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This Electronic Thesis Or Dissertation Has Been Downloaded from Explore Bristol Research This electronic thesis or dissertation has been downloaded from Explore Bristol Research, http://research-information.bristol.ac.uk Author: O Lynn, Aidan Anthony Title: Ghosts of War and Spirits of Place Spectral Belief in Early Modern England and Protestant Germany General rights Access to the thesis is subject to the Creative Commons Attribution - NonCommercial-No Derivatives 4.0 International Public License. A copy of this may be found at https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/legalcode This license sets out your rights and the restrictions that apply to your access to the thesis so it is important you read this before proceeding. Take down policy Some pages of this thesis may have been removed for copyright restrictions prior to having it been deposited in Explore Bristol Research. However, if you have discovered material within the thesis that you consider to be unlawful e.g. breaches of copyright (either yours or that of a third party) or any other law, including but not limited to those relating to patent, trademark, confidentiality, data protection, obscenity, defamation, libel, then please contact [email protected] and include the following information in your message: •Your contact details •Bibliographic details for the item, including a URL •An outline nature of the complaint Your claim will be investigated and, where appropriate, the item in question will be removed from public view as soon as possible. Ghosts of Place and Spirits of War: Spectral Belief in Early Modern England and Protestant Germany Aidan Anthony O’Lynn A dissertation submitted to the University of Bristol in accordance with the requirements for the award of the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the Faculty of Arts School of History August 2018 Word Count: 79950 i Abstract This thesis focuses on themes of place and war in the development of ghostlore in Early Modern Protestant Germany and England. It reconstructs an enchanted world, one where ghosts and spirits were not tied down to simple Catholic or Protestant tropes but were more multifaceted than previous studies have shown. Stressing continuities between the medieval period and what followed, it shows how ghosts continued to embody anxieties of place, experience and morality. Emphasising the importance of place within legend telling and ghost stories, it recreates a landscape of memory whose bounds, both physical and moral, were patrolled by spirits. Looking at war, we see how the intense experience of conflict and its aftermath were negotiated through spirit tropes, how these lessons were applied to wider society’s morality and how war was a catalyst for ghost belief. It shows how Protestants, like Catholics before them, had attempted to appropriate and impose order upon these spirits, places and experiences. It shows how Protestantism not only competed with Catholic teachings on spirits but also confronted more atavistic models of spirit belief with varying degrees of success. A key current throughout the thesis is whereas theologians argued an overarching theory of the supernatural, popular belief, on the other hand, was held in bundle form. Therefore, it justifies a closer look at how spirits operated in certain environments and experiences. This thesis complements existing English studies on spirits and introduces a German ghostlore largely unknown to the British reader. By a deep reading of contemporary ghost stories, set in the place and describing the experience of haunting, we can see the relevance these tales embodied in the moralities they contained, the bounds they set and the proofs they encapsulated. ii Dedication and Acknowledgements Firstly, I would like to thank the AHRC and the University of Bristol for funding my project and their patience over these past few years. I would like to thank my supervisor, Ronald Hutton, for reading my work and his help throughout. I would also like to thank the Herzog August Bibliothek, Wolfenbüttel, where I spent six months of my life, researching the German angle of this thesis. Their archive is magnificent, and it is a perfect place to get immersed in the history of early modern Germany. The accommodation they offer visiting scholars is also highly recommended, and cheap, and thus perfect for a long stay. The librarians and visiting researchers were extremely helpful and approachable. These include Damaris, Jon, Ad, Luise, Rieke, Apantschi, Katja and Eleonora who made the archive a cheerier place. I am grateful to Scott Dixon for his advice as well as that of Crawford Gribben and Chris Marsh. I would also like to thank Paul Killworth for his anthropological insights. I want to thank Carter, Fahri and Walter for motivating me to return to academia after a very long absence and for Rasheeda, for telling me how to. I am also grateful to Pat, Jan, Owen, Andrew, Pervin, Xayala, Babka, Reymund, Anne and Şöle for the ideas, help and motivation they provided. Finally, I would like to thank my wife, Phuong, for her patience and support throughout. I could not have done this if she had not been at my side all these years. iii Author’s Declaration I declare that the work in this dissertation was carried out in accordance with the requirements of the University's Regulations and Code of Practice for Research Degree Programmes and that it has not been submitted for any other academic award. Except where indicated by specific reference in the text, the work is the candidate's own work. Work done in collaboration with, or with the assistance of, others, is indicated as such. Any views expressed in the dissertation are those of the author. SIGNED: Aidan Anthony O’Lynn DATE: 30 July 2018 iv Contents Introduction ............................................................................................................................................ 1 What are Ghosts? ........................................................................................................................... 3 Why Germany and England? .......................................................................................................... 5 Historiography .................................................................................................................................. 10 Survivals ........................................................................................................................................ 13 Belief and Source Analysis ............................................................................................................... 22 Why Place? ....................................................................................................................................... 34 Why War? ......................................................................................................................................... 39 Terms for Ghosts .............................................................................................................................. 41 Outline of Study ............................................................................................................................... 42 Chapter 1: Landscapes of Fear. Place and Haunting ........................................................................... 45 Identities, Liminalities and patrolling the Boundaries .................................................................... 48 Deviants in the Landscape ........................................................................................................... 53 Purgatories of Place ......................................................................................................................... 58 Walking Spirits and Place ............................................................................................................. 65 Spirits of the Wilds ........................................................................................................................... 67 Discerning the Spirits of Place...................................................................................................... 73 Lights in the Darkness ...................................................................................................................... 76 A Tale of Two Cities .......................................................................................................................... 82 The Ruins of Popery ..................................................................................................................... 85 Masses of the Dead ...................................................................................................................... 93 The Place of the Dead: The Haunted Churchyard ........................................................................... 97 Revenants and Shroudeaters ..................................................................................................... 112 Portents, Ghostly Funeral Processions and Corpse Candles ..................................................... 126 A Haunted Place of Power ......................................................................................................... 132 The Haunted House ........................................................................................................................ 135 Treasure and Misers ................................................................................................................... 140 Conclusion .................................................................................................................................
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