bagus itself states that the formulation. After BPUPKI meaning Almighty God is has completed its tasks, the Tauhid15. next task PPKI in drafting On that occasion Moh. the Constitution. This is Hatta were welcomed to where Kasman entered into make four amendments: 16 Muhammad Yamin, Naskah Persiapan Undang- ₋ The word “ Mukaddimah Undang Dasar 1945, I-III, in Endang Saifuddin “ is replaced with the Anshari, Piagam Jakarta 22 Juni 1945, dan Sejarah word “pembukaan” Konsensus Nasional antara Nasionalis Islami dan ₋ In the Preamble (the Nasionalis “Sekular” tentang Dasar Negara Republik Indonesia, Bandung: Pustaka-Perpustakaan Salman Jakarta Charter), the ITB, 1981, pp. 42-43 clause: “Based on the 17 Endang Saifuddin Anshari, Piagam Jakarta 22 Juni deity, with the obligation 1945, p. 43. Initially soekarno stated in his opening to carry out the Shari’ah speech : “Tuan-tuan sekalian tentu mengetahui dan mengakui, bahwa kita duduk di dalam suatu zaman for adherents” was yang beralih sebagai kilat cepatnya. Maka berhubung changed to “Based on the dengan itu saya minta kepada Tuan-Tuan sekalian, God Almighty”. supaya kita pun bertindak di dalam sidang sekarang ₋ Article 6, paragraph ini dengan kecepatan kilat. Jangan kita tertarik oleh 1, “The President is kehendak yang kecil-kecil, tetapi marilah kita menurut garis-garis besar saja yang mengandung sejarah.. . indigenous Indonesian . Soekarno juga meminta agar mengikuti garis-garis and Muslim”, the words besar dari Undang-Undang Dasar yang telah dibuat “and Muslim” was oleh BPUPKI. Perubahan yang penting-penting saja crossed out. yang dibahas agar pada hari itu selesai menyusun Undang-Undang Dasar dan memilih Presiden dan Wakil Presiden. Saafroedin Bahar, Nannie Hudawati 15 Ibid, p. 117 (peny.), Risalah Sidang . . . , p. 531

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its members as an additional If we quarrel, surely we member as proposed by would be ridiculous. Kyahi, Soekarno. But in the PPKI in the draft Constitution summit Kasman’s role was which we discuss about today not very outstanding. Why contained a clause stating is that? It could be that is so, that six months later we get as said Prawoto that new is the People’s Consultative Kasman dated August 18, Assembly, precisely in order 1945 that morning received to make the Constitution is a call for a meeting. And at perfect. The present draft is the meeting point of the new the draft Constitution of the Kasman see the first draft emergency. There is no time to of the Constitution so that make a perfect or satisfactory no meeting notes known to all parties, especially in the that he did not contribute to emergency conditions! contribute his thoughts. Kyahi, it is not wise, if It has been explained we are now as a majority previously about the effort of of Muslims who have Hatta, Wachid Hasjim, and temporarily relented, namely Teuku Hasan in “persuading” removing the said seven Ki Bagus in order to accept the words for the triumph of our changes seven terms to be on common ideals, namely the God The Almighty, but in the achievement of Indonesia’s end still Ki Bagus still resist independence as a sovereign to the change. This is where nation, just and prosperous, Kasman approached Ki peaceful quiet, blessed by Bagus for the changes to the God18. receipt. With the subtle What is said by Kasman language, Kasman persuade told Ki Bagus greatly influence Ki Bagus: the attitude of Ki Bagus, who Kyahi, yesterday the eventually Ki Bagus accept proclamation of independence changes to the first principle of Indonesia has occurred. be on God, based on the Today should be quickly considerations are logical assigned the Constitution as and realistic in a situation the foundation of our country, that urgently need an wise and still must be determined attitude in maintaining the who is the president and integrity of the state and others to expedite the wheels unity of the nation. This is an of government. If Indonesian, important role of Kasman to especially leaders who bicker, remember in paving the way then what?! Kyahi, now the to Indonesia sovereign state Indonesian nation among with a solid basis and agreed the tongol-tongol and tingil- upon by the founders of the tingil. Which tongol-tongol country (founding fathers). Dai Nippon army is still in the Kasman’s attempt as a way Earth Indonesia with modern out of the impasse is likely weaponry. As for the tingil- to occur at a hearing of next tingil is Allied including the PPKI. , with modern 18 Panitia Peringatan 75 Tahun Kasman, Hidup itu weaponry as well. Berjuang, Kasman Singodimedjo 75 Tahun, Jakarta: Bulan Bintang, 1982, p. 129

8 Civic Education at ... (Suidatet al.) b) The perspective of Kasman complete with weaponry that Singodimedjo on the Jakarta is yet to be submitted as a Charter and Pancasila result had lost the war to the Events change seven victorious allies. “20 words of the Jakarta Charter Kasman’s testimony and felt so fast. Kasman has its explanation is very important. own assessment of the rapid Where he considers that change that. He said from the the Christians of that time standpoint of proponents who reading smart circumstances. want change, it makes sense The Christians interpret the (logical), they took advantage seven words that would of the psychological on the bind them legally also, the situation. And it shows that majority scattered in Eastern the situation had to be faced Indonesia. Though not. with the consequences of Their fears exaggerated. As the freedom that has been explained by Kasman: officially proclaimed, and may not again repeated. Non-Muslim minorities According to Kasman: is smart. Smart to take Consider from the advantage of psychological person who propose, it moment opportunities. is logical that they were In the meantime, talks in taking advantage of the lobbying on the idea of psychological moment when such material iwas little bit the “ready for use” to promote tense and fierce. Tense and its sensitive (gevoelig), fierce as the Jakarta Charter precisely at a moment that the that, on June 22, 1945 independence of Indonesia as toch which thoroughly a fact on the day before (17th and thoughtfully has August 1945) was proclaimed, been defined and decided it means to retreat was no together, even first been longer possible and likely only arranged nicely by a one, which was to move on “Committee of Nine” where and face the consequences of also sit a national leader follow up of the proclamation who is Christian, namely of independence19. Mr , A A. Maramis. , For Kasman, “It is , , What of the formula precisely the consequence seven words that can be that require or requiring considered as detrimental compactness and by one- to non-Muslims is it? This alloys of the entire Indonesian group did not obligated nation without exception, let or required to run the alone to face the allied forces Islamic Shariah; isn’t it! that the completeness of the Even Islamic tolerance weapon has been wafted ensures that non-Muslims already” tingil-tingil “was to worship according to his about to land on the mainland own practice21. Indonesia, while the armies of Dai Nippon according in According Kasman if fact still “tongol-tongol” on Muslims were given waranty the mainland Indonesia, also 20 Ibid, p. 122 19 Ibid, pp. 121-122 21 Ibid. 9 PROFETIKA, Jurnal Studi Islam, Vol. 18, No. 1, Juni 2017: 1-17

in implementing the Shari’a, I was in the lobbying even non-Muslim minorities was anxious to maintain the will be guaranteed their Jakarta Charter as a whole rights and obligations in the unit, without deletion or context of nation and society. removal of the said seven Even light Kasman, “non- words, because the Jakarta Muslims have a big interest, Charter, it is natural and that Muslims will obey and logical all for the nation and practice their religion (Islam) the people of Indonesia as a orderly, because if not so then whole. But I also cannot deny the non-Muslim minorities or eliminate, the existence of that would certainly be an emergency situation and a victim of the majority squeezed it once was23. bandit, bandits and rogues in Clasps that’s what make addition to disorderly Islam.” us the Muslims and PPKI it Tense and fierce, cannot be persisted principal, because inevitably people of and finally we received better principle, especially Ki Bagus promise of Bung Karno, Hadikusumo and I as member namely that 6 (six) months of Indonesian Independence later representatives of the Preparatory Committee, then Indonesian nation gathered remember the word of God at the forum People’s contained in the letter of al- Consultative Assembly Qur’an al-Shaf paragraphs 2 (MPR) for establishes the and 3: O who believe, why Constitution was perfect as do not you say something perfect24. you do? great wrath of Allah The Changes of seven because you say something words of the Jakarta Charter that you did not do22. be on The Almighty God, In principle Kasman according to Kasman is a very intends retaining the Jakarta important change. Because the Charter without any changes The Almighty God, it contains at all, as agreed by the all-Super. “The reforms it Committee of Nine. But is a very important change. Kasman see the situation is so Important, not only because precarious, so that Indonesia the proposer-the propose that has been established it pertained to a Muslim is not an impasse. No great principled and consistent, expectations Kasman at like Ki Bagus Hadikusumo, Soekarno statement saying six Bung Hatta and me, but it’s months later will then be made important when seen from of the Constitution complete the sense of the Almighty by the representatives of itself; not to mention the Indonesia through the MPR. terms of the power, greatness and all-Super Power of the Almighty”25. 22 Ibid, p. 123. Soekarno in that lobbying was intentionally avoid and don’t want to involve in the This is a sacrifice for the debating, probably because he was the Chairman of the Muslim community in order Preparatory Committee for Indonesian Independence to maintain the unity of the and particularly as participants of the Committee Indonesian nation. Islamic of Nine on the making of the Jakarta Charter, felt a bit awkward to deal Ki Bagus Hadikusumo and his 23 Ibid, p. 123 friends, and therefore he only sent the son of Mr. 24 Ibid, p. 124 TM. Hasan to lobbying process. 25 Ibid 10 Civic Education at ... (Suidatet al.)

leaders when it prefers recognizing that God is only Indonesia remain united one purpose of life of the not separated. So accept whole universe, whether the changes seven words. animate or inanimate. Belief Kasman and other figures in God Almighty three cases who truly understand the to one. The other three cases meaning of “the Almighty” it is human, human life and that is Tawhid that there nature. To only one God.27 is no allies for Him. And The reality of the “battle” “Almighty” is theologically as ideology at that time as a well as a victory for Muslims. state that cannot be avoided, According Kasman the change and ended in a decision in was seriously considered as which the identity of Islam gifts and blessings of Allah championed Islamic figures be grateful to everyone, faced situation that “forces” especially Muslims. Why is that identity should be that? Because according to changed with the removal of Kasman the word “Almighty” the seven words of the Jakarta determine the meaning of the Charter , But the fact it should Godhead. Pancasila is now in not be considered as a major geruisloos into philosophy defeat of Islamic figures in of our country, not knowing the face of national figures. deity Random divinity like Rather, it should be read as goods magic, sculptures, idols, a gesture of statesmanship tombs sacred, guru, teacher Islamic figures who loves his occult, manmade considered nation and country, namely potent or powerful, lessons the Republic of Indonesia. psychotherapy or heresy, And sincerity they accept the dogma, magical puzzles, change as the biggest prize of calculations speculative, Muslims. intellectualism, diletantisme The important thing now and so forth; not! Again not is, should be submitted to the godheads, but known by Indonesian Muslims not to the Pancasila is the deity be discouraged and lost in Almighty26. regret. Because if studied in The core belief in almighty depth the rights of Muslims God that covers the whole of in fighting for sharia law in human life, and he became Republic of Indonesia was conviction of Unity Author wide open and guaranteed by on Sivaness. Thus described the Constitution. As pointed , in describing the by Kasman: substance of principle Belief in God Almighty. According They forget that the “run HAMKA Almighty God is Islamic shariah” for the recognition of their power adherents of Islam that is over the entire human power. fully guaranteed by the Belief in God Almighty is the Constitution of 1945 alone principle of the trust over the Article 29, paragraph 1. Unity of God, in Sivaness, in They forget that it is also the his actions and in his powers. Almighty God in Pancasila Belief in God Almighty is 27 HAMKA, Urat Tunggang Pancasila, Jakarta: Media 26 Ibid, pp. 124-125 Dakwah, 1985, p. 10 11 PROFETIKA, Jurnal Studi Islam, Vol. 18, No. 1, Juni 2017: 1-17

and the Constitution itself the basis of the Republic guarantee the establishment of Indonesia does not have of Allah’s law which is Islam a conflict with Islam. It is with its manifestations precisely these five principles (Al-Qur’an). Instead they according to Kasman as forget, that the Almighty part of a lesson in Islam. God is the principle and Muslims realized that Islam the constitutional basis of as a religion that contains the Republic of Indonesia, values ​​and a belief cannot see Act of 1945 Article 29, be compared with Pancasila. paragraph 1 is in black and Because I slam comes from white reads: “The State God, whi l e Pancasila is the based on Almighty God”.28 result o f human thought which se r ve as the basis of Kasman expressly stated the Indonesia. What is wrong that the Jakarta Charter Act is when M uslims assume of 1945 was a long lasting. Pancasila was more powerful, Likewise, their relationship more perfect than Islam. with the Presidential Decree Pancasila it contains the of July 5, 1959 is a unity that five pre c epts all of which cannot be separated. are als o as lesson in Islam, So there is no reason to therefo r e it is not possible be discouraged or to sputter to othe r s but Muslims can/ or envy, in spite of a fact that should be agreed upon by all cannot be found under the law five pr i nciples referred asa actually Jakarta Charter with unity which has now become Presidential Decree dated a philosophy of the Republic July 5, 1959 has come back to of Indonesia. life, including seven words on August 18, 1945 crossed That Muslims besides that out and erased. Because the still h ave assumption that Decree of July 5, 1959, which Islam i s more perfect than is “einlamig” or valid forever Pancasila, it will not, and (meaning it cannot be revoked does not considered wrong again) that the Jakarta Charter by any o ne. The new one, since July 5, 1959 into a last when Muslims consider it forever with the Constitution excess i ve Pancasila than of 1945, yes, even the soul that Islam, because Islam is animates the Constitution of precis e ly decreed by Allah 1945. Jakarta Charter and the as the one and only religion Constitution of 1945 - July 5, which b lessed by Allah 1945 Decree Aldus is a unit (Qur’an Ali Imran: 19).30 or a unity that cannot be split 29 30 Kasm a n Singodimedjo, Renungan dari Tahanan, up. Djakarta: Tintamas, 1967, p. 53. QS. Ali Imran (3): 19, adalah: ِ َّ ِ ِ ِ َِّ ِ Islam and Pancasila c) إن ّالد َين عْنَ د َّالل ْاإلس ُالم َوَما ْاختـَلَ َف الذ َين أُوتُوا الْكتَ َاب As a character who ِ ِ ِ ِ ِ ِ إال م ْن بـَْعد َما َجاءَُهُم الْعْلُم بـَْغيًا بـَيـْنـَُهْم َوَم ْن يَ ْكُفْر بَيت participated in the discussion ِ ِ ِ ِ on the basis of state, Kasman َّالل فَإ َّن َّاللَ َسِر ُيع ْالساب Verily the religion (the blessed) َby Allah is Islam. no argued that Pancasila as disputing those who have been given the Book except 28 Panitia Peringatan 75 Tahun Kasman,Hidup itu aft er knowledge had come to them, through envy Berjuang, Kasman Singodimedjo 75 Tahun, p. 126 (th at is) between them. Anyone who disbelieves the 29 Ibid, pp. 126-127 revelations of Allah, verily Allah is swift in reckoning. 12 Civic Education at ... (Suidatet al.)

According to Kasman according to the purpose: fair, no conflict between Pancasila prosperous, gemah, ripah, loh and Islam, even Pancasila djinawi, governance, tentrem, has been strengthened by karta Rahardja. On the other Islam. This will give benefit hand, the stands of a pillar it to Pancasila. A Muslim will definitely strengthen the who practice the teachings four- -pillars or column which of Islam, he has become a located around it32. Pancasilaist, but according The perspective of to a Pancasila- Kasman not Kasman about precept of The necessarily he was a Muslim. Almighty God is the same That Islam has more with what was presented strength tan Pancasila, then it by Haji Agus Salim. In his is good, no good at all to/for writting Salim insists that Pancasila itself and certainly “About the basic points of the not prohibited by Pancasila, first of these, the Almighty even beneficial for Pancasila, God, who is the subject of because Pancasila will be a special in this text, it be strengthened and enriched with following broader by Islam. Thus it can be said description, if God willing, in that a Muslim is genuine essence is indeed the subject of automatic Pancasilais, while the first of this is” including “ Pancasila is not always and and has contained therein the may not be Muslim!31 following four basic points in our Pancasila. Even there d) The God Almighty source of are more basic other than the precepts four. And it is also still a lot of The precept of Belief in cases in the country’s affairs, God Almighty is the pillar homeland and society and (pillar) for other precepts. This which should constitute the Godhead precept must stand basic anyway “.33 firm and strong. If precept B.5. Believe in God Godhead cannot stand up Almighty is not the Freedom straight then according of Religion Kasman built housing fell by The precept of Belief in as well as possible with the God Almighty should not goal of a just, prosperous, be construed as religious gemah, ripah, loh jinawi. freedom. For the meaning Islam believers considers of the Almighty is One. The the supreme deity, from concept of monotheism is and within the Pancasila itself a conception of the Deity minimumnja as “pillars” possessed only by Islam. This (basic pillars) which at least is different from the concept standing in the middle of of God in other religions. pillars which amount to four Thus Kasman’s others who were. If the pillar perspective, that the Islamic was not up anymore, then it group has been asserted, that will definitely fall down the Almighty God was in no way house which must be built 32 Ibid, pp. 66-67 33 Agus Salim and , Ketuhanan Yang 31 Kasman Singodimedjo, Renungan dari Tahanan, p. Maha Esa dan Lahirnya Pancasila, Jakarta: Bulan 54-55 Bintang, 1977, p. 10

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be taken to mean “freedom of some competent person called and religion”.34 attributed with the character of honor and noble36. 3) Abdul Kahar Mudzakkir Furthermore Mudzakkir Roles and Thought of Abdul review the formulation of the Kahar Mudzakkir in basic nation basis of the nation, as the chain of formulation history that cannot be separated To view the role Mudzakkir and forgotten. particularly in discussing the Honorable Speaker and basic nation, can be traced in the Gentlemen, at events history for recorded agenda of the Constituent each country, which were usually Assembly. Constituent is an a n interrelated series, one with institution in charge of preparing which other, so it is difficult if the country’s constitution, which chose one event only and left the addressed on the basis of nation. others. Just say so, because of the Inside there are factions of Pancasila alone, we cannot leave at political parties that passed the events and the background of the electoral 1955.It can be said at this earlier. Thus also questioned the summit the was happening for independence of the country, we the ideology for the second time. must also look at events that took In that summit Mudzakkir as one place in 1944 and 1945 prior to the of spokesperson representing proclamation.”37 Masjumi Party. At the summt at least three In the Constituent Assembly major ideological currents in 1957, Mudzakkir speech was manifested in the existing factions, more outlining the history of such as the ideology of nationalist- the formulation of the Jakarta secular, nationalist-Islamic, and Charter which he said should nationalist-communist. From the not be forgotten by the people general view presented by each of Indonesia. That is why in the of the fractions, narrowed down book From Muhammadiyah for to the two ideologies should be Indonesia, this Mudzakkir speech the basis of the state of Indonesia, entitled The Testimony of History.35 Pancasila and Islam. But for the My Fraction had opinion Communist Party of Indonesia had because of the public has to proposed that the first principle know that I am among those of Pancasila was changed to who follow the formulation of “freedom of religion”.38 Pancasila and also I included that Therefore in the middle of participate make Jakarta Charter, ideological struggle, for Masjumi it is expected that I would be given consistency and commitment in the opportunity to narrate the fighting for Islam as an ideology is history of Pancasila. Pancasila by very important. Me and my colleague tasks 34 Kasman Singodimedjo, Renungan dari Tahanan, p. 68 from Party Assembly Muslimin 35 This speech of Mudzakkir was delivered in Konstituante Indonesia (Masjumi) is to serve summit in 1957. The Constituent Assembly is a illustrious Plenary Session and trial conducted by the factions of political parties participating in elections and escaped in 1955. One of Gentlemen, our establishment the tasks of the Constituent Agency is preparing the with the mode of a wider and Constitution to replace the Constitution Temporary (Provisional Constitution) 1950. one of the material 36 Risalah Perundingan Tahun 1957, Djilid VII, Sidang covered in this session is about the foundation of the IIIrd, p. 85 state. But along the way, the Constituent Assembly 37 Ibid, p. 86 was finally dissolved by Sukarno through a decree 38 Risalah Sidang Tahun 1957, Djilid Ke-VII, Sidang dated July 5, 1959. IIIrd, p. 138 14 Civic Education at ... (Suidatet al.)

deeper, what which we already the Constitution of 1945. Thus, noted in the Commission I of the Pancasila became valid again as Preparatory Committee for the the state, Constitution, which is our will But it cannot be said that as already known to us all, in the struggle of Islamic figures in order that Republic of Indonesia the strive for Islam became the our country is based on Islam: basis of the state is considered a The state of democracy based on failure. Precisely Islamic leaders Islam.39 have succeeded in laying a solid foundation to make Jakarta as Note that in BPUPKI proposal animating Charter Act of 1945. As Ki Bagus who wish that their stated Kasman: constitutional guarantees for Muslims in running the sharia law , , , the Jakarta Charter since should be the nation’s attention. July 5, 1959 into a lively semati However, such proposals have with the Constitution of 1945, always countered. On that occasion yes even the soul that animates Mudzakkir delivered with full the Constitution of 1945. Jakarta disappointed and suggested that Charter and the Constitution of all the words that relate to God, 1945 - July 5, 1945 Decree Aldus religion, or Islam dropped only is a unit or a unity that cannot be from the Constitution40 split up.41 The dynamics of the Constituent Assembly consumes Previously, Soekarno also enough energy and mind for all confirmed in his decree: “That we parties. Including energy and believe that the Jakarta Charter, thoughts are poured by the Islamic dated June 22, 1945 animates Act leaders at the time. Until 1959 the of 1945 and is a continuum with Constituent Board still performs the constitution;”42 its duties to formulate a new Likewise precept of The constitution, and the ideological Almighty God is meaningful struggle still continues. But in this Tauhid, as described above by Ki year appeared a political decision Bagus. This means that it is the taken by the government, namely victory of the Muslims in fighting the release of Decree of President for the values ​​of Islam in Indonesia. Soekarno on July 5, 1959. One of Furthermore, for the people the contents of the decree is the of Indonesia, Pancasila should be dissolution of the Constituent understood as the state, and not as Assembly and the return to the outlook of the nation. Because for Muslims who h ave become 39 Risalah Sidang Konstituante IIIrd, p. 360 view of life is Islam. According to 40 We are all called representatives of Muslims kindly automatic Kasman a true Muslim ask, so that from the beginning of the statement of is Pancasilaist, while Pancasila Indonesia’s independence until the new provisions in the Constitution that mention God or religion or is not, and is n o t necessarily a 43 whatever, was dropped altogether, do some things Muslim! that”. (Saafroedin Bahar, Nannie Hudawati (peny.), Risalah Sidang Badan Penyelidik Usaha-usaha 41 The committee of 75 years of Kasman, Hidup itu Persiapan Kemerdekaan Indonesia (BPUPKI),p.. Berjuang, Kasman Singodimedjo 75 Tahun, p.Ibid, p. 372). This Muzakir show his proposal that disappointed 127 witnessed the proposals from Islamic circles have been 42 Soekarno, Dibawah Bendera Revolusi, Jilid II, Jakarta: rejected, and no longer able to hold back his anger. Yayasan Bung Karno Joint with PT Media Pressindo, (Anwar Harjono, Perjalanan Politik Bangsa, Menoleh p.394 ke Belakang Menatap Masa Depan, p. 45) 43 Kasman Singodimedjo, Renungan dari Tahanan, p. 55

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In Case Deliberation Inter CONCLUSION Religious of the believers, December 19, 1983, stated that Civic education is taught in schools “Every religion has a religious and colleges into one curriculum is very foundation is universal, valid strategic. Because in this curriculum for all places and times and that contains values ​​that provide insight to the should not be combined with student or students as citizens with the right something else in addition to understanding, es p ecially about ideology understanding the fundamentals or country basis. They must understand are authentic. comprehensively challenged what was the That the religious community, basis of nation, how its history and why the they have a principle according ideological differences between one country to their respective religions,. and another. , , to become proselytes who Likewise Indonesia as a country obediently, as well as a citizen of that has a wide range of diversity, has its the Pancasila.44 own ideologies and different from other Similarly, Pancasila should countries. Basic nation, Pancasila received not be used as an instrument of up to nowadays, not something that oppression for the people to make happens by chance. But experienced a long it as uniform agent of principle of process and full of dynamics. Therefore socio-political organization of the admission to the basic nation at this time, nation. This would never happen should be accompanied with a basic in the . Therefore understanding of the history of the country stated that it itself. The goal is to understand what is would change the meaning and contained in the Pancasila, and to resist the function of the actual Pancasila. various ideological contrasts with Pancasila, Natsir also worrisome if it as the ideology of communism, liberalsime, continues to happen, the country secularism, pluralism, and so forth. gradually lead to a totalitarian The development of these values system.45 into Civic Education in schools and colleges become very urgent. For the role 44 Mohammad Natsir, Tempatkan Kembali Pancasila pada Kedudukannya yang Konstitusional, p. of government and all elements of the 45 Ibid, p. 3, 5 community are expected.

BIBLIOGRAPHY

Anshari, Endang Saifuddin, Piagam Jakarta 22 Juni 1945, dan Sejarah Konsensus Nasional antara Nasionalis Islami dan Nasionalis “Sekular” tentang Dasar Negara Repyblik Indonesia, Bandung: Pustaka-Perpustakaan Salman ITB, 1981 Bahar, Saafroedin, Nannie Hudawati (peny.), Risalah Sidang Badan Penyelidik Usaha-usaha Persiapan Kemerdekaan Indonesia (BPUPKI), Panitia Persiapan Kemerdekaan Indonesia (PPKI) 28 Mei 1945-22 Agustus 1945, Jakarta: Sekretariat Negara Republik Indonesia, 1998, Edition IVth Government Regulation, number 19 Year 2005 about National Education Standard HAMKA, Urat Tunggang Pancasila, Jakarta: Media Dakwah, 1985 Hardjono, Anwar, Perjalanan Politik Bangsa,Menoleh ke BelakangMenatap Masa Depan, Jakarta: Gema Insani Press, 1997 Hatta, Mohammad, Sekitar Proklamasi 17 Agustus 1945, Djakarta: Tintamas, 1969 Law number 20 Year 2003 about National Education System Natsir, Mohammad, Tempatkan Kembali Pancasila pada Kedudukannya yang Konstitusional.

16 Civic Education at ... (Suidatet al.)

Panitia Peringatan 75 Tahun Kasman, Hidup itu Berjuang, Kasman Singodimedjo 75 Tahun,Jakarta: Bulan Bintang, 1982 Risalah Perundingan Years of 1957, Djilid VIIth, Sidang IIIth. Salim, H. Agus, Mohammad Roem, Ketuhanan Yang Maha Esa dan Lahirnya Pancasila, Jakarta: Bulan Bintang, 1977 Singodimedjo, Kasman, Renungan dari Tahanan, Djakarta: Tintamas, 1967 Soekarno, Di Bawah Bendera Revolusi, Jilid II, Jakarta: Yayasan Bung Karno Bekerjasama PT Media Pressindo. Suhatno, Ki Bagus Hadikusumo, Hasil Karya dan Pengabdiannya, Jakarta: Depdikbud, 1982/1983

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