Modern Insect Extinctions, the Neglected Majority
Total Page:16
File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb
Load more
Recommended publications
-
Assessing Symbiont Extinction Risk Using Cophylogenetic Data 2 3 Jorge Doña1 and Kevin P
1 Assessing symbiont extinction risk using cophylogenetic data 2 3 Jorge Doña1 and Kevin P. Johnson1 4 5 1. Illinois Natural History Survey, Prairie Research Institute, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 6 1816 S. Oak St., Champaign, IL 61820, USA 7 8 *Corresponding authors: Jorge Doña & Kevin Johnson; e-mail: [email protected] & [email protected] 9 10 Abstract: Symbionts have a unique mode of life that has attracted the attention of ecologists and 11 evolutionary biologists for centuries. As a result of this attention, these disciplines have produced 12 a mature body of literature on host-symbiont interactions. In contrast, the discipline of symbiont 13 conservation is still in a foundational stage. Here, we aim to integrate methodologies on symbiont 14 coevolutionary biology with the perspective of conservation. We focus on host-symbiont 15 cophylogenies, because they have been widely used to study symbiont diversification history and 16 contain information on symbiont extinction. However, cophylogenetic information has never been 17 used nor adapted to the perspective of conservation. Here, we propose a new statistic, 18 “cophylogenetic extinction rate” (Ec), based on coevolutionary knowledge, that uses data from 19 event-based cophylogenetic analyses, and which could be informative to assess relative symbiont 20 extinction risks. Finally, we propose potential future research to further develop estimation of 21 symbiont extinction risk from cophylogenetic analyses and continue the integration of this existing 22 knowledge of coevolutionary biology and cophylogenetics into future symbiont conservation 23 studies and practices. 24 25 Keywords: coevolution, coextinction risk, conservation biology, cophylogenies, host-symbiont 26 interactions, parasites. -
Grasshoppered: America's Response to the 1874
Nebraska History posts materials online for your personal use. Please remember that the contents of Nebraska History are copyrighted by the Nebraska State Historical Society (except for materials credited to other institutions). The NSHS retains its copyrights even to materials it posts on the web. For permission to re-use materials or for photo ordering information, please see: http://www.nebraskahistory.org/magazine/permission.htm Nebraska State Historical Society members receive four issues of Nebraska History and four issues of Nebraska History News annually. For membership information, see: http://nebraskahistory.org/admin/members/index.htm Article Title: Grasshoppered: America’s Response to the 1874 Rocky Mountain Locust Invasion Full Citation: Alexandra M Wagner, “Grasshoppered: America’s Response to the 1874 Rocky Mountain Locust Invasion,” Nebraska History 89 (2008): 154-167 URL of article: http://www.nebraskahistory.org/publish/publicat/history/full-text/NH2008Grasshoppered.pdf Date: 2/11/2014 Article Summary: It was a plague of biblical proportions, influencing generations of federal agricultural policy . and foreshadowing today’s expectations about the government’s role during natural disasters. Cataloging Information: Names: Swain Finch, Solomon Butcher, H Westermann, Robert W Furnas, Thomas A Osborn, E O C Ord, N A M Dudley, Jeffrey Lockwood, John S Pillsbury, John L Pennington Keywords: Swain Finch, H Westermann, Robert W Furnas, Thomas A Osborn, Rocky Mountain locust (Melanoplus spretus), Nebraska Relief and Aid Association, -
2010 Animal Species of Concern
MONTANA NATURAL HERITAGE PROGRAM Animal Species of Concern Species List Last Updated 08/05/2010 219 Species of Concern 86 Potential Species of Concern All Records (no filtering) A program of the University of Montana and Natural Resource Information Systems, Montana State Library Introduction The Montana Natural Heritage Program (MTNHP) serves as the state's information source for animals, plants, and plant communities with a focus on species and communities that are rare, threatened, and/or have declining trends and as a result are at risk or potentially at risk of extirpation in Montana. This report on Montana Animal Species of Concern is produced jointly by the Montana Natural Heritage Program (MTNHP) and Montana Department of Fish, Wildlife, and Parks (MFWP). Montana Animal Species of Concern are native Montana animals that are considered to be "at risk" due to declining population trends, threats to their habitats, and/or restricted distribution. Also included in this report are Potential Animal Species of Concern -- animals for which current, often limited, information suggests potential vulnerability or for which additional data are needed before an accurate status assessment can be made. Over the last 200 years, 5 species with historic breeding ranges in Montana have been extirpated from the state; Woodland Caribou (Rangifer tarandus), Greater Prairie-Chicken (Tympanuchus cupido), Passenger Pigeon (Ectopistes migratorius), Pilose Crayfish (Pacifastacus gambelii), and Rocky Mountain Locust (Melanoplus spretus). Designation as a Montana Animal Species of Concern or Potential Animal Species of Concern is not a statutory or regulatory classification. Instead, these designations provide a basis for resource managers and decision-makers to make proactive decisions regarding species conservation and data collection priorities in order to avoid additional extirpations. -
Infesting Rock Pigeons and Mourning Doves (Aves: Columbiformes: Columbidae) in Manitoba, with New Records for North America and Canada
208 Serendipity with chewing lice (Phthiraptera: Menoponidae, Philopteridae) infesting rock pigeons and mourning doves (Aves: Columbiformes: Columbidae) in Manitoba, with new records for North America and Canada Terry D. Galloway1 Department of Entomology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada R3T 2N2 Ricardo L. Palma Museum of New Zealand Te Papa Tongarewa, P.O. Box 467, Wellington, New Zealand Abstract—An extensive survey of chewing lice from rock pigeon, Columba livia Gmelin, and mourning dove, Zenaida macroura (L.), carried out from 1994 to 2000 and from 2003 to 2006 in Manitoba, Canada, produced the following new records: Coloceras tovornikae Tendeiro for North America; Columbicola macrourae (Wilson), Hohorstiella lata (Piaget), H. paladinella Hill and Tuff, and Physconelloides zenaidurae (McGregor) for Canada; and Bonomiella columbae Emerson, Campanulotes compar (Burmeister), Columbicola baculoides (Paine), and C. columbae (L.) for Manitoba. We collected 25 418 lice of four species (C. compar, C. columbae, H. lata, and C. tovornikae) from 322 rock pigeons. The overall prevalence of infestation was 78.9%, 52.5%, and 23.3% for C. compar, C. columbae, and H. lata, respectively. Coloceras tovornikae was not discovered until 2003, after which its prevalence was 39.9% on 114 pigeons. We col- lected 1116 lice of five species (P. zenaidurae, C. baculoides, C. macrourae, H. paladinella, and B. columbae) from 117 mourning doves. Physconelloides zenaidurae was encountered most often (prevalence was 36.7%), while the prevalence of the other four species was 26.3%, 18.4%, 3.5%, and 2.6%, respectively. Galloway218 and Palma Résumé—Une étude approfondie de poux mâcheurs sur des pigeons bisets, Colomba livia Gme- lin, et des tourterelles tristes, Zenaida macroura (L.), effectuée de 1994 à 2000 et de 2003 à 2006 au Manitoba, Canada, a produit les nouvelles mentions suivantes : Coloceras tovornikae Tendeiro pour l’Amérique du Nord; Columbicola macrourae (Wilson), Hohorstiella lata (Piaget), H. -
Grasshoppers
Grasshoppers Orthoptera: Acrididae Plains Lubber Pictured grasshoppers Great crested grasshopper Snakeweed grasshoppers Primary Pest Grasshoppers • Migratory grasshopper • Twostriped grasshopper • Differential grasshopper • Redlegged grasshopper • Clearwinged grasshopper Twostriped Grasshopper, Melanoplus bivittatus Redlegged Grasshopper, Melanoplus femurrubrum Differential Grasshopper, Melanoplus differentialis Migratory Grasshopper, Melanoplus sanguinipes Clearwinged Grasshopper Camnula pellucida Diagram courtesy of Alexandre Latchininsky, University of Wyoming Photograph courtesy of Jean-Francoise Duranton, CIRAD Grasshoppers lay pods of eggs below ground Grasshopper Egg Pods Molting is not for wimps! Grasshopper Nymphs Some grasshoppers found in winter and early spring Velvet-striped grasshopper – a common spring species Grasshopper Controls • Weather (rainfall mediated primarily) • Natural enemies – Predators, diseases • Treatment of breeding areas • Biological controls • Row covers Temperature and rainfall are important mortality factors Grasshoppers and Rainfall Moisture prior to egg hatch generally aids survival – Newly hatched young need succulent foliage Moisture after egg hatch generally reduces problems – Assists spread of diseases – Allows for plenty of food, reducing competition for rangeland and crops Grasshopper predators Robber Flies Larvae of many blister beetles develop on grasshopper egg pods Blister beetle larva Fungus-killed Grasshoppers Pathogen: Entomophthora grylli Mermis nigrescens, a nematode parasite of grasshoppers -
Insecta: Phthiraptera) Q
International Journal for Parasitology 47 (2017) 347–356 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect International Journal for Parasitology journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/ijpara Comparative cophylogenetics of Australian phabine pigeons and doves (Aves: Columbidae) and their feather lice (Insecta: Phthiraptera) q a, b a Andrew D. Sweet ⇑, R. Terry Chesser , Kevin P. Johnson a Illinois Natural History Survey, Prairie Research Institute, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 1816 S. Oak St., Champaign, IL 61820, USA b USGS Patuxent Wildlife Research Center, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C. 20013, USA article info abstract Article history: Host–parasite coevolutionary histories can differ among multiple groups of parasites associated with the Received 26 October 2016 same group of hosts. For example, parasitic wing and body lice (Insecta: Phthiraptera) of New World Received in revised form 16 December 2016 pigeons and doves (Aves: Columbidae) differ in their cophylogenetic patterns, with body lice exhibiting Accepted 22 December 2016 higher phylogenetic congruence with their hosts than wing lice. In this study, we focus on the wing and Available online 10 February 2017 body lice of Australian phabine pigeons and doves to determine whether the patterns in New World pigeons and doves are consistent with those of pigeons and doves from other regions. Using molecular Keywords: sequence data for most phabine species and their lice, we estimated phylogenetic trees for all three Wing lice groups (pigeons and doves, wing lice and body lice), and compared the phabine (host) tree with both par- Body lice Australia asite trees using multiple cophylogenetic methods. We found a pattern opposite to that found for New Hippoboscid flies World pigeons and doves, with Australian wing lice showing congruence with their hosts, and body lice exhibiting a lack of congruence. -
Series I. Correspondence, 1871-1894 Box 1 Folder 1 Darwin to Riley
Special Collections at the National Agricultural Library: Charles Valentine Riley Collection Series I. Correspondence, 1871-1894 Box 1 Folder 1 Darwin to Riley. June 1, 1871. Letter from Charles Darwin to Riley thanking him for report and instructions on noxious insects. Downs, Beckerham, Kent (England). (handwritten copy of original). Box 1 Folder 2 Koble to Riley. June 30, 1874. Letter from John C. Koble giving physical description of chinch bugs and explaining how the bugs are destroying corn crops in western Kentucky. John C. Koble of L. S. Trimble and Co., Bankers. Box 1 Folder 3 Saunders to Riley. Nov. 12, 1874. William Saunders receipt to C. V. Riley for a copy of descriptions of two insects that baffle the vegetable carnivora. William Saunders, Department of Agriculture, Washington, D. C. Box 1 Folder 4 Young to Riley. Dec. 13, 1874. William Young describes the flat-headed borer and its effects on orchards during summer and winter seasons. From Palmyra Gate Co., Nebraska. Box 1 Folder 5 Saunders to Riley. Dec. 22, 1874. William Saunders receipt of notes of investigation on the insects associated with Sarracenia. William Saunders, Department of Agriculture, Washington, D.C. Box 1 Folder 6 Bonhaw to Riley. Jan. 19, 1875. L. N. Bonhaw requesting a copy of his Missouri report, for him to establish a manual or handbook on entomology, and to find out about an insect that deposits eggs. Subject: tomato worm, hawk moth. 1 http://www.nal.usda.gov/speccoll/ Special Collections at the National Agricultural Library: Charles Valentine Riley Collection Box 1 Folder 7 Holliday to Riley. -
Approaches to Macroevolution: 2. Sorting of Variation, Some Overarching Issues, and General Conclusions
Evol Biol (2017) 44:451–475 DOI 10.1007/s11692-017-9434-7 SYNTHESIS PAPER Approaches to Macroevolution: 2. Sorting of Variation, Some Overarching Issues, and General Conclusions David Jablonski1 Received: 31 August 2017 / Accepted: 4 October 2017 / Published online: 24 October 2017 © The Author(s) 2017. This article is an open access publication Abstract Approaches to macroevolution require integra- edges of apparent trends. Biotic interactions can have nega- tion of its two fundamental components, within a hierarchi- tive or positive effects on taxonomic diversity within a clade, cal framework. Following a companion paper on the origin but cannot be readily extrapolated from the nature of such of variation, I here discuss sorting within an evolutionary interactions at the organismic level. The relationships among hierarchy. Species sorting—sometimes termed species selec- macroevolutionary currencies through time (taxonomic rich- tion in the broad sense, meaning differential origination and ness, morphologic disparity, functional variety) are crucial extinction owing to intrinsic biological properties—can be for understanding the nature of evolutionary diversification. split into strict-sense species selection, in which rate differ- A novel approach to diversity-disparity analysis shows that entials are governed by emergent, species-level traits such as taxonomic diversifications can lag behind, occur in concert geographic range size, and effect macroevolution, in which with, or precede, increases in disparity. Some overarching rates are governed by organism-level traits such as body issues relating to both the origin and sorting of clades and size; both processes can create hitchhiking effects, indirectly phenotypes include the macroevolutionary role of mass causing the proliferation or decline of other traits. -
Can Darwin's Finches and Their Native Ectoparasites Survive the Control of Th
Insect Conservation and Diversity (2017) 10, 193–199 doi: 10.1111/icad.12219 FORUM & POLICY Coextinction dilemma in the Galapagos Islands: Can Darwin’s finches and their native ectoparasites survive the control of the introduced fly Philornis downsi? 1 2 MARIANA BULGARELLA and RICARDO L. PALMA 1School of Biological Sciences, Victoria University of Wellington, Wellington, New Zealand and 2Museum of New Zealand Te Papa Tongarewa, Wellington, New Zealand Abstract. 1. The survival of parasites is threatened directly by environmental alter- ation and indirectly by all the threats acting upon their hosts, facing coextinction. 2. The fate of Darwin’s finches and their native ectoparasites in the Galapagos Islands is uncertain because of an introduced avian parasitic fly, Philornis downsi, which could potentially drive them to extinction. 3. We documented all known native ectoparasites of Darwin’s finches. Thir- teen species have been found: nine feather mites, three feather lice and one nest mite. No ticks or fleas have been recorded from them yet. 4. Management options being considered to control P. downsi include the use of the insecticide permethrin in bird nests which would not only kill the invasive fly larvae but the birds’ native ectoparasites too. 5. Parasites should be targeted for conservation in a manner equal to that of their hosts. We recommend steps to consider if permethrin-treated cotton sta- tions are to be deployed in the Galapagos archipelago to manage P. downsi. Key words. Chewing lice, coextinction, Darwin’s finches, dilemma, ectoparasites, feather mites, Galapagos Islands, permethrin, Philornis downsi. Introduction species have closely associated species which are also endangered (Dunn et al., 2009). -
Current Knowledge of Turkey's Louse Fauna
212 Review / Derleme Current Knowledge of Turkey’s Louse Fauna Türkiye’deki Bit Faunasının Mevcut Durumu Abdullah İNCİ1, Alparslan YILDIRIM1, Bilal DİK2, Önder DÜZLÜ1 1 Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Erciyes University, Kayseri 2 Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Selcuk University, Konya, Türkiye ABSTRACT The current knowledge on the louse fauna of birds and mammals in Turkey has not yet been completed. Up to the present, a total of 109 species belonging to 50 genera of lice have been recorded from animals and humans, according to the morphological identifi cation. Among the avian lice, a total of 43 species belonging to 22 genera were identifi ed in Ischnocera (Philopteridae). 35 species belonging to 14 genera in Menoponidae were detected and only 1 species was found in Laemobothriidae in Amblycera. Among the mammalian lice, a total of 20 species belonging to 8 genera were identifi ed in Anoplura. 8 species belonging to 3 genera in Ischnocera were determined and 2 species belonging to 2 genera were detected in Amblycera in the mammalian lice. (Turkiye Parazitol Derg 2010; 34: 212-20) Key Words: Avian lice, mammalian lice, Turkey Received: 07.09.2010 Accepted: 01.12.2010 ÖZET Türkiye’deki kuşlarda ve memelilerde bulunan bit türlerinin mevcut durumu henüz daha tamamlanmamıştır. Bugüne kadar insan ve hay- vanlarda morfolojik olarak teşhis edilen 50 cinste 109 bit türü bildirilmiştir. Kanatlı bitleri arasında, 22 cinse ait toplam 43 tür Ischnocera’da tespit edilmiştir. Amblycera’da ise Menoponidae familyasında 14 cinste 35 tür saptanırken, Laemobothriidae familyasında yalnızca bir tür bulunmuştur. Memeli bitleri arasında Anoplura’da 8 cinste 20 tür tespit edilmiştir. -
Chewing and Sucking Lice As Parasites of Iviammals and Birds
c.^,y ^r-^ 1 Ag84te DA Chewing and Sucking United States Lice as Parasites of Department of Agriculture IVIammals and Birds Agricultural Research Service Technical Bulletin Number 1849 July 1997 0 jc: United States Department of Agriculture Chewing and Sucking Agricultural Research Service Lice as Parasites of Technical Bulletin Number IVIammals and Birds 1849 July 1997 Manning A. Price and O.H. Graham U3DA, National Agrioultur«! Libmry NAL BIdg 10301 Baltimore Blvd Beltsvjlle, MD 20705-2351 Price (deceased) was professor of entomoiogy, Department of Ento- moiogy, Texas A&iVI University, College Station. Graham (retired) was research leader, USDA-ARS Screwworm Research Laboratory, Tuxtia Gutiérrez, Chiapas, Mexico. ABSTRACT Price, Manning A., and O.H. Graham. 1996. Chewing This publication reports research involving pesticides. It and Sucking Lice as Parasites of Mammals and Birds. does not recommend their use or imply that the uses U.S. Department of Agriculture, Technical Bulletin No. discussed here have been registered. All uses of pesti- 1849, 309 pp. cides must be registered by appropriate state or Federal agencies or both before they can be recommended. In all stages of their development, about 2,500 species of chewing lice are parasites of mammals or birds. While supplies last, single copies of this publication More than 500 species of blood-sucking lice attack may be obtained at no cost from Dr. O.H. Graham, only mammals. This publication emphasizes the most USDA-ARS, P.O. Box 969, Mission, TX 78572. Copies frequently seen genera and species of these lice, of this publication may be purchased from the National including geographic distribution, life history, habitats, Technical Information Service, 5285 Port Royal Road, ecology, host-parasite relationships, and economic Springfield, VA 22161. -
Plistorioeil Revie^Kr
Plistorioeil Revie^Kr The State Historical Society of Missouri COLUMBIA, MISSOURI BOARD OF EDITORS LAWRENCE 0. CHRISTENSEN SUSAN M. HARTMANN University of Missouri-Rolla Ohio State University, Columbus WILLIAM E. FOLEY ALAN R. HAVIG Central Missouri State University, Stephens College, Warrensburg Columbia JEAN TYREE HAMILTON DAVID D. MARCH Marshall Kirksville ARVARH E. STRICKLAND University of Missouri-Columbia COVER DESCRIPTION: This 1943 oil painting, Simi Valley, California (\5lA" x 23"), by Fred Shane is a recent gift to the State Historical Society from Harry and Ann Cohen of Columbia. Shane (1906- 1990), a noted artist and educator, taught art at the University of Missouri-Columbia for thirty- seven years. Most major museums in the nation have exhibited his work. The painting is a welcome addition to the Society's holdings of Shane paint ings and drawings and will be displayed periodical ly in the Art Gallery. Gallery hours are 8:30 A.M. to 4:00 P.M., Monday through Friday. MISSOURI HISTORICAL REVIEW Published Quarterly by THE STATE HISTORICAL SOCIETY OF MISSOURI COLUMBIA, MISSOURI JAMES W. GOODRICH EDITOR LYNN WOLF GENTZLER ASSOCIATE EDITOR LEONA S. MORRIS RESEARCH ASSISTANT Copyright © 1992 by the State Historical Society of Missouri 1020 Lowry Street, Columbia, Missouri 65201 The Missouri Historical Review (ISSN 0026-6582) is owned by The State Historical Society of Missouri and is published quarterly at 10 South Hitt, Columbia, Missouri 65201. Send communications, business and editorial correspondence and change of address to the State Historical Society of Missouri, 1020 Lowry Street, Columbia, MO 65201. Second class postage is paid at Columbia, Missouri.