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6896-1 Cornell University Library G89 .C83 1909 cpple Chrstian topography of .Coamas Ind
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THE CHRISTIAN TOPOGRAPHY OF COSMAS INDICOPLEUSTES CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY PRESS HonUon: FETTER LANE, E.C.
C. F. CLAY, Manager tt :
THE CHRISTIAN TOPOGRAPHY OF COSMAS INDICOPLEUSTES
EDITED WITH GEOGRAPHICAL NOTES
BY
E. O. WINSTEDT,
/ LATE SENIOR DEMY OF MAGDALEN COLLEGE, OXFORD
Cambridge
at the University Press 1909 (Eambrtoge: PRINTED BY JOHN CLAY, M.a. AT THF UNIVERSITY PRESS. PREFACE
THIS book is the partial result of a journey to Italy in the spring of 1904, and another to Mt. Sinai and again to Italy in 1905. Of both journeys the costs were defrayed by grants liberally made me by the Craven Committee, to whom
I owe my sincerest thanks. My gratitude is no less due to the President and Fellows of Magdalen College, who by electing me to a Senior Demyship gave me the opportunity of spending on this and other research work time which must otherwise have been devoted^ to the weariness and vexation of earning a liveli- hood.
For the suggestion of this particular author I hardly know whether I am most indebted to Prof. Heiberg of Copenhagen, from whom the suggestion originally came, or to Monsieur
Seymour de Ricci, who passed it on to me, and whose friendship enlivened days spent in collating a text, which even the most ardent admirers of Cosmas—if there are any such—must admit is not exhilarating as a whole.
Since the main interest of the work is geographical, the Syndics of the Cambridge Press desired me to add notes on the geographical portions ; and I undertook and carried out that task to the best of my ability, though I could not help feeling some natural diffidence, since geography is a subject with which I am little familiar, and since in Cosmas' case there are special difficulties. The famous Adulitic Inscription, for instance, demands an intimate knowledge of the geography of Abyssinia and Ethiopia in the third or fourth century of our era : and those who have claimed such knowledge and treated of the subject, differ so greatly in their conclusions, and in some cases spend so much time and energy in throwing stones at one another, that, after wading through a sea of their pamphlets,
I ended much where I began—with no personal views on the vi PREFACE
»
geography of those countries at such an obscure epoch. I have therefore generally contented myself with endeavouring to summarize such views as appear worthy of mention without attempting to decide between them.
For these and any other notes that I have given I am under great indebtedness to McCrindle's annotated translation in the Hakluyt Society's publications and to Mr Beazley's section on
Cosmas in his Dawn of Modern Geography\ the fullest and most illuminating sketch of Cosmas' work which has yet appeared. Those who have seen or heard of the MSS. may perhaps
wonder why the magnificent illuminations with which all of
them are furnished, are not reproduced. The chief reason is that of the illuminations of the oldest MS., which are far the best, Monsignor Stornaiolo was already preparing a facsimile
edition, which has now appeared : and, though it might have been interesting to some few readers if the illuminations of the Laurentian or Sinaitic MSS. had been given in full for comparison with the Vatican volume, it would have increased the cost of publication materially, and besides, to be properly treated, would
have required a greater knowledge of Byzantine art than I can claim. With the concurrence of the Press, I therefore thought it better to limit the illustrations to such few plans and pictures as seemed necessary for the comprehension of the text; and even those had to be further reduced to such as were likely to look more than a smudge when reproduced. Hence a few of the interesting pictures of animals described in the eleventh book had to be omitted. For the selected plates which appear in the volume I am indebted partly to the kindness of Prof. Biagi of the Laurentian library, and partly to the courtesy of Mr Beazley and the Clarendon Press, who have allowed me to reproduce the plates given in the Dawn of Modern Geography. My thanks are also due to Dr M. R. James for sending me what looks like a reference to Cosmas in two Cambridge MSS., and to Mgr. Stornaiolo for examining one or two doubtful points in the Vatican MS. for me. E. O. W.
November 1909. CONTENTS
PAGE
Preface . v
Addenda and Corrigenda ix
Introduction i
List . of MSS. and Textual Criticism . .15
List of Signs 34 List of Contents of the Books as given in the
MSS 3 5
Text . 37
Notes 333
of . Index Biblical Quotations . . 359
Index of Personal Names 363
Index of Geographical Names 367
General Index 370
Plates I—XIV . . . .at end of book
;
ADDENDA AND CORRIGENDA
References to and quotations from Cosmas are so rare even in Greek
MSS. that one is disposed to regard him as a voice crying in the wilderness and certainly one would not look to find any traces of him in the western world. But Dr M. R. James has very kindly pointed out to me a passage occurring in two MSS. of Corpus Christi College, Cambridge, both of English origin, which may almost certainly be reckoned as a reference to the Christian Topography. The two MSS. are nos. 183 and 320, and are probably of the tenth and eleventh centuries respectively, though Stubbs dated the latter of them as early as the eighth century. And the passage in question, which is on fols. 68v to 691' of MS. 183, reads as follows:— Christianus historicus dicit longitudinem mundi esse XII milium, latitudo VI miliorum. Longitudo templi IX cubitos in longitudine et XXX cubitos in latitudine et XXX cubitos in altitudine. Tabernaculum habens longitudinis cubitorum XXX, latitudinis X, altitudinis aeque X. . . . De area noe CCC cubit in longit, in lat L cubitorum, in altit XXX cubitorum. As Dr James remarks, the dimensions of the world here given correspond exactly with those of Cosmas, and the name Christi- anus Historicus is not inappropriate. He has also pointed out to me a passage in a letter of Koaena, archbishop of York (767 to 781 A.D.), to Lullus of Mainz which he thinks may perhaps throw light on the composition of the MSS. The passage may be found in Jaffa's Monumenta Moguntina, p. 291, and runs : — Illud vero, quod de libris inquisisti, marinis aestibus terram advectantibus, omnino incognitum—nisi quia falsum— est. Ceterum libros cosmografiorum, necdum nobis ad manum venerunt ; nee alia apud nos exemplaria nisi picturis et litteris permolesta. lam sepius mihimet perscribere destinavi, sed non illorum potui scriptores adquirere ; forte, tuis adiutus subplicationibus. The difficulty of finding copyists may perhaps point to Greek as the language of the cosmographers referred to : but in any case the presence of a copy of Cosmas, or of extracts from his work, in the west seems sufficiently attested by the passage just quoted.
I append a regrettably long list of corrigenda, including some corrections of misprints and some alterations of the text, the latter mainly derived from a recollation of the portions of which photographs appear in Mgr. C. Stornaiolo's recently published work Le Miniature della Topografia Cristiana di Cosma Indicopleuste (Milano, 1908). ADDENDA AND CORRIGENDA
' P- 8, 1. 26 read been, still.' 'Erythraei.' P- 11, 11. 5 and 31 read
l ' ov V. P- 40, 1. 34 after om. S add tov Notoj^ with V. P- 62, 1. 3 read 1 tovtco altering the footnote to tovto V . P- 62, 1. 6 read cos nal with V. P- 62, 1. 31 read tov avdpa with V. P- 74, 1. 15 read
1. delete the comma. P- 82, 2
1. read devrepos icrrlv, Tovreariv with V. P- 28 20
1. has dirjicvovpevoi rightly. P- 43 32 V
1. omits dprjv. P- 44 24 V
1. 28 read rvrrov with VS. P- 49
1. read Aecnrorov f]pcov XpicrroO with V. P- 62 13
1. reads yevopivr)?. P- 64 24 V the heading should end at Koo~fi.o 1. delete 6. P- 7i 30 2 1. for read (man. rec). P- 7i 36 V V 1. 18 omits tov alcovos. P- 85 V 1. appo^ov for appo^ov. P- 86 14 read 1. avQpcotzivov with V. P- 87 3 read 1. ovtos Mi^aias with V. P- 87 20 read 1. iv tco ovpavco with P- 88 17 read V. ovtcos. P- 89 1. 17 V omits 1. 20 omit fj with P- 89 V. 1. dvo-ias P- 9i 12 read with V. 1. omits 6 Seos. P> 9i 25 V irpbs tov erepov P- 95 I. 19 read deleting the footnote. P- 208 II. 19, 20 read eVi tov 8e6v \0nr6v deleting the footnote. 1. dva.7r\r)pcoo~iv. P- 209 26 read P- 210 I. 18 omit tcov dBavaTcov with V. P- 224 1. 37 read Gen. i. 26 and add the same reference to 223, 1. 25. P- 227 1. 30 for to-Tcov read Icttcov. P- 271 1. 22 Koi KeKoXkrjTai is omitted by V. INTRODUCTION 'What scholar has not laughed at the idea of Kosmas, the Alexandrian, that the sun retired behind a mountain to spend the night? And that the earth, the ocean and the fabulous mountain were all included and enclosed in a luminous oblong box of the exact shape of the tabernacle of Moses?" (M. Crawford, With the Immortals^ p. 208.) If some curious investigator had succeeded in obtaining from that " King of Arragon, a great mathematician, but not much troubled with Religion," who "said That had God consulted him when he made the World, he would have told him how to have framed it better 1 ,'' a complete scheme of the universe as he wished to fashion it, it would certainly have afforded considerable amusement to the reader ; hardly more, however, than the ideas of Cosmas Indicopleustes, a man much "troubled with religion," who set about to mould "this sorry scheme of things" not by any means according to his heart's desire—for in spite of the grotesqueness of his conception of the world, he seems to have been fully convinced that all had already been made for the best in this best of all possible worlds—but accord- ing to the statements made and the hints conveyed by the ''great cosmographer Moses." His scheme still exists in all its details in the work he called the Christian Topography ; but of the author himself little is known. Indeed his very name is by no means certain. Photius 2 , 1 Glanvill's trans, of Le Bovier de Fontenelle's Plurality of Worlds (1702), p. 16. 2 As the earliest reference to Cosmas, the passage from Photius {Cod. 36) is worth quoting in extenso. It runs: 'Aveyvibffdrj pifiXLov, o5 r\ iiriypatpi] Xpiariapdv j8//3\os, epfirjucla els ttjv 6kt&t€vxov. WaixtplXip bi tivi irpoo~ tov tQv 'Ywfiaiow jSacriXe'ws iifiipais ivatcft&jfutv. ' Awipx^Tat fiev oOv vw^p rivtav £KKkT}0'ia TiK&v boyixaToiv, Tpa W. I 2 INTRODUCTION the earliest authority who quotes him, mentions and summarizes and his work under the very indefinite title Xpcanavov ^?t/3Xo?; 1 the Laurentian two of the three MSS. give no name . It is only scholars from MS. which contains the name Cosmas : and many or Voss to Beazley have held that this is a mere nickname invention of the scribe due to the fact that the work dealt with nickname the /coo-fios, quoting in support of their theory the Climacus given to one John who wrote a work called Climax. But the argument does not seem very conclusive, as one would have expected him in that case to be called Cosmicus rather than Cosmas. Besides the Laurentian MS. is supported by the MSS. of the Gospels which quote paragraphs from the fifth book of the Topography as catenae : and the name Cosmas was a very common name in Egypt, the writer's native land. Consequently there seems little reason for refusing to accept it provisionally at any rate, for the sake of calling him something, if not with 2 absolute certainty' . 'Tirep u)V 8e Sbyfiara iviffrarai, £ Kal rrjs 'Ei^Sou, SiaTpLfHei 8e 7-77 51777770-61 Kal 777 Seupla, d»s tirlirav 777s aKT\VT)s, itriTptx* 1 8e Kal robs irpotp-qras, KaKeWev robs d-rroo-rbXovs. A^ei de 8n to fiiyedos e%et. b 77X105 860 K\ip.&Th}v, Kal 0Y1 ol tiyyeXoi ovk elalv ev np ovpavcp, dXXa fxbvov virep to arepiufia 1 Kal lied" ti/jl&v. Kal on 6 Xpiarbs dveXduv dirb tt)s 77}?, els to fxera^b tou ovpavov Kal tov 0-repeup.aros elaijXde, Kal 8n rovrb 4cm Kal fiovov 77 ftaatXeia tuv ovpavuv. A^yei 8e Kal dXXa nva dXXoKora. Upo XvtoI elaiv ol ovpavoi. Tbv oyboov fie, 8s ianv els ttjv ipSrjv 'E^kLov Kal eis rbv dvairo- 8to~fj.bv tov 77X10U, Uerpu rrpoacpuvei, iv $, on Kal vnefj.vrjfxdnoe rd "Afffxara tuv a'cfidruv X^et. Oi Se Xoitrol riaaapes ov wpbs ri -rrpbauirov avrip o-vverdy-qaav. The Kbfffirjs referred to by the Scholiast on Apol. Rhod. iv. 262 as the author of a book called AtyviTTiaKd can hardly be our Cosmas, since he speaks of the Egyptians as the oldest of peoples, which Cosmas would hardly have allowed. 1 The Vat. MS. has at the end of bk. VII. XpiaHvov irepl Stajxovrjs ovpavQv but that is a mistake for merely Xpio-riavov. The MS. at Smyrna entitles the fragments it contains Ma^i/xov ypd/xfxa Ko INTRODUCTION 3 For such details of his life as are known we are entirely dependent on hints gleaned from his book : and from that we learn that he was a native of Egypt, probably of Alexandria, and in early life a merchant. In that capacity he travelled far and wide, visiting Ceylon 1 , the Sinaitic Peninsula and Ethiopia. He was at Adulis* in Justin's reign at the time when the Axumite king Ellatzbaas, was preparing to invade the country . of the Homeritae (circ. 525 A.D.). Later in life he settled in Alexandria, developed indigestion, ophthalmia and various other ills, and probably 3 became a monk . The last statement again rests solely on the authority of the Laurentian MS., which calls him Koo-/j,a<; it tiovaxos ; but seems intrinsically probable, and a parallel instance of a merchant turning monk can be adduced from the second book, where Cosmas mentions a friend, Menas by name, who may perhaps have set him the precedent by turning monk at Rhaithou. One thing at least is only too evident, that whether monk or not Cosmas was a Christian and a most uncompromising Christian. It is the fact of all others on which he prided himself, and the one point which his readers are most likely to regret. Indeed the most pious of readers could hardly fail to reflect how much more interesting and useful his book would have been, had his zeal been less. Yet for all his piety there is grave doubt whether his Christianity was orthodox. vir6/j.vrjfia irora/jLoi/s } roiis iv Xt/3i^j7, 6veipoicpi.Ti.Ka. —and used by Moses of Khorene as one of his geographical authorities. But the list does not agree with that which Cosmas gives and there seems no reason for the identification. 1 Vincent {Navigation of the Ancients, 1. p. in and 11. 480) expresses a doubt whether Cosmas had ever sailed beyond Bab-el-Mandeb, though he admits that he mentions Socotra as though he had seen it. Others too (e.g. Tennent and Lassen) have doubted whether he ever reached India or Ceylon, and thought he got all his information about the latter from Sopatrus who is mentioned in the xith book : but their arguments are not very conclusive and good authorities (e.g. Yule) disagree. 2 Probably he like Scholasticus took ship at Adulis. 3 According to D. T. Schermann (" Propheten und Apostellegenden," Harnack's Texte und Utitersuchu.ngen, Bd. 31, Heft 3, 1907, p. 144) Codex Athous Iviron 60 ascribes the tract on the Apostles generally attributed to Dorotheus to Cosmas Indi- copleustes and in the introductory life gives Cosmas' name in place of that of Dorotheus. That makes him bishop of Tyre in the days of Diocletian and martyr under Julian at 'Odvo-ffoiJiroXis, which is absurd, as it is quite inconsistent with the details given by Cosmas himself. I — — 4 INTRODUCTION De La Croze 1 denounced him as a Nestorian on the internal evidence furnished by the Topography. In it Cosmas confesses Theodore of Mopsuestia and himself a pupil of Patricius ; Diodorus of Tarsus, and a friend of Thomas of Edessa, who were all Nestorians, and many of his ideas were borrowed from them* Again in his denunciation of pestilent heretics he omits 3 the Nestorians; and, when speaking of Christ and the Incar- nation of the Word, he uses Nestorian modes of expression. McCrindle adds another argument, that he speaks in glowing terms of the growth of the church in the east, which was due to Nestorian missionary zeal. But he raises a doubt as to Cosmas' Nestorianism on the strength of one and only one passage " that in which Cosmas addresses Mary as the Mother of God (313 C), an expression abhorrent to the Nestorians." If that is the only plea of defence, Cosmas, I fear, must stand convicted, 4 as the best MS. omits those words . Monk, heretic, or both, at any rate he took to writing books, of which the Topography alone survives. The rest are known only by name and such description as Cosmas himself gives when mentioning them. Two of them, the Delineation or Image of the Universe and of the Stellar Motion, made in imitation of the artificial sphere of the Pagans, and a treatise thereon addressed to the most pious Deacon Homologus, and the Commentary on the Song 5 of Songs , may be passed over without further mention and with- out regret: but the third, a work on geography addressed to one Constantinus, is a real and irreparable loss to students of ancient geography and indeed to the world in general. In it he described "all the earth, beyond the Ocean and this side of it, and all lands; and the southern parts from Alexandria to the south sea, namely the Nile and its neighbourhood, and the nations of all Egypt, and of Ethiopia; besides, the Arabian Gulf and its neighbour- 1 Hist, du Christ, des Indes, I. pp. 40—56. 2 e.g. in book v. pp. 252—6 he insists that only four Psalms apply to Christ. 3 e.g. he invariably attaches deairdr^s to Xptaros and tojpios to 'Itjaovs. 4 Kennedy J. ("The Child Krishna, Christianity," etc, Journal of the Royal Asiatic Soc, Oct. 1907, p. 959) refers to Cosmas as "the great Nestorian traveller and monk." 5 Some have attributed to him also an "Explanation of the Psalms," but as I shall presently show, there seems no reason for attributing such a work to him. INTRODUCTION 5 hood, and the nations again as far as the Ocean there ; and also the land between the river and the gulf, and the cities and the places and the nations in it." The book is much to be regretted, as Cosmas had travelled over a great part of the ground : and here, where he was not bound to a theological theory, his enquiring mind and his faculties as a raconteur could hardly fail to have produced a book of travels that would bear com- parison even with Herodotus. It is possible that the so-called eleventh book of the Topography, the book on Ceylon, is really an extract from this work. There is little doubt that it is not part of the Topography, as the best MS. omits it, and the Sinaitic MS. states clearly that it is erepos \6yos egcoOev t?)? /3l/3\ov. Whether it belongs to his geographical work or is a separate pamphlet, it at any rate gives some idea of what that work must 1 have been . 2 Of what his existing work is, it would require a universal 1 The Topography as we now have it is not in the state in which it was originally edited. It at first consisted only of five books addressed to a certain Pamphilus. Then books vi. to x. were produced separately to explain difficulties felt by readers and answer attacks. There are signs, as I shall endeavour to show later, that it was not Cosmas himself who collected them and published them as a whole: and possibly part of book X. which is not found in V was added by the editor. Books XI. and XII. have little or no connection with the rest of the work, and would seem to have been added from among Cosmas' loose papers, or possibly taken from his other works. 2 The date of the book is tolerably certain, though the exact year of its publication cannot be fixed. In the second book Cosmas says it is 25 years more or less since he was at Axum, and he was there when Elesbaas was preparing for his expedition against the Homeritae. That expedition probably took place in 525 a.d. (cp. Noldeke, Tabari, p. 188), though some (e.g. McCrindle and Beazley) date it 522 and others (e.g. Muir, Life of Mahomet) 523. Again at the beginning of the sixth book Cosmas refers to two eclipses in the present indiction, giving the dates as Mechir 12 and Mesori 24: these Krall identifies with the eclipses of 6 Feb. 547 and 17 Aug. 547 {Sitzungsb. der k. Akad. zu Wien, cxxi.). The book would therefore be written about the middle of the sixth century. Montfaucon argues that as he refers in book X., which is one of the additional books, to Timothy the younger as vvv TereXevTriicus, which he takes to mean "lately dead," and to Theodosius of Alexandria as an exile at Constantinople, when the first died in 535 a.d., and the latter was exiled in 536, Cosmas must have completed the original Topography before that date and already have begun to make additions. He therefore assumes that the date in the second book was altered when a collected edition was published (cp. also Beazley 1. p. 279). But it is unlikely that the reference to the eclipses should also have been added. Besides Theodosius lived an exile till 567 or 568, and an indefinite phrase like vvv TereXevTTjKibs cannot be too closely 6 INTRODUCTION an specialist to give a clear idea or definition. The book is from indescribable medley, how indescribable may be inferred Topo- the fact that while Cosmas himself called it a Christian convey any graphy—-an excellent title as it cannot possibly particular meaning to anybody— Photius, for lack of a sufficiently it a comprehensive term, drew a bow at a venture and defined as Commentary on the Octateuch. One can hardly deny that the work might as well be called that as anything else, since Cosmas quotes and comments on a considerable portion of the Octateuch. That however was not the main object of his work. His inten- tion was to refute the theory that the earth was round, and to prove that Moses' tabernacle in the wilderness was a model of 1 is flat surface, its length the universe . The earth he reiterates a 2 twice its breadth like the table of Shewbread, and above it, over the visible firmament, is a second story consisting of the 3 supported by walls at the end of the earth and two heavens , "glued" to it That was what the division of the Tabernacle 4 into two parts by the veil signified . This quaint idea had not even the merit of being original : several grave fathers of the church had interpreted Paul's mystical words that the Tabernacle and its contents were vTroSeuyfiara and avTiTvira rwv dX^Qivwv (Hebrews ix. 23, 24) to mean that it was a model of the earth, and consequently had imagined that they were living in just such an excentrically shaped world as Cosmas described. It was probably Theodore of Mopsuestia b that he mainly followed pressed. Nor need the title "bishop of Alexandria" mean that he was still legally bishop—a successor was appointed in 538—as it would be the readiest way of dis- tinguishing him from other Theodosii even after that date. 1 It is noticeable that both the shape of the world and the comparison to a place of worship were old Egyptian traditions. "The (Egyptian) temple was built in likeness of the world as known to the Egyptians. The earth as they believed was a flat and. hollow plane, longer than its width. The sky according to some extended overhead like an immense iron ceiling, and according to others, like a huge shallow vault" (Maspero, Manual of Egypt. Arch., tr. Edwards, 2 ed. p. 90). It is improbable how- ever that Cosmas, though a resident in Egypt, was influenced by profane art. 2 Cp. Theodore of Mopsuestia. 3 For two heavens cp. the Coptic treatise on the Mysteries of the Greek Letters (ed. Hebbelynck, p. 51). * He compares it too to Noah's ark. 5 Cp. John Philoponus, On Creation, ill. 9. — INTRODUCTION 7 in his description as in his interpretations of Scripture : but 1 2 others, Diodorus of Tarsus , for instance, Severianus of Gabala and Eusebius, regarded earth and heaven as a kind of two- 3 storied house - Cosmas however was apparently the first, and one hopes the only person to collect and develop into a system the strange cosmographical ideas which are hinted at in early theologians. He in all seriousness tries to produce an entire cosmic system based on the words of the " great cosmographer Moses," and not content with defining the shape, size and position of the earth, the heavens above the earth and the waters below 4 the earth—and above it too, for that matter—all come in for a share of his attention. The size of the sun, its nightly disappear- ance and revolution round a huge mountain 5 which rises some- where up in the north — out of the middle of nowhere presumably, as Cosmas does not define its precise position —the eclipses of sun and moon, the stars and their courses are all duly registered and explained in accordance with a flat world and Holy Writ. Even the location of the terrestial paradise presented no difficulty 1 Cp. the summary of his book jcarct dfAapixivrjs in Photius Codex 223. 2 Orations on Creation, especially no. 3. 3 On the cosmographical opinions of the Fathers cp. Beazley, Dawn of Modern Geography, I. part v. Beazley refers to Letronne, " Opinions Cosmographiques des Peres" {Rev. des deux Mondes, March 15, 1834, P* 6° r ); Marinelli (tr. Neumann), Erdkunde bei den Kirchen-Vatem, Santaren, Essai sur Cosmographie, vol. I. pp. 314, 315; Penkl, Geschickte der Erdkunde, pp. 85—90; Charton, Voyageurs Anciens et Mod.', and F. Denis, Le Alonde Enchanle. He also gives the following references to the Fathers: Lactantius, Inst. Div. III. 24; Augustine, De civ. Dei, XVI. 9; Chrysostom, Homily XIV. on Hebrews', for the comparison of the world to a tent or tabernacle and other points, Diodorus (ed. Migne), 1562—-1580; Severianus, Orations on Creation (e.g. 1. 4, 5, 11. 3, 4 on the firmament; in. 1, 4, 5 against a round world); Procopius of Gaza, On Genesis ; Athanasius, Cotitra Gentes ; Caesarius, Dial. 1. ; for almost all Cosmas' theories (e.g. the length of the earth, the mountain behind which the sun sets, the duties of the angels), Theodore of Mopsuestia in John Philoponus, I. 16, 17, ill. 9, 10 ; Basil, Hexaem. ill. 9 ; Cyril, Hieros. Catech. IX. 76 ; Eusebius, Commentary on Isaiah {Col. Nov. Patr. II. 511 b) ; Avitus, On the Creation, which is almost the same as Cosmas on Paradise. 4 Cp. Ambrose on Gen. ii. 5. 5 This also is parallel to the ancient Egyptian belief, and is found in Theodore of Mopsuestia. 6 For this mountain (89 c d) cp. the Ravenna Geographer, and Aethimus ch. 21, where it is placed in the west. According to Beazley it is an Indian conception con- tinued by the Arabic geographers. 8 INTRODUCTION to him. It lay to the east beyond the ocean which encircles 1 this world . Sir H. Yule not inaptly compared Cosmas' two-storied world with its rounded top to " one of those huge receptacles in which female travellers of our day carry their dresses." And one can hardly help thinking how curiously similar it is to Rossetti's picture of the Blessed Damozel. Only Rossetti made a grave mistake about his angels, and placed them, if we may believe our author, in the wrong story. Cosmas indeed seems to have had a wonderfully poor opinion of the angels, and gives as the reason for the six days of creation that the deity, who could just as easily have accomplished it in one, took six days about it for the angels' sake, as their weak intelligence would not otherwise have grasped the mechanism of the thing. Moreover, he argues at great length, they are confined to this lower terrestial story, and are for ever running up and down a Jacob's ladder with a door at the top, through which they are not allowed to pass till we lords and ladies of creation have wiped out mother Eve's little peccadilloes and supplied them with the key. Their one 2 recreation or employment is the management of a star apiece : and yet they are quite contented with their position in "the keen air that blows between the worlds " —perhaps, one cannot help thinking, by reason of their aforesaid weakness of intellect. Though we who have inherited the wisdom of the ages have but little right to laugh at scientific pioneers, however wrong their conclusions may have been ; still theories such as these can hardly, as Mr Beazley has justly observed, appeal to us except as a monument of unconscious humour. Unconscious the humour certainly was : to Cosmas these ideas were the serious scientific side of his book, and the very touchstone of faith. He is never tired of inveighing against those obstinate wrong-headed pagans who believe in a round world and the 1 This was the prevalent opinion among theologians, though Photius in his epitome of Philostorgius (ill. p. 10), who made the same assertion, admits that it is pure con- jecture. Philostorgius also and Severian {Or. v. 6) agree with Cosmas in making the four rivers of Paradise run under the earth and reappear in the Nile, Euphrates, Tigris and Pison. 2 This duly is also assigned to them by Theodore of Mopsuestia. INTRODUCTION 9 existence of Antipodes \ whose inhabitants must " incessantly stand on their head" and submit to the curiously uncanny sensation of rain raining upwards. Line upon line and verse upon verse of Holy Writ is hurled at his opponents with weari- 2 some iteration : and, as if that were not sufficient, he adduces a whole book of quotations from the Fathers in support of his system, a fortunate accident which has preserved almost all that survives of the Greek text of Athanasius' Festal Letters. Yet when he can momentarily get free from the obsession of " his King Charles' head —the " great cosmographer Moses —his work is full of the most miscellaneous interest ; and fortunately he was of a discursive mind and frequently gave way to digres- sions, reminiscences, and anecdotes. Theologians have unearthed other fragments of lost texts of the Fathers besides those of Athanasius' Festal Letters, information about the date of the Nativity, the rites of baptism, the canon- icity of the Catholic Epistles according to the various Churches and authorities, and the spot where the passage of the Red Sea took place. Interesting details too are given as to the spread of Christianity in Cosmas' day. The ordinary layman at any rate is somewhat surprised to find that in the sixth century churches and missionaries were at work from France and Spain in the west to India and Ceylon in the east, as well as across the whole of North Africa and Arabia, and still more surprised to find Persia as the missionizing centre for the east. Nor has a fresh examina- tion of the MSS. been utterly unrewarded, as it has added two other passages of some little interest to theologians,—another small quotation from the Athanasian Letters and a scholion 3 referring to the spuriousness of the Gospel of Infancy (p. 144) . 1 Most of the Fathers objected to the Antipodes on one score or another, cp. Augustine, Lactantius, Inst. Div. in. 24; Chrysostom, Homily XIV. on Hebrews ; De civ. Dei, XVI. 9. Many Pagans agreed with them, e.g. Pliny, N.H. II. 65. 2 The value and applicability of such quotations is well illustrated by the fact that Maundeville ch. xvn. uses precisely the same text (suspendi terram ex nichilo) to prove the existence of the Antipodes as Cosmas several times (e.g. pp. 79, 183) uses to disprove it. 3 It is perhaps worth noting that Cosmas, though he seems to use the Sept. version of the O.T., once refers to Theodotion's version (93 b). It is therefore possible that he may preserve some variants taken from the unusual versions. io INTRODUCTION the Among travellers and geographers the man who knew " " in source of the Blue Nile centuries before it was discovered quite modern times, who first noticed the Aramaic inscriptions on the rocks in the Wady Mokatteb, and who recorded incidents of voyages in eastern seas and travels across eastern lands as early as the sixth century is no unimportant figure. One cannot indeed claim for him the honour of being the first or the sole early authority on the lands he visited, as we have scattered references to others who, as merchants or ambassadors, traversed is much the same ground : but, if not the first, he one of the fullest and most reliable. A very close parallel to Cosmas' travels is found in the Pseudo-Palladius or Ambrosius, De Moribus Brachmanorum. There the author recounts that his informant, one Scholasticus, 11 Shipping himself with certaine Merchants in the Red Sea, first came to the Towne of the Adulites, or the bay Adulicus, after that to the promontory Aromata, and a mart of the Troglodytes, and hence to places of the Assumites, and many days after to Muziris the mart of all India on this side Ganges, and having stayed a while there he passed over to the ile Taprobane 1 ." Iambulus too, a merchant, according to the account 2 IT. coast Ethiopia in Diodorus Siculus (bk. 55), visited the of , was taken prisoner and set adrift in a boat as a purificatory offering. He reached Ceylon, and after seven years was turned out of the country as a knave and went to India ; but for all the reliable information he gives one about the countries he visited, he might as well have gone to the mountains of the moon. Strabo (xv. 4) mentions merchants of his day, unlettered men, like Cosmas according to his own confession, who sailed from Egypt to India by the Nile and Arabian Gulf. Pliny too speaks of merchants visiting Ceylon in Claudius' reign (N.H. VI. 24); and Ammianus Marcellinus (XXII. 7) of a mercantile treaty between the Romans and the people of Ceylon while Julian was Emperor. 1 Purchas, His Pilgrimes (ed. Hakluyt Soc. I. 240). 2 It is probable that Cosmas too took ship at Adulis, as, after Caracalla's massacre at Alexandria in 215 a.d. put an end to direct trade with India, trade was transferred partly to Adulis, partly to the Persian Gulf (cp. J. Kennedy, Journ. of Royal As. Soc. i907» P- 953)- INTRODUCTION n For Ethiopia again we have a few fragments of the account of Nonnosus, a contemporary of Cosmas, who was sent by- Justinian (circ. 535) on an embassy to Caicus, ruler of the Saracens, and thence on to Elesbaas at Axum (cp. Photius Cod. 3) ; and also the anonymous Periplus maris Erythpei. But then the narratives of Scholasticus and Iambulus are little better than fairy tales, and second-hand fairy tales to boot, while Nonnosus' work is lost save for a few insignificant frag- ments, and Strabo's merchants probably left no accounts behind 1 them . In Cosmas' case, on the other hand, though his separate geographical treatise is lost, there remain at any rate a whole book on Ceylon, the celebrated inscriptions of Adulis, which with the notes added by Cosmas give much information on Abyssinia, and other scattered passages most regretably buried 2 in a dreary waste of theological sand . * Perhaps however we must not give way too much to regret, for Cosmas' monasticism may have been as fortunate an accident as Marco Polo's capture and imprisonment by the Genoese, but for which he would probably have gone down into the grave without recording his experiences. It is not the only possible point of comparison between the two ; they possess at least one virtue and a certain number of descriptions in common. Their 3 common virtue is a rare one in travellers—veracity : the words " of Marco Polo's preface : Some things indeed there be therein which he beheld not : but these he heard from men of credit and veracity. And we shall set down things seen as seen, and things heard as heard only, so that no jot of falsehood may mar the truth of our Book, and that all who read it or hear it read may put full faith in the truth of all its contents," apply as well to the geographical and anecdotal part of Cosmas' book as to 1 The author of the Periplus maris Erytkpei however has left a'n account of his journeys in much the same lands as Cosmas. He too visited Axum in Zoscales' reign (circ. 77—89 a.d.) and voyaged as far south along the coast of Africa as Rhapta; and had crossed to Western India by the monsoon. Like Cosmas he was a Greek-speaking inhabitant of, or settler in, Egypt. 2 There are too, as Beazley points out, the earliest Christian maps which have come down to us. 3 Photius says unjustly " dWa teal two. koto, ttjv laTopiav dwldava avvrtdrfat, Sib Kal fxvdiKuyrepov /ia\W tj &\7]diffTepov iryeio-dat top dvdpuirov, dUaiov.'' 12 INTRODUCTION his own. Some, I believe, have had doubts of Cosmas' veracity, pointing to such an unimportant detail as the mention of a seal, an animal by no means common in tropical seas. But, apart from the fact that the first cousin of a seal may be found floating about the Red Sea answering to the name of a "dugong," a sixth century traveller who states quite openly that he has never seen a single unicorn requires no further testimony to his truthful- ness. To be sure he gives a picture and description of one after the pattern of four brazen statues which he had seen on the turrets of the king's palace in Ethiopia, but that was natural enough in an age when belief in unicorns was universal. Messer Marco was wiser in his generation, and knew that the unicorn was none other than the rhinoceros, " a passing ugly beast to look upon, and not in the least like that which stories tell of as being caught in the lap of a virgin." Cosmas had seen a rhinoceros in Ethiopia " standing at a safe distance," but had failed to trace the connection, probably because the statues represented the beast under the form of which stories tell. He and Polo share too descriptions of the giraffe, of the musk-deer, of the hippopotamus —all at least that either of them had ever seen of a hippopotamus, which was nothing more than one of its teeth,—of coconut milk, which both seem to have over- estimated, and of the king of Ceylon's giant ruby, the Kohinoor of early days. Only in Cosmas, and according to Yule in a Chinese historian of the next century, the gem is placed on the top of a pagoda, where " it shines from afar especially when the sun lights upon it, a spectacle glorious and beyond compare." Cosmas however is speaking from hearsay ; so, if there is any exaggeration as regards the size and splendour of that ruby, one cannot hold him guilty of it. It would surely be unfair to charge him with his informants' lack of veracity provided that he sets down fairly "things seen as seen, and things heard as heard"; and that is his invariable practice. If that distinction be borne in mind, it will, I think, be found that what he records as his own experiences are facts demonstrably true or at any rate intrinsically probable. For the stories reported from the mouths of friends or natives unfortunately the same cannot be said : generally indeed ; INTRODUCTION 13 "they are just the rude tales that one hears in sadness or mirth, the records of wandering years and scant is their worth." That however is little to be regretted as it contributes some few amusing passages in a work which is sadly in need of them. Besides Cosmas is at his best in such passages and proves that he had considerable narrative ability : so that even the ordinary Gallio, who cares not a jot for a sentence or a half page more or less of the Church Fathers and very little for exactness in regard to the geography of Abyssinia in the fourth century, will find much to interest and more to amuse him in Cosmas' travel-sketches. Here for instance is a description of a voyage somewhere towards Zanzibar which bears a strange resemblance to a passage in Coleridge's Ancient Mariner. "There was," says Cosmas, " much tempestuous wind in the place," "And now the Storm-blast came and he was tyrannous and strong, he struck with his o'ertaking wings and chased us south along." "And on our right as we entered we saw a flock of birds flying, which they call thorough the fog it came. As if it had been a Christian soul we hailed it in God's name." It was not however the bird that Cosmas' fellow-passengers hailed in God's name, but the helmsman to "put her about, and sail to the left up the bay, for fear we get swept away by the stream and carried into the Ocean and perish." With the usual timidity of old-world sailors they had no desire whatsoever to be "the first that ever burst into that silent sea." They were apparently successful in avoiding that disaster, and as they retired "the albatross did follow for a great distance, which showed that we were near the Ocean." Then there are curious tales of bartering under difficulties i 4 INTRODUCTION when neither party knew the other's tongue " and there was a sad lack of interpreters"; of how Sopatrus, his friend of 35 years ago, was set on an elephant and drummed in honour through the town by the king of Ceylon for his ready wit in proving the superiority of the Roman Emperor over the Persian King of coins 1 and of how Kings by a comparison of their respective ; he himself and his friend Menas set out at the request of the king of Axum with notebook in hand, like a pair of modern archaeological tourists, to copy the Ptolemaic inscription which he records. Quaintest of all is the yarn about the aypiofiovs, the yak apparently, about which " they say that if it catches its tail in the fork of a tree, it never lies down, but stands there unwilling to lose a hair of its tail. After a while come the natives and cut off its tail, and then it runs and leaves its tail behind it." Again there are amusing sidelights on the methods of old-world science. We have a delightful picture of a grave father abbot, Stephen of Antioch, "a true Christian and one who may be numbered among the perfect, thoroughly versed in lunar calculations, according, mark you, to the system we have laid down following the Holy Scriptures, and able to foretell with ease both solar and lunar eclipses," measuring his shadow at Antioch and Constantinople to calculate the size of the sun; and of Cosmas himself triumph- ally brandishing a round ball on the end of a pin in the face of the profane and godless persons who declared that a small circular body illumined by a larger body casts a conical shadow: "and to tell you the plain and honest truth they went away with their mouths open and their eyes dejectedly cast down." One cannot help admiring the enthusiastic inquisitiveness of the man and yet with it all there is the narrow bigoted monastic spirit of the dark ages. " Carved on the back of the throne we (he is speaking of himself and Menas examining the throne near the Ptolemaic inscription) found Herakles and Hermes. And my good friend and companion Menas said that Herakles was the symbol of might and Hermes of wealth. But I remembered the Acts and to the latter said him nay, remarking that Hermes should rather be taken for the symbol of speech. For so it is 1 This may have been an old traveller's yarn ; cp, Pliny, N.H. vi. 24 and Solinus 56. : INTRODUCTION 15 written in the Acts ' They called Barnabas Zeus, but Paul Hermes, because he was the chief speaker.'" If only Menas had been able to convince him that "they didn't know every - thin' down in Judee " ! But it would have been difficult to " convince him : he was obviously a man addicted to opinions which I know not whether hee did holde more strangely or strongly." MSS. and Textual Criticism. The MSS. of an author so little likely to attract a wide circle of readers as Cosmas are, as one would expect, but few ; indeed only three at all complete MSS. are known to exist. Of these the oldest, and, in my opinion, the best, is V(= Vat. Gr. 699), an uncial MS. of the eighth or ninth 1 century. It contains only the first ten books, and, as the index of books, which is written at the beginning by the same hand as the text, only extends as far as the tenth book, it obviously never contained any more. After the index it begins with a virodeais, which partially corresponds to the second prologue of L ; but it omits the introductory prayer, first prologue and beginning of the second prologue which are found in L and Montfaucon's edition. The following passages are now missing owing to loss of leaves 192 C (oi;tg)9 ovv)—201 A {ir\r}aiov gov earl) after f. 44, 208C (-veo~6ai ical)—212 A {CKaaTrjpiov ovtcos) after f. 47, 221 D (iv ravrrj rfj 777)—224 C (evOeax; Odvarov) after f. 54, and 381 D (7rapaypa(f>rj erepa)—384C (KaTaXvetrdai tyjv) after f, 108. Several leaves were misplaced when I first collated the MS., but have, I believe, now been restored to their original position. Accents except in a very few cases are not by the original hand, but by the corrector, who is referred to in the apparatus 2 criticus as V . Occasionally a later hand or later hands have altered words or inked over illegible passages, not always cor- rectly. 1 Kondakoff, Hist, de Part Byz. 1. pp. 136— 151 argues for the seventh to eighth century; Unger, Byz. Kitnstgesch. for the tenth. New Palaeographical Soc. pt. II. plate 24 dates it as ninth century. — 16 INTRODUCTION with illuminations The whole work is magnificently illustrated close copies which are generally held, except by Kondakoff, to be for the view of an antique original. There is much to be said portray subjects that Cosmas was his own artist, as some of them not have been with which any chance monastic artist would is one which familiar. The first picture in V (f. 12) for instance has no connection with the text, and depicts an antelope between two banana trees. At any rate the artist must have worked under Cosmas' direction in drawing such pictures as the chair at Adulis and and pillar with inscriptions seen by Cosmas : Cosmas apparently added the descriptive headings round and within the rim of the pictures. That is proved by the use of native words (e.g. /xo£a = Ar. jy* a banana) and the mention of the little known port of Adulis, Gabaza, in the picture on V picture- f. I2 . I have however in most cases omitted these headings as they are generally of no value, and belong rather to a work on the illustrations such as that which Prof. Stornaiolo is producing than to an edition of the text. Reproductions of pictures from V may be found in Vincent's Navigation atid Commerce of the Ancients (the Adulis monument); Garrucci, Storia della arte Crist. III. plates 142— 153 (a long theological series chiefly from the fifth book) ; Kondakoff, Hist, de Fart Byz. I. pp. 136 151; N. Alemanni, De Lateran. pariet. tab. VI.; D'Agincourt, Storia deW arte, Picture, tav. 34, and the Neiv Palaeographical Society, pt. II. p. 24. 5 = no. 1 1 86 of the Greek MSS. in the Monastery of St Katherine at Mt Sinai (Gardthausen, Cat. Cod. Sin. p. 241). It is a folio of 211 leaves written in the eleventh century. Like L it contained twelve books, but is now deficient at the end, breaking off at the words eXefydvrwv nai (460 C). The beginning differs both from V and L. On f. 1 is the prologue—or first prologue as L and Montfaucon call it—then on f. 2 is the index of the twelve books {iriva^ avv ®e INTRODUCTION 17 The following leaves are missing One page after fol. 5, which ends at iraaiv (57 A), while fol. 6 begins Aoroc a. Two pages after fol. 41, causing the omission of roiavra irepiypawTwv (132 C) to iv rr) yfj %ev- (136 C). Two more after fol. 69 {iiraicokovOovcriv—end of book IV.). And one after fol. 103 (/cal irepi, 249 A—o 8e ere/jo?, 252 B). Like L and V it is profusely illuminated, containing practi- cally the same illustrations as L. A few of these are reproduced in Kondakoff, Histoire de Vart. Byz., vol. I. 136 foil., vol. II. plate 1. (cf. also his Putesestvie na Sinai, pp. 137— 143, plates 39— 59). Laurentian Pint. IX. 28. The Laurentian MS. (L) is numbered Plut. IX. cod. 28 in the Laurentian Library at Florence : and is written in a minuscule hand of the eleventh century. This was the MS. from which Montfaucon edited his edition with only occasional glances at V, and so it contains in the main outlines at any rate—for to strict exactness Montfaucon's edition can make no claim—the text as there printed. It omits the summary of contents and begins with the title Avttj rj ftlflXos Xpio-Ttavifcrj To7roypa fol. 13 teal 01 iv rfj iraXaia $6 B to 6po<; 57 A. fol. 20 iv g5 tov vo/jlov 57 A— fol. 23 opcofievov 61 C. fol. 19 ovk iv oiK(p 61 C—a>? av Ta%a Ttz/69 (a mistake for dvTixOoves) 64 D. The rest of 64 I could not find. fol. 14 fiea-ov yap tov avw 65 A—fol. 18 end of book I. A. fol. 24 beginning of book II. — fol. 29 Kara ttjv Oelav 80 w. 2 — 18 INTRODUCTION fol. 12 irp(orr)v 2 260 D r}pTTCLKe VL^S, 7T67raiK€ L . These are rather favourable specimens of the work of the second hand, as in the first and last cases eyOH and exeiN and HpnAKe and nenAiKe might well be confused in an uncial hand, and in the second case aX)C varepov may come from the same words occurring just below. Generally its corrections are rather suspicious changes of bad grammar to good, e.g. o&rjyovvTos, 1 Where V stands alone, both here and in the App. crit., I generally omit accents, as none were used by the original scribe of V. : INTRODUCTION ig Par. SuppL Gr. 844 (s. XVIII.) consists of copies of some of the pictures in L. Phillips 2581. By the kindness of Monsieur de Ricci, who informed me of a copy of L in the Phillips library at Cheltenham, and of Monsieur H. Omont, to whom he applied for information about it, I am enabled to quote the latter's description of it, though I have not myself seen the MS. " Cosmae Indicopleustae Topographia Christiana. Die 21 junii 1682. Plut. 9 n. 28 Bibl. Laurent. Florent. ' Au bas du fol. 1 : Nesselii Bibl. Caes. in theolog. I. p. 326 ss.' e XVII s. Pap. petit in-4 (sans valeur). Ce MS. a la reliure en velin des MSS. de Meerman." P = Paris Gr. 2426 (Hainault Reg. 2733) (s. XVI.) contains on fol. 112 foil. "Cosmae Indicopleustae excerpta de Taprobane," copied by Nicholas de la Torre. The excerpts are from book XL, and consist of the whole of that book as far as iverpdirr) (449 A), except the section on the seal, dolphin and tortoise, and the list of Indian towns (445 D—446 b). The text is handled freely, and seems, so far as one can judge from Strzygowski's specimens of the Smyrna MS., to resemble closely that manuscript. As a specimen I have given the readings of the early part of book XI., the sections on the beasts etc., in full, but have not continued to do so afterwards, as the variants are perfectly worthless. It was copied by Nicholas de la Torre possibly from the archetype of Z, though it contains more of the eleventh book than Z. Z = Smyrna B— 8. This MS. is described by Papadopoulos- Kerameus in his catalogue of the Smyrna library (1877) p. 32, no. 48 €i? 8° fieya, ifc 05 iXdXrjae irepl faithfully them; and even what text there is, is not as a rule copied but shortened. The passages it contains are: hpa%dp,evo<; 6 0eo? rwv fols. 158—159, Migne 93 C d^oppi)? ovv ] vyjro? irdaa dfjLapnwv twv dv6pa}ir fols. 184— 192, book XI. except the sections on the fioax ^^ fjuovofcepw, ^otpeXa^o? kclI lirTroTrora/jbo^ which appear in the first part of the MS., containing the (pvaioXoyo? (pp. 125, 126, 135, 136). Strzygowski dates it as near 1100 A.D. and suggests that it may be derived from the Sinaitic MS. If we may judge from the passages quoted by him, the text has been cut down and shortened with the greatest freedom. I have not myself seen the MS. W= Vienna Theol. 9. At Vienna there is another frag- ment which is described by Lambecius and more carefully by Kollar. It is numbered cod. Theol. 9 (olim 272), and is a quarto volume " mediocriter antiquus," brought by A. Busbeck from Constantinople, f. 28 : The Cosmas text begins with the heading 77-/00? tov<$ XpiariavL^eiv /3ovXo/j,ivov$ /cal o~ 2 i? = Vat. Gr. 363 (s. x.) fol. 1, catena on Matthew. The beginning has been lost : what remains is [/Sajirriarij'; Krjpvaawv : INTRODUCTION 21 288 D to the end of the page, and a irapaypa^rj which is found in V, but omitted in L and Migne fol. 48, catena on Mark (288 A—b) entitled Koo-fia IvSi/co- TrkevcTTov. v fol. 78 , catena on Luke (289—292) Koafia 'IvSiKOTrXevaTov. fol. 125, catena on John (292—293) 777)0X070? Kooyia "IvSiko- ifkeVGTOV. 1 R = Vat. Gr. 756 (s. XL—XII.) fol. 98 Kocrfid 'IvhiKoirXevarov Trpooi/jiiov et? to Kara Mdp/cov evayyekiov (289 A— B): y fol. catena 1 54 , on Luke (289—292) Koo-fiov 'IvSi/coirXevaTov. MS. Cromwell 15 in the Bodleian Library (s. XI.), "olim Joachim hieromonachi, postea e monasterio rod Travro/cpaTopos apud montem Atho in Angliam advectus A.D. 1727." fol. 75 Koo-p,a IvSoKOTrXeva-Tov irpooLficov et? to kcltcl Mdp/cov evayyekiov (289): fol. 112, catena on Luke (289—292) ending at the end of the first 7rapaypa Bodleian Arch. Seld. 29 (a.D. 1338), fol. 116, catena on Luke Koa/jud 'IvSiKOTrXevaTov. These I have collated, and have given some readings from the first two as specimens of their worthlessness rather than for any value attaching to them. Others are mentioned by Scrivener and Gregory, and Papadopoulos-Kerameus in his catalogue of the Evangelical school at Smyrna p. 50 copies the catena on Mark from codex T 2 apparently without identifying it, though he elsewhere 1 mentions another MS. with these sections from Cosmas as catenae to the Gospels. The MSS. which use a section from the fifth book of the Topography as a catena to the Psalms are equally numerous and in themselves equally unimportant. Their only interest indeed lies in the confusion which has prevailed about them and caused editors and others to ascribe to Cosmas a separate tractate on the Psalms, for which there is absolutely no evidence. That confusion is partly due to the fact that the section chosen as a catena is chosen from a passage (248 B—249 B) where a leaf is missing in L, and Montfaucon with incredible carelessness has only copied a small part of the missing text from V. The con- sequence is that, as the MSS. which use the passage as a catena 1 Catalogue of the Mavpoyopddrecos jS^SXtoftJtfq tcwd. a h ry aKevo 22 INTRODUCTION naturally preserve the whole text—and somewhat strangely add the headings which occur in various parts of a picture which was attached to the section on David,—people have been led to suppose that the text was not a simple copy of the Topo- graphy. The confusion has been increased by the ascription of the passage to other authors in some MSS.—for example it Pair, is printed among Chrysostom's spurious works in Migne, Ottobonianus Gr. p. 532, where the title is taken from a codex R. 25—and by the wilful alteration of the text in other MSS. MSS. of the simple class, containing the complete passage from Cosmas and the headings from the picture are V (s. "IvSucoirXeiHTTOv 777)0X0709 Vat. Gr. 342 XII.), fol. 7 , Kocrfid et9 toix; tyakfiovs. Vat. Gr. 525 (s. XII.), fol. 1, id. Venice Marc. Gr. 498 (s. XIV.), fol. 270, Koct/jlov "\v8itco7r\evo-Tov 7700X0709 et9 T0U9 ^aX/xou9. Bodleian Baroc. 15 (s. XII.), fol. 22, Ko et (e.g. Turin B. 1. 10, Ambros. B. 106 (s. X.), Moscow 358 (s. XI.), Vat. Gr. 1747). Two Parisian MSS. which I have also examined call for special remark. Paris. Gr. 2743 (olim Colbertinus 1476, s. XVI. copied by 7-01)9 J. Diassorinos), Koo-fjLa'IvBiK07r\€vcrTov e^rfyrjo-ts et9 ifraXfiovs, is the cod. Colbertinus mentioned by Montfaucon (Migne, p. 27), and both from the reference there and from the entry in Omont's catalogue one would be led to infer that Cosmas was the author of a commentary preserved in the MS. Really there is only the usual paragraph followed by a short section on the various ancient editions of the Psalter, taken from some author un- named or concocted by the scribe. This is followed by quotations from Athanasius, Basil, Gregory, etc. : and there is no reason for attributing anything but the ordinary section to Cosmas. Par. Gr. 169 (Mazarin-Reg. 3450, s. XIV.) is a MS. of pre- cisely the same kind, though in this case Omont attributes the long commentary contained in the MS. to Cosmas. But Cosmas* 7700X0709 is succeeded by quotations from Gregory, Josephus INTRODUCTION 23 and others, and any one of them has as good claims as Cosmas to the authorship of the Commentary. Some later MSS., mostly belonging to the fifteenth century or later, have this same section in an expanded form, with additional matter on the editions of the Psalter, differing from that men- tioned above, but equally worthless. How utterly unreliable they are is sufficiently proved by the confusion of names in the titles of the three which I have examined. Vallicellianus C. 4, fols. 434— 5, Tov ao^coraTov WeWov 'IvBi/coTrXevo-Tov irpoypafifMa Koc/ia tg3 yfraXrrjpla). This has been published by Sim. de Magistris ad Daniel. Apol. sent. Patrum de LXX. vir. vers., Dissert. IV. § II. p. 452 sqq. Par. Gr. 3179, copied by Bigot, ^Ivhacoifkeva-rov o-vyypafi/jua Koo-yita Tft) yjra\Tr)pi Vat. Gr. 711, fol. 196, Koo-fia 'lvhucoifKevaTov tov 15ao~TiTopo$ [i.e. Cosmas Vestitor] Trpoypa/n/jba et'9 tou? ^froX/movs. Certainly none of these is worthy of the high-sounding title "A Commentary on the Psalms," or of Cosmas' pen : and apart from them there is not a tittle of evidence for such a work. As I have already treated the textual history and some of the more important questions concerned with it in an article in 1 the Journal of Theological Studies , I shall here content myself with a brief summary of my views. The three more or less complete MSS. fall clearly into two families distinguished among other things by the fact that while V contains only 10 books —and, as the index of books at the beginning shows, never had more—L and S contain 12. The ending too of the tenth book is different in the two recensions, that in L and S being fuller. Again, the paragraphs on the Prophets are arranged in the Septuagint order in V, in the order of the Vulgate, except that the Major Prophets are inserted in more or less chronological order among the Minor, in L and S. The end of the eighth and beginning of the ninth book varies of the first also in the two recensions ; while the beginning book differs in all three MSS. In deciding on the merits of these two recensions, the second point is the most important, and the textual critic is unusually favoured, as that point is settled 1 Vol. vill. no. 32 (July, 1907), p. 607. : 24 INTRODUCTION genuine without any possibility of dispute by an indubitably passage which occurs in the text of all three MSS. and in the parallel text of the Chronicon Paschale\ That passage is perfectly absurd if natural if one keeps the order given by V, and utterly one follows L and S. The difference is that V follows the Sep- tuagint order, treating first the twelve Minor Prophets, then the twelve Major, while LS arrange them in the order Hosea, Joel, Amos, Obadiah, Jonah, Isaiah, Micah, Nahum, Habakkuk, 1 Cosmas, the Chronicon Paschale, the Pseudo- Dorotheus etc. have the following paragraphs in common Cosmas — INTRODUCTION 25 Jeremiah, Zephaniah, Ezekiel, Daniel, Haggai, Zechariah, Malachi. Now at the end of the paragraph on Malachi occur in all the MSS. the words Xoiirbv eirl tovs reaaapa<; roi)? fjueydXovs fiaStovfiev 7r\r)pa>o-avT€<; crvv Beat rod? 4/3, which clearly assume the Septuagint order. It is obvious then that V is in this case the better MS.: as in the order adopted in LS those words occur at the end of the paragraphs on all the sixteen prophets. There they are perfectly meaningless: and it is inconceivable that, as Montfaucon suggested, Cosmas himself should in a second edition have altered the order without noticing the absurdity. Indeed it is strange that any Greek- speaking Christian should have altered the Septuagint order for one so eccentric : but the object of the change is not far to seek. Theodore of Mopsuestia, as we learn from Junilius Africanus, advocated an almost identical arrange- ment. This at first sight would seem a strong argument for attributing that order to Cosmas who, as has already been shown, was probably a Nestorian and certainly a follower of Theodore. But such an argument has no weight against the clear evidence in the text for the other order. If Cosmas was a Nestorian and a monk, then the community to which he belonged were no doubt Nestorians too : and even if he were not a monk, still most of his friends would be of the same persuasion. It is therefore highly probable that Cosmas' literary executor, whether it was the abbot of his monastery or merely a friend who superintended the recopying of the Topography, noticed that Cosmas had employed the ordinary Septuagint order and corrected the slip blindly in accordance with Nestorian principles. It was probably he too who added from Cosmas' loose papers the eleventh and twelfth books, which are not included in V : for, discursive as Cosmas is in his writing, he would harSly have added two books which have no conceivable bearing on the question discussed in the Topography, the shape of the world. This conclusion, if accepted, is of considerable importance, as it shows that the editor of the LS recension was a man of some knowledge of patristic literature, and one who thought himself entitled to take great liberties with the text 26 INTRODUCTION he was editing : and consequently one cannot help regarding with the gravest suspicion any additions one may find in LS. Most likely, as I have suggested elsewhere, he was responsible for two references to Athanasius (161 C and 372 D), for the addition of paragraphs on Zachariah, Elisabeth, Mary, Anna, Simeon, and Christ (277 c—280 C). The latter are omitted both Paschale which has the paragraphs by V and by the Chronicon y immediately preceding and following. To his account too one may lay the additional paragraph at the end of book VIII., and probably the supplementary quotations from the fathers in book X. (428—441). The question of additional paragraphs is one of particular difficulty in this work, as Cosmas admittedly wrote his own notes, and would seem to have added some in the margin as well as inserting others in the text. Those in the margin were of course likely to be entirely omitted by a copyist, or else to be inserted in the wrong place : so that even with the assistance of V it is sometimes doubtful to decide whether a note is original or not. But at any rate sufficient sins can be laid on the shoulders of the editor of the recension represented by LS to show that his work is entirely unreliable in comparison with V. With regard to the mutual relation of L and S, Gardthausen's suggestion that S might be a copy of L cannot be accepted, since S occasionally contains words which are omitted by L (e.g. the gloss, ol e^a)6ev iira^eWofievoi ireiOeLv 81a 7-779 6S/reo>9 has crept into the text of S and W after aXlafcovTai, 60 C). Besides the two MSS. begin differently, L containing a dedi- cation to Pamphilus which is omitted both by S and V. How that dedication fits on to the viroOeaa of V and S, and who was the author of it, it is exceedingly difficult to say. The only suggestion that occurs to me is that it does not fit on at all, but was added in the margin by the editor, who thought a special dedication to Pamphilus necessary at the beginning of the first as well as the second book : whereas the first book is really addressed to all right-minded Christians, and Pamphilus is only mentioned later. Being in the margin it was omitted by S, but added by L, without being properly connected to the opening words of the viroOea^. The matter is however complicated by ; INTRODUCTION 27 the erasure of some four or five letters just at the point of juncture in L. However that may be S is obviously not a copy of L but of its archetype, and, I think, a rather more reliable copy than L. Certainly it is more reliable than L in its present condition, for L has had the misfortune to be corrected through- out by another educated man who thought himself a better judge of what Cosmas ought to have written than Cosmas himself. The result is that where VS and the first hand of L agree in an ungrammatical construction, L2 generally offers unimpeachable Greek. That of course might be accounted for by assuming that L drew his corrections from a better MS. : but there are instances where L2 makes a correction where there would have been no necessity for correction had not L made a simple slip of the pen. For example at 228 A V and S read ovtos Igtiv 6 "A/3eX o c!>9 ev aivvypart, ixifxr^rrj^ tov ttclBov^ tov Xpio~Tov virdp^cov : here o became o? in L, and L2 then " corrected " virdp^wv to virdp^jei. W would seem to be copied from S or from a MS. closely similar to S, as they often omit or add the same words. Both omit T779 in 61 A etc rfjs toov rhao-dpcov i8r)fiLOvpy7]0r) and tov in 61 C Betvol tov 7r\e/c€iv: both add it io~Teveiv after viroOeo-eis (65 C) and the words ol eBcoOev k.t.X. quoted above after dXla-Kovrac (60 c). There however W continues after otyem with the words iraKvv diraracrQai ravrrjv Xeyovat which are not found in S. Those words might have been added by the scribe, but on the other hand W occasionally contains words omitted by S (e.g. Ka\ kviico)? omitted by homoeoteleuton after ttXtjOvvtcko)^ 84 A) so that it is most probably derived from a twin of S rather than from S itself. The excellence of the illustrations in the Vatican copy has led Montfaucon to suppose that V may have been copied directly 1 from Cosmas' manuscript . But though it is near enough in point of time for such a thing to be possible, there is one objection, which appears to me to be insuperable. Cosmas, as he admits himself (57 B), annotated his text ; and the evidence of the MSS. makes it practically certain that, while some of his notes were 1 Bayet, VArt Byz., p. 723, also suggests that it is copied from an original of the time of Justinian. : 28 INTRODUCTION written in the body of the text and only separated from it by a heading 7raparypa(j>ij, others were added in the margin. These naturally have occasionally crept into the text at the wrong place: and in some instances (e.g. J J B where 6 arrjcras—Svvarac precedes the quotation on which it is a comment) these wrong insertions are found in all three MSS. alike. We have therefore obviously to assume at least one common archetype later than Cosmas' copy as the parent of both recensions. This objection is fatal too to Montfaucon's view that V repre- sented an earlier edition and L a later edition made by Cosmas himself: as in that case it is inconceivable that copyists of two different MSS. would have inserted the same marginal note in the same wrong position in the text. Montfaucon speaks too as if the additional paragraphs and notes were always in L and not in V : but that is not by any means true. For example, both V and S preserve at the end of the fifth book, the end that is to say of the original Topography, a prayer which is omitted in L. Besides on Montfaucon's hypothesis one would expect that, when in one recension a note appears in the margin and in the other in the text, it would be V, the representative of the earlier recen- sion, which has it added in the margin, and LS in the text whereas the reverse is almost always the case (e.g. ivravOa irpwrov Tot9 eOveaiv and rtve? €<\>acrav— — 160 C 7rapaypa(f>')j ) 'Efe/aou 165 A, which in V are written in the text, in LS in 1 the margin as scholia) . These marginal additions would therefore seem to be an integral part of the text on which both recensions are based, and quite distinct from the alterations made in all probability, as I have suggested, by an editor after Cosmas' death. Of course, as he took considerable liberties with the text, he may have made additions to the notes too; but it is almost impossible to detect them when the original notes were added in such a confusing manner, and in most cases it is safer to credit Cosmas 1 The confusion resulting from these irapaypacpal is rendered worse confounded by the addition of explanatory notes to the pictures, which have occasionally been trans- posed with the illustration, or even attached to another (e.g. els to. &icpa.—x&poi 8vo is transposed in V, so as to come after ttX&tos Toidvde under a picture to which it is inapplicable). For other examples see J. T. S., July 1907, p. 610 foil. INTRODUCTION 29 himself with the notes, unless there is a very clear difference between the two recensions V and LS. At any rate as the additional irapaypa^at, are not more frequent in LS than in V, they afford no support to Montfaucon's view that is a L representative of a later edition than V : while the addition of the eleventh and twelfth books in LS, and the nature of the transposition of the paragraphs on the prophets make it extremely improbable that Cosmas himself was the person who made those alterations and edited the archetype from which L and S are derived. According to my view then the stemma codicum of the only important MSS. would be Cosmas copy Revised copy In that stemma X represents the common archetype whose existence it is necessary to assume between Cosmas' copy and our MSS. because of the irapaypa^ai which are found placed in the same obviously wrong position in both recensions ; and " Revised copy " the revision by some editor after Cosmas' death in which the additions of the last two books and the transpositions in the fifth book took place. Of course I do not wish to imply that there were no copies between Cosmas' copy and X, or between X and V, and X and the " Revised '' copy ; there may have been any number, but they would not materially affect the scheme. On the whole the manuscript evidence for the text is fairly good, as it is based on MSS. of two different recensions and all 3o INTRODUCTION of a respectable age. But in point of orthography V, which is certainly the best MS., is far the most corrupt : and one cannot help reflecting whether in the case of a MS. so near the author's age, the corruptions are all due to the scribe or whether some of them at any rate should not be laid to the author's charge. All travellers are not good scholars or grammarians. Silvia 1 for instance wrote her peregrinations in a most barbarous Latin, though she was in all probability quite as well educated as Cosmas, who confesses that he had not received any elaborate training. It is therefore not unnatural that he should occasion- ally lose himself in a long sentence or use strange forms of words. Accordingly I have not hesitated to allow him to do so, when there is good evidence, though in matters of simple orthography, which may just as well be referred to the copyists, I have generally adhered to ordinary rules, unless there seemed good reason for departing from them. Thus when L and S, the only MSS. extant for the passages, both on two several occasions write Korpa<\>L%(o instead of Kpora 1 I keep the usual form, though the name was apparently Etheria, cf. M. Ferotin, Le veritable anteur de la PMgr. Silviae la vierge espagnole Ethiria (Par. 1903). INTRODUCTION 31 but to use the short form Mac- for the oblique cases. LS prefer 1 the longer form throughout . Among grammatical forms the most curious is eva used several times (284 C, 309 C, 445 c) in place of eV With so many instances to support the form it can hardly be con- sidered a mere slip of the copyist, and so I have retained it. Compare tovtov for tovto (377 A). Constructions according to sense—and occasionally according to nonsense—rather than according to strict rules of grammar are of frequent occurrence. Among the former one may call attention to dim tov ovpavov ovpavcov elircov, and to els irapa eh (2 1 2 A) ; which may perhaps be support enough to warrant the reading eh to evirapdheKTos elvai (140 C), but hardly a>9 ehai...apxv ( x 96d), where sense gets the better of grammar. But carelessness gets the better of both sense and grammar in the case of false concords like \l6ovs...K€Ka\,vfjL/jLeva (2 13 A) and oirep eyevovTo (112 D). Nominative Absolutes too are com- paratively common (e.g. 200 B ical Btyfrevo-avTes, iropeveTai...o 1 Mcovarr}*;, 425 D yap Kara Ge\r\vt]v api6p,6<; /caO e/caaTOV firjva . . .yivo/xevos, 6 eviavros iroiel...)\ Accusative Absolutes not so common, but Karairavov to yvfjuvdciov (181 B) seems certain. Cases indeed are strangely handled. An Accusative for instance figures as the subject of a verb in 248 A ttjv Bocnv tov v6fiov...Trjv tcdOoBov irpofirjvvei. t*}V ht,ay<0yr)V...Tr)V...7rapa- hoaiv TTpoo-rj/jLaLvei,, an instance which supports the reading of the MSS. at 209 C Trjv Be a-T€(f>avrjv ttjv irepi^ ttjv irepav yrjv tov 'Q/ceavov aqfiaivei, and makes McCrindle's emendation dvOpcairoL for dvOpcoTTovs (65 B) unnecessary. Even less respect is shown to grammatical rules for the use of cases in the sentence tov 'Aftpadfj, e/cXefd/xez/o? 6eo?...e ,rray- yei\dfJLev6s re avTco Bwpeds fieyaXas &obo-eiv...fcal ^Te /3ij/JLa 7ro8o9 avTco 8a>o-avTO<;...7rap€o-fcev'ao'€V ttlo-tov, eiviCTTdp,evos dyfrevBm e\7Tt- %etv... Scoped? (328 D—329 A), where a Gen. takes the place of a Nom. and a Norn, agrees with an Ace. Both constructions—or lack of construction—find parallels elsewhere in Cosmas_ (e.g. 197 A irepl tov ftcnrTicrdrjvcu tov XpierTOV dp^p^evo? Itcov X and 1 Owing to the frequent occurrence of the name I do not mention this in the App. crit. • . 32 INTRODUCTION 7r\ypw6eicrav). ' MarOdlo^ 269 A TauTT/9 Be Tt}? xP 7l<™w--fJ>e/J vVTai though the Such instances support the reading -rroiova-a (68 A), whole sentence there is very uncertain. alarming Again the construction frequently changes in an of Norn. way from a Gen. Abs. to a main clause or a kind^ ®€ov...8iaireTavvvvro<:...ical Abs., e.g. 197 D rjpgavTO fiaU&iv rov X^erai, iravo- 6BVywv...Kal There is good MS. evidence too for such readings as irpo? to el ye...edv rt9 vttoOoito A) ; and, . .Be%6/jLe0a (336 A) and m (65 as they can scarcely be called more ungrammatical than some of the uses already mentioned, I have admitted them. Finally I would call attention to the strange use of the word Bi(j)po<; in the phrase Btypos rov wlva/cos (69 A), a use for which I can find no parallel. But egeovvres 409 A must surely be a corruption rather than a new word. ttXtjOvvco (352 C) and dvBpeico (104 c) both seem to be used intransitively; unless one prefers to follow Dillmann and Ditten- berger in reading avhpeicos for dvBpetcocras in the latter passage; while cfrikoo-otyovfjLcu is found governing an Ace. (45 1 A). V often preserves strange constructions which are changed so as to conform with normal rules in LS. Of course these may be corruptions due to the scribe of V, but it is more probable that the abnormal use should have been changed to the normal than vice versa. For example at 285 c V read ev fj...d W. 8 LIST OF SIGNS V=Vat. Gr. 699 (V2 = corrector) L = Laur. Plut. IX. 28 (L2 = corrector) S = Sinai Gr. 1186 (S 2 = corrector) P = Par. Gr. 2426 Z = Smyrna B— W = Vienna Theol. 9 R! = Vat. Gr. 756 R2 = Vat. Gr. 363 m = Montfaucon's text (ed. Migne) XPI2TIANIKH TOnorPAOIA 49 [TA]AE ENESTIN. XPI2TIANOT AOrOS A'. npo? tovs Xpt, Aoros B'. s T7rode tov Koo-fiov, etc t9j<; Oeias Tpa Aoros F. "Oti fieftaia teal d^iQiricrTos ecTiv rj deia rpaefrrj, teal av/jL avTt) kavrfj teal tcaO* eavrrjv Birjyov/Aevr) TlaXaid re teal Kaivrj 10 AcadrjfCT}, arffjuatvovaa teal to ^prjaijiov twv a^rjfjbdrayv tov iravTos KOCTflOV. Aoros A'. 1 AvaiceefaaXalcocris avvTOfios teal 8iaypa Aoros E'. 'Ei> g> €&Ti tt)? aK7]vrf<; 7] 8taypa(f)rj, teal tcov 7rpo diroaToXeov rj avjJLefxovLa. AOrOS r, o-vv7}jbL/j,evo$. Tlepl fieyedov? rfkiov. 2Q Aoros 71. ' TTpo? ' AvacrTao~iov oti dteaTaXvToi elcriv ol ovpavoi. Aoros H'. 52 Ei9 ttjv (phrjv 'Efe/aou, teal eh tov dvaTTo8iap,6v tov rfXiov. 1. r&Se lveaTiv\ nival- avv 6eip ratJT'qs tt}s 5£\tov S, qui hunc indicem post prologum ponit. 1. XpiaTiavov \670s A' (et ceteros titulos) om. V. 4. elvai om. m. 6. XpiaTiavQit kclI S. 9. Pepala] + ko~r\v LSm. iartv om. Sm. 10. iavnjvl m. 12. Kdfffiov] + avTt\ t\ /3£/3\os XpcffTiaviKr) Toiroypatpla ireptcK tikt) iravrbs tov k6 36 XPIITIANIKH TOnorPA4>IA Aoros @'. "Etc fcaTaypa Aoros r. 'Kprjcreis ayicov Trarepwv Bia 5 Aoros IA'. "En e^oidev rrjs j3i/3Xoi/ KaraypaCpr} ( en kcu 7rep\ dev8pa>v /cat rrjs Tcnrpofidvrfs. ETI ETEP02 AOr02 IB' JO (rrjpaivcov on 71-0XX01 tcov e£a>$ev dp^atatv (rvyypa(pe(av p.apTvpovo~L rrj dp\ai6- ttjti tS>v deiav Tpacpcov to>v dia Mcavaecos nai roav 7rpo(pT)Ta)v elpi)fi4vG>vt Kal on varepov irdvTGbv 01 "EXX^ves' (patvovrai pepaOrjKOTes ypappara, kcu irepi tg>v 0€io>v TpcKpeov eppifapevrju €%ovtcs ttjv dniaTiav. 1. "En—ypa KaTaypa KOSMA XPISTIANIKH TOnorPA*IA ATTH H BIBAOS XPISTIANIKH TOIIOrPAIA nEPIEKTIKH nANTOS TOT KOSMOT, HAP' HMON UNOMASMENH. EiV OVOflCLTl TOV YlcLTpb? teal TOV TlOV KoX TOV djlOV UveVfiaTO?, tt)<; fjutas TpMrvTroaraTov teal irpocnevvr)Tr\s ©eoT^TO?, 7-779 ofioovalov 5 teal ^ooap^itcrjs TpidBos tov evb<; ®eov, 7rap' ov iraaa Boa is dyaOrj teai ttclv &(bpr)p,a TeXeiov avcoOev els rjfids tcaTeiaiv, dvoiyco rd fioyiXaXa teal fipaBvyXcoaaa ^eiXrf, 6 dp,apT(oXbs teal TaXas iyco, ireiroiOdis €7r aitTm, a>9 Bid rrjv twv aiTrjaavreov rbv \6yov Tairei- vcoaiv, teal rcov atcovovrcov dxjyeXeiav, Bcoaei irvevfia ao Xoyov ev dvoi^ei tov aro/jbaros fiov, 6 rrj<; %dpiTos K.vpios, teal Trdvrcov rcov dyaOwv Tafilas, 6 ojv eirl irdvTCOV ©609, evXoyrjTOS els tovs aicova 53 a npoAoros. Tlpcbrov fjiev 7rdvTcov TrapateaXw tovs jieXXovTas evTvyydveiv 15 rrjBe rfj fiifiXq), Tva iierd irdarjs Trpoaoxv^ Ka l iirifieXeias rrjv dvdyvaxTiv Troiijacovrai, teal fir/ irapepycos avrr)v BiaBpapbeiv, dXXa teal tovs tottovs teal rd cT^rjfjbara teal to 9 eyteei/Jievas laTopias, fierd irdat]S airovBrfS (fyiXoTTOvcos aTro/JidgoLVTO, teal fierd to reXos Be rrjs fiifiXov, eytevtydraiaav teal rd) rofiw to3 Trap r}fjuo)V yevofxevw 20 irpbs rov fyCXoyjpiarov K-eovaravrivov, ev Sirep tcarayeypairrai irXarvrepeos rrdaa r) yrj, r) re irepav rov Qteeavov, teal avrrj, teal irdaai at %o)pai, en re teal rd voria fieprj rd diro 'AXe^avBpeias eft)9 rov voTiaiov 'Qtceavov, \eyco 8rj o Ne£Xo9 irorafMOS, teal at 1. A8tt] 7j /3£/3Xos thvofiaafihf} ponunt VS supra inter titulos tertii et quarti libri. 4. 'Ev 6v6^aTi—dfjL7iu om. VS. 14. Hunc Up6\oyov om. V. IIPOAOrOS] •fa Lrn. 21. irpbs—Kcauffravrtvou eras, in S. 38 XPIITIANIKH TOnorPA4>IA ^acrr)?, tcac Trapa/ceufAevat at *<" Ta *"V7 T 9 T€ AtyvirTov %&V > I ^ wapa/ceL/Aevai AiOioTrias, hi re teal 'A/oo/3to? koXttos, teal ai B rj fieo"rj %w/oat /cat e^i/fly etas irdXiv tov avrov 'tl/ceavov, o/ioiw Kai yrj tov re 7rorafiov fcal tov koXttov, Kai ai 7ro\et9 tcai at ^wpat 5 /cat to, eOvrj rd iv avrfj, 7roo? to Bettjai, tcl irap r/ficov fiev Xeyofieva /cat at aXrj6r) oY ou? /cat 7] /3t/3\o9 y ra he twv ivavTicov TJrevSf}, KaTaypafyal yeyovaaiv ai iyKet/ievat, irepi re fieyedovs rjXuov Xey koX tt}9 irXdafxara Kai jjlvOov<; epevyofievcov. ^rjrrjaaTCDaav oe iraXiv tov 10 o~Kdpt(f)ov rov TravTO? Kai ttj<; darpepas KLvr)o~€a><;, tov Trap rj/no)v yevofievov Kara fii/j,r}o~iv t?}? 6pyavtKrj<$ rwv k^codev o-(j)aipa<;, Kai rov irepl avTov Xoyov 73-009 tov 0eo /jbd\io"Ta avv TavTrj rrj y8t/3\a>, «at tg> to/aw, e/c jSddpwv dveXeiv 15 twv EiXXrjvLKoyv VTroOeaecov ttjv 7rXdvr)v. Tavra yap Tt9 Ta rpia XpLo-Tiavbs virdpywv Kai KToofievos, Kai tt) Oeia ydpuri irepl tt)v 6eiav Tpacfrr/v eVt/LteXco? Kivov/xevos, paBl(o<; iXiy^et twv fJLvOoXoycov ttjv dvoiav. avvio-Ttjo-i yap oY avTov tov o-^fiaTo^, Kai rfjs tov Kocr/jbov KaTacrKevfjs Kai avTrjs TJ79 (pvaea)? twv irpayfjbdTWv, Ttjv 20 Oelav rpa npoAoros b'. Xpio-Tiaviicr) TOTToypcufiia nepieKTUcrj ttclvtos tov n6o~pov, diroSei^eis e^ovaa ex rrjs Betas Tpacpfjs, irepX r)S dp(pto~/3r)T€iv Xpto~Ttavovs ov deov. 25 IlaXai p€v &kvovv eVi^etp^crai rrj Sirjyfjcrei rfj irapa (rov pot £vTa\$€ioyi, § elo-Cpeperai r) tov itclvtos Kocrpov crvo-Tao~is, & OeocptXrj $€0 Tldp(pi\c. el yap Kai £f$ovX6pr)v, ovk ibvvdprjv, fiia to, cJs ola-Qa Kai ax/Tos, ttj 7ro\vxpovi(o pc KaTaKclaBai voo~cp. tg>v 8e ttvkvcov o-ov Se^aeayv ttjv voaov ttoodq) an cpov 7roir)o-apeveov, de^ou Xonrov to rrpooipiov t 2 v. dpp&pios L . ipevopJuw 9. S. tov] t6 L. ii. yivSpevovS. 13. (atrruVS. 22. IIPOAOrOS B'—'B/cfcX^as om. VS. 27. ipov\olpVv IA iSwaLpVV V. 30. p*i om. m. 33. /cat 2 om.L. 4 KK\ Tias] 35. V< + j/// ml irpbedsv 8v\w- e-qaeTai iicpipeaTepws i K ttjs deias ypcuprjs VTTOTidepivrjs (p. 39, 1. 10) L, omisso tihiln TnOGESIS et rel. XPISTIANIKH TOTTOrPA rnoeESis. Tives XpicrTiavl^eiv vo^b^evoi Kal tyjv Oeiav Tpa$r)v firjBev Xoyt^ofievot, aXXa 7repi(f>povovvT€s Kal virepfypovovvTes, Kara tovs ejjcouev <$>iXo Xafiffavovcriv, ifc toov r)XiaKoov teal o-eXrjviaKOOv ifcXeiyjrewv TrXavoo- 5 fievoi. irdarav toLvvv 7-179 ftifiXov rrjv VTroOecrtv els irevre fieprj dpfiooioos htetXofJbTjv. irpooTov irdvToov irpbs tovs elprj/juevovs teal TrXavoopevovs o TrpooTos Xoyos iyeveTO, 00s ov Svvarbv tov Xpco-Tta- vl^eiv eOeXovTa dirdyeaOai tjj irtBavf/ toov e^oodev TrXavrj, erepa T*J? Beta? Tpa Kal fivBdoBrj ao fievoov, irolas %pr) dvTeiadyew virodeo'eis dXqdels; 6 hevTepos Xoyos iyeveTOy i^rjyovfievos tus Xpio-TiaviKas vTroOeaeis etc ttjs Betas 15 Jia Tpa Kal qtl Tives toov e^ooBev iraXatoov ToiavTT)? 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I. ai>T7)v 2 27. Matt. xxv. 34. Lib. I. XPIITIANIKH TOTTOrPA Aoros a'. TIpbs Toy? Xpto-TiavlZeiv fiev ideXovTas, Kara rovs ei;co0ev Be o- r 7r66 Uvrai, Kai ipacrrai Oeiav 6Vto>5 Tpa<\>r)v r/yovfievoi, 01 Mcovafj ical tc3 Xpicrrw -rreido- p>€voi, O 01 rah ap^al? eavrwv p>kxp l TeXovs aKoXovdovvTes, 01 i/c tov fi7]Bafirj firjBafim tov Koapuov virb ®eov irapr)xOai opboXo- yovvTes, feat 7tictt€vovt€<; dvaaracnv ytveaOai dvdpoy/rayv ica\ Kplcrtv, 10 Kai tcXTjpovofietv Tou? 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S. 17. Aiad^Ktju] delav ypa BvvaaOat ytveaOat icryvpt^ofjtevot. /cal irepl fjtev r&v rotovrcov ovBels rjjjblv A.0709, dp/eeroos dXXijXovs dvarpeTrovrcov. 01 Be Xptartavt^etv pkv iOeXovres, rots Xoyots Be /cal rfj aocfyia, /cat rfj irotKiXia rrj? TrXdvrjs rov /coo-fiov rovrov irdXtv OeXovres /coafiet- 5 crOat, /cat ravra /cd/cetva BeyeaQat (friXovet/covvTe?, iot/caat o~/ctas fjtrjBev BtaXXdrretv, r?}? /jteairevovro^ ptev acoptaros iv 7T€(j)VKvia<;, pur) fieanevovros Be aooptaros iv &m p,r) irefyv/cvias yeveo~0at, dXXd teal ireptXaptTro/jtevov rov ao^fxaros iravroOev e/c rov 0 yevo/jtevcov iv rfj ^aptapeta irapoitccov /cara/3oa rj 6eta Ypatyrj, brt ToV 0€OV €({>OpOVVTO, Kttl TOIS V\|/T]XoiS €0t»p.LtOV Kdl iKorptVOV. 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LSm. 2 17. Kaivoi V . 18. yijv Lm. 21. iv tovtij} Lm. iv iKeivip Lm. 22. irpwroL W, qui hie incipit fol. 28. 25. es forepov—o-u^cuWra om. m, is a del. L . 28. dvareivavTes Lm. 29. Varepov] frepov W. aveKrlaavro irplv VSW. 12. 2 Kings xvii. 32. 26. rives] In margine codd. VLS est glossa oldirb {d-rrb. deest in VL) UXdravos. 27. ivioi] V habet glossam ol 'Apio-roriXovs, L ol diro 'A[pto-Tor^\ou?]. Lib. I. XPIITIANIKH TOTTOrPA avaracriv' avvelBov yap eo9 ov hvvarbv kvkXo) tyepeo-Qai avrbv, i/c tovtwv eypvTa rrjv overlap. dXXa irdXiv iv avTtp TvtyXwTTOVTe? aXiaKovrat, teat tov<; ofv ftXeTrovTas ov% opav olofievoi. 8ia yap Kai ttoikiXcov ivapyw? iv avrw ^pay/jbdroyv opco/ievayv, ef wv r) tov Oepfiaivecv re Kai Bvva/jii<; D ^v^etv iwrrdpyovaa avTois dva- 5 (ffatveraiy ttjv oifriv diravTayv rfiraTTjaOai airoaraaiv. enraTti> toivvv irapeXOcbv €19 fieaov /3ovX6fievo<; Ol t{) dirXavel icaO* v/j,d<; eyKeifievoi o~ ovk dviam &iao~Ti]fLaTi Trjs oyfrews rjfiwv aTreyovTes, a>9 dirb tcivTpov 7-779 yr)s d tcaX toi$ p,eye6eo~i laoi T6 Kai 6/Joioi, Kai t<*> tov Ato? waavTws 7rapa7rXr)o~Lov<; opSifiev y 61 A ovk oXiyovs* dXX ovBe tov ovpavbv avTov 6p,6%povv eavrw Qew- fieOa • Ta9 yap iv avTw ve yaXa^tav, ovk aXXoOev rj e/e tov Bia(j>6pov ^pwfJuaTo^ iTTiOep.evoi Trjv kXtjo-iv avTaU, iroOev dv VTroTOTrrjaai/jiev ovtco •H79 iirv^aveia^y rj TrpoafidXXei to irvevp.a 7-779 enjreft)? ; oifxal ye (frdcrfcovTi fiot TavTa TeKfirjpia Bia /uf€ft)9 ovBeva ToXfiav dvTifyOeyyeaOai, Kav eirj tov \j/ev8ovs 20 6/oao"T?79, fir) tv ye tojv iv irpoeBpia TaTTovTcov del ttjv aXrjdeiav. el he ovk ef evbs IBlav e%oi/T09 Kivrjcriv ttjv KVKXo €K 7-779 tcjv T€o~o-dpa)v iBr/fiiovpyrjdrj /z,tfe&)9, ov Trepi^>epeTai koXw<;. eiprjTai yap 009 r) KaTO) KLvr}6r)o-eTat, irXeovd^ovTos iv avTu> tov fiapecos, r) ttjv dva) (j>opdv dpOrjaeTac tov evavTiov KaTaKpaTOvvTos, 25 irXeoveKTott) • hrj Kai iravTi B i) o-Trjo~eTai, el /nrjSev iv avTtp tovto Savepov. ovSe yap avco fepo/juevov, ovBe KaTca, Tt? ofioXoytfcreiev ecopaKevac TrooiroTe ; XelireTai (f>daK€iv avTov ipr/peio-fievov elvai. XeyovTcov Be Tiodev iv dirXS Kai diroiw GTOiyeius Bid(f>opoi Kivrj- crei^ ; eiye iirayyeWdfievoL rddeiv 1. dwaTbit] + elvat LSWm. 3. a\L apveladab rrjv airb dvaroXwv inrl hvauv opwvrai iroiovpevoi Trope lav. elra irdXiv IXcyytwvre? aTropovjievot, onrep elwOe Traperreo-Qai rol? T aXrjOe? air ocpvyydv overt, zeal firfhe/JLLav hie%ohov evptaKOvre?, aXX 5 ava,7ro8i,o~(jLov co rd nrdvra heivdi rov irXe/ceiv re teal Xveiv, el Kara to KiveiaOai, iroOev r) crrdcri?] ov yap ecrriv avrol? evavnov, o rrj? hpofiov avayici) ^td^erat p,enevai; firj jjloi he rt? aTrarrjv etvai 10 Xeyerco rrj? oyfrew?' ov yap ean fiiicpov irporpeypvai firJKO?, etj eirofievov he ^cohlov iroXXaKt? opdovrai fieOcardp,e vol els irpOTjyov- fievov. rl he hel Xeyetv, oirov ye avrol /jLeraftavre? em ra? avrwv rwv darepwv evepyeua? ev ol? ei? aicpov oKeXXovre? aroiria? ov avvidcrt arrjpl^ovra? r]roi dvarrohi^ovra? avrov? ahpavel? re icai 15 (f>avXov? elvai; teal rov ev Kptco rrpwr^v, ev ^lyOvai he vvv op(6- fjbevov, ovk ev olko) ri? "Apeco?, aW ev Aco? av eliroc, Kai iroielv avrov, ovft airep elwOaai Xr/pcohelv evvirdpyovro? avrov rw Kptw, D dXX* oaa? avrco yapi^ovrai hiarpeyovri rov? 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XPIITIANIKH TOnorPA Havcraade XrjpeoBovvTes, c5 crocfxoTaTOi, to, p,r)Bevb<; d^ta % yvSiTe Be Kav oi/re 7roT6 tois Oelocs eireaOav Xoyiot,?, icai [Mr) Tat? vfieTepaw avT&v avvTroGTCLTOLS eTTivolais. iirel Xei*aTe, 7rw iravrl KiveiaOat, ; jxoveov clvtcov, rj t?)? iv elcri 7TW9 iv tcra) xpova) tou? avlcrovs Biep^ovTai kvkXov^ ; 7rG>9 Be ovBel? T(dv ev to) yaXa^ia yeyovev i/cros ai/Tov, ovBe tcov e^coOev avrov TrXijatearepov avrov (fraiveTat rj iv avTQ) ; el Be ttjv atpatpav ivavTLtos (pepeaOcu Xeyot, Tt9, evpeOr^aerai Kara t6v avWbv \pbvov B avrrj eavTJj ivavTiax; Kivovfievrj' tovtov Be Tt9 av droweoTepov 10 eirivorjo'eiev ; ovtco? Be dvcuBelas, acre/Seta? 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V deficit fol. I9 . /capa a\\ 46 XPIITIANIKH TOnOTPA4>IA Lib. I. ToviriaOev fcaraXifnrdvcov, el Be erepov ev tcov rpicov aTOixeicov D VTTorWeaOe, ovB' et9 oirorepov avT&v icvXieaOai tcai aTpecpeauai irecpVKev afyalpa, aXXd fiaXXov ical dfcovTi&fievij poifrBbv fxerep- %eTa*. 6t' &* irakiv eirl tov avTov del tottov KvXierac ical aTpefarcu V7T0 KX(dTaK(0V C09 5 fir) fJLeT€px6/JL€V0<; TOTTOV 6/C T07T0V, dvwyKT) CLVTOV o>9 6 Topvos, rj r) opyaviicr) a^alpa f3ao-Td£e eiriaT'qpi^ovTai, rj ol icXdyTatces, rj 6 a^tov • /ecu tovto eV direipov. 7ra>9 Be ical tov aljova Birjiceiv Bid fieaov Tr)<; yrjs viroQoafieQa; io 7T0L0V arcofiaTos, eliraTe; Tovtcov ovv Ttj (f>vcrei twv TrpayfiaTwv aTropovfievcov, XeiTreTai, 65 A icaOd teal rrrpcorfv e'lirafiev, eprfpeiafievov clvtov elvai, ical fir} 7repi^>e- pofievov. dXXa /cat Trjv yrjv a>9 icevTpov fieo-rjv tov ttclvtos viroTiue- fievoi, Ta^VTaTa eavTovs icaTaXveTe to fieaov irdXiv icaT(o XeyovTes 15 elvai' to avTO yap icaTa to avib ical fieaov ical KaTco dBvvaTov elvai' to fieaov yap tov dixo ical kotco fieaov io~Tlv, rj tov Befjta ical dpio-Tepd, rj tov efiirpoadev ical oiriaOev. 7rc3 iroXiopKovpevoi, dvatco\ov0a ical d BeBioTes yap fir) tis vfiiv dmoprfaeiev 20 fiapr) rr}? 7779, 7rc5 fir) KaTairiiTTeiv; ovk dXrjdwv, dXXa gevcov TrXaafiaTcov fivOovs ifavprj/coTes, dvTiaTpo<\) uvtI tov icaTa), eTreiBrj to irvp dv(o Ta BevTepa. el Be el; laov ovtos tov depo? irdvTodev Trjs yrj<; aydeiaOai Xeyoiev viro tov iravTos, ical Trjv yrjv dicXivr) Biafieveiv, ical fir) icXiveiv ev fiepei, 7roo9 dvOpooirovs ical Ta Xoiird aXoya yepvala t€ icai TTTrjvd ov avvoadovvTai, aicXivf} BiapievovTa W9 r) 30 yrj, aXXd BiaT€fivei tov depa irdvTa iropevofieva ical depoiropovvTa, ical VTfrr)Xo/3aTovvTa' ov fiovov Ta TOiavTa, aXXd ical yjriXd Tiva atyvya irpdyfiaTa, olov $pa\VTaTov 7TT€p6v, rj GfiiicpoTaTOv a^ypov vTrorldeadai 1. codd. et m. 4. del i-rrl tov clvtov W. 6. 6 om. m. 77] wsij om. m. us] 1 SW; ^ uu Vm. 8. 6 om. S . eV om. m. 2 10. trcVaros] + ov 70s W. 12. etvofiev S L. 16. ixtoov yap] Hie incipit L fol. 14. 17. ovk om. m. 18. TpatpQp m. 20. ical iaTaadai om. Lm. 21. wpayn&Tiov m. 22. avTlo-Tpo Lib. I. XPIZTIANIKH TOnorPA4>IA 47 irepiKparrjaai rj ftaaTaaai tov depa dBvvaTOv, dXXd Tejivei clvtov Xctttov bvra Kal diraXov, Kal Trapepye-Tai, b'aov r) opfirj tov ayovTos (peperav; ww? ovv Se/creov raBei dfL irvpi, r) iv OMpBrjiroTOVv a-oofiaTi /SovXovTai, 7rc59 evpedrjaovTai, afJL eTepo? irapd ^eva Trjs r)fi€T€pa<; tyvcrecos Kal Tafeco? elai rd roiavra. 7tg39 Be iraXiv verov yivofievov iir afjuporepov^ Bvvarbv Xeyeiv Kara crOat iirl tovs Bvo tov verov; Kal ov^l to fjuev KaracftepeaOai, to rj r) Be dva voetv Kal evXoyco? iireyyeXdaeTai ti<> Tais KaTaye\do~Toi viroOeaeatv, dvapfioara Kal draKTa Kal d EZ Be T/-9 KaTavor)aetev Kal to aXXo avTcov a6 to e/JLTrvevfiaTovaOat, ttjv yfjv, Kal tovs aetcrfiovs ylveaOai, r)viKa to 20 irvevfia avyKXeiofievov ttjv yr)v Brjdev /8tai&>9 aaXevei, Oavfidaetev tt}v dirdTrjv, Kal Toiyv IBlqjv Xoycov ttjv evavTtoTrjTa. el yap e£ to~ov tov iravTos irvevfiaTos didovfjuevr] r) yfj laTarai, do-dXevTos, Kal aKXivr)*;, iy^rvevp,aTOvp,evr\ fidXXov ftapelcrOai, w 68 A fiepos eKelvo Kal KXlveiv, wa-irep Kal TrapaBeLyp,aTV ^ptavTai tco 25 Kara tov avdpcoTTOv. 6 ydp toi avOpasiros ov /jlovov e/jL7rvev/j>aTov- fievos aaXeverai Kal Tpifiei, dXXa Kal 0o/3ft) Xr) fAevos, Kal dirb yrfpcos Kal dirb dBway^ia^' rjviKa Be Kal epmvev- fiaTOv/ievos aaXeveTai, Kal irinrTei iroXXaKi.*; et9 app(oo~Tiav Kai 30 TeXevrd. 7TW9 ovv Kal r) yrj KaT avTovs ep,7rvevfiaTOVfievri, ov KaTairLiTTet, Kal dwoXXvatv tov lBlov tottov ; 7nw9 Be Kal ttjv yrjv t^9 AlyvTTTOv KpeiTTOva aeiaficbv Xeyovaiv elvai, a>? Bia to 1. depaSvvarop V. 2. \embv] \avvov Lm. 3. ^pi/rat SW. fevd- 1 virodiaeis] irHTTeteiv ergots ciffTdras VL (?), \f/evdeis SWm. 4. + SW. 7. el arijffat n. re om. Lm. 7r. &vdp^Trov om. Lm. 8. d/xiporipois, Lm. 2 a»0e\e 12. 0tf yavvelv, Kal irveeiv, tov? avXa/cas ifce'ivovs iroLovaa tovs fieyaXov?, iroXXaKi? aeio-pbcbv yevaftevcov ev AlyvirTcp, ware Kal voXei? irecrelv Kal kha$i(jQr\vai- ov fxbvov Be touto, dXXa Kal eirl t&v Kaipcav T ' avBpas i-irtfyovTO, ' Apio~TOTeXr)v T€ Kal tovs o/jloiovs, Kal fiovXfj avTcov eiroiovv ra iroXXd; ttw? KTi^Ofxevr)*; 'Aimo%e£a? virb ZeXev- kov Kal 'Avtlo^ov, ovk eyevovTO BvvaTol elwetv irepl Tr}$ yrj? rwv avroOl OTL OVTl OVK eCTTLV KpeiTTCOV aetO~fJb0dV, CiWa /JLOXXoV Kttl 10 ' aeta-pb<2v. ov p.6vov Be 'AvTio^ecav, dXXa Kal KopivOov evua o Bfj/jios twv verbv etc rrjs vypoTrjTOS t?} 15 Xeccrdai, Kal irapaBelypLaatv ireidetv eirL^eipovaiv, on cocnrep to ftaX- avelov, vypbv Kal diroaTa^ei, Kal ooairep rj aiKva Kal Bia tov aTvirireiov Kal 7rvpb B? dv Ti? avT&v ttjv TocravTTjv co toi) dXXa KaT(o6ev e^et, 7r&)9 dvip,aTai, ovyl Be fiaXXov d>del; ofioim^ Kal eirl tov ^aXKeiov, ovk dvcoOev ttjv depp,0TrjTa dXXa fyec } 25 KaTwOev, Kal d/jL bfjuolctx; Kal i) criKva, el pJr) Be avTOv tov bpydvov /3t,a£op,evov tt)v (pvcrtv Kal cXkovtos, ovk dv elXKev vypoT7)Ta, p>vpidKi^ eirl pwplois irvp Kal o~tv7tt€lov ep,ftaX(ov. dXXa Kal %vXov vypbv two? epufia- J} 30 Xovtos 7rvpL, ToaovTOv dtdeiTat rj vypoTrj? eK r^? eK tov eTepov p,epov$ tov IjvXov, ttjv vypoTrjTa Kal tov Kairvbv eK^aXXeadai. Kal irvp Tt? avdtyas et'9 yrjv, ttjv vypoTrjTa ttjv 1 2 1. avv ^v (??) V xa-tvyv V xa-tv ebcu ^/ctfj/ous] /at) x , , W LSWm. + IAn. fieyd- Xovs] + aeia/Aovs, kclLtoi Lm. l. yevo/xfruv Lm. Kal om. Urn. 6. 'A/hototAt/ Dm. 9. oUtl] om. Lm, avr-q SW. 10. t\ei V. avTyv iroXKdicts Lm. 14. <:*] airb Lm. 15. ^al, t6 ^a\ave?ou Lm. 17. Kal uxnrep—airoardfa om. Lm. 77-6/ia V. 18. aiKva did (om. Kal) LSWm. 20. avrddev SW. 6 om. SW. 2 16. ird/xaros V . 27. piafo/iivov om. V. 28. fivpLuv Lm. 29. ififidX- 2 Xovtos J V , t/xpa\6vTui> Lm. 31. tov om. Lm. 32. iKpdXeadai V S. Lib. I. XPIZTIANIKH TOTTOrPA iv rots fvXot?, Bia, tov Kanrvov iKTrefiirofievrfv iirX ra ava) OecapeZ, ov^l airo tgdv avoa dvtfico/ievrjv, d\)C aydovfievrjv dnrb t^? Oepfio- TTjTO^ TOV 7TU/305. OV flTjV dXkd KOI TtKvVWV T4? IfiaTlOV, KttX rrj a7r\Q)(Ta<; iv yfj, i7reiBdv fypavdy e/c tov ffkiov, iirdpa^ to IfiaTiov ttjv vypoTTjTa iKirefi^>OeZaav vtto t?)? 0epfioT7}TO<; iv tjj 5 a^rj/jba yfj evptfaei TVirooOelaav KaTa to tov ifiaTiov. bfiola><; KaX et? irivaKiov T45 ififiaXow Oepfiov oyjrov, BS eKorepov eKirepmofievrfv Tj)v vypoTrjTa Oetapijaec avwOev real KaTwOev, eireiBr} fiearj Tvyydvei fi OepixoTT)^* ava>0ev yap OecapeZ kclttvov dvibvTa, KaX KaTcodev 69 A IBpovvTa tov iriva/ca, /cai tyjv vypoTTjTa Tvirovfievqv KaTa tov 10 tvttov tov BLfypov tov irivaKOS' govtc ovk dvi/iaTai, Kara TOV? ao 1 Ei7ra7ropovvT(ov Be fj/iwv 77-/909 avTovs, otl AiaTL iv ®7)/3atBi /cavfiaTov/JLevrjs ttjs yoapd^i ovk dvtfiaTat to vypov KaX ylveTai u€T09 iv rot? avTodv; diroXoyovfievoi (Jzdo-Kovcriv, otl tj fieTpia Kai 15 ouv rj ayav fiaWov OepfioTTjs etcoOev dvifiaaOai. 777)09 01)9 o~vvto- /jLWTaTa ipovfiev, otl KaX 7T&J9 ivBoTepco 7-779 ®r)/3atBos ek ttjv hlOioiriav, evOa tto\v irXeov Oep/ioTrjs vTrdp^et, vroWoi veToX yivovTai; 7r&>9 Be Bvvavrai Xeyeiv, tov rjXiov avifiaaOao, 01 iroWot, KaX aKpQTaToi o-o(f>oX, e/c 7-779 Trepifyopas o-vvTplfteaOat, KaX 6ep- 20 fialveiv Buo-xvpi&fievoi, koX ovyX ivvirdpyeiv avT vaiv to Oepfiov vTTOTidefjLevot, ; ovBe firjv aWd KaX tov depa vypov KaX B Oepfiov XeyovTe? elvai, Tt9 eVt %peia o-o^i^eaBat 7-01)9 aotyoix;, teal Xeyecv eTepwOev dvifidaOat, to vypov, avToOev avcoOev exovTe '* T0 Oepfiov KaX to vypov; el Be 77,9 diraiTrjcreLev avTovs o-Toixelov ev 25 KaO* eavTO, tfyovv ttjv avTov TrotoTrjTa Bel^au, evOecos diropovvTes too evX o-Totxei>q> Bvo Troi6Ti)Ta^ xap^0VTa^ Kal et t% d>p. tvtt. post l/mrlov transp. SW. 5. iKTT€fX(f>6e?a-av post depptyn)Tos h yv tov om. m. 13. SiarQ Sta rq$ V (t^s al. m). 7. rftjcrlW. "• Si toi)? fiekTicnovs tovtov? tyvxpov teal vypov to vBcop irape^ovTa?, zeal tov dipa vypov kcli 6ep/nov. iroOev XeyovaLV to vBcop, Tovreari C to yjrv^pbv kcli vypov, irrjyvvaOai kol KpvaTaXXovoSaL iv Kaipw ^eLfiwvo? ; iroOev eirepyeTaL r\ a/cpa yfrvxpoTT)?, Xva kol KpvaraWov 5 avro aTTepydarjTaL ; koX el fiev epovaiv on v) airbaTaaL? tov rjXiov eh to fcaTa ovtcl Oepfiov kol vypov ovk airoBeLKWGiv, aXXa tovvclvtiov "tyvyjib- tcltov ; 7Tg3? Be avTO to ^rv^pov, tovtecttl to vBcop, ov Trrjyvva-L tov dipa, TOVTeaTi to vypbv, dXXd tovvclvtiov eiceZvo tovto nrrjyvva-iVy 10 kciOgds opwfiev; iroXXd ^xev ovv e^cov elirelv irepl tovtov, koX irepl oiv irdXiv irXavco/ievoL yaKivovpuai Tjj fiaTaLOTrjTL tcov vir clvtwv Xeyofievcov evTpeiro- fievos, dp/ceTa, r\yv)crdfievo<; Ta irpoXexS&VTa irepl tovtov, irepl D eTepov Be fidXXov eireLybfievo? twv o~o 15 birep evdew? ip(S. tov ovpavbv o~a>fia XeyovTe? elvat, irepLeyeLV Xeyovo~LV tov iravTa Koafiov, firjBev Be eljcodev avTov virdpyew Bucr^vpi^ofjbevoL, dyyeXov? kol Baifiova? kol ^u%a9, fiepo? ovtcl? tov koct/jlov, airepLypatyovs itoXlv opi^ovTcu, fiijTe irepLe^pvTa? tov ovpavbv, firjTe irepLe-^ofievov? virb tov ovpavov, ov crvvLevTe? to 20 Xeybfievov, otl to firjTe irepLe^pv firjTe irepLe^bfievov iv tol? ovglv oXco? ov OeaypelTaL. el tolvvv TavO" ovtcos e^et, elirdTcoaav irepl tt)<; [Bias avT&v -yfrvxr}^, iroiepov ecrTiv, rj ovk eaTiv. real el fiev Ovk eo-TLV, epovaLv, Xlav dvaiBe?, kcu dyfrv^ov? eavTOvs viroTlOevTaL- el Be "Ectlv, irdXiv XeyeTcoaav, 'Ev avTol? Igtlv, rj ovk € Kalom.LSWm. 4; 7 - */**] + r6re Lm. raW-ro^a, rtouV. 10. xoXXa-^pffl W (1. 15) om. W. „. ^apade^drc m. 15 ?Tt rbP W. . ipova* 23 om. Lm. . 30. Uvarov V. 33. ^] a{)Toh Lib. II. XPIITIANIKH TOnOTPA^IA 51 iariv, rj iv oX iv fiepet, jSpa^vraTO) ovaa • el Be oXca, 7repiypd B vtto (r^rjfia Be evpedrjaeTCU, cr$aipoei,Br)<$ Kara tc\ Tvyydvovaay ivTevOev Tripara o-vfJLTrepieiXrj^vla ttjv aefyalpav. el Be ttclXiv /ecu ecreodev teal e^coOev avrr)v elireaaLV Bit]fcovo~av Bid irdvTCOv o>9 airepi- 5 ypa laoOetav cttov ®eov tov ktIgclvtos kol Br)fjLLOvpyrjaravTO<; to, irdvTa ovk eaTiv. ®eov els rd$ KTio~Ta<; eavT&v yjrv%a<;, c^eTept^o/nevoi, ttjv Bo%av tt)v Oeiav. Bid tovto fidXXov civtovs o diroTp&rov, to^s OVT(ts v , < ,w 8vvap.iv o.tjttJs apvouLie'vovs. c Aoros B. 15 'Tirodeaei^ XptcrTiavitcal irepl cryripjaTwv kcu tottoQevicts iravTos tov Koo-fiov, e/c T779 Oetas Tpa^rf^ T r 'Oo-7]v /Jbev dvaftoXrjv iiroLrjo'd/JLrjv irepl tt)v twv o~xvfJ'^TCOV T°v Koafiov crvyypaefrrjv, iroXXdici*; teal eTepcov rffids 7rpOTpeyfrafiev(ov 20 dvBpoiv davfiacrLcDv, avTos irdvTcov a/j,ei,vov olaOa, oo tc\ irdvTa /cat irdvTcov dylcov dvBpSiv 2 8\(j)—iariv om. m. 2. «\wj SW. ttepcypd 12. Tim. iii. 5. 10. Rom. i. 22 sqq. 2 4—2 52 XPIZTIANIKH TOnOTPA Kal crvve^o)^ Xotirbv etc tovtov dcrOeveiais avyyah TrepnwrTovTCdv, aXXcos re Be Kal T779 e% p7)ToptKTj^ Teyyr\<$ d/ioipovvToov, zeal crrco/jLvXta Xoycov 77 /co/jhtco yapaKTr\pi avvOelvai Xoyov ovk elBoTcov, Kal reus tov ftiov irXoKah 5 do"%oXovp,eva)v. avrbs ovBev tjttov evo^Xcov tj/jllv ov 6\e\et7T£9, o>9 Xoyov r)fia<; eyypa Bid Ma)i/o-e&>9 fcaTa OLKodev opftrjdels, ovB* ef epuavTOV irXaadfievo? rj crTo^aadfievo^, 10 aXX* etc T03V Oeiwv Tpa^wv iraiBevOeh, Kal Bid ^cocrr)? Be (fxovfjs irapaXa(3oi>v viro tov Oecordrov dvBpbs Kal fieydXov BiBaaKaXov JlarptKLOv, 09 rdfyv Afipa/LuaLav irXrjpoyv, e/c XaXBaicov irapaye- yovu><$ dfia to3 ev dyioi j3ovXrj(rei ®eov f 15 tov fttov fxeraXXd^avrt, fiereBcoKev Oeoaefieias Kal yvdtcreoac; d\r)0e- ardrrjf;, 09 Kal avTos vvvl eK 0ela<; ydpiTOS, ewl tol>9 vijrrjXovs Kal dp^iepaTiKOv? Opovovs dvr\yQri tt)9 0X779 T\.epaiBo<$, KaOoXiKO? €7TL povvTOS, fidXtara Bid tovs tyiXevicXrjfJiOvas, wv eviropo^ 77 BiaftoXrj, 20 Kai TroXXas itXas tov (TKcoirreiv e^ovaa, okvos ouv rvycov fie Karel^ev. avTos Be irakiv TTpovrpeire^, KaTaKpifiacri jSap&v eirl to ^>a vlko)V 7rpoX7jyjreo)v, Kal ottcos awa$ 6 o-kottos T779 6eia<; Tpa^rj^ * 25 et9 T7)V fieXXovaav KaTaaraaiv d -yolp, (j>7] KaTaXvOp, oIko8o|*.i]V i\o\Ltv Ik 0€ov d\iipoiroti\Tov olxtav aluviov €v tois ovpavots. ravra Kai ra rotavra v/jlcov tyacrKOVTwv, Kal Tat9 t?}9 0-779 6eoaefteia<$ KeXevaeaiv fiy Bvvd/juevos dvreiTreiv, KaOrJKa epav- C tov tovto, Ta? o-a9 ev%d<; 30 eh avXXa^eaOat fxoi Oappcovt Trjv Te Setav x^P LV ypw Trpocryeveo-Oai BeopLevo? ev dvoigei tov aTopaTos, 779 avev ovBev BwdfieOa KaTopOcocrat,, 07r&>9 Bvvr}6eir)/j,ev dvev K€KO/juyjrevfievov Kal TexvcKOv Xoyov, ev IBlwtlkoZ? Te Kal dirXda- 2 1 3. k6httov L m. 4. . x^P^TiipaL (?) V 5. dtiKiires S. 7. 97] y S. riJTros Kal VTroypa 26. 2 Cor. v. 1. Lib. II. 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