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Marcacci-Rossi, Reasoning, Metaphor and Science Vol.9 2017
Isonomia – Epistemologica Volume 9 REASONING, METAPHOR AND SCIENCE Volume 1 Il realismo scientifico di Evandro Agazzi Mario Alai (ed.) Volume 2 Complessità e riduzionismo Vincenzo Fano, Enrico Giannetto, Giulia Giannini, Pierluigi Graziani (eds.) Volume 3 Oltre la fisica normale Isabella Tassani (ed.) Volume 4 Mettere a fuoco il mondo Elena Casetta, Valeria Giardino (eds.) Volume 5 Metaphor and Argumentation Francesca Ervas, Massimo Sangoi (eds.) Volume 6 Forecasting the Future Stefano Bordoni, Sara Matera (eds.) Volume 7 Teaching and Learning Mathematics Laura Branchetti (ed.) Volume 8 Animali razionali Pierluigi Graziani, Giorgio Grimaldi, Massimo Sangoi (eds.) Volume 9 Reasoning, Metaphor and Science Flavia Marcacci, Maria Grazia Rossi (eds.) ISONOMIA - Epistemologica Series Editor Gino Tarozzi [email protected] REASONING, METAPHOR AND SCIENCE Edited by Flavia Marcacci Maria Grazia Rossi © ISONOMIA – Epistemologica All rights reserved. ISSN 2037-4348 Scientific Director: Gino Tarozzi Managing Director: Pierluigi Graziani Department of Foundation of Sciences P.za della Repubblica, 13 – 61029 Urbino (PU) http://isonomia.uniurb.it/ Design by [email protected] All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form, or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise without prior permission, in writing, from the publisher. In copertina: Gianni Pilera, I ceppi solitari Table of contents 2 FLAVIA MARCACCI AND MARIA GRAZIA ROSSI Reasoning by Metaphors in Science, Philosophy and Practice ................................ 7 Part 1: The Nature of Metaphors and Their Role in Human Rationality STEFANIA GIOMBINI Μεταφορά. The Figure of Speech before Aristotle ................................................. 25 FRANCESCA ERVAS AND ELISABETTA GOLA From a Ghost to a Sketch: Translating Metaphors in Context .............................. -
The Jesuits and the Galileo Affair Author(S): Nicholas Overgaard Source: Prandium - the Journal of Historical Studies, Vol
Early Modern Catholic Defense of Copernicanism: The Jesuits and the Galileo Affair Author(s): Nicholas Overgaard Source: Prandium - The Journal of Historical Studies, Vol. 2, No. 1 (Spring, 2013), pp. 29-36 Published by: The Department of Historical Studies, University of Toronto Mississauga Stable URL: http://jps.library.utoronto.ca/index.php/prandium/article/view/19654 Prandium: The Journal of Historical Studies Vol. 2, No. 1, (2013) Early Modern Catholic Defense of Copernicanism: The Jesuits and the Galileo Affair Nicholas Overgaard “Obedience should be blind and prompt,” Ignatius of Loyola reminded his Jesuit brothers a decade after their founding in 1540.1 By the turn of the seventeenth century, the incumbent Superior General Claudio Aquaviva had reiterated Loyola’s expectation of “blind obedience,” with specific regard to Jesuit support for the Catholic Church during the Galileo Affair.2 Interpreting the relationship between the Jesuits and Copernicans like Galileo Galilei through the frame of “blind obedience” reaffirms the conservative image of the Catholic Church – to which the Jesuits owed such obedience – as committed to its medieval traditions. In opposition to this perspective, I will argue that the Jesuits involved in the Galileo Affair3 represent the progressive ideas of the Church in the early seventeenth century. To prove this, I will argue that although the Jesuits rejected the epistemological claims of Copernicanism, they found it beneficial in its practical applications. The desire to solidify their status as the intellectual elites of the Church caused the Jesuits to reject Copernicanism in public. However, they promoted an intellectual environment in which Copernican studies – particularly those of Galileo – could develop with minimal opposition, theological or otherwise. -
Interim Report for the Nine Months Ended 30 September 2018
INTERIM REPORT FOR THE NINE MONTHS ENDED 30 SEPTEMBER 2018 WorldReginfo - 5f88dd37-92fd-461f-8920-6d30ec0168ca CONTENTS 1. INTRODUCTION ........................................................................................................................ 3 2. OWNERSHIP AND ORGANISATIONAL STRUCTURE ............................................................ 3 3. MACROECONOMIC ENVIRONMENT ....................................................................................... 8 4. OPERATING RESULTS ........................................................................................................... 10 5. FINANCIAL POSITION ............................................................................................................ 29 6. OUTLOOK ................................................................................................................................ 33 7. OTHER INFORMATION ........................................................................................................... 35 8. PRINCIPAL RELATIONS WITH THE AUTHORITIES ............................................................. 45 9. CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS AT AND FOR THE NINE MONTHS ................. ENDED 30 SEPTEMBER 2018 ........................................................................................................ 47 10. DECLARATION OF THE MANAGER RESPONSIBLE FOR FINANCIAL REPORTING ....... 52 11. APPENDIX ............................................................................................................................... -
Michael Kühn Detlev Auvermann RARE BOOKS
ANTIQUARIAT 55Michael Kühn Detlev Auvermann RARE BOOKS 1 Rolfinck’s copy ALESSANDRINI, Giulio. De medicina et medico dialogus, libris quinque distinctus. Zurich, Andreas Gessner, 1557. 4to, ff. [6], pp. AUTOLYKOS (AUTOLYCUS OF PYTANE). 356, ff. [8], with printer’s device on title and 7 woodcut initials; a few annotations in ink to the text; a very good copy in a strictly contemporary binding of blind-stamped pigskin, the upper cover stamped ‘1557’, red Autolyci De vario ortu et occasu astrorum inerrantium libri dvo nunc primum de graeca lingua in latinam edges, ties lacking; front-fly almost detached; contemporary ownership inscription of Werner Rolfinck on conuersi … de Vaticana Bibliotheca deprompti. Josepho Avria, neapolitano, interprete. Rome, Vincenzo title (see above), as well as a stamp and duplicate stamp of Breslau University library. Accolti, 1588. 4to, ff. [6], pp. 70, [2]; with large woodcut device on title, and several woodcut diagrams in the text; title a little browned, else a fine copy in 19th-century vellum-backed boards, new endpapers. EUR 3.800.- EUR 4.200.- First edition of Alessandrini’s medical dialogues, his most famous publication and a work of rare erudition. Very rare Latin edition, translated from a Greek manuscript at the Autolycus was a Greek mathematician and astronomer, who probably Giulio Alessandrini (or Julius Alexandrinus de Neustein) (1506–1590) was an Italian physician and author Vatican library, of Autolycus’ work on the rising and setting of the fixed flourished in the second half of the 4th century B.C., since he is said to of Trento who studied philosophy and medicine at the University of Padua, then mathematical science, stars. -
Achievements of Catholic Scientists Mathematical
Achievements of Catholic Scientists Most of the Catholic Scientists listed below lived in 17th through 19th centuries. Many earlier scientists, including scholars associated with establishing the Scientific Method, and also those who played a leading role in the field of Astronomy, are listed elsewhere. Up until the Protestant Revolution scientific research in Europe occurred mostly within monasteries, Universities, and institutions of the Catholic Church. During this time the majority of scholars were priests or religious. From the 16th century on the participation of layman in science increased in both Catholic and Protestant countries. In the centuries following the Protestant Revolt, many institutions dedicated to Scientific research came under the control of the Jesuit order and from that time on, the Jesuits dominated scientific research in most Catholic countries. A longer list of both Lay Catholic and Catholic Cleric Scientists can be found on Wikipedia. Mathematical Philosophers Pope Sylvester II Prolific French scholar, also known as Gerbert of Aurillac. Greatest (c. 946–1003) scholar of his age. Promoted Arabic knowledge of arithmetic, mathematics, and astronomy and introduced Arabic (decimal) numbers into Europe. He inspired learning in Medieval France especially at monastery schools. Leonardo Fibonacci Layman mathematical scholar who popularized Hindu-Arabic numerals (c.1170–c.1250) in Europe and discovered the Fibonacci sequence. Rene Descartes French philosopher, mathematician and scientist. Philosophical works (1596–1650) explore rationalism and skepticism, and are foundational to modern western philosophy. Descartes also developed the Cartesian co-ordinate system and wrote on analytic geometry. Pierre de Fermat Number theorist who contributed to the early development of calculus. -
Utiles Et Necessarias: Early Modern Science and the Society of Jesus
Utiles et Necessarias: Early Modern Science and the Society of Jesus Sister Mary Sarah Galbraith, O.P. A thesis submitted in conformity with the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the Unit of History and Philosophy of Science, Faculty of Science University of Sydney March 2021 Utiles et Necessarias 2 Utiles et Necessarias 3 Utiles et Necessarias: Early Modern Science and the Society of Jesus Sister Mary Sarah Galbraith, O.P. This thesis treats of the contributions made by the Society of Jesus to Early Modern science, amidst the complexities of the post Reformation, post Copernican era. Its focus is the life and work of the Jesuit Christopher Clavius (1538-1612), the architect and founder of a mathematics academy at the Collegio Romano. Using extant correspondence, pamphlet, prefatory dedications and commentaries, I show that Clavius created a strategy to recruit and train Jesuit priests in mathematics to be exported throughout Europe and to remote missionary outposts. As a specially trained corps of priest mathematicians, the Jesuits used the truths of mathematics and the mathematical sciences to draw potential converts to the truths of faith and religious conversion. The approach was initially successful. As the scientific and religious culture shifted in the sixteenth century, however, reliance upon traditional sources of authority, knowledge and belief came under scrutiny. As priests and mathematicians who were invested in both sacred and secular realms, members of the Society struggled to adhere to the tenets of traditional natural philosophy and to promote the new sciences, for the purposes of religious conversion. The approach that substituted the truths of mathematics for the truths of dogmatic faith was intended to engender confidence. -
Sundials on the Quirinal: Astronomy and the Early Modern Garden
Sundials on the Quirinal: Astronomy and the Early Modern Garden Denis Ribouillault Abstract This paper deals with the function and meaning of sundials in Early Modern Rome, more specifically in gardens. It concentrates on two gardens, both on the Quirinal hill and directly facing each other: the papal gardens of Monte Cavallo and the Jesuit garden of the Noviciate of Sant’Andrea del Quirinale. Set on each side of the magnificent Via Pia, these gardens represented two intersecting yet contrasting worlds, a rude juxtaposition of one cosmos clashing against another: that of a Jesuit community and that of the Papal court. Each had developed a specific language to articulate their main concerns and proclaim their truths to garden visitors. By drawing a contrasting picture of the S. Andrea garden and the Papal gardens, in which sundials were given very different meanings, the intent of this paper is to probe the awkward, contradiction-ridden, spinoso relationship between religion, science and curiosity in Early Modern Rome. In 1685, the Dutch civil engineer Cornelis Meyer devised a method to re-erect the obelisk of Augustus, which had formed part of a famous ancient sundial known as the Horologium Augusti. Published in a book on hydraulic engineering, Meyer’s method was supplemented by an entire section in which he explained how one could transform Rome’s piazze, with their obelisks and columns, into colossal sundials. He suggested that the obelisk be erected on Piazza Monte Cavallo on the Quirinal hill and that the monument be given back its ancient gnomonic function (Fig. 1). Meyer’s elaborate gnomon would determine the hours of the night through the use of the same type of pierced gnomon that would be used a century later, in 1792, when the obelisk was finally erected on Piazza D. -
A Selection of New Arrivals May 2018
A selection of new arrivals May 2018 Rare and important books & manuscripts in science and medicine, by Christian Westergaard. Flæsketorvet 68 – 1711 København V – Denmark Cell: (+45)27628014 www.sophiararebooks.com ADDISON, Thomas. THE ONLY PRESENTATION COPY KNOWN, IN A SPECIAL GIFT BINDING Grolier/Norman, One Hundred Books Famous in Medicine 60c ADDISON, Thomas. On the Constitutional and Local Effects of Disease of the Supra-Renal Capsules. London: Samuel Highley, 1855. $45,000 4to (323 x 249 mm). viii, 43, [1]pp. 11 hand-colored lithograph plates by W. Hurst and M. and N. Hanhart after drawings by W. Hurst and John Tupper. Original green cloth stamped in gilt and blind, very slight wear at extremities. Fine, clean copy, presented by Addison’s widow to Addison’s friend Henry Lonsdale (1816-76), with a unique binding with the gilt-stamped ornament on the front cover reading “Presented by Mrs. Addison,” instead of the usual title lettering, and inscription on the front free endpaper, presumably in the hand of Mrs. Addison, reading: “To Dr. Lonsdale one of the Author’s best & kind friends.” A very fine copy, preserved in a custom leather box. First edition, the only known presentation copy, presented by Addison’s widow to Addison’s friend Henry Lonsdale (1816-76), with a unique binding with the gilt-stamped ornament on the front cover reading “Presented by Mrs. Addison,” instead of the usual title lettering, and inscription on the front free endpaper, presumably in the hand of Mrs. Addison, reading: “To Dr. Lonsdale one of the Author’s best & kind friends.” Addison’s monograph inaugurated the study of diseases of the ductless glands and the disturbances in chemical equilibrium known as pluriglandular syndromes; it also marks the beginning of modern ADDISON, Thomas. -
Modern Science in Portugal: the 'Sphere Lesson' in Colégio De Santo
Acta Scientiarum http://www.uem.br/acta ISSN printed: 2178-5198 ISSN on-line: 2178-5201 Doi: 10.4025/actascieduc.v39i3.28797 Modern science in Portugal: the ‘sphere lesson’ in Colégio de Santo Antão Natália Cristina de Oliveira*, Célio Juvenal Costa and Sezinando Luís Menezes Universidade Estadual de Maringá, Av. Colombo, 5790, 87020-900, Maringá, Paraná, Brasil. *Autor para correspondencia. E-mail: [email protected] ABSTRACT. With the arrival of the Society of Jesus to Portugal in 1540, Jesuit schools were created by the Crown. The College of St. Antão, in Lisbon, was the first Jesuit educational institution, created in 1553. We propose a discussion of the main objectives, characteristics and difficulties of the Jesuit religious order in the Portuguese territory, as well as a presentation of one of the most important classes of this College: the ‘Class of the Sphere’. The priests considered fundamental to teach issues related to mathematics and astronomy, because, through these disciplines, they addressed the theory and practice of items and concepts, such as the telescope, logarithms, equations, geometry and others. The curriculum of this college included, in addition to science and mathematics, subjects such as: Latin, Grammar, Humanities, Rhetoric, and Introduction to Moral Theology, Dogmatic Theology and Philosophy, considered only to teaching in the Portuguese context. Studying the College of St. Antão helps us to understand how these innovations were considered in teaching, in the Jesuit case, in the temporal context of Portugal in the 16th century. We understand that the College, mainly by innovations, was essential to the development of science. Keywords: Society of Jesus, history of science, jesuit science, 16th-century Portugal. -
Inside the Camera Obscura – Optics and Art Under the Spell of the Projected Image
MAX-PLANCK-INSTITUT FÜR WISSENSCHAFTSGESCHICHTE Max Planck Institute for the History of Science 2007 PREPRINT 333 Wolfgang Lefèvre (ed.) Inside the Camera Obscura – Optics and Art under the Spell of the Projected Image TABLE OF CONTENTS PART I – INTRODUCING AN INSTRUMENT The Optical Camera Obscura I A Short Exposition Wolfgang Lefèvre 5 The Optical Camera Obscura II Images and Texts Collected and presented by Norma Wenczel 13 Projecting Nature in Early-Modern Europe Michael John Gorman 31 PART II – OPTICS Alhazen’s Optics in Europe: Some Notes on What It Said and What It Did Not Say Abdelhamid I. Sabra 53 Playing with Images in a Dark Room Kepler’s Ludi inside the Camera Obscura Sven Dupré 59 Images: Real and Virtual, Projected and Perceived, from Kepler to Dechales Alan E. Shapiro 75 “Res Aspectabilis Cujus Forma Luminis Beneficio per Foramen Transparet” – Simulachrum, Species, Forma, Imago: What was Transported by Light through the Pinhole? Isabelle Pantin 95 Clair & Distinct. Seventeenth-Century Conceptualizations of the Quality of Images Fokko Jan Dijksterhuis 105 PART III – LENSES AND MIRRORS The Optical Quality of Seventeenth-Century Lenses Giuseppe Molesini 117 The Camera Obscura and the Availibility of Seventeenth Century Optics – Some Notes and an Account of a Test Tiemen Cocquyt 129 Comments on 17th-Century Lenses and Projection Klaus Staubermann 141 PART IV – PAINTING The Camera Obscura as a Model of a New Concept of Mimesis in Seventeenth-Century Painting Carsten Wirth 149 Painting Technique in the Seventeenth Century in Holland and the Possible Use of the Camera Obscura by Vermeer Karin Groen 195 Neutron-Autoradiography of two Paintings by Jan Vermeer in the Gemäldegalerie Berlin Claudia Laurenze-Landsberg 211 Gerrit Dou and the Concave Mirror Philip Steadman 227 Imitation, Optics and Photography Some Gross Hypotheses Martin Kemp 243 List of Contributors 265 PART I INTRODUCING AN INSTRUMENT Figure 1: ‘Woman with a pearl necklace’ by Vermeer van Delft (c.1664). -
Fermat's Dilemma: Why Did He Keep Mum on Infinitesimals? and The
FERMAT’S DILEMMA: WHY DID HE KEEP MUM ON INFINITESIMALS? AND THE EUROPEAN THEOLOGICAL CONTEXT JACQUES BAIR, MIKHAIL G. KATZ, AND DAVID SHERRY Abstract. The first half of the 17th century was a time of in- tellectual ferment when wars of natural philosophy were echoes of religious wars, as we illustrate by a case study of an apparently innocuous mathematical technique called adequality pioneered by the honorable judge Pierre de Fermat, its relation to indivisibles, as well as to other hocus-pocus. Andr´eWeil noted that simple appli- cations of adequality involving polynomials can be treated purely algebraically but more general problems like the cycloid curve can- not be so treated and involve additional tools–leading the mathe- matician Fermat potentially into troubled waters. Breger attacks Tannery for tampering with Fermat’s manuscript but it is Breger who tampers with Fermat’s procedure by moving all terms to the left-hand side so as to accord better with Breger’s own interpreta- tion emphasizing the double root idea. We provide modern proxies for Fermat’s procedures in terms of relations of infinite proximity as well as the standard part function. Keywords: adequality; atomism; cycloid; hylomorphism; indi- visibles; infinitesimal; jesuat; jesuit; Edict of Nantes; Council of Trent 13.2 Contents arXiv:1801.00427v1 [math.HO] 1 Jan 2018 1. Introduction 3 1.1. A re-evaluation 4 1.2. Procedures versus ontology 5 1.3. Adequality and the cycloid curve 5 1.4. Weil’s thesis 6 1.5. Reception by Huygens 8 1.6. Our thesis 9 1.7. Modern proxies 10 1.8. -
Boyle's Books
BOYLE’S BOOKS: THE EVIDENCE OF HIS CITATIONS Iordan Avramov Michael Hunter Hideyuki Yoshimoto Robert Boyle Project Occasional Papers No. 4 Boyle’s Books: The Evidence of his Citations Robert Boyle’s extensive library was irrevocably dispersed within fifteen months of his death in 1691, and only a few volumes from it can now be identified. However, clues to Boyle’s ownership of books are provided by his citations of the writings of others by page, sometimes using the formula ‘pagina mihi’, ‘page in my copy’. This publication collects such evidence both from Boyle’s published writings and from his manuscript reading notes to give details of some 125 books which he is likely to have owned. It thus offers a significant contribution to the reconstruction of Boyle’s library. The authors are Iordan Avramov, Research Fellow at the Centre for Science Studies and History of Science, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Sofia; Michael Hunter, Professor of History at Birkbeck, University of London, and Director of the Robert Boyle Project; and Hideyuki Yoshimoto, Professor in the Division of Culture and Literary Studies at the Tokyo University of Foreign Studies. Robert Boyle, Of the Reconcileableness of Specifick Medicines to the Corpuscular Philosophy (London, 1685), p. 70, showing a typical example of a citation by him in the form ‘Pag[ina] mihi’, ‘page in my copy’. Wellcome Library, London, 15066/B. BOYLE’S BOOKS: THE EVIDENCE OF HIS CITATIONS Iordan Avramov Michael Hunter Hideyuki Yoshimoto Robert Boyle Project Occasional Papers No. 4 2010 No. 4 of the Occasional Papers of the Robert Boyle Project Published by the Robert Boyle Project, Department of History, Classics and Archaeology, Birkbeck, University of London, Malet Street, London, WC1E 7HX, UK © Iordan Avramov, Michael Hunter and Hideyuki Yoshimoto All rights reserved ISBN: 978-0-9551608-3-7 British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data.