Plistorioeil Revie^Kr

The State Historical Society of Missouri

COLUMBIA, MISSOURI BOARD OF EDITORS

LAWRENCE 0. CHRISTENSEN SUSAN M. HARTMANN University of Missouri-Rolla Ohio State University, Columbus

WILLIAM E. FOLEY ALAN R. HAVIG Central Missouri State University, Stephens College, Warrensburg Columbia

JEAN TYREE HAMILTON DAVID D. MARCH Marshall Kirksville

ARVARH E. STRICKLAND University of Missouri-Columbia

COVER DESCRIPTION: This 1943 oil painting, Simi Valley, California (\5lA" x 23"), by Fred Shane is a recent gift to the State Historical Society from Harry and Ann Cohen of Columbia. Shane (1906- 1990), a noted artist and educator, taught art at the University of Missouri-Columbia for thirty- seven years. Most major museums in the nation have exhibited his work. The painting is a welcome addition to the Society's holdings of Shane paint­ ings and drawings and will be displayed periodical­ ly in the Art Gallery. Gallery hours are 8:30 A.M. to 4:00 P.M., Monday through Friday. MISSOURI HISTORICAL REVIEW

Published Quarterly by THE STATE HISTORICAL SOCIETY OF MISSOURI

COLUMBIA, MISSOURI

JAMES W. GOODRICH EDITOR

LYNN WOLF GENTZLER ASSOCIATE EDITOR

LEONA S. MORRIS RESEARCH ASSISTANT

Copyright © 1992 by the State Historical Society of Missouri 1020 Lowry Street, Columbia, Missouri 65201 The Missouri Historical Review (ISSN 0026-6582) is owned by The State Historical Society of Missouri and is published quarterly at 10 South Hitt, Columbia, Missouri 65201. Send communications, business and editorial correspondence and change of address to the State Historical Society of Missouri, 1020 Lowry Street, Columbia, MO 65201. Second class postage is paid at Columbia, Missouri.

SOCIETY HOURS: The Society is open to the public from 8:00 A.M. to 4:30 P.M., Monday through Friday, and Saturday from 9:00 A.M. to 4:30 P.M., except legal holidays. VOLUME LXXXVI Holiday Schedule: The Society will be closed Saturday during the Memorial Day weekend and on July 3 and 4. NUMBER 3 On the day of the annual meeting, October 17, 1992, the Society libraries will not be available for research. APRIL, 1992 THE STATE HISTORICAL SOCIETY OF MISSOURI The State Historical Society of Missouri, heretofore organized under the laws of the State, shall be the trustee of this State—Laws of Missouri, 1899, R.S. of Mo., 1969, chapter 183, as revised 1978.

OFFICERS 1989-1992 ROBERT C. SMITH, Columbia, President Avis TUCKER, Warrensburg, First Vice President SHERIDAN A. LOGAN, St. Joseph, Second Vice President VIRGINIA G. YOUNG, Columbia, Third Vice President NOBLE E. CUNNINGHAM, Columbia, Fourth Vice President R. KENNETH ELLIOTT, Kansas City, Fifth Vice President ROBERT G.J. HOESTER, Kirkwood, Sixth Vice President ALBERT M. PRICE, Columbia, Treasurer JAMES W. GOODRICH, Columbia, Executive Director, Secretary and Librarian

TRUSTEES Permanent Trustees, Former Presidents of the Society WILLIAM AULL III, Lexington RUSH H. LIMBAUGH, Cape Girardeau FRANCIS M. BARNES III, Kirkwood LEO J. ROZIER, Perryville WILLIAM R. DENSLOW, Trenton JOSEPH WEBBER, St. Louis

Term Expires at Annual Meeting, 1992 MRS. SAMUEL A. BURK, Kirksville DOYLE PATTERSON, Kansas City RICHARD DECOSTER, Canton STUART SYMINGTON, JR., St. Louis JEAN TYREE HAMILTON, Marshall ROBERT WOLPERS, Poplar Bluff W. ROGERS HEWITT, Shelbyville DALTON C. WRIGHT, Lebanon

Term Expires at Annual Meeting, 1993 HENRIETTA AMBROSE, Webster Groves FREDERICK W. LEHMANN IV, H. RILEY BOCK, New Madrid Webster Groves LAWRENCE O. CHRISTENSEN, Rolla GEORGE MCCUE, St. Louis ROBERT S. DALE, Carthage WALLACE B. SMITH, Independence

Term Expires at Annual Meeting, 1994 JAMES W. BROWN, Harrisonville BOB PRIDDY, Jefferson City ILUS W. DAVIS, Kansas City DALE REESMAN, Boonville JOHN K. HULSTON, Springfield ARVARH E. STRICKLAND, Columbia JAMES C. OLSON, Kansas City BLANCHE M. TOUHILL, St. Louis

BOARD OF TRUSTEES The Board of Trustees consists of one Trustee from each Congressional District of the State and fourteen Trustees elected at large. In addition to the elected Trustees, the President of the Society, the Vice Presidents of the Society, all former Presidents of the Society, and the ex officio members of the Society constitute the Board of Trustees.

EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE Eight Trustees elected by the Board of Trustees together with the President of the Society constitute the Executive Committee. The Executive Director of the Society serves as an ex officio member. WILLIAM AULL III, Lexington, Chairman ROBERT C. SMITH, Columbia FRANCIS M. BARNES III, Kirkwood BLANCHE M. TOUHILL, St. Louis H. RILEY BOCK, New Madrid Avis TUCKER, Warrensburg JAMES C. OLSON, Kansas City JOSEPH WEBBER, St. Louis VIRGINIA G. YOUNG, Columbia EDITORIAL POLICY The editors of the Missouri Historical Review welcome submission of articles and documents relating to the history of Missouri. Any aspect of Missouri history will be considered for publication in the Review. Genealogical studies, however, are not accepted because of limited appeal to general readers. Manuscripts pertaining to all fields of American history will be considered if the subject matter has significant relevance to the history of Missouri or the West. Authors should submit two double-spaced copies of their manuscripts. The footnotes, prepared according to The Chicago Manual of Style, also should be double-spaced and placed at the end of the text. Authors may submit manu­ scripts on PC/DOS, 360K floppy disk. The disk must be IBM compatible, preferably the WordPerfect 5.1 or Display- write 3 or 4 programs. Otherwise, it must be in ASCII format. Two hard copies still are required, and the print must be letter or near-letter quality. Dot matrix submissions will not be accepted. Originality of subject, general interest of the article, sources used, interpretation and style are criteria for acceptance and publication. Manuscripts should not exceed 7,500 words. Articles that are accepted for publication be­ come the property of The State Historical Society of Missouri and may not be published elsewhere without permission. The Society does not accept responsibility for statements of fact or opinion made by the authors. Articles published in the Review are abstracted and indexed in Historical Abstracts, America: History and Life, Recently Published Articles, Writings on American History, The Western Historical Quarterly and The Journal of Ameri­ can History. Manuscripts submitted for the Review should be ad­ dressed to: Dr. James W. Goodrich, Editor Missouri Historical Review The State Historical Society of Missouri 1020 Lowry Street Columbia, Missouri 65201 CONTENTS

CHARLES VALENTINE RILEY AND THE ROOTS OF MODERN INSECT CONTROL. By Donna A. Brunette 229

THE ROTARY POWER MOWER AND ITS INVENTOR: LEONARD B. GOODALL. By Leonard E. Goodall 248

MILKWEED, MACHINE GUNS AND Cows: JEFFERSON COUNTY FARMERS IN WORLD WAR II. By Stephen F. Huss 265

THE WARDMAN PARK GROUP AND CAMPAIGN STRATEGY IN THE TRUMAN ADMINISTRATION, 1946-1948. By Gary A. Donaldson 282

LEST WE FORGET: THE MISSOURI LAW ENFORCEMENT MEMORIAL FOUNDATION. By Elizabeth Bailey 295

HISTORICAL NOTES AND COMMENTS

News in Brief 302

Local Historical Societies 304

Gifts 311

Missouri History in Newspapers 316

Missouri History in Magazines 322

In Memoriam 328

Graduate Theses Relating to Missouri History 329

BOOK REVIEWS 330

BOOK NOTES 336

NATIONAL REGISTER SITES: LAURA INGALLS WILDER HOUSE Inside Back Cover State Historical Society of Missouri

Charles Valentine Riley and the Roots of Modern Insect Control BY DONNA A. BRUNETTE* Charles Valentine Riley became the state entomologist of Missouri in 1868, when Missouri became the third state to create this position. Riley used his knowledge of the life histories of insects and the ways in which species interact to formulate practical methods that farmers could use to reduce insect populations. He was among a developing group of professional entomologists who laid the foundation for classical biological control, which consists of discovering the most efficient predator or parasite of a pest species and introducing it into an afflicted area to reduce the pest population to a tolerable level. Early entomologists dealt mostly with taxonomic questions, but changes in agriculture following the Civil War increased the need for control of agricultural insect pests. Advances in farm machinery, com- *Donna A. Brunette is a conservation aide II with the Missouri Department of Conservation, Wildlife Research, Columbia. She holds a B.A. degree from Nicholls State University, Thibodaux, Louisiana, and an M.A. degree from the University of Missouri-Columbia.

229 230 Missouri Historical Review bined with the opening of new markets by railroads, led toward the development of monoculture. Demands for farm products and a de­ creased labor force during the Civil War increased the mechanization and commercialization of agriculture in the northern states.1 With regional specialization in one crop, a diverse ecosystem became con­ verted to a simple one, and insect species adapted to living on a particular crop were provided with large areas of food and shelter. At the same time, better transportation helped spread pests into new regions. Economic losses from high railroad rates combined with falling crop prices to make insect depredations more difficult for farmers. Although farmers organized to increase their political influence over railroad rates and the economic system, ultimately they were most successful in gaining government support for insect control. In the nineteenth century both federal and state governments actively sup­ ported basic science in the form of geographic and geological surveys throughout the country. The agricultural division of the U.S. Patent Office, established in 1839, undertook entomological work in 1853 when Townend Glover began collecting information on insects.2 In 1862 this division became the Department of Agriculture (USDA) and cabinet status was granted in 1889. Although a number of states gave minimal assistance to agricultural societies and organizations, New York, Illinois and Missouri were among the first to support applied entomology by appointing state entomologists.3 Originally from London, Charles V. Riley studied art and natural history in France and Germany. He immigrated to the United States in 1860 and settled on an Illinois farm.4 In 1863 he began sending accounts of his observations of insect damage to the Prairie Farmer, a popular agricultural paper. The following year, he moved to Chicago

1 Willis Conner Sorensen, "The Rise of Government Sponsored Applied Ento­ mology, 1840-1870," Agricultural History 62 (Spring 1988): 103; Thomas R. Dunlap, DDT: Scientists, Citizens and Public Policy (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1981), 18; Harry Bischoff Weiss, The Pioneer Century of American Entomology (New Brunswick, NJ: By the author, 1936), 1. 2 Earle D. Ross, "The United States Department of Agriculture During the Commissionership: A Study in Politics, Administration, and Technology, 1862-1889," Agricultural History 20 (July 1946): 129-131; Leland Ossian Howard, "The Rise of Applied Entomology in the United States," Agricultural History 3 (July 1929): 134; Dunlap, DDT, 20. 3 Herbert Osborn, Fragments of Entomological History: Including Some Personal Recollections of Men and Events, 2 vols. (Columbus, Oh.: By the author, 1937), 1: 35-36, 54; Arnold Mallis, American Entomologists (New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press, 1971), 46. 4 Norman J. Colman, "Prof. C. V. Riley, U.S. Entomologist," Colman's Rural World45 (\2 May 1892): 3-4. Charles Valentine Riley 231

and became editor of the Prairie Farmer's entomological department.5 In Chicago Riley helped pioneer the development of economic entomology, which limits insect damage by combining knowledge of insects with ecological principles. Missouri's agricultural leaders, im­ pressed by this important agricultural work, pushed to have the state in the forefront of research into insect control. As Illinois leaders worked to gain a state entomologist, St. Louis and Chicago engaged in a spirited competition. Boosters in Missouri may have been unwilling to let Illinois gain an edge as a leader in the development of a new applied science. The Missouri State Horticultural Society, the agricultural press and influential farmers in the state urged appointment of a state entomologist. The state legislature responded on March 21, 1868, by passing a concurrent resolution on agriculture that provided for the office of state entomologist at a salary to be fixed by the Board of Agriculture. The holder of the office was to study insects and suggest methods for destroying harmful insects while encouraging beneficial ones. He was also to prepare an entomological collection for the use of the agricultural college, after its establishment.6 Missourian Norman J.

5 Edwin P. Meiners, Charles Valentine Riley (Columbia: University of Missouri, c. 1959), 3. 6 Laws of the State of Missouri Passed at the Adjourned Session of the 24th General Assembly (Jefferson City: Ellwood Kirby, Public Printer, 1868), 299.

State Historical Society of Missouri

Norman J. Colman proved influ­ ential in Riley's appointment as Missouri state entomologist. Col­ man later served as Missouri's lieutenant governor and as the first U.S. secretary of agricul­ ture. 232 Missouri Historical Review

Colman, editor of the Rural World, and Illinois State Entomologist Benjamin Dann Walsh strongly recommended Riley for the position. Following his appointment, Riley set up his office in St. Louis in April 1868. The state established Riley's salary as Missouri state entomologist at $3,000 per year, from which he paid all expenses, including travel, illustration and his assistants' salaries.7 Riley's main objective during his years in Missouri was to conduct studies of agriculturally important insect species in the state. He re­ searched the life cycles of insects and devised control methods, which he channeled to farmers through annual reports and numerous articles in agricultural journals. The changes in agriculture and the advances in agricultural science that resulted in Riley's appointment as state entomologist also prompted the establishment of the College of Agricultural and Mechanic Arts at the University of Missouri under the Morrill Act of 1862. Missouri became the first state university to offer an entomology course when it hired Riley as lecturer on economic entomology in 1868.8 Following his June 1873 lectures at the university, Riley reported to the horticultural society that the agricultural college did not rank favorably with those in other states.9 Citing a lack of students and funds, George C. Swallow, dean of the College of Agriculture, and curator James S. Rollins frequently canceled or postponed Riley's lectures. In late 1875 he expressed his hope to Rollins that the newly appointed curators would recognize the importance of economic ento­ mology and make the College of Agriculture more useful.10 At the next meeting, however, the board of curators, upon the recommendation of its Committee on Retrenchment and Business Systems, rescinded Riley's contract.11 The Missouri State Board of Agriculture shared Riley's impatience with the slow development of the College of Agriculture and issued an 1875 report critical of the university. Legally, funding available through

7 Meiners, Riley, 5. 8 F. B. Mumford, "History of the Missouri College of Agriculture," University of Missouri College of Agriculture, Agricultural Experiment Station Bulletin 483 (October 1944): 249; University of the State of Missouri Catalogue . . . , 1861-1874. 9 State Board of Agriculture and the State Horticultural Society of the State of Missouri, Proceedings of the Annual Meeting for the Year 1873 (Jefferson City: Regan and Carter, Public Printers, 1873), 36-38. 10 Riley to J. S. Rollins, 11 December 1875, Administration, Board of Curators, Official Correspondence, University of Missouri Archives, Columbia. 11 William F. Switzler, "A History of the University . . . ," 1905, 496, Board of Curators, Members, UM Archives; J. Hinton, J. E. Hutton and Jonathan S. Clarkson to J. S. Rollins, n.d., Administration, Board of Curators, Official Correspondence, UM Archives. Charles Valentine Riley 233 the Morrill Act could be used for classical education, but the supporters of agricultural education thought the board of curators violated the spirit of the law.12 Conditions at the University of Missouri typified other land grant colleges' early attempts to provide a technical educa­ tion. Most suffered from a lack of money and qualified instructors and were led by administrators who did not understand technical education. And they focused on natural history because a substantial body of agricultural knowledge did not exist.13 During the 1870s economic problems throughout the nation threat­ ened the progress made by entomologists in securing government support of research. Missouri suffered severe economic losses in agri­ culture, manufacturing and mining during the panic of 1873, and Governor Silas Woodson, a Democrat, suggested that the cost of government be cut in half—in part by abolishing offices created by the Radical Republicans. The office of state entomologist was among those targeted for repeal. Prompted by an $18,747,000 state debt, Woodson remarked in his January 7, 1874, message to the General Assembly that the state could not afford to maintain the office unless it achieved more practical results.14 In response to Woodson's message, the state horti­ cultural society presented resolutions to the House of Representatives confirming the value of Riley's work. Following the advice of their Committee on Retrenchment and Reform, the House voted to abolish Riley's office; however, the legislative session ended without a Senate vote on the bill.15 Governor Woodson's 1875 attempt to abolish the office also failed, as did many of his other appeals to reduce state government expendi­ tures. The next Missouri governor, Charles H. Hardin, reduced the state's debt through careful accounting of expenditures, rather than by increasing taxes or neglecting educational, agricultural or other bene­ ficial institutions.16

12 Mumford, "History of the College of Agriculture," 50-51. 13 David D. March, The History of Missouri, 4 vols. (New York: Lewis Historical Publishing Company, 1967), 2: 1051. 14 Floyd C. Shoemaker, Missouri and Missourians, 5 vols. (Chicago: Lewis Pub­ lishing Company, 1943), 2: 25-26, 39; Silas Woodson, Journal of the Senate, Mo. 27th General Assembly, Adjourned Sess. (Jefferson City: Regan and Carter, 1874), 16-17. 15 Missouri State Horticultural Society, Proceedings at the 15th Annual Meeting, held at Hannibal, January 13-15, 1874 (Jefferson City: Regan and Carter, 1874), 68-69; Journal of the House, Mo. 27th General Assembly, Adjourned Sess. (Jefferson City: Regan and Carter, 1874), 230, 290-291; Journal of the Senate, Mo. 27th G.A., Adj. Sess., 255. 16 Grace Gilmore Avery and Floyd C. Shoemaker, eds., The Messages and Procla­ mations of the Governors of the State of Missouri, 20 vols. (Columbia: State Historical Society of Missouri, 1924), 5: 293; Shoemaker, Missouri and Missourians, 2: 27, 7-8, 46. 234 Missouri Historical Review

State Historical Society of Missouri This view shows the University of Missouri as it appeared following the 1872 completion of Science Hall (now Switzler Hall), which housed the College of Agricultural and Mechanic Arts. The President's House stands to the left of Academic Hall

Although it did not abolish the office of state entomologist, the General Assembly limited the total length of the Missouri State Board of Agriculture's annual report to five hundred pages, thereby forcing Riley to sharply condense his portion. At the same time, showing some sensitivity to the importance of agriculture to the state's economy, the legislature increased the number of copies printed from 6,000 to 14,000. The agricultural reports were distributed to the General Assembly, the state library, county clerks and the State Board of Agriculture for distribution to farmers.17 Because they indicated the best planting dates for avoiding insect damage, these reports proved useful to farmers. Such information was valuable, even for those unable to identify pest species from the scientific descriptions and the illustrations in the reports. Riley's annual reports were a milestone in entomological writing. Although his scientific methodology was similar to that of other top entomologists of the period, his superior writing style made his com­ prehensive accounts of major economic insect pests inviting to read.

17 Charles V. Riley, Seventh Annual Report on the Noxious, Beneficial and other Insects of the State of Missouri (Jefferson City: Regan and Carter, 1875), iii; J. S. Marmaduke, ed., Tenth Annual Report of the State Board of Agriculture for 1874 (Jefferson City: Regan and Carter, 1875), 5. Charles Valentine Riley 235

And because of his artistic training, Riley's reports contained the best illustrations of contemporary entomological works.18 Three approaches to insect control existed during the nineteenth century—cultural, biological and chemical. Cultural control methods included clean cultivation, crop rotation and hand gathering insects from crops. Biological control methods attempted to establish natural enemies of noxious insects in regions where they were absent. Chemical methods included the use of nicotine, kerosene and arsenic. Riley stressed biological and cultural control measures, pointing out that they were cheaper than chemicals, gave equally effective results and were preventative rather than responsive.19 Because of the detailed knowledge required for successful biological control of insects, cultural control methods provided the cheapest and most effective techniques. Riley impressed upon Missouri farmers the importance of clean cultivation, crop rotation and other actions de­ signed to limit insect populations. These actions included attracting insects to areas where they could be easily killed. As Missourians began raising more fruit crops, plum curculios (a small beetle that lays eggs within the immature fruit) became a problem. Riley urged farmers to scatter wood below the trees and then kill the curculios that took shelter below the wood during the day.20 Riley advocated exploiting the natural enemies of insects to limit insect damage. Given the complexity of the natural world, he found it surprising not that species occasionally got out of balance, but that the balance was so well kept. He realized that planting large fields with one crop stimulated populations of pest species to excess growth and that the populations could be held to a reasonable level by predators and parasites. The natural enemies of an insect pest developed a cycle based on availability of food. If a pest species was prevalent one year, it usually decreased the next year as the natural enemies of that species increased. At a certain point, however, the numbers of predators and parasites dwindled because of a shortage of prey, thus allowing the cycle to begin again without one species having the upper hand in populations for an extended period.21 Aware of the interrelationships among species, Riley did not 18 Edward Smith to author, 11 August 1988. 19 Riley, Fifth Annual Report on . . . Insects (Jefferson City: Regan and Carter, 1873), 24. 20 Riley, Third Annual Report on . . . Insects (Jefferson City: Horace Wilcox, 1871), 17; Riley, "Great Discovery—Curculio Extermination Possible I'M merican Ento­ mologist and Botanist 2 (June 1870): 225-226. 21 Riley, Second Annual Report on . . . Insects (Jefferson City: Horace Wilcox, 1870), 70, 46, 8; Riley, Third Annual Report on Insects, 129. 236 Missouri Historical Review believe that the total extermination of noxious species was an appro­ priate goal. He claimed harmful species were required for "existence, for if some of the lower supports in the complicated structure of the living world . . . were to be removed, the whole structure would topple over or collapse."22 He recognized that farmers generally preferred extinction to accommodation, but realized that all species performed necessary functions, including fertilizing plants and providing food for other species.23 Many insects accidentally imported to America from Europe had become pests in their new environment. Based on Darwin's theory of natural selection, Riley stated: It is as hopeless a task for a poor puny, old-fashioned American bug to contend against a strong energetic, highly-developed, European bug, as it would be for a fleet of old-fashioned wooden ships to fight against a fleet of our modern iron-clads.24 Throughout the long history of cultivation in Europe, Riley explained,

22 C. V. Riley, "An Interesting Lecture on the Insect World: The Subject Considered Both Practically and Scientifically," St. Louis Globe-Democrat, 25 March 1876. 23 Riley, First Annual Report on . . . Insects (Jefferson City: Ellwood Kirby, 1869), 52; Riley, "An Interesting Lecture on the Insect World," 3. 24 Riley, Second Annual Report on Insects, 12.

Dr. E. S. Hull of Alton, Illinois, invented the Hull Curculio- catcher, which jarred the insects from the fruit trees. Riley did not recommend its use. State Historical Society of Missouri Charles Valentine Riley 237 insects had evolved to specialize on the crops. As Europeans settled the North American continent, they brought familiar crops. Insect pests often accidentally came with the plants. Since natural enemies of those insects generally have a lower population level than their prey and do not live on or within the plants, they were less likely to be imported with the pest. Thus, as the newly arrived pests began to compete with indigenous species of plant-eaters, they had the advantages of previous adaptations that circumvented the plant's natural defenses and a new­ found freedom from predation. Despite his acknowledgment that the importation of predators and parasites could benefit farmers, Riley hesitated to advocate random importations. His close attention to the interactions between species led him to conclude that importation of a species could cause unintended and disastrous consequences. In the 1850s the Brooklyn Institute brought English sparrows to the United States to control canker worms in urban shade trees. As the canker worm population decreased from predation by English sparrows, white-marked tussock moth larvae, which were not preyed upon by the sparrow, appropriated their space. Once the birds were here, scientists discovered that, in addition to preying on some insect species, they also ate extensive amounts of seeds.25 Riley's realization that these problems with English sparrows could occur with other introductions convinced him to proceed cau­ tiously. Riley's early work with using predators and parasites for biological control of insect pests included raising natural enemies of the plum curculio to send to Missouri orchards. Because breeding large numbers of beneficial species remained impractical, his reports also discussed differentiating between harmful and beneficial insects and protecting the latter. He suggested passive biological control for the rascal leaf crumpler. Once the leaves had fallen, it was easy to gather the winter shelters constructed by this caterpillar. They could then be placed away from trees so that larvae emerging in the spring would perish from lack of food; any associated parasites would mature and fly to orchards to parasitize remaining caterpillars.26 In addition to his work with biological and cultural control, Riley conducted experiments with chemical substances to find useful insecti­ cides. Chemicals suggested included lime, salt, lye, kerosene, soap,

25 Riley, Sixth Annual Report on . . . Insects (Jefferson City: Regan and Carter, 1874), 29; Peter Matthiessen, Wildlife in America (New York: Viking Press, 1987), 187. 26 Riley, Fifth Annual Report on Insects, 26; Riley, "Another Lecture by Professor Riley. How to Counteract the Ravages of Insects - Direct Remedies - Practical Hints to Farmers, etc. Some of the Duties of the State Entomologist," St. Louis Globe- Democrat, 1 April 1876; Riley, Fourth Annual Report on . . . Insects (Jefferson City: Regan and Edwards, 1872), 40. 238 Missouri Historical Review turpentine, nicotine, mineral oil and arsenic. Riley primarily objected to insecticides because they represented a response to an existing problem rather than prevention of the problem in the first place. They also proved expensive, labor-intensive and dangerous for plants, farm workers and livestock.27 Commercial production of Paris green, a composition of copper arsenate, ushered in the development of the pesticide industry in 1864. Originally developed to combat the Colorado potato beetle, it was quickly accepted for use against a wide variety of agricultural insect pests.28 Riley regretted that eastern farmers had not immediately resorted to Paris green when the Colorado potato beetle extended its range eastward. The volume and the quality of the harvest suffered as a result of the beetle's depredations. In this instance, insecticides were more economical than cultural control. Applying Paris green cost approxi­ mately five dollars an acre; hand gathering the beetles required fifty work days per acre.29 While acknowledging the value of using Paris green against the Colorado potato beetle, Riley remained critical of those who deprecated

27 Riley, Fifth Annual Report on Insects, 24; Riley, Sixth Annual Report on Insects, 56-57. 28 Joseph C. Headley and J. N. Lewis, The Pesticide Problem: An Economic Approach to Public Policy (Washington, D.C: Resources of the Future, Inc., 1967), 3. 29 Riley, Sixth Annual Report on Insects, 14.

State Historical Society of Missouri

Riley advocated using Peck s Spray Machine to apply Paris green on fields infested with Colorado potato beetles. Charles Valentine Riley 239 the value of predaceous insects in keeping phytophagous, or plant- eating, insects under control. He noted that most of the beetle larvae he observed were being attacked by parasites. He believed that man and nature were working together to reduce the beetle population; he did not know which was more effective.30 Failure to examine the effect of Paris green on beneficial species was a major flaw in Riley's entomological work. The problem became obvious to later entomologists when chemicals applied in attempts to completely eradicate insect pests also killed off populations of their natural predators. This destruction of predators led to an eventual increase in the pest species; those that survived the spray repopulated more quickly than the surviving predators because their food supply— the crop—was still abundant. A tension between chemical insecticides and natural control methods existed in Riley's work. Despite his promoting biological and cultural controls as safer and cheaper than insecticides, he supported the use of arsenicals and other chemicals. This dichotomy occurred because nineteenth-century entomologists were unable to control many pests without the use of chemicals. Biological control required much study, investigation and experimentation in order to be effective. Farm­ ers, whom Riley saw as his constituents, could not absorb economic losses while awaiting a scientific breakthrough. Riley, therefore, willing­ ly conducted experiments to determine the safest, cheapest and most effective chemicals available and the most sound methods and times to apply them.31 During his years in Missouri, as he became known and respected in professional and political circles, Riley acquired the influence to bring about stronger government involvement in the insect problems of farmers. He put this leverage to work combating the locust plagues that affected western Missouri during the 1870s. Following the panic of 1873, farmers in western states experienced tremendous crop losses and economic damage when the Rocky Moun­ tain locust, commonly referred to as a grasshopper by the press, invaded the plains states from its permanent breeding grounds on the plateau just east of the Rockies. The normal range of the species was north of the forty-fourth parallel and west of the hundredth meridian. Since few people lived in the permanent region, the locusts did com­ paratively little damage there. But when weather, food availability and other environmental conditions permitted an immense increase in the 30 Riley, Seventh Annual Report on Insects, 18; Riley, Fourth Annual Report on Insects, 6-7. 31 Edward Smith to author, 11 August 1988. 240 Missouri Historical Review

KOC-KT MOUNTAIN LOCUST,

State Historical Society of Missouri locust population and stimulated the insects to migrate to the south and east, tremendous depredations occurred. During the locust plagues of the 1870s, farm families starved when the locusts compounded the effects of the recent depression. Due to the enormous damages between 1873 and 1876, westward immigration into the afflicted areas slowed down; some settlers already in the region returned east.32 Economic entomologists were dissatisfied with the role that the federal government played in dealing with the locusts. Riley and other economic entomologists had long desired that appointments to positions in government science be based on scientific ability rather than political connections. Under Commissioner of Agriculture Frederick Watts, the U.S. Department of Agriculture failed to keep pace with advances in economic entomology, much less take a leading role. Seed distribution held a higher priority than scientific investigations.33 The magnitude of the locust plagues provided leading entomologists with the leverage necessary to obtain an entomological commission within the Depart­ ment of the Interior. Riley approached the locust problem on both state and federal avenues. In his official capacity as Missouri state entomologist, he urged legislation such as bounties and compulsory cultural control. In addition, he used his influence as a state officeholder to focus national attention on problems in the western states. Other entomologists and agricultural leaders in the affected states assisted him.

32 L. O. Howard, History of Applied Entomology, Smithsonian Miscellaneous Collections (Washington, D.C: Smithsonian Institution, 1931), 78; First Annual Report of the United States Entomological Commission for the Year 1877 Relating to the Rocky Mountain Locust (Washington, D.C: Government Printing Office, 1878), xiv. Hereafter cited as First USEC Report. 33 Willis Conner Sorensen, "Brethren of the Net: American Entomology, 1840-1880" (Ph.D. dissertation, University of California-Davis, 1984), 228-229; Ross, "U.S. Dept. of Agriculture, 1862-1889," 135. Charles Valentine Riley 241

Governor Charles Hardin proclaimed June 3, 1875, to be a day of fasting and prayer, "that Almighty God may be invoked to remove from our midst these impending calamities, and to grant instead the blessings of abundance and plenty."34 Riley would have preferred Hardin's support of scientific research to the implication that prayer alone could solve the problem: "Natural laws . . . should guide us in understanding and overcoming" the locusts. On May 19 he responded in the St. Louis Globe that he thought prayers were more likely to be answered positively if individuals also worked for what they prayed for.35 The locust plagues affected only the western counties in Missouri, but newspapers were filled with accounts of the suffering incurred by the citizens. According to the Jefferson City People's Tribune, 100,000 people appeared in danger of starvation. Food shortages resulted in an armed robbery of wheat stored in the Wingsville Mill in Johnson County.36 The General Assembly approved a bounty on eggs and young locusts on February 23, 1877. Although pleased with the law's passage, Riley was disappointed that individuals had to take locust eggs to the county seat rather than to the nearest town in order to collect the bounty. This lessened the inducement for individuals in outlying areas to collect and destroy the eggs. He also thought the bounty should have

34 Avery and Shoemaker, eds., Messages and Proclamations, 5: 483-484. 35 "Professor Riley's Observations," Jefferson City Daily Tribune, 28 May 1875; Riley, Eighth Annual Report on . . . Insects (Jefferson City: Regan and Carter, 1876), 96. 36 "Grasshoppers," Jefferson City People s Tribune, 9 June 1875; Abram Helms, "A Letter From a Citizen of Johnson County: A Sad Condition of Things in that County," ibid. State Historical Society of Missouri

Locust swarms caused exten­ sive damage to crops in the Midwest during the 1870s. 242 Missouri Historical Review been scaled to decline with the advancing age of the locusts. Riley, however, praised the action of Kansas legislators who provided for coordinated and compulsory work, which accomplished more with less money than did bounty acts. He advocated legislation that required adult males to work one or two days per week destroying eggs or young locusts. Missouri never adopted this tactic.37 In his 1874 report, Riley suggested appointing a national commis­ sion to study the locusts. With the damage estimates reaching several million dollars and the crop damage having an impact on the entire nation, he thought the problem too large and too important to expect each state to fund its own study. Such studies would also have resulted in needlessly duplicated work.38 Minnesota Governor John S. Pillsbury called a special midwestern governors' conference to propose solutions to the locust invasions on October 25-26, 1876, in Omaha. In December 1876 the governors sent a proposal to the 44th Congress, incorporating Riley and fellow-ento­ mologist Cyrus Thomas's suggestion that three commissioners study locusts under the Hayden Survey.39 F. V. Hayden had been compiling maps and reports on the geology, botany, zoology and history of the Great Plains and eastern Rockies since the 1850s. His survey served as a forerunner of the U.S. Geological Survey. Congress created the United States Entomological Commission on March 3, 1877, when a clause in the appropriations bill for the Department of the Interior allowed the director of the Hayden Survey to set up a three-member commission to study the Rocky Mountain locust. To gain the support of states not affected by the locusts, the bill also authorized the commission to conduct research on cotton and forest insects. Due to his respected entomological work in Missouri and his active role in the Omaha Conference, Riley was appointed chief of the commission. Alpheus Spring Packard and Cyrus Thomas, already entomologists with the Hayden Survey, received the other two appoint­ ments. Riley remained as Missouri state entomologist until 1878 when he moved to Washington, D.C. Missouri's office of state entomologist was abolished following Riley's resignation.40 37 Jefferson City Daily Tribune, 28 May 1875; First US EC Report, 409-411, 16. 38 Riley, Seventh Annual Report on Insects, iv-v. 39 First USEC Report, 1; Theodore C. Blegen, Minnesota: A History of the State (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1963), 294-295; "Puny Pests," St. Louis Globe-Democrat, 27 October 1876. 40 Howard, History of Applied Entomology, 80-81, 136; Sorensen, "Brethren of the Net," 244; G. Brown Goode, "A Memorial Appreciation of Charles Valentine Riley," Science, n.s., 3 (14 February 1896): 5-6; W. Fream, "Charles Valentine Riley, Obituary," reprint from Journal of the Royal Agricultural Society of England 6 (1895): 9; Columbia Weekly Missouri Statesman, 17 May 1878. Charles Valentine Riley 243

As early as 1875, entomologists had concluded that preventing the locust swarms was the only practical way to limit losses.41 The locust reports issued by the commission in 1878 and 1880 dealt with geo­ graphical distribution and migrations. The commissioners used the information to devise actions, such as altering planting dates, that would protect crops. Preventative actions, including the destruction of eggs and young locusts, remained important methods for decreasing the invasions. The commission suggested that the Departments of Agricul­ ture and War, the Signal Bureau, the Post Office and the Indian Bureau cooperate with Canadian authorities to monitor egg laying, population and weather in the permanent breeding areas. The information gathered could then be used to provide farmers with advance warnings of locust invasions. But by November 1877 Canadian entomologists recognized that the locust plagues were coming to a natural end and that coopera­ tion with the United States was unnecessary.42 The temporary region, which included Iowa, Kansas, western Missouri and eastern Nebraska, could remain a prosperous agricultural area and farmers there could learn to deal with occasional locust bouts. Riley recognized that "nature generally maintains her averages." In other words, the overpopulation of one species would have beneficial as well as harmful results. The locusts starved out other pests, while locust droppings and dead locusts provided excellent fertilizer for subsequent crops. Riley also pointed out that a field unable to produce wheat during a locust invasion would be productive if converted into a livestock pasture and would provide ideal conditions for growing wheat following a year or two of rest. Riley thought that the remedies used against the locusts from the beginning of the invasions remained the best that could be hoped for. He believed they would deter egg laying in the temporary region and prevent large numbers of locusts from successfully making the return migration to lay eggs. These remedies consisted of rolling, plowing, harrowing and flooding the fields and hand gathering the locusts. He recommended poultry for use as predators. And delayed planting forced the locusts to move on in search of food. In 1877 Riley designed a locust catcher, a U-shaped trap that, when pulled through a field, funneled the insects into a bag. Another machine, the hopperdozer, knocked insects into a trough coated with tar, where they stuck and could be easily killed.43 The hopperdozer and other implements tended 41 Sorensen, "Brethren of the Net," 245. 42 First USEC Report, 417-420. 43 Riley, Eighth Annual Report on Insects, 120-121; First USEC Report, 432-433, 407,415-420,342-343. 244 Missouri Historical Review to work better in theory than in practice.44 Riley believed that insecticide use would be ineffective in controlling such a large population and that the risks incurred by broadcast spraying outweighed the expected benefits.45 During the 1870s many people believed that the locust invasions into the Midwest were becoming larger and more frequent. Riley, however, agreed with Cyrus Thomas that, with more of the region being settled and plowed, the locusts were simply being noticed more and causing more economic damage.46 The U.S. Entomological Commission did not provide a solution to end the locust plagues. The insects migrated only when the population reached high density levels under perfect conditions. By the end of the 1870s, the population had undergone a natural decline. People moving into the permanent breeding region changed the environment to the extent that Rocky Mountain locust plagues became rare; the locusts now appear to be extinct.

44 Duane Meyer, The Heritage of Missouri, 3rd edition (St. Louis: River City Publishers, 1982), 463. 45 First USEC Report, 400-403. 46 Ibid., 24.

State Historical Society of Missouri

Riley's locust-catcher trapped the insects in the bag at the rear of the implement; the locusts could then be buried.

State Historical Society of Missouri

The Anderson Coal-Oil Contriv­ ance, which killed the locusts by saturating them with coal oil, proved somewhat successful in tests at the Kansas Agricultural College, Manhattan. Charles Valentine Riley 245

Cyrus Thomas, a member of the Hayden Survey from 1869 to 1873 and state entomologist of Illinois from 1874 to 1876, served with Riley on the U.S. Entomological Commission.

Courtesy Bureau of American Ethnology, Smithsonian Institution, Diet, of Amer. Ports.

Riley attracted nationwide attention through his work as chief of the U.S. Entomological Commission. In June 1878, when Townend Glover retired, Riley was appointed federal entomologist in the Depart­ ment of Agriculture. Under him the entomological service became more active in field investigations; collecting had occupied most of Glover's time. Riley resigned from the USD A in March 1879, less than a year after his appointment. As chief of the entomological commission, he customarily dealt directly with Congress about increased appropriations and other legislation. When he did the same for the entomological section of the USDA, he came into conflict with Commissioner of Agriculture William LeDuc, who was angered that Riley did not follow proper bureaucratic procedures. Following his resignation from the Department of Agriculture, Riley carried on the U.S. Entomological Commission's work from his home in Washington until its funding was abolished in 1880.47 When James A. Garfield became president in 1881, he removed LeDuc as commissioner of agriculture. Following Garfield's appoint­ ment of George B. Loring as commissioner, farmers' organizations and interested individuals sent letters to Loring urging Riley's return. Reap­ pointed in 1881, Riley remained in office through May 1894. As his 47 Meiners, Riley, 19-20; Howard, History of Applied Entomology, 134. 246 Missouri Historical Review second term began, the Entomological Service became a division of the USDA.48 One of the major accomplishments of Riley's life occurred during his second term as federal entomologist when the importation of the vedalia beetle from Australia saved the fledgling citrus industry in California, which had been nearly decimated by the cottony cushion scale. Riley's contribution to this experiment included his organizational capacity, his supervisory attention and his willingness to set the vedalias free so that any beneficial impact could be observed. Although not the first to conclude that the scales were indigenous to Australia, he planned the Australian expedition to search for natural enemies and secured government funding. Luck played a role in the vedalia success: The coccinellidae are not generally good colonizers; the few individuals released lacked genetic diversity; and no detailed examination of the vedalia's possible impact on the environment occurred.49 The vedalia beetle did not totally exterminate the cottony cushion scale. The extreme destruction of citrus crops ended, however, because the beetles kept the population of cottony cushion scales below the economic threshold.50 Riley longed for appointment as assistant secretary of agriculture, in charge of all departmental scientific work. In a bid for that office, he supported Grover Cleveland during the 1892 presidential campaign. Once Cleveland was elected, Riley urged the appointment of J. Sterling Morton as secretary of agriculture, mistakenly believing that Morton would appoint him as assistant secretary. Instead, Morton appointed Charles W. Dabney to the office Riley coveted. Riley, as chief of the Division of Entomology, was Dabney's subordinate, and his frustration at not being promoted prevented his developing a working relationship with Dabney. This resulted in Riley's second resignation from the USDA in May 1894.51 Riley's life as a private entomologist was cut short by his death on

48 Meiners, Riley, 21; Howard, History of Applied Entomology, 89, 135; Louise M. Russell, "Leland Ossian Howard: A Historical Review," Annual Review of Entomology 23 (1978): 4. 49 C. V. Riley, "Original Habitat of Icerya Purchasi," Pacific Rural Press 35 (12 May 1888): 425; Richard L. Doutt, "Vice, Virtue, and the Vedalia," Bulletin of the Entomological Society of Missouri 4 (December 1958): 120-121; L. E. Caltagirone and R. L. Doutt, "The History of the Vedalia Beetle Importation to California and its Impact on the Development of Biological Control," Annual Review of Entomology 34 (1989): 1-16. 50 C. V. Riley, "Report of the Entomologist," Report of the Commissioner of Agriculture (Washington, D.C: Government Printing Office, 1889), 335; C V. Riley, "The Outlook for Applied Entomology," Science 17 (9 January 1891): 18. 51 Meiners, Riley, 26. Charles Valentine Riley 247

September 14, 1895, from a head injury sustained during a bicycle accident.52 By that time, however, he had done much to promote government support for entomology and had laid the foundation for pest control work in the twentieth century. His work utilized nineteenth- century concepts of the balance of nature, population growth and limitations, interactions among species and the role of natural enemies. Developing these concepts into workable insect control strategies was fundamental to the evolvement of applied ecology.53 As technology advanced rapidly during the late nineteenth century, people began to believe that it could solve all of their problems. Riley's more enlightened view foresaw that some problems did not have a technical solution. He preferred to assess the situation and then to work within nature's parameters to find an answer acceptable to both humans and the environment. During the mid-twentieth century, entomologists developed Inte­ grated Pest Management (IPM) in an attempt to reduce the use of chemicals. This concept carefully meshes chemical and biological con­ trol methods together to provide effective control in the safest and most efficient manner. IPM emphasizes community biology and has ties to classical biological control, which relies on the natural propagation of predators and parasites to keep pest species under control. The balance that Charles Valentine Riley struck between biological, cultural and chemical control methods provided a foundation for the development of Integrated Pest Management in the second half of the twentieth century.

52 Fream, "Obituary," 8. 53 R. van den Bosch, P. S. Messenger and A. P. Gutierrez, Introduction to Bio­ logical Control (New York: Plenum Press, 1982), 21.

The Turbulent Sea of Politics Jackson Independent Patriot, March 16, 1822. Politics is a sea so inconsistent and turbulent that there is noplace [sic] to be found in it where some one hath not been wrecked.

Sure Cure Jefferson City Jeffersonian Republican, July 29, 1843. It is said—that all a body has to do when choked with a potatoe [sic] is to swallow a pumpkin. It is a certain cure. Courtesy Leonard E. Goodall

The Rotary Power Mower and Its Inventor: Leonard B. Goodall

BY LEONARD E. GOODALL* Consumers Union celebrated its fiftieth anniversary in 1986 by publishing a special commemorative book, I'll Buy That, in which it identified fifty twentieth-century inventions that have "revolutionized the lives of consumers."1 One of the fifty, the rotary power lawn mower, originated in the basement of a house on East Market Street in Warrensburg, Missouri, where Leonard B. Goodall lived and developed the mower. His work represents the story of an individual who saw a need and, with the spirit of an entrepreneur, set out to meet it. Immediately after World War II, an important part of the American Dream included owning a home with a yard and, perhaps, even a white picket fence. Just as air-conditioning allowed people to live comfortably

*Leonard E. Goodall is a professor of management and public administration and former president at the University of Nevada, Las Vegas. He holds a B.A. degree from Central Missouri State University, Warrensburg, an M.A. degree from the University of Missouri, Columbia, and a Ph.D. degree from the University of Illinois, Urbana- Champaign.

1 Editors of Consumer Reports, I'll Buy That (Mount Vernon, NY: Consumers Union, 1986), 143-146.

248 The Rotary Power Mower and Its Inventor 249 in warm climates, Goodall's mower enabled individuals to maintain relatively large lawns in a neat and attractive fashion. Prior to the invention of the rotary mower, mowers were of the reel type. They could not cut high grass, which made it difficult for individuals to push them long enough to mow a large yard. As long as most people lived in cities or on farms, this presented no problem. City dwellers had either no yards or only small ones, and farm animals served as "mowers" for rural inhabitants. The post-World War II suburbanization movement created a great need for a mower that could be used on large lawns, and Goodall's rotary power mower responded to that need. Born to farmers in Delphos, Kansas, on November 17, 1895, Leonard B. Goodall grew up in the rural and small-town atmosphere of central Kansas. Although he completed only eight grades, he had a curious mind about mechanical matters—a curiosity that remained with him throughout his life and dominated his professional activities and work habits. As a teenager, Goodall attempted to repair a tractor with open drive while the engine ran. The vibration caused the tractor to jump into gear. His left leg caught in the gears, necessitating its amputation. This tragedy later had a dramatic impact on his life. The handicap and his resulting inability to push a reel-type mower caused him to seek another approach to lawn mowing. As a young man, Goodall moved to Salina, Kansas, where he married and fathered a daughter, Viva. The marriage ended in divorce, and in the mid-1920s he moved to Kansas City, Missouri. His curiosity had led him to develop a strong interest in two technological advances still in their infancy in the 1920s—the radio and the automobile. He had read and studied all that he could find about them. While looking for a job, Goodall responded to an advertisement in the Kansas City Star for a radio repairman at the College Store, a privately owned book and school materials store in Warrensburg, Missouri. The exact date of this move is unknown, but his family believes it occurred about 1927. Although he knew little about repairing radios, neither did anyone else, and the College Store hired him. He moved to Warrensburg, found a single room in a rooming house on West Culton and began work. The owner of the store, Kenneth Robinson, became a lifelong friend, and Robinson's son-in-law, Garrett Crouch, later served as Goodall's attorney and as attorney for the Goodall Manufacturing Company. Soon after moving to Warrensburg, two important events occurred in Goodall's life. First, he met Eula Johnson, a waitress in the Estes 250 Missouri Historical Review

Hotel coffee shop where he ate regularly. She would later become his wife. Second, he became friends with Stanford McCann, an employee at the Ford dealership. McCann helped Goodall get a job there, and he soon left the College Store to work for Theodore Shock, owner of the Ford dealership. Goodall served first as a mechanic and later as shop foreman, a position he held through the years of the depression and into the late 1930s. On May 11, 1929, he married Eula Johnson, and they soon built a small two-bedroom bungalow at 444 East Market, a home they occupied until his death in 1971. The basement of that house became Goodall's first workshop, and the Goodall Corporation buildings were later built in the back yard and on a vacant lot next door. After marrying, Goodall settled down to weather the depression. In addition to his regular job at the Ford dealership, he spent most evenings working at home on products that would enhance his income. He designed and manufactured two items that became locally popular. The first—jigsaw puzzles—he made by pasting colorful pictures on thin plywood and then carefully cutting each piece with his saw. His unique way of cutting the pieces allowed the puzzle to be picked up. After the puzzle was put together, one could pick it up by a corner, and the pieces would stay together. (This feature may have had little practical application, but Goodall was quite proud of it anyway!) The puzzles served two purposes. He sold some, and he took others to the College Store, where they were rented to the public at ten cents per puzzle. His other product was inlaid wooden lamps. He glued various kinds of wood together and then used his lathe to form the glued

State Historical Society of Missouri The Rotary Power Mower and Its Inventor 251 masses into attractive lamps. The pieces of wood then appeared as designs. The puzzles and the lamps supplemented the family income and provided an outlet for Goodall's creative energies. The Goodalls also started their own business during the depression. When the Estes Coffee Shop developed financial difficulties, they took it over. Eula doubled as owner/manager as well as a waitress, and Goodall continued to work at the Ford dealership. After he opened the restaurant at 6:00 A.M., Eula came in a bit later to oversee the breakfast hour. By 8:00, Leonard was at his Ford job. He returned to help close the restaurant in the evening at 9:00. Leonard and Eula believed in the work ethic; the restaurant closed only one day a year—on Christmas. They operated the restaurant until 1941 and then sold it to devote more time to the mower business. The Goodalls' only child, Leonard Edwin, was born in 1937. The puzzles, the lamps and the coffee shop did not take all of Goodall's attention during this period. He began to spend evenings, after closing the coffee shop, working on the first rotary power lawn mower. His large yard was difficult to cut with a reel mower, and Goodall's artificial leg further hindered his pushing. He first directed his efforts toward making the reel mower more efficient. He attempted to mount a blade on a bracket on the front of a reel mower. To be run by a pulley from the reel, it was to spin and cut the tallest grass, leaving only the short grass to be cut by the regular blade. It was, however, still manually powered. Now the new blade as well as the regular reel had to be turned by the person pushing the mower. Goodall soon decided this was not a promising solution to the problem of lawn mowing. Next, he placed the rotary blade beneath a metal frame and mounted an engine on top of the frame and two wheels on the sides. He then used a belt with a ninety-degree twist to run from the engine to the shaft that came up through the frame from the blade. This enabled the engine to power the blade. As Goodall experimented with making a rotary mower, he rejected two ideas quite early in the process. First, he did not like electric motors. He believed they did not have enough power, and he disliked having a long electric cord running to the mower. He was concerned that the cord would be accidentally cut and that an individual would be shocked, or worse. Therefore, he decided to use a gasoline engine to propel his mower. Second, as he worked with small gasoline engines, he became unhappy with having to run a belt from the engine to the shaft on which the blade was mounted. What he developed—and what he 252 Missouri Historical Review

Reel mowers were not prac­ tical for mowing large lawns.

State Historical Society of Missouri believed to be his major contribution to the technology of power mowers—was the vertical direct drive rotary power mower. He turned the engine on its side so that the crankshaft was vertical. He then mounted the engine so that the crankshaft protruded through the frame, with the lower end of the crankshaft exposed beneath. He attached the blade directly to the lower end of the crankshaft, which now extended below the frame. He appeared most proud of this particular innovation. When asked what was unique about his mower, he would reply that it was a "vertical crankshaft mower" or a "vertical direct drive power mower"— a characteristic more important to him than that it was a "rotary power mower." The use of the engine made it a power mower, and the use of a belt with a quarter turn enabled the blade to rotate beneath the frame, an improvement over the reel-type mower. He considered mounting the blade directly on the lower end of the crankshaft to be his most valuable contribution to the technology of the lawn mower.2 By the late 1930s, Goodall believed that the mower was sufficiently well developed to market commercially. He had ideas but no money to start a business and begin production. After finding the banks uninter­ ested in such a project, he looked for other sources. A local businessman and insurance agent, Charles S. "Sam" Baston, and a business associate of Baston's, Hardy Wray, agreed to join Goodall in a business venture.

2 See Marvin Frahm, "Goodall: First Rotary Mower," The Gas Engine Magazine 24 (March 1989): 16-18, for a detailed discussion of the technical aspects of the mower's development. The Rotary Power Mower and Its Inventor 253

The Articles of Association (incorporation), dated January 14, 1939, listed the owners as Charles S. Baston, fifteen shares in return for $1,500 cash; Hardy Wray, fifteen shares in return for $1,500 cash; and Leonard Goodall, thirty shares in return for property as follows: For and in consideration of assignment and transfer by Leonard Goodall to the Corporation of all his right, title and interest in and to the Goodall Rotary Cutter, an invention of the said Leonard Goodall, of a power-driven rotary principal mowing machine, together with the said Leonard Goodall's agreement to assign patent and patent rights now being applied for to the Corporation when patent is granted; said invention and applied for patent rights thereto being of the reasonable and fair value of Three Thousand Dollars ($3,000.00).3 Goodall thereby began his business with $3,000 cash and his own ideas about making a rotary lawn mower. None of the three men guessed how significant for the world of lawn care, and how financially reward­ ing for them, this small beginning would prove to be. At the same time that Goodall found business partners to join him in the incorporation process, he applied for his first patents. U.S. Patent Office records show that he filed his first patent application on March 9, 1939. On July 23, 1940, the office granted a patent for a "Rotary Grass Cutter." The definition in the patent began: The combination of a rotary type grass cutting mower comprising a wheeled base, a driven rotary cutter operating beneath said base member and between said wheels, a prime mover having a crankshaft extending vertically beneath said base. . .4 Goodall received three patents on the mower over a period of six years: Patent No. 2208972 on July 23, 1940; Patent No. 2278922 on April 7, 1942; and Patent No. 145483 on August 20, 1946. The patent office granted Trademark Number 380331 to Goodall on August 20, 1940.5 The Goodall trademark, designed to emphasize the concept of rotary movement, remained the symbol of the company for as long as it manufactured Goodall mowers. The symbol appeared on every mower, in company brochures and, often, in advertisements in magazines and periodicals. Today, Goodall's rural and small-town background would be called "blue collar." He had no expertise in publicity or advertising.

3 Office of the Secretary of State, Jefferson City, Missouri, Sworn Articles of Association, 14 January 1939. 4 U.S. Patent Office, Official Gazette 516 (July-August 1940): 947. 5 U.S. Patent Office, Trademark No. 380331, 20 August 1940; Application No. 428479. 254 Missouri Historical Review

2.208.972 ROTARY GRASS CUTTER Leonard Goodall, Warrensburg, Mo. Application March 9, 1939, Serial No. 260,828 1 Claim, (CL 56—25.4)

Courtesy Leonard E. Goodall The U.S. Patent Office published this diagram of Good- all's mower in 1940.

Nevertheless, he understood the need to inform people about the mower, and he began to spread the word wherever he could. In addition, Baston and Wray helped with publicity. The earliest extant printed information about the mower appeared in an extensive article in the Warrensburg Star Journal on June 1, 1939.6 The article called the mower the result of "eight years of experimenting" and said Goodall developed it "during his spare time in his basement." This piece also contained the first known reference to price, indicating that the mower sold for $98.50. Three pictures pub­ lished with the article showed Goodall in his workshop and the mower. The first national publicity appeared in the October 1941 edition of The Maytag News. The mowers used Maytag engines. The article said the mower "operates on an entirely different principle than conventional lawn mowers," and it emphasized the point important to Goodall—the vertical crankshaft. "A single arm with two cutting blades revolves horizontally to the ground. It is directly connected to the vertical crankshaft of the Multi-Motor and revolves at approximately 1650 RPM."7

6 "Lawn Mower Takes Work Out of Cutting Grass," Warrensburg Star Journal, 1 June 1939. 7 "Multi-Motor Powers New Type Rotary Grass Cutter," The Maytag News (October 1941): 7. The Rotary Power Mower and Its Inventor 255

World War II almost put the fledgling Goodall Manufacturing Company out of business. Soon after the production of lawn mowers began, war erupted in Europe, and then the United States became involved. The first mowers used Maytag engines, but engines manu­ factured by nearly all companies soon became unavailable. In addition, Goodall had little interest in war contracts, even though some were available for small businesses. Unsophisticated in the ways of business, he had traditional concerns about dealing with government and bureaucrats. He preferred to "wait it out" and do what little business he could. During the war, Maytag engines were not available. Goodall could secure engines from only one company in the war years. He began manufacturing and selling mowers with engines from that company, but he later said that using those engines was the "biggest mistake of my business career."8 The engines developed a variety of operating prob­ lems, and many had to be returned to the company for repair and service. A major problem occurred because these two-cycle engines, unlike four-cycle engines, necessitated mixing the oil and the gas, a procedure many consumers seemed not to understand. Complaints poured into the company. Goodall strove to provide the highest possible quality mower, and the issue with the engines became a personal embarrassment as well as a business problem. He discontinued use of that brand of engine as soon as he could and did little business for the duration of the war. The best years for Goodall and his company occurred from the end of the war until the company was sold to an out-of-state firm in 1952. As the war drew to a close, Goodall began to look for a postwar source of engines. He visited the headquarters of Maytag Corporation in Newton, Iowa, and Lauson Motor Corporation in New Holstein, Wisconsin, and corresponded with Briggs and Stratton and other engine manufacturers. After considerable negotiations, he signed a contract with Lauson. That company agreed to provide engines with a vertical crankshaft, still a rarity in those days. In addition, Lauson built the engines with a special type of oil pump, which Goodall had helped develop and which provided better lubrication for the engines. Perhaps most importantly, Lauson agreed not to sell the vertical crankshaft engines to anyone but Goodall for five years. The Lauson engine thereby became the standard engine on Goodall mowers. A review of the "Lawn and Garden" section of the Kansas City

8 Goodall often repeated this comment to family members and business associates. 256 Missouri Historical Review

An Early Model of the Goodall Mower

Courtesy Leonard E. Goodall

Star Sunday editions after the war indicates that lawn mower advertis­ ing resumed in the spring of 1946. Lawn mower sales are highly seasonal, and advertisements tend to appear between February and May. The earliest postwar ads featured reel mowers powered by indi­ viduals pushing them and mowers powered with electric engines. The earliest extant Goodall ad appeared in February 1947.9 In March 1947, a large ad (nearly one-quarter page) showed Goodall's daughter, Viva, pushing a mower and declared the Goodall to be the "one and only 4 cycle vertical crankshaft direct drive rotary mower." The ad listed four models costing from $110 to $174 each ($657 to $1,040 in 1992 dollars)—hardly an inexpensive piece of lawn equipment in those days.10 Although Goodall's associates had their own full-time businesses, Baston took an active role in the sales side of the business. (Wray had died in the mid-1940s.) Baston established dealerships around the country and assumed responsibility for an exhibit at the Missouri State Fair each August. Goodall, who did not enjoy sales work or the travel that went with it, appeared content to leave such activity to others. In 1949 and 1950, the business expanded by erecting three buildings on property Goodall owned behind his home and on the adjacent lot. The company clearly prospered during these years. Although sales

9 Kansas City Star, 16 February 1947. 10 Ibid., 23 March 1947. The Rotary Power Mower and Its Inventor 257 figures and financial statements for the company have not been located, Goodall's personal income tax statements for these years are available. An indication of the financial strength of the company can be found by studying the dividends it paid. Goodall's tax records show that he received dividends as follows: Year Dividend In 1992 Dollars 1946 $ 8,150 ($ 55,791) 1947 22,000 ( 131,584) 1948 48,900 ( 274,041) 1949 48,900 ( 271,381) 1950 57,050 ( 316,612) 1951 16,300 ( 83,833)!' Since Baston and Wray's heirs owned 50 percent of the company's shares, they divided an equal amount of dividend income. They must have concluded that the 1939 investment of $1,500 each had been a wise investment indeed! No obvious explanation appears for the sudden drop in dividends in 1951. Two possibilities come to mind. The Korean War may have affected profits, or 1951 may have been the beginning of the profit difficulties detailed below. Only one financial statement of the company has been found. It indicates that, for the year ending December 29, 1950, the company made a profit of $138,980.93 ($692,681 in 1992 dollars) on sales of $954,124 ($4,755,354 in 1992 dollars).12 Although the business had been a financial success, Goodall con­ sidered selling by the early 1950s. Several reasons account for this. The first was competition. Goodall had an uncompromising commitment to quality; he remained determined to build the best mower that could be made. The Goodall mower quickly became known as the "top of the line" and "the Cadillac of lawn mowers." The average small homeowner, however, did not need a mower that could cut five-feet-high weeds and mow through the most dense of Bermuda grass. Other manufacturers could build mowers of somewhat less quality, but still quite adequate for the average user, and sell them at lower prices. The Goodall mowers were not inexpensive. Mowers selling for $110 to $174 in the 1940s were "top of the line" in price as well as 11 Taken from copies of individual income tax returns of Leonard B. Goodall currently in possession of the author. The author based the calculation of 1992 dollar values on the Consumer Price Index of the U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics. 12 Goodall Manufacturing Corporation, Financial Statement as of December 29, 1950. 258 Missouri Historical Review

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State Historical Society of Missouri This advertisement for Goodall mowers appeared in the Kansas City Star on March 23, 1947. The Rotary Power Mower and Its Inventor 259 quality. Also, large retail chains such as Sears, Roebuck & Co. and Montgomery Ward became major competitors. They had retailing, advertising and distribution abilities hard for a small independent business to match. Another aspect of competition was that, as time passed, it became increasingly difficult for Goodall to protect his product through the use of patents. Patent attorneys and others advised him that enforcing patents would prove expensive and time consuming. Goodall came to doubt that it would be worth the effort. In addition to the competition, health problems tempted Goodall to sell. His tendency to be a perfectionist made him a worrier. He seldom slept through the night; thinking about the business often awakened him. He invented, improved and tinkered with products in his mind even while he tried to sleep. He also worried about the financial pressures of the business. Because of the seasonal nature of the lawn mower business, mowers had to be sold between about February and May in order to have a successful year. Every year, Goodall went to the bank and signed a personal loan for $50,000 to buy the supplies and to cover the other expenses necessary to get ready for the season. Even though the business proved successful, the bank insisted on his personal guarantee on the loan. He knew that one bad season would affect not only the business but also his personal financial situation and that of his family. His worrying caused ulcers, and then bleeding ulcers—health problems he had the rest of his life. Goodall also realized that he did not need more money. His life style changed very little as his income grew. He never moved from the house he and Eula had built in 1929, although they added a third bedroom and a second bath. He had no interest in joining country clubs, playing golf or moving in the social circles associated with wealth. He seldom wore a suit or a tie except to church. He did want to drive a nice car (on which he could tinker), and he and Eula bought a country home in the Ozarks near Stover in 1953. The desire for more money, however, soon held little motivation for him. Finally, Goodall had no heirs with an interest in the business. If his son had expressed an interest in engineering or manufacturing, Goodall would have continued until his son was old enough to take over the business. Such was not the case, however, and Goodall realized it. For all of these reasons, he decided to sell the business. Goodall, Baston and Garrett Crouch, the company's attorney, let it be known that the company might be for sale under the right conditions. They contacted several of the larger mower manufacturers, engine 260 Missouri Historical Review

Courtesy Leonard E. Goodall Goodall developed his rotary power mower in the basement work­ shop of his Warrensburg home. manufacturers and lawn equipment retailing firms. They also secured the assistance of F. C. Moseley and Co. of Kansas City, a commercial real estate firm. Foley Manufacturing Company, of Minneapolis, Min­ nesota, a company well known for making chain saws and saw sharpeners, learned of the availability through Moseley.13 They soon expressed interest, and talks began. After extended negotiations, Foley purchased the corporation for $317,520 ($1,598,121 in 1992 dollars).14 A $1,500 investment made in the company in 1939 had grown to be worth nearly $79,000 by the time of the sale in 1952. The sale agreement also included a no-competition clause, in which Goodall agreed not to go into competition against the company and to give the company first opportunity to purchase any of his future inventions. The company remained in Warrensburg and marketed its mowers with the Goodall name. Henry Garwick, a manager with the company in Minneapolis, moved to Warrensburg and assumed day-to-day man­ agement responsibilities. Goodall retired, although he remained on the board of directors, and continued his experiments. He sold several inventions to the company over the following decade.

13 Edwin F. Ringer, Minneapolis, Minnesota, interview with author, 5 October 1990. Mr. Ringer also provided access to corporate records of the Goodall Manufactur­ ing Corp. in his possession. 14 Memorandum of Closing and Receipt, 21 February 1952. The Rotary Power Mower and Its Inventor 261

Foley, the new owner of Goodall, experienced financial problems almost from the beginning. Minutes of the board of directors meetings contain the following annual sales figures: Year Annual Sales In 1992 Dollars 1953 $ 900,000 ($4,495,891) 1954 682,000 ( 3,389,959) 1955 812,000 ( 4,051,236) 1956 1,100,000 ( 5,407,222)15 Only in 1956 did annual sales exceed the 1950 figure of $954,124. In the late 1950s, the board minutes provide information on annual net profits rather than annual sales. Annual net profits are shown as: Year Net Profit In 1992 Dollars 1956 $116,000 ($570,216) 1957 59,170 ( 280,853) 1958 14,140 ( 65,334) 1959 not available 1960 "no net profit" 1961 1,530 ( 6,833)16 After 1950, both annual sales figures and net profits are available only for 1956. Data for that year show that profits equalled 10.5 percent of annual sales ($116,000/$1,100,000). If one assumes that the same profit margin can be applied to the other years in the late 1950s, annual sales would be: Year Annual Sales In 1992 Dollars 1957 $563,352 ($2,673,980) 1958 134,667 ( 622,227) 1961 14,570 ( 63,146) If these figures are accurate, sales reached the 1950 level only once again in the following decade—in 1956. The 1956 profit margin of 10.5 percent, compared to 14.5 percent in 1950, indicates the increasing difficulty of maintaining profit levels as the years passed. Comments made at board meetings suggest reasons for the financial difficulties. E. F. Ringer, vice president of Foley, told the board in 1957 that the lawn mower business was "getting more competitive."17 Minutes

15 Figures derived from the minutes of the meeting of the board of directors of Goodall Manufacturing Corporation, 2 August 1956. 16 Figures taken from ibid., 31 August 1956; 31 August 1957; 29 August 1958; 28 August 1959; 30 August 1960; and 31 August 1961. 17 Ibid., 31 August 1957. 262 Missouri Historical Review of the January 25, 1960, meeting note that corporate profits had been hurt by having to offer lower prices and early bird discounts and by having to pay more for engines. The company had changed from Lauson engines to Clinton engines because the former had discontinued manufacturing that line of small engines.18 Although Goodall remained on the board until 1962, no written record exists of his view of the company's financial troubles in the 1950s. As noted, expectations of increased competition and the diffi­ culties of protecting patents had influenced his decision to sell the company in 1952. He also often stated to family members his belief that increasing paperwork and the administrative costs associated with operating a subsidiary company far removed from the home office hurt the business. Goodall believed in "hands on" management. When he ran the company, he spent most of his time on the floor of the plant,

Ibid., 25 January 1960.

Partners Leonard B. Goodall, left, and Charles S. Baston dis­ play 1941 and 1956 models of the Goodall mower. Courtesy Garrett R. Crouch The Rotary Power Mower and Its Inventor 263 effectively serving as plant manager as well as chief executive officer. That approach was impossible once the company became a subsidiary of a larger corporation in a distant location. In 1962 Foley officials reached a similar conclusion and decided that it was too difficult to operate a business that distance from its home plant. It moved Goodall Manufacturing Corporation to Winona, Minnesota, much closer to the Foley main office in Minneapolis. Records in the office of the Secretary of State of Missouri show that the company ceased to exist as a Missouri corporation on November 13, 1962. On the same date, the company was merged into Goodall Manufacturing Corporation (a Minnesota corporation).19 The decision to remove the company from Warrensburg caused considerable excitement in the community. The chamber of commerce, the city council and the Warrensburg Industrial Development Corpora­ tion all had the matter on their agendas for discussion. In the years preceding Goodall's departure, Missouri Public Service Corporation had moved from Warrensburg to Raytown; Brookfield Unitog had departed to Clinton; and the company that made "Warnsburg Sausage" had relocated to Sedalia. A state agency, the Missouri Commerce and Industrial Development Division, also discussed the Goodall removal at a meeting attended by a delegation of Warrensburg businessmen. A Warrensburg Star Journal editorial entitled "We're On The Move All Right" began: The people of the Warrensburg community were somewhat stunned yesterday when they learned they were to lose another industry. Its product, the original rotary lawn mower, was the product of the mind of a man who is today a part of this community, Leonard Goodall. From the very first his power mower was an immediate success and carried the name of Warrensburg all over the United States.20 Could the community have done anything to convince the company to stay? Some argued that the company had needed more space, made its needs known and found no positive response among community leaders. More space might have helped. But corporate executives in Minnesota, concerned about having only one subsidiary not near corporate headquarters, would probably have made the move at some time. Goodall and his wife spent their retirement years in Warrensburg and at their Ozarks home south of Stover. The Stover property, known

19 Office of the Secretary of State, Jefferson City, Certificate of Change of Registered Agent and Registered Office by Foreign or Domestic Corporations, 22 November 1962. 20 "We're On The Move All Right," Warrensburg Star Journal, 21 March 1962. 264 Missouri Historical Review

The Goodall trademark, which appeared on all mowers pro­ duced by the company, em­ phasized the concept of rotary movement.

Courtesy Leonard E. Goodall historically as Boyler's Mill, included a small lake and about seventeen acres of land. Goodall continued to experiment with mowers and used them to keep his property well mowed. He also resumed some of the activities he had initiated in the 1930s. In the depression years he had worked with wood to make products he could sell to supplement the family income. In retirement he built grandfather clocks—over forty—as a hobby. Some were sold, and some remain in the family. He erected a workshop at Boyler's Mill, where he built clocks and continued with mower experimentations. The work he did in retirement reflected the same commitment to quality and workmanship that had characterized his entire career. Deteriorating health marked Goodall's later years, and he died at the Johnson County Medical Center in July 1971. After his death, Eula sold their home in Warrensburg to the Warrensburg School District. Today, the building contains the offices of the superintendent and other school officials. The buildings that once housed the mower manufactur­ ing facilities are now a district vocational school. Eula Goodall con­ tinued to live at the Boyler's Mill property until her death in 1983. Goodall's legacy, which began in a basement on East Market Street in Warrensburg, can be seen today on every suburban home lawn, park or golf course cut by rotary mowers. At the time of his death in 1971, the Kansas City Star referred to him as "the father of the rotary power lawn mower."21 Goodall would have liked that appella­ tion.

"Warrensburg Man Invented a Mower," Kansas City Star, 31 July 1971. Western Historical Manuscript Collection-Columbia

Milkweed, Machine Guns and Cows: Jefferson County Farmers in World War II BY STEPHEN F. HUSS* Until the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor, Americans did not really feel the global war's impact. Many Americans, worried about the Nazis, had placed their hopes and prayers with the English, who stood alone. Others believed European problems did not concern the United States; then the December 7, 1941, strike shattered the peace. After the attack, governmental action increased dramatically. As a result of the war and because of new demands on the nation, lives changed forever. Jefferson County, Missouri, farmers, like thousands of other farmers across the nation, became "soldiers of the soil." Production, the key word for the nation's war effort, especially appealed to farmers, who had previously limited output in the 1930s. It promised hope for a better life to the farmers of Jefferson County and the nation. But providing vital foodstuffs for military and civilian needs would not be an easy task. •Stephen F. Huss is chief executive officer of Comtrea Community Mental Health Center, Festus, Missouri, and a part-time instructor in history at Jefferson Community College, Hillsboro. He holds a Ph.D. degree from St. Louis University.

265 266 Missouri Historical Review

Production problems were not new to Jefferson County farmers. Like farmers elsewhere, their lives had not been prosperous. Over­ production during the 1920s and early 1930s resulted in low prices and low farm incomes and caused Franklin D. Roosevelt to sponsor the Agricultural Adjustment Act (AAA) in 1933. The act created the Agricultural Adjustment Administration, an agency which sought to limit production. In 1936 the U.S. Supreme Court declared the AAA unconstitutional in United States v. Butler. Two years later, Congress passed a second AAA that limited production in a manner upheld by the Court in Mulford v. Smith (1939). Branch offices of the AAA opened in all states. The Jefferson County office, located in Hillsboro, sought to "aid the farmer in conservation practices, and serve the needs of the farmer."1 Before the war, the office principally aided farmers by helping them obtain parity payments and by validating applications for these payments.2 Although the Agricultural Adjustment Administration tried to restrict production during the 1930s, the low output in Jefferson County resulted from other factors. Most area farmers did not under­ stand systematic farm planning. According to Earl Steele, the county extension agent at the time, production of field crops, fruits, vegetables, livestock and poultry did not approach acceptable levels because farmers were not well informed about new poison baits, oil sprays or insecti­ cides.3 Poor grain production concerned county farmers before the war. While Missouri's wheat yield averaged 16.67 bushels per acre, Jefferson County yields reached merely 15.40 bushels per acre.4 In 1940 the county produced only 147,231 bushels of wheat. While the low yield may have resulted from compliance with production quotas established by the second AAA, Steele believed that farmer ineptness had been largely responsible.5 Like wheat yields, corn, fruit and nut yields did not reach the desired level. County farmer Franklin Cole remembered, "I never made any money from fruit trees—it was too unpredictable. ... I did okay in the early part of the war but got flooded out in 1944. ... It really

1 Leona Gasche, clerk of AAA, interview with author, 10 December 1971. 2 Ibid. 3 Earl T. Steele Collection of private papers, notes and yearly reports, University of Missouri Extension Center, Hillsboro, Missouri. Hereafter cited as Steele. 4 Agricultural Division, U.S. Department of Commerce, United States Census of Agriculture: 1950, Missouri, Vol. 1, pt. 10 (Washington, D.C: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1952), computed from p. 12. 5 Steele, 1941 report. Milkweed, Machine Guns and Cows 267 wasn't worth the effort like milk cows were."6 Steele believed few farmers knew which vegetables and fruits to grow for food value or profit.7 Only in dairying and livestock raising did farmers see hope for financial gain prior to the war. By October 1941, the county AAA chairman urged an increase in livestock production.8 "Prepare for the worst, and hope for the best," Steele told the Farm Bureau shortly after Pearl Harbor.9 With the beginning of hostilities, agricultural goals were "refur­ bished with defense implications."10 While the government developed wartime agricultural policy, Jefferson County farmers caught the war excitement. The Farm Security Administration shouted "Food for Freedom" and urged massive increases in production. Farmers re­ sponded enthusiastically.11 The newly formed Jefferson County Civil Defense added to the war fervor. Mass meetings held in House Springs and Horine en­ couraged people to produce food, which was "as vital to the successful execution of the present war as other military supplies and the com-

6 Franklin Cole, interview with author, 3 December 1971. 7 Ibid.; Steele, 1941 report. 8 Hillsboro Jefferson County Record, 24 October 1941; Erwin Schmidt, interview with author, 8 December 1971. 9 Earl Steele, as quoted in Hillsboro Jefferson County Record, 12 March 1942. 10 Walter W. Wilcox, The Farmer in the Second World War (Ames: The Iowa State College Press, 1947), 36-37. 11 Hillsboro Jefferson County Record, 12 March 1942.

State Historical Society of Missouri

Advertisements such as this stressed THE WARTIME JOB farmers' responsibility to assist in the war effort. OF FARM FAMILIES mnmkumm

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IT TAKES ALLmtm 268 Missouri Historical Review mittee in charge [Civil Defense Committee] is very eager to encourage the production and preservation of as much food as economically as possible."12 In addition to setting up first aid, auxiliary police, road repair and decontamination committees, the Civil Defense also offered courses in food production and preservation and encouraged local 4-H clubs to garden.13 Other groups also encouraged farmers to increase production. The Farm Bureau, the newspapers, the extension office, the Farm Security Administration and the Agricultural Adjustment Administration all emphasized the county farmers' duty to be more productive. As a result of the publicity and pressure, many farmers tried to improve their yields. Humorist Homer Croy visited his old home in rural Missouri and wrote: I'm back visiting the old farm where I was born. Well, the war is doing things to it. Mostly on the favorable side. The probable national farm income in the United States for 1942 will be about 13 billion—the highest since 1918-1919. . . . This year the farmers of America's great middle west are actually going to have bank ac­ counts.14 Jefferson County farmer Kenneth Bonacker agreed and said the war "gave us the opportunity to go modern, with the increases in both prices and demand from the beginning of the war."15 Another farmer, Erwin Schmidt, believed that the incentive to improve was greater because the war precipitated a national emergency. He added, "Then there's always this thing of making a profit. We actually began to have extra money!"16 By the end of 1942, Jefferson County farmers had committed themselves to the goal of increased production. By early in 1943, county food production had increased by 12 percent.17 While farm production continued to rise, labor problems worsened when many young farm workers joined the military. Jefferson County farmers recruited friends and casual laborers, but in the end, the farm family did most of the work. Due to the inadequate labor supply, farmers worked long hours. The work day often extended from early in the morning until late at night, and unlike before the war, many

12 De Soto Jefferson County Republican, 19 February 1942. 13 Hillsboro Jefferson County Record, 12 February 1942. 14 Homer Croy, "What War's doing to the Old Farm," Rotarian 41 (August 1942): 26. 15 Kenneth Bonacker, interview with author, 3 January 1972. 16 Schmidt interview, 8 December 1971. 17 Hillsboro Jefferson County Record, 4 March 1943. Milkweed, Machine Guns and Cows 269 farmers worked on Sunday. Walter Wilcox, in The Farmer in the Second World War, stated that farmers extended their work week by 10 percent.18 Jefferson County farmers' work weeks may have increased much more. In addition to the scarcity of labor, farmers faced limited availabil­ ity of other commodities. The Office of Price Administration (OPA) gradually introduced rationing. The OPA first froze the sale of tires, then rationed them. Next, sugar appeared on the rationing lists. As the OPA recognized shortages or potential shortages, the number of ra­ tioned articles grew. Automobiles, typewriters, bicycles, stoves, rubber footwear, leather shoes, coffee, gasoline, fuel oil, canned vegetables and fruits, meat, butter, cheese and other goods swelled the lists, affecting the daily lives of all Americans. The first hint that some goods were becoming scarce in Jefferson County occurred a few days after Pearl Harbor. "Reduced Driving Speeds Urged to Save Wear and Hear [Tear], Gasoline, and Oil," read a headline in the December 11, 1941, Jefferson County Record. The article compared gasoline and oil consumption at different rates of speed and suggested that the reduction of speed saved rubber. It closed by saying that "proper driving and regulatory measures to conserve these essential materials will aid national defense and, equally impor­ tant, will serve to reduce accidents."19 In Jefferson County, as elsewhere in the United States, an OPA Tire Rationing Board directed sales and distribution. During the first part of 1942, available tires went to medical vehicles, fire or police departments, garbage vehicles, mail transportation, buses, repair trucks and tractors.20 Between 1942 and 1945 county farmers dealt with coupons, applica­ tion blanks, war ration books, points and tokens. They faced all the bureaucratic red tape involved in a comprehensive rationing system. Application instructions for ration books appeared in county news­ papers in April 1942.21 Farmers traveled to the nearest elementary school, provided the OPA with family members' names and physical descriptions and reported the amount of sugar possessed. A statement on each ration book threatened punishment of up to ten years imprison­ ment or a $10,000 fine, or both, for violation of the regulations. Rationing further complicated the lives of Jefferson County farmers.

18 Wilcox, Farmer, 100. 19 Hillsboro Jefferson County Record, 11 December 1941. 20 De Soto Jefferson County Republican, 1 January 1942; Hillsboro Jefferson County Record, 8 January 1942. 21 Hillsboro Jefferson County Record, 23 April 1942; De Soto Jefferson County Republican, 23 April 1942. 270 Missouri Historical Review

State Historical Society of Missouri This poster promoted adherence to price guidelines and rationing rules.

Modern farming techniques made only slight inroads in Jefferson County before World War II. Over two-thirds of the farmers still relied on horse or mule teams.22 Even if farmers could have afforded new equipment to replace teams, they would have found it difficult to do after December 1941—rationing of farm machinery had begun. County implement dealers did not have much stock on hand when rationing started. Edward Staat, a successful dealer in Jefferson County, explained: "Our supplies were low because of the winter. We usually brought our major stock pieces, tractors, cornbinders ... in after January, just before the farmer might want new equipment."23 When equipment did become available during the war, the sale went to the person who had a permit issued by the local OPA board. The board gave permits only when applicants could demonstrate a need for the equipment. By the middle of 1943, the scarcity of farm machinery had eased, but some very specialized items remained hard to obtain. In 1944 Staat traveled over three hundred miles to get a cornbinder for one of his customers, "and I had to sell it to some damn person who didn't even live in Jefferson County!"24 22 Edward Staat, interview with author, 26 January 1972. 23 Ibid. 24 Ibid. Milkweed, Machine Guns and Cows 271

With the scarcity of new machinery, farmers had to make do with old implements; this increased time spent on repairs. In early 1942 Erwin Schmidt, chairman of the U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) War Board for Jefferson County, encouraged farmers to repair and maintain their machinery: Every available piece of machinery needs to be reconditioned and put in service for record feed and food production. Farmers are requested to check over all old machinery and place repair orders immediately. An anticipated shortage of farm labor will make it necessary to do more work with farm machines. By Spring, transportation facilities are expected to be overloaded with war materials. Additional factories are also likely to be directed to war use at any time. These factors emphasize the importance of placing repair orders immediately.25 The undersupply of parts forced farmers to improvise and, if possible, to construct their own parts. Jefferson County blacksmiths assisted with forge work. The local University of Missouri extension Office sponsored repair schools on State Historical Society of Missouri farms throughout the county and educated farmers in maintenance.26 fa*MM<&/ Earl Steele often helped farmers re­ pair equipment, without accepting payment.27 But even correctly operat­ ing farm machines needed gasoline, and the military, of course, had first priority for this scarce commodity. While fuel consumption for per­ sonal use could not exceed four gallons per week, obtaining gasoline for agricultural machinery posed no problem. Farmers who had no mech­ anized equipment did not get the gasoline they wanted, but their com­ plaints were the same as those made

25 Quoted in Hillsboro Jefferson County Record, 12 March 1942. 26 Steele, 1943 report; Cole interview, 3 December 1971; Schmidt interview, 8 Decem­ ber 1971. 27 Arthur Nahlik, interview with author, 1 December 1971; Schmidt interview, 8 De­ m' J* slat***- cember 1971; William Christ, interview with 0 author, 12 January 1972. yet*"" ' y^ 272 Missouri Historical Review by city dwellers. County farmers and others shared the many inconveni­ ences produced by rationing. Shortages of lumber especially affected farmers. In March 1943 the Jefferson County Lumber Company of Kimmswick urged farmers to use concrete because the company's lumber supply could not meet the demand.28 Some farmers used concrete; others used secondhand lumber discarded by county industries or other farmers. While serving as chairman of the USDA War Board, Erwin Schmidt persuaded the manager of the De Soto Railroad Car Repair Shop to save old lumber and sell it to farmers. "They let us tear out the lumber ourselves. It was really hot [in those boxcars] doing it, but it [the lumber] was really good stuff," Schmidt said.29 Other farmers cut rough boards from their own trees. Schmidt used asbestos for siding, although it broke easily. "It wasn't the thing to use," he said, "but it did the job and is still there."30 Although county farmers experienced numerous difficulties under the rationing policies that hindered production, they had one distinct advantage over city dwellers. The farmers had plenty of food. Many farm families depended on canning to supplement their diet during the months when they had no gardens. Canning, however, necessitated using sugar, and sugar shortages continued throughout the war. Between August and November 1942, sugar allotments totaled only five pounds per person, an amount barely sufficient to supply daily needs, much less to meet canning requirements.31 As late as June 1945, the Office of Price Administration required that people pledge to use their sugar allotments for canning. The OPA also warned against the use of sugar in home distilleries.32 County women dealt with this shortage by using less, by finding substitutes or by trading meat coupons for sugar coupons. Farmers who butchered their own livestock were, of course, exempt from the problems of meat rationing that affected city dwellers. Eddie Miller, a Jefferson County historian, remembered times during the war when three weeks passed without his obtaining meat. We couldn't get any meat down here [De Soto]. ... if you didn't get down to the store by 9:00, you [we]re out of luck. No animals were allowed to be raised in the city for butchering purposes like during World War I and the city man was bad off but the farmer wasn't.33

28 Hillsboro Jefferson County Record, 4 March 1943. 29 Schmidt interview, 8 December 1971. 30 Ibid. 31 Hillsboro Jefferson County Record, 20 August 1945. 32 Ibid., 7 July 1945. 33 Eddie Miller, interview with author, 11 January 1972. Milkweed, Machine Guns and Cows 273

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Western Historical Manuscript Collection-Columbia Victory gardens and canning lessened the effect of vegetable ration­ ing on farm families.

Most farmers raised chickens, and many also raised hogs. Chickens, easy to handle and requiring a minimal capital investment, provided county farmers with meat, eggs and additional income. The rationing of vegetables, instituted early in 1943, had negligible effects on most Jefferson County farmers.34 They had always grown most of their vegetables and increased gardening during the war. "With the increased production of vegetables many families have improved their diets by using more vegetables and learning to like a larger variety," Earl Steele noted in his 1943 report.35 Through a variety of methods, he encouraged farmers to make productive gardens. One of the most successful involved giving a "soldiers of the soil" coloring book to county schoolchildren.36 Reaching farmers through their chil­ dren allowed families to deal with rationing together. Togetherness was a major factor in the lives of Jefferson County farmers. Years of low earnings had made them family- and home- oriented. Although they could not afford to view movies, attend plays, visit museums or frequent night clubs in St. Louis or elsewhere, they probably would not have frequently engaged in such activities. These means of entertainment did not fit their lifestyles. "The Second World

34 De Soto Jefferson County Republican, 31 December 1943; Hillsboro Jefferson County Record, 1 March 1943. 35 Steele, 1943 report. 36 Ibid. 274 Missouri Historical Review

War didn't affect me much; I went on sewing, canning, and gardening; I was always busy from sun up till after night," Mrs. Kenneth Bonacker reported.37 Agrarian life involved long hours of demanding labor that left little time for activities away from home. "It didn't take much to satisfy us," said Kenneth Bonacker.38 Farm families primarily confined their activities to agriculture-related events. The extension office spon­ sored such groups as 4-H and home economics clubs; these, together with Farm Bureau meetings and church events, constituted the major social interactions of rural families. Operating a farm involved a division of labor. While men worked in the fields, women cleaned, cooked, preserved and performed domestic duties. The women improved their nutrition and efficiency as the war progressed. By the end of the war, Earl Steele estimated that the health of farm families had increased substantially through the educational efforts of the Red Cross, the extension office and the Farm Bureau.39 Farm women learned to make do with what was available. When mattresses could not be purchased, women made them with the help of the extension office. Under the direction of home economist Marian Johnson, Jefferson County farm women used surplus cotton to make 710 mattresses in 1942 and 1943.40 Women also learned to patch linoleum and rugs; to sharpen knives; to mend screens, electric cords and pots and pans; to stop faucet leaks; and to take care of home equipment.41 Although such classes took time, they served a social function as well as an educational one. Farm families usually created their own amusements. Young chil­ dren entertained themselves with simple games and played on swings or in sandboxes. Older children worked long hours during the war, and their limited free time often involved reading, listening to the radio or visiting. Ellerd Dierks noted, "I didn't have much of a social life during the war . . . gas had to be used for the tractor and I didn't have much time anyway with the farm chores."42 The shortage of gasoline during the war isolated many young people from one another, although 4-H clubs often provided "fun evenings."43 The war caused adults to focus more completely on the home. They read books, magazines and news­ papers, played cards or listened to the radio for amusement. And church activities were little affected by the war.

37 Mr. and Mrs. Kenneth Bonacker, interview with author, 3 January 1972. 38 Ibid. 39 Steele, 1945 report. 40 Steele, 1942 and 1943 reports. 41 Steele, 1944 report. 42 Ellerd Dierks, interview with author, 10 January 1972. 43 Steele, 1942, 1943 and 1944 reports. Milkweed, Machine Guns and Cows 275

A major change involved defense-related activities participated in by Jefferson County farmers. As the shock wore off after the bombing of Pearl Harbor, local citizens wondered how the war would affect their lives. Total war demanded creation of local defense organizations, par­ ticipation in Red Cross work and support of bond drives and scrap collections. It also required—and received—personal sacrifices by citizens. Although an attack on Jefferson County appeared unlikely, eleven county leaders, including two farmers and county agent Earl Steele, met in Festus and created an office of Civil Defense.44 During the early months of 1942, civil defense organizations emerged in each of the county's seven townships. The citizens read patriotic appeals: "There is a job for you. Don't fail your country now."45 More soberly, the Jefferson County Republican explained: Those volunteering for this service are not likely to be called into actual service unless there should be an invasion of our country. This is entirely a movement to prepare our citizens at home for the worst. ... By registering you will have an opportunity to be part of the great organization that is being formed throughout our nation.46 As civil defense units established themselves, county newspapers blanketed their pages with articles about auxiliary police units, fire departments, plane spotting, home nursing and food production and preservation. Civil Defense also urged farmers to increase food produc­ tion and to assist other county residents in making "victory gardens."47 Because of the rural nature of Jefferson County, Civil Defense worked closely with the extension office and the local Agricultural Adjustment Administration. Although Civil Defense was inactive after 1943, when it became apparent the nation would not be attacked, the Red Cross remained involved. During the war, county Red Cross fund drives surpassed goals by over 30 percent, and blood drives exceeded expectations. Women learned first aid and made surgical dressings, blankets, sweaters, quilts and other garments at Farmers' Hall in House Springs and in other county locations. "We went to the local school and rolled two- inch bandages once a week for over two months—then we got to work

44 Hillsboro Jefferson County Record, 1 January 1942; Steele, 1942 report; De Soto Jefferson County Republican, 1 January 1942; Steele, 1944 report. 45 Hillsboro Jefferson County Record, 15 January 1942. 46 De Soto Jefferson County Republican, 22 January 1942. 47 Hillsboro Jefferson County Record, 1942, 1943, passim; De Soto Jefferson County Republican, 1942, 1943, passim; Steele, 1942 and 1943 reports. 276 Missouri Historical Review

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OUR LABOR AND OUR GOODS ARE FIGHTING State Historical Society of Missouri on four-inch ones for another month," reported Mrs. Arthur Nahlik.48 "I really felt that I was doing something," Mrs. A. H. Blake said.49 Four-H clubs assisted children in learning about health and sanitation.

48 Mr. and Mrs. Arthur Nahlik, interview with author, 1 December 1971. 49 Mr. and Mrs. A. H. Blake, interview with author, 6 December 1971. Milkweed, Machine Guns and Cows 277

Seven war bond drives exploded in the county between January 1942 and August 1945. "Buy Bonds! Hit Them Where it Hurts," exhorted the slogan of the first bond drive.50 Everyone was urged to assist with raising the money essential to the defense effort. Children purchased defense stamps worth ten cents, and adults regularly bought bonds.51 Between January and April 1942, county papers publicized ele­ mentary schoolchildren's purchases of war bond stamps. "Windsor grade school students purchased seven dollars and eighty cents in defense stamps," one article stated in February.52 The widely circulated Jefferson County Republican explained why children ought to make purchases: 1. to assist the U.S. government in the greatest defense effort in history. 2. to encourage thrift ... by providing a plan of systematic and regular savings through investment. 3. ... [to] assist materially in their future education. 4. to engender in the youth of the nation a greater interest in America and its affairs. 5. to inoculate a sense of individual obligations [sic] to the government of the United States by direct participation in its affairs.53 The AAA office also urged farm children to buy stamps, and county schools distributed massive numbers of coloring and rhyme books with patriotic themes.54 The large county quotas could not, of course, be reached through small purchases by children. The first drive called for the purchase of $64,000 in bonds; the second campaign set $380,000 as its goal.55 A $653,000 target fueled the third drive.56 The other four drives had goals of more than $500,000 each. The money committed by Jefferson County residents always exceeded the bond quotas. In March 1944 farmers read that a medium bomber named The Spirit of Jefferson County, Missouri had entered battle and that The Pride of Jefferson County, Missouri awaited construction.57

50 Hillsboro Jefferson County Record, 15 January 1942. 51 Walter W. Bradley, interview with author, 6 December 1971. 52 Hillsboro Jefferson County Record, 5 February 1942. 53 De Soto Jefferson County Republican, 12 February 1942. 54 Gasche interview, 10 December 1971, and Bradley interview, 6 December 1971. 55 Hillsboro Jefferson County Record, 4 June 1942; De Soto Jefferson County Republican, 9 September 1943. 56 Hillsboro Jefferson County Record, 16 March 1944. 57 Ibid. 278 Missouri Historical Review

This symbol appeared on pub­ lications aimed at involving school­ children in war bond drives. KHOOL

State Historical Society of Missouri

While farmers could not purchase large numbers of bonds, they bought what they could and helped in other ways. Old, unusable machinery cluttered many farms. With the outbreak of war, this scrap assumed immediate importance. Farmers scoured their farms for useless metal and sold it to help the war effort. "More Scrap for the Japs," urged one newspaper.58 "I provided a center for people to bring in their scrap," Edward Staat reported. "I kept records of what each person or club brought me and gave them the money I got when I sold it to a St. Louis junk dealer."59 Earl Steele believed that Jefferson County farms were free of scrap metals by mid-1943. "They [the farms] are clean as parks."60 Other drives searched for old silk stockings and waste fats—vital for use in ammunition manufacture. "Will you hold a Fat-Salvage Bee?" urged the extension office in newspaper ads.61 One drive—for milkweed pods—focused directly on county farmers. In the fall of 1944, numerous Jefferson County farmers found school­ children tramping across bottom lands, fields, fence rows and lowland woods. With their teachers, they searched for milkweed, an herb of no value to farmers, who considered it a weed. However, the milkweed's potential use made it vital to the war effort. The floss from two bushels

58 Ibid., 26 March 1942. 59 Staat interview, 26 January 1972. 60 Steele, 1943 report. 61 Hillsboro Jefferson County Record, 27 April 1944. Milkweed, Machine Guns and Cows 279 of dried pods provided the buoyancy necessary for one "Mae West" life jacket worn by an American airman.62 The Japanese had cut off the American supply of Dutch East Indian kapok, which had previously provided buoyancy for the preservers. "There is no substitute for the milkweed pod to make life preservers," according to county agent Steele's 1944 report.63 In September, County School Superintendent A. E. Powers, Earl Steele and USDA War Board Chairman Lee Pyle organized pod drives among schoolchildren. On October 5 and 6, school buses carried students to farms across the county. In addition to enjoying themselves, the children picked nearly 6,000 bushels of milkweed pods. "I never did really know exactly why we were out there but we got out of school and had a great time. We spread the bags out near where the Festus First Baptist church is now and had a picnic," reported Walter "Buck" Buerger.64 Schools received fifteen cents per bushel sack of pods from federal purchasing agents. Another group of trespassers was less welcome on several farms. One morning in early June 1943, William Dierks and his son Ellerd saw surveyors with equipment on their farm. About noon an army vehicle containing several officers stopped in their driveway. "A colonel or some big shot came in here and told us . . . we're moving in tomorrow," William Dierks recalled.65 The officers informed Dierks that the military had confiscated part of his land for use as a rifle and machine-gun range. "It was a hectic day," understated Dierks.66 Moss Hollow residents Albert Raebel, A. H. Blake, Arthur Huckie, Louis Dierks and Harry Schmidt had one day to decide whether to sell or lease their land to the government. Blake bitterly noted that America "was getting like Germany when the army did things like that."67 The Dierkses learned that a machine-gun range would be constructed less than fifty yards from their home. The clatter of the guns caused massive problems for the family. "My mother never got over the noise ... it was constant and you can not believe how loud it was . . . even some cows stopped giving milk. I'm still mad about it," lamented Ellerd Dierks.68 Resentment toward the military pervaded Moss Hollow. Even those, like Kenneth Bonacker, who did not live there had opinions about the situation:

62 Ibid., 28 September, 5 October 1944. 63 Steele, 1944 report. 64 Walter "Buck" Buerger, interview with author, 13 December 1971. 65 William Dierks, interview with author, 18 January 1972. 66 Ibid. 67 A. H. Blake, interview with author, 6 December 1971. 68 Ellerd Dierks interview, 10 January 1972. 280 Missouri Historical Review

State Historical Society of Missouri This B-17G Flying Fortress was named The Spirit of Jefferson County, Missouri in honor of county residents' response to the third war bond drive.

It was a wasted effort. They came there and took that property. I don't know if they paid them or not. They were supposed to, but if they ever did it was after the war. They [the soldiers] walked from I don't know where to shoot. I think it was a wasted effort . . . nobody liked it.69 Regardless of the inconveniences, the problems and the fear ex­ perienced by the farmers during the war, their lives changed for the better. While they had made some improvements shortly before the outbreak of war, the hostilities accelerated the change. The assault on the United States by the Japanese shocked the nation and stimulated agricultural output. The federal government no longer asked farmers to reduce production. Instead, while continuing the agricultural parity payments, it encouraged them to achieve maxi­ mum yields for the war effort. Becoming better farmers was their patriotic duty, and the assured markets and profits provided another incentive to produce. Although county farmers adopted increased production as their wartime goal, complications arose. Labor and material shortages and rationing made it difficult to be 100 percent effective. They learned to cope. Between 1940 and 1945, use of new techniques resulted in greater milk production from reduced herds. The number of tractors jumped from 600 to 911, and truck ownership rose slightly, from 681 to 694. In 1945, in almost all types of production, farmers showed impressive improvements over 1940 yields. The value of crops harvested rose from $1,219,716 in 1940 to $2,679,964 in 1945. Vegetables grown for home or farm use increased in worth from $73,662 in 1940 to $179,899 by the

69 Kenneth Bonacker interview, 3 January 1972. Milkweed, Machine Guns and Cows 281 end of the war. And the value of livestock, excluding dairy products and poultry, soared from $352,157 in 1940 to $1,049,905 in 1945. At the same time, the number of farms dwindled from 2,644 to 2,314; however, the number of acres planted increased from 67,066 to 71,080.70 World War II provided the incentive, the opportunity and the resources for the farmers of Jefferson County to improve their financial situations. County farmers, of course, shared in the tragedy of the war, and many lost relatives in the fighting. Most of them, however, enjoyed the benefits of wartime prosperity, suffered fewer wartime hardships than urban dwellers and developed a hopeful attitude about the future.

70 Agricultural Division, U.S. Department of Commerce, United States Census of Agriculture: 1945, Missouri, Vol. 1, pt. 10 (Washington, D.C: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1946), 28-29, 50, 150-151, 179.

History Lives Missouri Wildlife, February/March 1990. Caruthersville—Roy Edwards' history classes live and breathe the subject. Literally. Edwards, a history teacher at Caruthersville High School, has involved his students in "living history" recreations for the past 11 years, and for the last eight, they have re-created the old Civilian Conservation Corps. Edwards, a Mississippi native, came to Caruthersville 12 years ago and quickly began to require students to learn history by doing. "I suggested that two kids study about the Depression of the 1930s," he says, "and recreate a shantytown, like people lived in then, and live in it for a weekend." "They thought it was great and so did other kids and all of a sudden the project grew to 18 kids. I couldn't let them do it by themselves, so I went along with a couple of other teachers. We did it the next year and it grew to 40 kids, then 80." Those were spring projects, but some students wanted a fall project as well, so Edwards locked on to the CCC. Nov. 10-12, the students planted trees in New Madrid County, supervised by Department of Conservation forester Randy Troutwine. Since, the students have planted 5,000 pine trees at Van Buren in the National Scenic Riverway, worked across the Mississippi River in Tennessee on a soil erosion project, reconditioned a city park and, on rainy weekends, cleaned the local National Guard Armory.

Some Agricultural Wisdom Lancaster Excelsior, March 29, 1866. An English farmer recently remarked that "he fed his land before it was hungry, rested it before it was weary, and weeded it before it was foul." Seldom, if ever, was so much agricultural wisdom condensed in a single sentence. . I / I ^ I State Historical Society of Missouri In this January 8, 1948, cartoon, S. J. Ray depicted the growing influence of President Truman's liberal advisors, which included the members of the Wardman Park group.

The Wardman Park Group and Campaign Strategy in the Truman Administration, 1946-1948 BY GARY A. DONALDSON* The congressional elections of November 1946 devastated the Democratic party. In control of both houses of Congress and the White House since March 4, 1933, they were suddenly and unexpectedly *Gary A. Donaldson is an assistant professor and chairman of the history depart­ ment at Xavier University of Louisiana, New Orleans. He has a Ph.D. degree from Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge.

282 The Wardman Park Group 283 evicted from their majority status in the Congress. The Republicans achieved victory under the campaign slogan "Had Enough?" And it seemed the American people had made their opinions clear: The time of Democratic party dominance was over; the era of the New Deal had ended. The message also seemed clear for President Harry Truman: In the general election, just two years away, he would be cast out as the last vestige of the Roosevelt era, and a new Republican age would dawn. Truman immediately became the "caretaker president," filling out Franklin Delano Roosevelt's fourth term and standing in the way, so it seemed, of the new, emerging Republican party conservatism. What happened in November 1946, however, was more a dis­ enchantment with Truman and his postwar economic policies than the beginning of a new era in American political history. Truman's recon­ version policies, designed to hold down runaway inflation in the postwar economic expansion period, had alienated voters by the mil­ lions. And more importantly, Truman was not the leader that Roosevelt had been. He did not have the charm, the character and the leadership ability necessary to hold together the large and diverse coalition that had kept the Democrats in office since 1933. As a result of a number of policies and actions, Truman had disaffected labor and liberals; even southerners and northern blacks had stayed away from the election in record numbers. Polls found that the president's favorable rating had plummeted from 87 percent to 50 percent during his first year in office. By November 1946, after eighteen months in the White House, polls showed Truman's approval rating at a pathetically low 32 percent.1 With the general election only two years away, Truman needed a plan of action—a strategy to increase his popularity with the people and to rebuild a coalition that could win in 1948. Much of that strategy came from the Wardman Park group. Within weeks of the 1946 loss, a group of White House advisors, mostly liberal administrative staffers and deputy cabinet officials, began holding political strategy sessions every Monday night in the Wardman Park Hotel suite of Oscar Ewing. The purpose of this group, one of the members recalled, was "for achieving better results in the 1948 elections than the Democratic party had managed in 1946."2 The group retained

1 A number of polls (and compilations of polls) show this. See John M. Fenton, In Your Opinion (Boston: Little, Brown and Company, 1960), 50; Public Opinion Quarterly 9 (Fall 1945): n.p.; ibid., 10 (Fall 1946): 434; Elmo Roper, You and Your Leaders (New York: Morrow, 1947), 127. 2 Leon H. Keyserling, "Leon H. Keyserling" in Francis H. Heller, ed., The Truman White House; The Administration of the Presidency, 1945-1953 (Lawrence, Kansas: Regents Press, 1980), 191. The group was meeting by December 27, 1946. See Dave Morse to Clark Clifford, 27 December 1946, in Clark Clifford Papers, Harry S. Truman Library, Independence, Missouri. Hereinafter cited as Truman Library. The letter refers to the "Monday night group." 284 Missouri Historical Review a necessary anonymity, but its successes became renowned in the postwar political world. Ewing played host, probably because he was the first to see the necessity for such a group. He brought the members together; he chose the participants; and he organized the meetings and provided the meeting place and the steak dinners that preceded the sessions. An official in the Democratic National Committee during the Roosevelt years, Ewing was about to leave his job as special assistant to the attorney general in early 1947 to become director of the Federal Security Agency. Among the most continuous members of Ewing's very exclusive club were Leon Keyserling and C. Girard (Jebby) Davidson. Keyserling, a lawyer and economist and a former administrative assistant to Senator Robert Wagner, was, by 1947, the most liberal member of the Council of Economic Advisors. Davidson, assistant secretary of the interior, had attained a reputation as a militant defender of civil liberties and an advocate of government manipulation of the economy. Other regulars included David Morse, assistant secretary of labor; Charles Murphy, a White House aide; and Clark Clifford, special counsel to the president. Others met with the group occasionally, including Assistant Secre­ tary (later Secretary) of Agriculture Charles F. Brannan and George M. Elsey, David Bell, J. Donald Kingsley and John Thurston, assistants to Clifford and Ewing. A few, such as Democratic National Committee

Courtesy Harry S. Truman Library

Leon Keyserling was an early and influential member of the Wardman Park group. The Wardman Park Group 285

Chairman J. Howard McGrath, attended irregularly. Other administra­ tive operatives frequently addressed the group, in hopes of having their plan or opinion approved and then presented to the president.3 The members of the Wardman Park group met informally over dinner, apparently as equals with no chosen leader. Keyserling has claimed that he brought his opinions to bear on the group on a number of key issues. Nearly all the participants have accorded Clark Clifford a special status within the group. A successful St. Louis lawyer and naval officer, Clifford rocketed to the White House top levels because of his part in drafting the presidential message that ended the 1946 railroad strike. After 1946 he emerged within the administration as a sort of wunderkind, a young Turk, a liberal around whom other young liberals in the administration rallied against the powerful conservative coalition building in Truman's cabinet. Clifford was politically pragmatic, if a bit cynical about politics—an attitude that would affect the Wardman Park group. As the president's special counsel, he had considerable influence with Truman, which made him the key to the success of the liberals meeting at the Wardman Park. They decided what opinions and ideas should be presented to the president, and Clifford approached Truman with the group's consensus arguments.4 "I was their link with the President," was Clifford's own view.5 On civil rights, Keyserling said, "I deserve eighty-five percent of the credit for pressing the issue with the Ewing group, but . . . Clifford deserved eighty-five percent of the credit for persuading the President."6 Oscar Ewing was the first to believe that conservative forces in Truman's cabinet had placed the liberal elements in the administration at a disadvantage. He organized the Wardman Park group to combat that disadvantage. The 1946 defeat had shown him the necessity for coordinating liberal thinking and pressure to offset the strong conserva­ tive force on Truman.7 Jebby Davidson later recalled the same concerns: "We felt that our little group constituted the 'Liberal wing versus the old timers and the conservatives in the Cabinet.'" The group came together, he remembered, because "Howard McGrath, Jack [Oscar] Ewing, and the others who were running the [Democratic National]

3 Truman Library interview with William Batt, Jr., 26 July 1966, 14-17; Keyserling, "Keyserling," 191. 4 Truman Library interview with Oscar Ewing, 29 April-2 May 1969, 129; Truman Library interview with Girard Davidson, 17-18 July 1972, 58; Truman Library interview with Leon Keyserling, 3, 10, 19 May 1971, 70. 5 Truman Library interviews with Clark Clifford, various dates, 1971-1973, 190. 6 Truman Library interview with Keyserling, 68. 7 Truman Library interviews with Clifford, 187. 286 Missouri Historical Review - * 1111

Courtesy Truman Library Truman and members of his cabinet meet with Edwin G. Nourse. James Forrestal and Tom Clark flank the president. Standing, from left, are J^eon Keyserling, Robert Hannegan, John Steelman, W. Aver ell Harri- man, Clinton Anderson, Nourse, Julius Krug, Lewis Schwellenbach and Philip Fleming.

Committee, did not like the type of advice that the President was getting from some of his Cabinet officers to try to outdo [Thomas] Dewey in being conservative."8 Presidential Assistant John Steelman, Secretary of Commerce Averell Harriman (and later Charles Sawyer), Secretary of the Treasury John Snyder, Secretary of the Navy James Forrestal and Secretary of Agriculture Clinton Anderson led the conservative coalition of advisors and cabinet members in the Truman administration. They were often joined by Secretary of State George Marshall and others. The conflict between this group and the liberals in the administration (usually led by Clark Clifford) became acute. Clifford later recalled, "There was a very real embroglio within the administration, and it was generally known that there was a conservative-liberal struggle going on."9 "[I]t was two forces fighting for the mind of the President," he added. "[I]t was an

Truman Library interview with Davidson, 62, 80-81. Truman Library interviews with Clifford, 191. The Wardman Park Group 287 unceasing struggle during those two years, and it got to the point where no quarter was asked and none was given."10 This liberal-conservative conflict did not bypass Truman; he was by no means a passive participant. Four of his advisors have recalled that the president remained well aware of the conflict and considered it healthy.11 He also encouraged the meetings at the Wardman Park. The Wardman Park group has often been shown in an almost clandestine light—a sort of rogue strategy group with its own agenda who preyed on Truman's sensibilities through Clifford. Ewing has said, however, that he asked the president's permission to hold the meetings just after the 1946 election, and Leon Keyserling has agreed that the group met with the knowledge and approval of the president from the very beginning.12 Clearly, Truman saw the group as the formulator of liberal political strategy in his administration. The Wardman Park group may not quite fulfill its surreptitious image, but it remained officially secret—at least to the press. There were no leaks. In fact, Davidson recalled, Oscar Chapman, assistant secretary of the interior and a leading liberal in the administration, was not allowed to attend the meetings because some members thought he knew too many newspaper people and might be inclined to leak stories.13 Consequently, the significance of the Wardman Park group did not emerge until the 1960s, when historians and journalists writing on the Truman administration period began interviewing the partici­ pants.14 These men were liberals. Keyserling recalled ". . . my strong belief that in general we were people of like minds: We thought much the same about what was good for the country [and] we accepted the Democratic philosophy of'watering the economic tree at the bottom.'"15 At the same time, the face of liberalism changed during the postwar period; Truman liberalism was not Roosevelt liberalism. As historian

10 In Patrick Anderson, The President's Men; The White House Assistants of Franklin D. Roosevelt, Harry S. Truman, Dwight D. Eisenhower, John F. Kennedy, and Lyndon B. Johnson (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1968), 116. For the other side of the argument, see Truman Library interviews with John Snyder, various dates, 1967- 1969, 1976, 1980,94-95. 11 Truman Library (combined) interview with Charles Murphy, Richard Neustadt, David Stowe and James Webb, 20 February 1980, 16. 12 Truman Library interview with Ewing, 131-132; Keyserling, "Keyserling," 191; Heller, ed., The Truman White House, 215. 13 Truman Library interview with Davidson, 94; Truman Library interview with Keyserling, 60-61, 77. 14 See particularly Cabell Phillips, The Truman Presidency (New York: Macmillan, 1966). 15 Keyserling, "Keyserling," 192. 288 Missouri Historical Review

Oscar L. Chapman, standing, and C. Girard Davidson were among Truman's liberal advisors.

National Park Service- Abbie Rowe-Truman Library

Eric Goldman has explained, postwar liberalism "scarcely resembled liberalism of the 1930s; the dawn-world plannings of Harry Hopkins would have been jarringly out of place amid the restrained vistas of Clark Clifford."16 Agreeing that he was no New Dealer, Clifford believed that Truman's policies have often been analyzed incorrectly as an extension of the New Deal: [I]f you wanted to compare [the policies of Truman and Roosevelt] to the field of battle, let's say that President Roosevelt conducted a constant offensive for twelve years, and finally then he left and President Truman came in. I think President Truman found that maybe we had advanced to a point where it was not a good idea to advance further. Stop and establish a line at that point, bring up your supplies, bring up your lines of communications, reorganize, and re­ evaluate, and then gradually, and slowly, start a gradual new offensive under the name of the Fair Deal.11 The postwar world no longer harbored a liberalism focused on the problems of poverty and the burdens of inequality. Instead, a new liberalism concentrated on the equitable distribution of a new abun­ dance. What the Wardman Park group hoped to do, recalled Clifford,

16 Eric F. Goldman, The Crucial Decade and After: America, 1945-1960 (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1961), 80. 17 Truman Library interviews with Clifford, 192. The Wardman Park Group 289

"was to make every effort it could to see that [the] prosperity was participated in by all and not just a favored few." "We were opposed to what was known as the 'trickle down' theory."18 Liberalism in this period was changing. It moved toward Truman, Clifford and what historian Alonzo Hamby has called the Vital Center—and away from the left of Harry Hopkins, Franklin Delano Roosevelt and Henry Wallace.19 The 1948 election results would make that clear. As the crises of the depression and the war years gave way to the prosperity of the postwar period, liberalism naturally took on a new character away from the left. After 1946 Clifford represented this new style of liberalism in the Truman administration. He was anticommunist, and he saw political power in the economic strength of a rising middle class. This new liberalism (like Clifford himself) appeared more pragmatic than idealistic, and this pragmatism soon overtook the members of the Wardman Park group. Their objective and focus changed from further­ ing the cause of liberalism to winning the 1948 election. The group's original plan, said Clifford, was "to promote the interest of those in the administration who believed that the liberal principles should continue to guide the Truman administration." He added, however, "[W]ithin a period of a few months the political overtones of these decisions began

18 Ibid., 67. 19 Alonzo Hamby, Beyond the New Deal: Harry S. Truman and American Liberal­ ism (New York: Columbia University Press, 1973), 277.

U.S. Navy-Truman Library

Clark Clifford, special counsel to the president, often relayed the Wardman Park group's views to Truman. 290 Missouri Historical Review to become apparent and we were clear beyond question . . . that through '47, as the record was being made, [the Wardman Park group] would either make a contribution to '48 or be a burden to '48." As the election approached, Clifford noted, "[E]very decision [we] made . . . had some political connotation."20 Keyserling agreed: "[A]fter the Taft- Hartley Act was disposed of, the Ewing group branched into a wide range of other matters which really culminated ... in the stance of the President in the campaign of 1948."21 In fact, some evidence indicates that from its very inception the Wardman Park group came together to plot a course for Truman and the Democrats in 1948. Davidson recalled that the Democratic party even paid the cost of the meals (about $150 for each meeting). "I was under the impression that we were meeting at the behest of the Democratic National Committee to assist Truman's '48 campaign, and therefore I was under the impression that the dinners were being paid for by the Committee."22 A Democratic victory in 1948 became their prime objective. Of course, furthering liberalism and winning the 1948 election were not incompatible concepts to the members of the group. These men did not look for political victory at the expense of their convictions. When asked if the members of the group were idealists or pragmatists, Davidson replied: [T]he idealism which this group had, we felt[,] also made for the best politics. Take civil rights. We certainly had the idealism on what we felt should be done. We also thought it was good politics. On the question of the recognition of Israel, certainly it should have been done from an idealistic standpoint, and it was also good politics. Based on the record of the 80th Congress, we would certainly combine our idealism with practical politics.23 The Wardman Park group focused on a plan of action that was liberal and would win the 1948 election for the president. They advised the president, through Clifford, to rebuild a coalition that would include organized labor, moderate liberals and northern urban blacks. These groups, they believed, would respond with votes if they received what they wanted from the administration. The president should satisfy each of these groups, the committee contended, through concessions that would win their votes in 1948. "[I]t was my idea," Ewing said, "that we should try to develop a pattern of things for the President to do that would convince the various groups of voters that President Truman was

20 Truman Library interviews with Clifford, 192. 21 Truman Library interview with Keyserling, 70. 22 Truman Library interview with Davidson, 80-81. 23 Ibid., 98. Davidson made a similar comment on page 64. The Wardman Park Group 291 pitching on their team."24 "[Y]ou've got to direct your efforts at these great large groups," Ewing added. "We had made a drive at labor that started off with the President's veto of the Taft-Hartley bill. We made a real drive for the Negro vote that started off by the President putting into effect all the recommendations of the Civil Rights Commission's report that could be done by executive order."25 As a result of the Wardman Park group's efforts, Clifford said that by election time, "President Truman had a specific illustration to demonstrate to every group that we were appealing to what they could expect if they elected Governor Dewey."26 The influence of the Wardman Park group became evident on a number of issues, most notably the Taft-Hartley veto. They believed that a veto of the Taft-Hartley bill presented an opportunity for the president to enhance his image as the defender of the common man—a major objective of the group. Ewing later commented: [0]ne of the early subjects we considered was whether or not President Truman should veto the Taft-Hartley bill. He was under great pressure from the leaders in Congress and [from much of his cabinet] to go along with the bill and approve it. Our group, after discussing it, felt very strongly that it was unwise for him to approve the bill. We argued that labor was very much opposed to it, that the chances are the bill would be passed over his veto anyhow and thus become law

24 Truman Library interview with Ewing, 137-138. 25 Ibid., 320-321. 26 Truman Library interviews with Clifford, 304.

Courtesy Truman Library

Oscar R. Ewing conceived the idea of the Wardman Park group after the Democratic party defeat in the November 1946 election. 292 Missouri Historical Review

so that he would lose nothing by the veto. Our views finally prevailed and the President vetoed the bill. Congress promptly overrode the veto, but Truman had greatly increased his popularity with labor thereby.27 The Wardman Park group also decided Truman should attack the 80th Congress and, as the election approached, make its conservative record a campaign issue. "I thought the 80th Congress was a good target," said Davidson, "and one that should be attacked. . . . [T]his whole idea of giving the 70th [sic] Congress hell, I think, really came from this little Monday night group."28 On civil rights, Ewing recalled one of the group's members propos­ ing that Truman issue a series of executive orders implementing the suggestions of the President's Commission on Civil Rights. "Whoever it was that brought this up went on to suggest that we advise the President to actually proceed to issue such orders. The President took that advice and did it."29 That advice from the Wardman Park group ultimately translated into a Democratic party stance that had an impact on postwar politics that is difficult to overstate. The group also advised the president to support national health insurance, fair employment legislation, unification of the armed forces, federal housing, the extension of social security and the establishment of a Jewish state in Palestine.30 The president backed these issues. Not always successful, the Wardman Park group failed to persuade Truman to oppose a Republican antilabor bill denying wages to factory workers for time spent on the job in preparation for work.31 It is difficult to determine where Truman stood in the scheme of this. In many of his early presidential speeches, he spoke as a liberal, a successor to Roosevelt. For instance, his 21-point plan, unveiled in a speech on September 6, 1945, carried the New Deal a step further in a number of areas, including employment benefits and public works programs. He also often told family and friends that he felt responsible for carrying on Roosevelt's policies because he had been elected on the Democratic party platform with Roosevelt in 1944. But at some point, Truman decided to stop following in the shadow of Roosevelt and become his own man in the White House. He most likely came to that conclusion after the November 1946 defeat, when he began to put his

27 Truman Library interview with Ewing, 138. 28 Truman Library interview with Davidson, 80-81. 29 Truman Library interview with Ewing, 132-133. 30 Ibid., n.p. 31 See Keyserling draft of undelivered veto message in Clifford Papers, Truman Library. The Wardman Park Group 293

^ ^>^r _ _ ^

State Historical Society of Missouri Daniel R. Fitzpatrick satirized the conflict between the 80th Congress and President Truman in this June 11, 1948, cartoon entitled (iThe Duel Opens at Long Range." own face on his administration, on the Democratic party and on American liberalism. After that point, Truman's direction changed. Clearly, if he was to remain in the White House, something had to be done between then and November 1948. Pushed by the pragmatists of the Wardman Park group, who worked to rebuild a liberal coalition capable of winning in 1948, Truman moved to consolidate his power in the Democratic center. He purged Henry Wallace, the communists and the far left, and he abandoned the South and the segregationists of the far right. By November 1948 he controlled a powerful coalition of Democratic centrists that included labor, blacks and moderate anti- communist liberals. The election returns revealed the successful strategy. The National Association for the Advancement of Colored People concluded that 69 percent of the black vote in twenty-seven major northern cities had 294 Missouri Historical Review gone to Truman, and black voters probably gave the crucial states of California, Illinois and Ohio to the president. Truman's civil rights strategy, directed by the Wardman Park group, earned him the highest percentage of black votes of any presidential candidate to that time and brought powerful black voter strength to the Democratic party for decades to come.32 Labor voted strongly for Truman as well, with the president carrying the nation's thirteen largest cities while receiving nearly 60 percent of the union vote and 37 percent of the nonunion vote. His losses in the industrial states of Michigan, New York and New Jersey have been attributed to Wallace votes that split the labor ticket in those states.33 Also, Truman's attack on the 80th Congress (again precipitated by the Wardman Park group) paid off, with Democrats returning significant majorities in both houses. Some historians have suggested that Truman was not influenced by the Wardman Park group, but that their opinions matched his.34 And Clifford himself has stated, "[I]t is everlastingly to the President's credit that his basic inclinations were along liberal lines, or I think the group never would have succeeded."35 Truman may have had liberal inclina­ tions, but the Wardman Park group seems to have influenced him on a number of important political issues, forcing him into a liberal posture while others in the cabinet pulled him to the right. "This group," said Keyserling, "was set up for the purpose of reexamining the position of the Democratic administration and its policies, and it was quite influ­ ential with the president."36 Davidson felt the Wardman Park group influenced the president as much as the cabinet did.37 And Clifford, despite the above statement, said, "Out of the group ... I think came the major impact of liberal thinking on the Truman administration in '47 and '48."38

32 Crisis 56 (February 1949): 42-45. See also, Harvard Sitkoff, "Harry Truman and the Election of 1948: The Coming of Age of Civil Rights in American Politics," Journal of Southern History 37 (November 1971): 613. 33 Angus Campbell and Robert L. Kahn, The People Elect a President (Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 1952), 28. 34 See particularly William E. Pemberton, Harry S. Truman; Fair Dealer and Cold Warrior (Boston: Twayne, 1989), 109; and Hamby, Beyond the New Deal, 182-183. 35 Truman Library interviews with Clifford, 198. 36 Heller, ed., The Truman White House, 215-216. 37 Truman Library interview with Davidson, 58. 38 Truman Library interviews with Clifford, 188. State Historical Society of Missouri Homer L. Williams designed the proposed memorial to Missouri's fallen law enforcement officers.

Lest We Forget: The Missouri Law Enforcement Memorial Foundation BY ELIZABETH BAILEY* In the near future, a new monument will be placed west of the present Liberty Bell Gazebo on the Missouri State Capitol grounds. Through the farsighted vision of law enforcement personnel and the families of fallen officers, this memorial will honor Missouri law enforcement officers who have given their lives in the line of duty. Many states have already constructed memorials honoring their fallen law enforcement officers. In October 1987 Kansas legislators dedicated a monument honoring the 163 Kansas officers who had died in the line of duty.1 The National Law Enforcement Officers Memorial

•Elizabeth Bailey is a reference specialist at the State Historical Society of Missouri. She holds the B.A. and M.L.S. degrees from the University of Missouri, Columbia. 1 Daniel D. Holt, "Keepers of the Peace: An Essay on the Kansas State Law Enforcement Memorial," Kansas History 10 (Summer 1987): 119-134.

295 296 Missouri Historical Review in Washington, D.C, was dedicated in October 1991. This memorial, honoring fallen officers from all states, includes names supplied by Missouri researchers and families. In Missouri 488 men and 2 women have been shot, killed in traffic accidents, stabbed, clubbed, electrocuted, drowned or have died of miscellaneous causes while performing their duty to keep the peace. The majority of the deaths have occurred in the metropolitan areas of St. Louis and Kansas City. Although early records are not complete, researchers have documented the demise of 490 officers—from the first recorded deaths of two St. Louis officers in 1836 to the recent deaths in Moniteau County in December 1991. When David Tate killed State Highway Trooper Jimmie E. Linegar in 1985 during a routine Taney County traffic check, Linegar's death prompted Lee Koury, then U.S. Marshal of the Western District of Missouri, to write Governor John Ashcroft and suggest erecting a memorial for Missouri law enforcement officers.2 Ashcroft responded by indicating his support and'proposing that Koury put into motion the necessary organization for such a- monument. The Missouri Law Enforcement Memorial Foundation formed in 1985 as a not-for-profit foundation to obtain funds for constructing a memorial. Lee Koury was selected president, and Dick Rice, Missouri director of public safety, became treasurer. Major Missouri law enforce­ ment organizations represented on the foundation board include the Missouri Department of Public Safety; the Missouri Lodge, Fraternal Order of Police; the Missouri Peace Officers' Association; the Missouri Police Chiefs' Association; the Missouri Sheriffs' Association; the Mis­ souri State Troopers' Association and the Missouri Correctional Of­ ficers' Association. All donations are used to plan and construct the memorial, not to administer the foundation. The members of the foundation established the following criterion to determine eligibility for the monument: Any local, state or federal peace officer serving as an elected, ap­ pointed, deputized, temporary or permanent officer who was killed or died from wounds or injuries received while performing an act to enforce the law and/ or keep the peace, from 1820 to the present.3 The foundation interprets "on-duty" status to include officers who, though technically not on duty at the time, attempt to prevent a crime or apprehend a suspect. Those who are injured on duty and die within a

2 Missouri State Highway Patrol, Patrol News 24 (May 1990): 17; Lee Koury, inter­ view with author, Columbia, Mo., 4 April 1991. 3 Missouri Law Enforcement Memorial Data Form. The Missouri Law Enforcement Memorial Foundation 297 year as a result of the injury are also included. Local records are considered, and if a local law enforcement agency has judged the death as "on-duty," then the foundation usually rules for inclusion. During the organizational period, Koury discovered that Beverly and Mel Beverlin, of the Fraternal Order of Police, had already started collecting data on fallen police officers. Their information became the basic data to which documentation concerning the deaths of other classifications of peace officers was added. State Senator Roger Wilson, whose grandfather, Boone County Sheriff Roger Wilson, was killed by members of "Pretty Boy" Floyd's gang in 1933, suggested that the State Historical Society of Missouri might serve as the fact-gathering agency for the project, to research and keep the records of officers to be honored on Missouri's memorial.4 Dr. James Goodrich, executive director of the Society, accepted the challenge to compile the records of these deaths. In February 1989 he sent letters to all state law enforce­ ment agencies and historical societies, enlisting their aid in locating the needed information. The response proved gratifying. The depth of information reported on the forms evidenced the time and effort spent by these agencies to accumulate data. Some cities, such as St. Louis and Kansas City, had already constructed local monuments and plaques to honor their fallen officers, and thus held nearly complete lists. In addition, many police

4 Columbia Daily Tribune, 14 June 1933.

1 CAUSES OF DEATHS Missouri Law Enforcement Officers

/ xenial W^^^BiifflB^k Percent of Deaths

FIREARMS (66.5%) / ^^^^^BBllll^ • TRAFFIC (23.7%) / \^^^^^^^J|«^« • [ ^i^^^B^^^^^^^^ft m HEART ATTACK (2.2%) I ^^^^^^^MI^^M 0 BEATING (2.2%) ^^^H^^^lll^^p • KNIFING (2.0%) l ^^^^^^^M^B^^B H FALLING (1.0%) |li DROWNING (0.8%) \ ^i^^^^PBt^^^^^Bl^^ M ELECTROCUTION (0.8%) \ .^^^^^^^^^^B^^^^^^y ^ MISCELLANEOUS (0.6% 298 Missouri Historical Review and sheriff department files contained a wealth of information on their officers' deaths. Because of a lack of local records, several names were submitted without firm dates or important facts. Researchers then used sources available at the State Historical Society, including county histories, cemetery inscriptions and newspapers, to complete the docu­ mentation. University of Missouri graduate student and part-time Society employee Patrick Huber became interested in the project and found additional officers' names while documenting known death dates and causes of death. A computer data base in the Society is employed to sort and access the information. The data base lists the source of information or the person submitting the documentation, as well as the circumstances, cause and full date of death. The affiliation, or agency for which the officer worked, appears along with the place of death. When available, biographical information about the officer is included to aid family members and future researchers. The files portray pathos and violence, heroism and unselfishness. In 1904 Frank J. Ahern of the City of St. Louis suffered one of the more bizarre deaths recorded. As he prepared to call headquarters from a corner police call box, he slung his billy club out of the way, over his shoulder. The club flipped across his back, hit his service revolver in its hip holster and caused the gun to fire a bullet through one of Ahern's feet. Records state that he refused to have his leg amputated and died of blood poisoning a month later.5 In 1983, Charles Hartman, a Lee's Summit policeman and president of the Lee's Summit Underwater Recovery Unit, died while attempting to rescue a Belton man stranded in the Blue River at 143rd Street and Holmes. As he tried to reach the victim on the lifeline, Hartman fell into the water and struck a submerged object; he lost his mouthpiece and drowned before he could be rescued.6 St. Louis patrolman Humphrey O'Leary died of electrocution in 1906 when he tried to move a live high-voltage wire out of the path of schoolchildren.7 Many deaths have occurred while officers attempted to direct traffic or to attend roadside emergencies. Officer John Corbin of St. Louis was run over and slain in 1985 by a man to whom he had just given a $4.00 speeding ticket.8 In 1927 two officers, Douglas Chamblin and Edward Schaaf, died when a tornado blew a St. Louis building onto their patrol car.9 5 St. Louis Post-Dispatch, 11 October 1904. 6 Lee's Summit Journal, 4 May 1983. 7 St. Louis Post-Dispatch, 30 September 1906. * Ibid., 6 June 1985. 9 St. Louis Police Journal 16(1 October 1927). The Missouri Law Enforcement Memorial Foundation 299

The brutal knifings of Officers George Hammond and William Mull in 1836 are the earliest law enforcement deaths to be documented. Hammond and Mull attempted to arrest a man in the St. Louis waterfront area, but the suspect surprised them with his knife. News­ papers later lamented the actions of the angry mob, which brought immediate retribution on the murderer by binding him to a locust tree and setting him afire.10 The first woman officer's death on record in Missouri occurred recently, on January 11, 1991. Jo Ann Liscombe, of the St. Louis County Police Department, died without regaining con­ sciousness three days after being discovered close to her patrol car on Old Halls Ferry Road. She had been shot in the head with bullets from her own service revolver.11 Gang operations have resulted in several incidents of multiple peace officers' deaths. In December 1908 followers of religious fanatic James "Adam God" Sharp killed Officers Albert Dalbow and Michael Mullane in Kansas City.12 The "Union Station Massacre" in Kansas City left FBI Agent Raymond Caffrey, Oklahoma police chief Otto Reed and Kansas City detectives William Grooms and Frank Herman- son dead in June 1933. The well-orchestrated group of killers—members of the "Pretty Boy" Floyd Gang—also silenced Frank Nash, the con­ victed prisoner being transported.13 The death of Agent Caffrey in this incident led to the tightening of security for federal agents and the passage of a crime bill package that allowed agents to carry weapons. The legislation enacted strict penalties for robbery, kidnapping, assault, murder of a federal officer and transportation of stolen property across state lines.14 In 1932 Springfield became the scene of the shooting deaths of Greene County Sheriff Marcell Hendrix; Deputy Wiley Mashburn; Springfield detectives Tony Oliver, Ollie Crosswhite and Sidney Meadows; and the patrol car driver, Charles Houser, by the "Young Brothers." This tragedy holds the record for the most law enforcement officers killed in a single crime incident in Missouri.15 A total of eighty-nine law enforcement officer deaths in the line of duty have been recorded for the "Roaring Twenties" in Missouri.

10 St. Louis Shepherd of the Valley, 30 April 1836. 11 St. Louis Post-Dispatch, 15 January 1991. 12 Kansas City Star, 9 December 1908. 13 Ibid., 17 June 1933. 14 Bob Priddy, Across Our Wide Missouri, 2 vols. (Independence, Mo.: Independence Press, 1982), 1:350. 15 Paul W. and Mary H. Barrett, The Young Brothers' Massacre (Columbia: University of Missouri Press, 1988). 300 Missouri Historical Review

u

MISSOURI COUNTIES Law Enforcement Officers' Deaths (490 Total)

Between 1910 and 1919, sixty-one officers lost their lives; in the years including 1930 to 1939, another sixty-one died. This thirty-year period is the most deadly on record for Missouri law enforcement officers. During the social unrest of the 1960s and 1970s, forty-three and forty- seven officers, respectively, died while performing their duties. Gunshot wounds accounted for 326 of the 490 documented deaths. The second most frequent cause of fatality was assorted types of traffic accidents, including automobile and motorcycle mishaps, mounted horse patrol casualties and railroad and airplane accidents. One hundred and sixteen deaths resulted from accidents involving vehicles or other modes of transportation. Heart attacks, caused by stressful activity while on duty, and beatings, involving various instruments and fists, each caused eleven deaths. Ten deaths were caused by stabbings, and deaths due to falls numbered five. Drownings and electrocutions ac­ counted for four deaths each. The remaining three deaths resulted from miscellaneous accidents while on duty. Not surprisingly, St. Louis has the most recorded officers' deaths, with 143 on record. Jackson County, including Kansas City, records 122, and St. Louis County, which separated from the City in 1876, has 32 fatalities recorded. Jasper County and Greene County record nineteen and twelve law enforcement personnel deaths respectively, followed by Buchanan County with nine, and St. Charles and Jefferson counties with seven deaths each. Thirty counties have between two and five The Missouri Law Enforcement Memorial Foundation 301

deaths recorded. Thirty-seven counties each list the death of only one officer. Thirty-nine of Missouri's 114 counties have no law enforcement deaths on record.16 In December 1991, when three more Missouri law enforcement officers (including the second woman officer) died in Moniteau County, the necessity to honor these sacrifices in the line of duty became even more evident.17 Documentation of past and future officers' deaths will be added to the data base, and ultimately, the names will be placed on the memorial. Questions concerning the names of officers included to date, as well as information on additional names, can be addressed to the State Historical Society.

16 Statistics compiled from the Missouri Law Enforcement Memorial Foundation files, State Historical Society of Missouri, Columbia. 17 Columbia Daily Tribune, 10 December 1991.

A Substantial Welcome Oregon Holt County Sentinel, August 24, 1883. The first woman setting foot in Carbonate, Colorado, was welcomed by the miners in a substantial sort of way. Among other tokens of their appreciation were a town lot, a mining claim and money to buy a silk dress.

Fashion Commentary Springfield Missouri Daily Patriot, September 15, 1866. A distinguished Frenchman don't like American ladyhood—because the dear crea­ tures eat with their hats on. Not now—a lamp mat is no hat.

A Future Look: A.D. 1905 Unionville Putnam Journal, August 1, 1902. Mrs. Uptodate (to maid) — Marie, you need not set out the capsules for Mr. Uptodate's dinner. I have received a Marconigram that he will not be home until ten o'clock, as his Santos-Dumontobile has had a breakdown. —Judge.

Would Like to Catch It Unionville Putnam Journal, August 8, 1902. "Mama," said Tommy, "does sugar ever cure anybody of anything?" "Why do you ask, my boy?" "I thought I'd like to catch it," said Tommy. — Pearson's Weekly. 302 Missouri Historical Review HISTORICAL NOTES AND COMMENTS NEWS IN BRIEF The University of Missouri has recently Dr. James W. Goodrich, executive di­ released a new videotape entitled Tom Ben­ rector of the State Historical Society, was ton's Missouri. The twenty-eight-minute the featured speaker at the dedication of tape provides an in-depth look at one of the new annex to the New Madrid His­ Thomas Hart Benton's more controversial torical Museum on December 3, 1991. He works, the Social History of the State of spoke on the history of New Madrid and Missouri mural, which he painted on the the value of the Museum in preserving the four walls of the House Lounge in the area's heritage for future generations. The Capitol. The videotape is narrated by Ben­ dedication was held in conjunction with ton and journalist/historian Bob Priddy. Earthquake Day, on the first anniversary A video package including Tom Benton's of the Iben Browning-predicted earthquake Missouri and George Caleb Bingham is along the New Madrid fault. available on VHS format from UM System University Relations, 9 Clark Hall, Uni­ versity of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri The Heitkamp Memorial Library, which 65211. houses extensive collections of German- Americana; works on philosophy, theology and the social sciences; and microfilmed The Midwest Archives Conference will American diocesan newspapers in German celebrate its twentieth anniversary at its and English, is open for public research. annual spring meeting in Chicago on May The Library is housed in the Central Bu­ 19-21. Twenty program sessions will focus reau, which is headquarters of the Catholic on collecting issues, public service and the Central Union of America. For further latest developments in optical disk and information, contact the Library at 3835 CD-ROM technology. For registration in­ Westminster Place, St. Louis, Missouri formation, contact Becky Haglund Tousey, 63108, or telephone (314) 371-1653. Kraft General Foods Archives, 6350 Kirk Street, Morton Grove, Illinois 60053. Bonnie Stepenoff, who received the Missouri Historical Review's best article The Mark Twain Home Foundation, award at the 1991 State Historical Society's Hannibal, celebrated the noted author's annual meeting, also won the 1991 Bryant birthday on November 30, 1991. At their Spann Memorial Prize, given by the Eu­ annual meeting on that day, Robert J. gene V. Debs Foundation, for her article Christie, a preservationist and interior de­ on Emma Goldman and Kate O'Hare. sign consultant, discussed his work on re­ Stepenoff's article, "Mother and Teacher furbishing the interior of the Mark Twain as Missouri State Penitentiary Inmates: Boyhood Home; members then toured the Goldman and O'Hare, 1917-1920," ap­ restored building. Also on hand were pho­ peared in the July 1991 Review. tographer and graphic designer William Mathis, who has recently completed a color poster of the home, and John Stoeckley, The American Heritage Center at the who has produced a print of the house. University of Wyoming is offering five For information on these items, contact $500 travel grants for use by scholars dur­ the Mark Twain Home Foundation, 208 ing 1992. The grants provide support for Hill Street, Hannibal, Missouri 63401. travel, food and lodging to do research in Historical Notes and Comments 303 the Center's collections. The application On November 21-22, 1991, Kay Pettit deadline is April 15. For more informa­ and Mark Thomas of the Newspaper Li­ tion, contact the American Heritage Cen­ brary staff traveled to Topeka and bor­ ter, University of Wyoming, P.O. Box rowed over fifty years of Missouri news­ 3924, Laramie, Wyoming 82071. papers from the Kansas State Historical Society for microfilming purposes. News­ papers from Amoret, Amsterdam and On October 12, 1991, the Daughters of Kansas City were included. Within the Union Veterans of the Civil War, Julia next year, the Newspaper Library hopes to Dent Grant Tent #16 toured the Calvary borrow and microfilm all of the unfilmed and Bellefontaine cemeteries in St. Louis. Missouri newspapers held by the Kansas The Tent is seeking writers and historians State Historical Society. On this trip, Pettit interested in contributing to a book about and Thomas also returned editions to Rock the effect of the Civil War on each county Port and Sheridan and borrowed over in Missouri. For further information, con­ thirty volumes of Marceline and New Cam­ tact Sue Ladage, 8521 Eulalie, Brentwood, bria titles from Ethel M. Peavler of Brook­ Missouri 63144. field. On January 8, 1992, KETC Public TV, Channel 9, St. Louis, aired a short docu­ The Kansas City Museum featured mentary on the Missouri Newspaper Pro­ African-American inventors in an exhibit ject (MNP). The segment explored the entitled "The Real McCoy: African-Ameri­ retrieval and microfilming of newspapers can Invention and Innovation," which ran and included video footage shot at the from November 16 to December 31, 1991. Society. The MNP staff has recently A concurrent exhibit, "Super Heroes: A brought in volumes of newspapers from High-Tech Adventure," focused on ad­ Kirksville, Cape Girardeau, Brookfield, vances in technology. This hands-on ex­ Mansfield and Schuyler County to be hibit also closed on December 31. microfilmed.

Hot Tamale Roaster Exploded Columbia Daily Tribune, June 21, 1909. "Red Hot" Dickerson, the one-eyed hot tamale man whose habitat is the corner of Eighth and Broadway, had trouble with his machine Saturday evening. The gasoline in the tamale roaster exploded, sending a blaze out of the safety valve several feet long and emitting a deafening pop. Mr. Dickerson continued business however, the explosion having added warmth to the already warm tamales.

First Things First History of Laclede, Camden, Dallas, Webster, Wright, Texas, Pulaski, Phelps and Dent Counties, Missouri, 1889. Reprint 1974, BNL Library Service. The act of the [Wright] county court incorporating the village of Mansfield was passed in August, 1886. ... On October 11 the building of sidewalks was first authorized, when the present walks were placed around the square. The calaboose was next constructed, at a cost of $65.50. 304 Missouri Historical Review

LOCAL HISTORICAL SOCIETIES Adair County Historical Society Boone County Historical Society The Society held its annual meeting, Recently, the Society acquired over November 4, at Northeast Missouri State 250,000 glass plate negatives taken by a University. Al Holzmeier displayed his col­ late nineteenth- and early twentieth-century lection of postcards and local memorabilia. Columbia photographer and his firm. The The Society's museum is now located at Society plans to sort the negatives and to 315 South Elson, Kirksville. print some of them.

Atchison County Historical Society Boone-Duden Historical Society Rex Manrose of Rock Port spoke about Ken Kamper talked about frontier maps Christopher Columbus's discovery of the and the life of Daniel Boone and Larry Americas at the January 26 meeting, held Prager discussed nearby Boone-related in the Farmers and Valley Bank in Tarkio. sites at the October 28 meeting, held in St. Officers for 1992 are Gavin Doughty, presi­ Paul's U.C.C. Church hall in Defiance. dent; Jeanette Huston, Mrs. Charles Shaw The Society met on December 16 in the and Neva Broermann, vice presidents; Iva Christ Lutheran Church meeting hall in Lou Hall, secretary; and Harry Broermann, Augusta, and Carrie Mae Wilson presented treasurer. "Dolls of Christmas."

Barton County Historical Society Brown County Historical Association of Bob Douglas presented a slide program Sweet Springs about county cemeteries at the Society's The Association sponsored a tour of January 12 meeting, held in the Lamar homes in Sweet Springs on December 8. Methodist Church. Officers for 1992 are Chris Ahlemann, president; Maureen Tyler, vice president; Belton Historical Society Betty Miller, secretary; and Vivian Moore, Members heard about the restoration of treasurer. the Society's "Connie" airplane at the January 26 meeting in the Old City Hall, Campbell House Foundation Belton. The museum, located at 1508 Locust Street, St. Louis, is open Tuesday through Blue Springs Historical Society Saturday, 10 A.M. to 4 P.M., and Sunday, The Society met on January 7 in the noon to 5 P.M., March through December. museum and heard Mrs. V. G. Johnson, of the Jackson County Genealogy Society, Cass County Historical Society discuss "Names in Genealogy." Officers The Society held its annual meeting, for 1992 are Maxine Hall, president; November 23, in Pearson Hall, Harrison­ Martha De Nise, vice president; Dan ville. Ed Stamps recounted his activities as Geelan, treasurer; and Dianna Wrinkle and a member of the Bledsoe Unit of Missouri Ann York, secretaries. Civil War reenactors. Officers for 1992 are Mary Doris Davis, president; Tom Clat- Bollinger County Historical Society worthy and Connie Price, vice presidents; The Society held its quarterly meeting Wanda Smith and Ada Smith, secretaries; on January 12 in the courthouse at Marble and Irene Webster, treasurer. Hill. Mary McBride shared slides of a backpacking trip through Europe. Officers Centralia Historical Society for 1992 are Rose Ann Thiele, president; The Society's museum, located at 319 Freeda Huskey, vice president; and Norma East Sneed Street, is open on Wednesdays Bohnasck, secretary. and Sundays from 2 to 4 P.M., April Historical Notes and Comments 305 through December. Group tours may be and Present Homes Tour on December 1 arranged by calling (314) 682-5711. in Liberty. Officers for 1992 are Peggy Thompson, president; Beverly Corum, vice Chariton County Historical Society president; Maura Johnson, secretary; and Minnie Dickerson, of Salisbury, pre­ James Patterson, treasurer. sented "Amish Culture" at the January 19 meeting of the Society, held at the Museum Cole Camp Area Historical Society in Salisbury. Officers for 1992 are Martha New officers are Lou Harms, president; Fellows, president; Minnie Dickerson, vice Leonard Martens, vice president; Lillie president; Kathryn Winkelmeyer, secretary; Stelling, secretary; and Delia Mae Grabau, and Virginia Griswold, treasurer. treasurer. Current projects include erecting a marker for the Civil War battle of Cole Civil War Round Table of Kansas City Camp. Members gathered on November 26 at the Homestead Country Club in Prairie Cooper County Historical Society Village, Kansas, and heard Phillip S. At the November 11 meeting, held in Paludan, professor of history at the Uni­ the Community Protestant Church in Pilot versity of Kansas, discuss "A People's Con­ Grove, Clyde Johnson explained how to test: A Meaning for the Civil War." At the begin researching one's family genealogy. January 28 meeting, George Knapp, in­ Crawford County Historical Society structor at the Army Command and Gen­ The Society meets the third Thursday of eral Staff College, Fort Leavenworth, each month at 2 P.M. at 112 North Smith Kansas, presented "Naval Operations Dur­ Street, Cuba. Officers for 1992 are Dorothy ing the Civil War." Officers for 1992 are Presson, president; Wendel Bell, vice presi­ Wiley Imboden, president; Bud Harvison dent; Georgia Burris, secretary; and Opal and Sandy Ackerson, vice presidents; Har­ Bell, secretary. riet Duff, secretary; and Jim Tramel, treasurer. Dallas County Historical Society Officers for 1992 are Thelma Kurtz, Civil War Round Table of St. Louis president; Lawrence Holt, vice president; W. Glenn Robertson presented "Chicka- Leni Howe and Mildred Richter, secre­ mauga: The Fatal Order Revisited" at the taries; and Ralph Tucker, treasurer. At the January 22 meeting, held in Garivelli's January 16 meeting, held in the museum Restaurant. Officers for 1992 are Marshall in Buffalo, Charles Moore discussed "In­ Hier, president; Dick Schweig, vice presi­ dians of Dallas County." dent; Bob Sherrill and Steve Cohen, secre­ DeKalb County Historical Society taries; and Doug Meyer and Paul Hauser, On December 1 the Society commemo­ treasurers. rated the December 7, 1941, Japanese at­ Clark County Historical Society tack on Pearl Harbor with a gathering at Meetings are held on the fourth Tuesday the courthouse in Maysville. Attack sur­ of each month at the Museum, 252 North vivors William Dice and Russell Hailey Morgan Street, Kahoka. The Museum is shared their experiences. open on Fridays from 10 A.M. to 4 P.M., on Ferguson Historical Society Sundays from 1 to 4 P.M. and by appoint­ Members viewed two films about Fergu­ ment; the Old Stone Church Museum in son at the November 21 meeting, held in St. Francisville is open by appointment the First Presbyterian Church. New of­ only. For more information, contact the ficers for 1992 are Peggy McDonald, presi­ Society at P.O. Box 202, Kahoka, Mis­ dent; Mrs. Karl Hofer, vice president; Mrs. souri 63445. G. A. Smith, Jr., secretary; and Mrs. Wil­ liam Brown, treasurer. Clay County Museum and Historical Society Florissant Valley Historical Society The Society sponsored a Christmas Past On December 1 the Society held its 306 Missouri Historical Review annual "Florissant by Candlelight" house Band at the December 3 meeting, held in tour, featuring Casa Alverez, the Dr. the Glenstone Heritage Cafeteria, Spring­ Nicholas Jensen House, the Moynihan field. House, the Goldbeck House and the Arch- ambault House. Grundy County Historical Society and Museum Franklin County Historical Society The Society meets at 3 P.M. on the Laverne Branson, of Gerald, presented second Monday of each month at the mu­ "'Old Bill' Williams, Mountain Man" at seum, 1001 Tinsman Avenue, Trenton. The the December 8 quarterly meeting, held in museum is open on Saturdays and Sundays the Phoebe Apperson Hearst Museum near from 1 to 4 P.M., May through October. St. Clair. Harrison County Historical Society Friends of Arrow Rock Tours of the Society's Edna Washington The 1881 History of Saline County has Cuddy Memorial House and Gardens, 1218 been reprinted and is available for $45.00, West Main Street, Bethany, are available plus postage. Contact the Friends at P.O. by appointment, by calling (816) 425-3375. Box 124, Arrow Rock, Missouri 65340, or call (816) 837-3231. Phoebe Apperson Hearst Historical Society, Inc. Friends of Historic Boonville The Society held its annual business Officers for 1992 are Julie Thacher, meeting at Hearst Friendship Park, near president; Maxine Hughes and Paul Davis, St. Clair, on December 1. New officers are vice presidents; Paul Sombart, treasurer; Helen Ely, president; Adele Gregory, vice and Terry Smith, secretary. president; Mabel Reed, secretary-treasurer; Friends of Missouri Town-1855 and Irene Cowan, historian. On December 14 and 15 the Missouri Henry County Historical Society Town-1855 hosted Jackson County's Christ­ On December 8 the Museum held its mas Open House. The Friends sponsored annual Tea and Open House, featuring a activities in the tavern and in the Flintlock "Victorian Christmas." New officers are Church. Keith Kreissler, treasurer, and Phyllis Jones Frisco Railroad Museum and Alice Huenefeldt, secretaries. The Frisco Railroad Museum has re­ Historic Kansas City Foundation cently been established at 500 Walker The Foundation recently sponsored a Street in Ash Grove. Devoted to informa­ homes tour on Janssen Place, November tion about and memorabilia of the Frisco 15 and 16. The Fourth Preservation line, it is open year-round, Tuesday through Forum, held at the Woman's City Club on Saturday, 10 A.M. to 5 P.M. For more in­ October 29, featured the theme "Kansas formation, write Alan Schmitt, P.O. Box City Endangered." The Foundation's of­ 276, Ash Grove, Missouri 65604, or call fices have relocated to 412 West 8th Street, (417)672-3110. #201, Kansas City, Missouri 64105; the Grandview Historical Society phone number remains (816) 471-3391. At the January 5 meeting, held in the Depot Museum, members viewed video­ Historical Association of Greater tapes about the Kansas City Southern Cape Girardeau Railroad. The Association held its general meeting, November 11, in the Chateau Girardeau. Greene County Historical Society Kit Wesler, director of the Wickliffe, Ken­ Members enjoyed a program by the First tucky, Mounds, discussed Native American Baptist Church of Springfield's Ukulele reburial issues at the site. At the January Historical Notes and Comments 307

13 meeting, members heard Arthur Mat- noses!" about using letters, diaries and tingly, professor of historic preservation at photographs to help understand the lives Southeast Missouri State University, dis­ of nineteenth-century women, at the No­ cuss the restoration of Monticello, Thomas vember 18 meeting, held in the Callaway Jefferson's home. Gladys Daniel has been County Library, Fulton. appointed as secretary of the Association. Kirkwood Historical Society Historical Society of Maries County In November the Society obtained a six- Officers for 1992 are Beverly Lemberger, month option to purchase Mudd's Grove, president; Rita Henderson, vice president; a local pre-Civil War landmark. The So­ LaVaughn Zimmer, treasurer; and Judy ciety is attempting to raise the money Germann, secretary. necessary to purchase the house. Members gathered December 10 in Grace Church Iron County Historical Society hall for a quarterly meeting. Jack Geders, At the January 19 meeting, held in the lifelong resident of Kirkwood, discussed Methodist Church in Ironton, members the history of the city. shared antiques and collectibles. The So­ ciety is beginning plans to publish a history Laclede County Historical Society of Iron County. Members gathered in the Harvest House in Lebanon, September 23, and heard Ellen Jasper County Historical Society Massey present "Use it up, wear it out, Members met December 15 in the home make it do or do without." At the October of Eleanor Coffield, Carthage, and viewed 28 meeting, Bill and Don Graves enter­ a videotape of an Indian powwow. tained members on the dulcimer and guitar. Kansas City Fire Brigade Landmarks Association of Three firefighters—Joseph McArdle, the Greater St. Louis first paid firefighter in Kansas City; Jacob On December 8 the Association spon­ Becker, killed in the Brady building fire in sored the exhibit "HABS in St. Louis: The 1918; and Harvey Baldwin, chief of the Architect During the Depression" in the Kansas City Fire Department from 1950 offices of Kuhlmann Design in the Shell to 1953—were elected to the Fire Brigade's Building. Hall of Fame at its January 16 meeting, held in fire station #39. Lincoln County Historical and Archeological Society Kansas City Westerners The Society held its annual banquet on Members gathered in the Hereford House October 25, in the Zion United Church of on November 12 and heard Larry Olpin, Christ, Troy. Mrs. John Clare presented of Central Missouri State University, pre­ "The History of the Court System in Lin­ sent "The Stuff of Legends," John Brown coln County." Gary Hoffman, David Oney, and William Quantrill. At the December Jr., Warren Wommack and Charles Ray 10 meeting, Tom Watson, of Blue Springs, Williams received awards for their contri­ discussed chuck wagon and trail drive butions to the Society's work and collec­ cooking. Gary Chilcote, from St. Joseph, tions. On December 14 and 15, the Society featured speaker at the January 14 meet­ celebrated a Victorian Open House in its ing, reviewed the history of the Pony Ex­ headquarters building in Troy. press. Macon County Historical Society Kingdom of Callaway Historical Society Todd Davison discussed his plans to Linda Pickle, professor of German at renovate the Royal Theater in Macon at Westminster College in Fulton, presented the December 12 meeting, held in the "Where were they all? At home, under our Gaslight Restaurant. New officers for 1992 308 Missouri Historical Review are Hilman Knapp, president; James Foley, on October 19. The Society celebrated its vice president; Neva Maddy, treasurer; and twenty-fifth anniversary on November 11 Donna Ayers, secretary. in the City Hall, California, and heard James Goodrich, executive director of the Miller County Historical Society State Historical Society of Missouri, dis­ On December 2 the Society met in the cuss "The Importance of Local History." museum in Tuscumbia. Rodney Stone, of At the January 13 meeting, Norris Bone- Osage Beach, entertained with seasonal cutter, of Cedar Cliff Lawn and Garden in music and gospel songs. Ralph Duren, California, displayed and described antique with the Missouri Department of Con­ tools. Officers for 1992 are Carlene Petree, servation, presented a slide lecture, "The president; Richard Schroeder, vice presi­ Calls of the Wild," about bird and wildlife dent; Pam Mason and Ruby Kuhlman, calls, at the January 12 meeting. secretaries; and Grace Clay, treasurer. Mine Au Breton Historical Society The Society held its first "Candlelight Neelyville Area Historical Society Christmas Tour" of the Long-Banta House At the January 9 meeting, held in the in Potosi on December 6. On December 7 Neelyville Elementary School, Mr. and the Society sponsored a public forum, initi­ Mrs. Glenden Casey of Neelyville showed ating a four-year oral history project to their rock and mineral collection. document the role of Washington Coun- John G. Neihardt Corral of the Westerners tians in World War II. Lorin Gregory of Members gathered in the Days Inn in Potosi, a Pearl Harbor survivor, and others Columbia on November 14 and heard shared their experiences. Officers for 1992 Walter Schroeder, professor of geography are George Showalter, president; Catharine at the University of Missouri-Columbia, Branaugh Polete, vice president; Marie speak about "What Happened to the Mis­ Edgar, secretary; and Howard Higgin- souri Prairies." At the December 11 meet­ botham, treasurer. ing, James R. Whitley, of the Missouri Missouri Historical Society Department of Conservation, discussed "A The Society dedicated its new Library Visit to the Volga River, U.S.S.R." Phil and Collections Center, formerly the Grimes, of Columbia, spoke to the January United Hebrew Temple, at 225 South 9 meeting about "The Civil War in Cen­ Skinker Boulevard in St. Louis, on Decem­ tralia and Boone County, and Bloody Bill ber 2. On December 9 the newly renovated Anderson." building opened for researchers' use. Li­ brary services, including the archives and Newton County Historical Society pictorial history collections, are housed in Tom Higdon shared his memorabilia the former temple; a 58,000 square-foot from the fiftieth anniversary commemora­ addition contains conservation facilities tion at Pearl Harbor, Hawaii, at the Janu­ and the Society's paintings, historical cos­ ary 16 meeting, held in the Bank of tumes and museum artifacts not on exhibit Neosho. Officers for 1992 are Sybil Jobe, in the Jefferson Memorial Building. In president; Jim Taylor, vice president; Lois January an exhibit featuring mementos Bush, secretary; and Andrew Wood, trea­ from the Chase Hotel in St. Louis opened surer. The Society has published From in the Jefferson Memorial Building. The Buzzard Glory to Seed Tick, a history of Museum is open Tuesday-Sunday, 9:30 Newton County schools, which costs A.M. to 5:00 P.M.; the Library and Archives $22.50, postage paid. Contact the Society are open Monday-Saturday, 10 A.M. to 5 P.M. at P.O. Box 675, Neosho, Missouri 64850.

Moniteau County Historical Society Nodaway County Historical Society Members visited Dick's Mill in Cotton Members gathered at the American Bank Historical Notes and Comments 309 in Maryville on January 27 and heard a officers were elected for 1992: J. Marshall presentation about quilts. White, president; Frances Flanagan, vice president; Janet Sourk and Jo Thompson, Osage County Historical Society secretaries; and Doug Dougherty, trea­ Officers for 1992 are Eula Clark, presi­ surer. During December, Robidoux Row dent; Wilma Lansford, vice president; f was decora ed for a mid-nineteenth-century Rosella Maasen, secretary; and Ida Schae- Christmas. fer, treasurer. Platte County Historical Society Schuyler County Historical Society The Society's Ben Ferrel Platte County Recently, the Society has loaned some Museum, an 1882 mini-replica of the Mis­ of its newspaper collection to the Missouri souri Governor's Mansion, located at 220 Newspaper Project for microfilming. The Ferrel Street, Platte City, is open from Project is attempting to locate and micro­ April 4 through October, Tuesday through film all existing newspapers in the state. Saturday, noon to 4 P.M. Scott County Historical Society Pony Express Historical Association New officers are Louie Hirschowitz, The Association's new officers are Linda president; James Arnold, vice president; Obermier, president; Raymond Kinder, Pat Hampton, secretary; and Laverne vice president; Paul Stewart, secretary; and Rosenquist, treasurer. Robert Waldrop, treasurer. Smoky Hill Railway and Museum Raytown Historical Society Association, Inc. Bruce Bartlett, of Missouri Public Ser­ Officers for 1992 are David Lindquist, vice, Marshall, discussed Missouri's history president; Mark Corriston and Sam Bailey, at the January 27 meeting, held in the vice presidents; Bruce Sebring, secretary; Raytown Christian Church. Officers for and Bob Leeka, treasurer. 1992 are William Stilley, president; Jim Sons and Daughters of the Blue and Gray Robinson and George Crews, vice presi­ Members gathered in the American dents; Mary Darr and Annetta Herring, Bank, Maryville, on November 17 and secretaries; and Earl Jones, treasurer. heard George Hinshaw, past president of Ripley County Historical Society the Sons and Daughters, discuss "France The Society reactivated on December 9, and the American Civil War." At the De­ at the Current River Heritage Museum in cember 15 meeting, Sally Tennihill pre­ Doniphan. Meetings are held the second sented "Black Women Authors of the Civil Monday of each month at 7:00 P.M. at the War." At the January 19 meeting, members Museum. Dues are $10.00 per year. Of­ viewed A Good Day to Die, about the ficers are Randy Maness, president; Elvin battle of the Little Big Horn. Klepzig, Eugene Braschler, Jerry Ponder Stone County Historical Society and Betty Lawhon, vice presidents; Mary The Society met February 2 in the Hur­ Ann Polk, secretary; and Nic Hatch, ley Community Center, and Mary Hair treasurer. gave a presentation about Groundhog Day. St. Charles County Historical Society Texas County Missouri Genealogical and On January 23 members gathered in the Historical Society Immanuel Lutheran Church in St. Charles The Society plans to publish a third and heard Steve Ehlmann, state representa­ volume of Texas County Missouri Heri­ tive, speak about "Politics in St. Charles tage. For more information, contact the County from 1880 to 1960." Society at P.O. Box 12, Houston, Missouri St. Joseph Historical Society 65483. Officers for 1992 are Shirley Wen- At the annual meeting, November 17, ger, president; Mildred Melton, vice presi- 310 Missouri Historical Review dent; Christine Hadley and Velma E. dent; Mary Glenn, vice president; Doug Adams, secretaries; and Alzada Durham, Kulik, secretary; and Opal Payton, trea­ treasurer. surer. The Society operates a museum and library in the Patterson Community Build­ Union Cemetery Historical Society ing, Patterson. The Society held its annual meeting, December 7, in Loose Park. Officers for Wentzville Community Historical Society 1992 are Arlene Payne, president; Jeff At the November 18 meeting in the Schiller and Judy Wempe, vice presidents; Crossroads Cafe, member Ralph Dustman Gary Lush and Harold DeGood, secre­ presented a history of the American Legion taries; and Linda Murnan, treasurer. At in Wentzville. the January 25 meeting in the Sexton's Cottage, Martin Weekley, with the Kansas Westport Historical Society City Department of Parks and Recreation, On November 15 the Society met in the presented a videotape about Brush Creek Woodside Racquet Club. David Hawley, owner of the Arabia Museum, gave a slide improvements. presentation about the recovery of the Vernon County Historical Society cargo of the Arabia, which sank in the On December 8 the Society held its Missouri River in 1856. Officers for 1992 annual meeting in the City-County Com­ are Gloria Freeman, president; Leroy munity Center in Nevada. Members elected Campbell, Roy Ranck and Lydia Davin, new officers: Talbot Wight, president; vice presidents; Leonard Stroud, treasurer; Larry Ewing, vice president; Alice Hill and Bonnie Garrison, recording secretary. and Patrick Brophy, secretaries; Eva Sparks, treasurer; and Kathryn Bass, his­ White River Valley Historical Society torian. Lee and Eva Sparks gave a slide The Society met December 8 at the presentation about old Nevada. Friendship House, Point Lookout. Bob Hendrikson, professor of English at the Washington Historical Society College of the Ozarks, presented a pro­ On December 5 the Society sponsored a gram about Ozark mills. talk by Pratt Cassity, executive director of the National Alliance of Preservation Com­ Winston Historical Society missions. He discussed "Maintaining Com­ Officers for 1992 are Lynn Martindale, munity Character: Preservation Planning president; Dorothy Olsen and Helen Wil­ in the 90's." son, vice presidents; Jay Groves, secretary; and Paul Kimmel, treasurer. Meetings are Wayne County Historical Society held in the Winston Depot on the first and Officers for 1992 are Roy Payton, presi­ third Thursdays of each month at 7:30 P.M.

Cant Help It

Canton Press, August 25, 1870. "A man can't help what is done behind his back," as the scamp said when he was kicked out of doors.

Alert Watchman

Weekly Clarion, Missouri Department of Penal Institutions, March 28, 1925. "What are your qualifications for the job of night watchman?" the manager asked. "Well, sir, for one thing," replied the applicant, confidently, "the least noise wakes me up." Historical Notes and Comments 311

GIFTS

Elizabeth Bailey, Columbia, donor: Color photographs of interior of Missouri State Archives in Missouri State Infor­ mation Center, 620 Main, Jefferson City, (E); book by Tom Ladwig. (R)* Robert S. Barrows, Rochester, New York, donor: The Albert M. Badger Collection, by donor. (R) Arlo Dwight Baty, Torrance, California, donor: Selected excerpts from the Kirksville Weekly Graphic, January 2-December 25, 1885, by donor. (N) Vera Beyer, Warsaw, donor: Benton County Baptist Association, Minutes, 1991. (R) Clayton P. Bishop, Jr., Eustis, Florida, donor: William Bishop Papers, 1861-1877. (M) Evelyn Boeckman, Columbia, donor: Book by John Lutz. (R) Laurel Boeckman, Columbia, donor: Color photographs of Jesse Hall and Memorial Union, University of Missouri- Columbia, after 1981 storm. (E) Carol Constance Boyer, Denver, Colorado, donor: BarnhysleIBarnhisel and Hisle/ Hysell Families, by donor. (R) Lena Belle Brogan, Benton, donor: David J. Poor Letters, 1810 and 1812. (M) Robert C. Brown, Piano, Texas, donor: Over twenty black and white photographs of railroad-related views in Missouri. (E) Vera Faurot Burk, Kirksville, donor: Over ten volumes relating to the history of Northeast Missouri and on World War II. (R) Center Senior High School, Kansas City, donor: Yearbook, Yellow jacket, 1989, 1990. (R) Harry and Ann Cohen, Columbia, donors: Oil painting, Simi Valley, California, 1943, by Fred Shane, two etchings by Jackson Lee Nesbitt and thirty-two lithographs by Ben Messick. (A) Mrs. Joe S. Cunningham and Mrs. William D. Stephens, Columbia, donors: Missouri State Society Daughters of the American Colonists, Records, 1916-1991. (M)

*These letters indicate the location of the materials at the Society. (R) refers to Reference Library; (E), Editorial Office; (M), Manuscripts; (N), Newspaper Library; (RFC), Reference Fitzgerald Collection; (B), Bay Room; and (A), Art Room. 312 Missouri Historical Review

Daniel Boone Regional Library, donor, through LaDonna Justice, Fulton: Telephone directories, three St. Louis area and sixteen for other Missouri com­ munities. (R) Eva T. Duncan, Silver Spring, Maryland, donor: New Providence Presbyterian Church, Guthrie, Missouri, Records, 1823-1964. (M) James Lowell Evans, Columbia, donor: Items relating to agriculture and the donor. (R) Virginia Lee Fisher, Arrow Rock, donor: Items relating to Boonville and George Caleb Bingham. (R) Glen W. Gaskin, Warrenton, donor: Warren County, Missouri, census indexes for 1850, 1860, 1870, 1880 and 1900, by donor. (N) James W. Goodrich, Columbia, donor: A Scarlet Thread: Collected Writings on Culture and the Arts, by Elizabeth Gentry Sayad. (R) Greater St. Louis Folk and Square Dance Federation, donor, through Eileen S. Kruse, Kirkwood: Recent issues of the Federation's publication, Squares 'N' Circles. (R) Alan Havig, Columbia, donor: Fred Allen's Radio Comedy, by donor. (R) Rita Heeney, Dent Brothers, Salem, donor: The Collected Cannonball Stove and Other Holler Tales, by Winnett (Doc) Dent. (R) Orval L. Henderson, Centertown, donor: Publications relating to historic houses and the Missouri National Guard. (R) Larry A. James, Neosho, donor: Photograph of Hardscrabble School students and teacher, Newton County, 1880s, (E); periodical, The Souvenir, published by Scarritt Collegiate Institute, 1888, 1891 and 1893. (R) Margaret Jamieson, Sparks, Nevada, donor: A Twig From the Calvert Tree, by donor. (R) Lila Johnson, Mulvane, Kansas, donor: Photograph relating to the James family, 1884. (E) Craig McCoy Kilby, Lake Saint Louis, donor: The Genealogy of the Avery Family . . . and "Avery Notes," both by donor. (R) Junior Knight, Hartsburg, donor: Volume with material added relating to Conway Jones of Morgan County. (R) Charles Koelling, Columbia, donor: Excello and Jacksonville Telephone Company, Macon County, Missouri, Records, 1905-1917. (M) Historical Notes and Comments 313

Richard L. Lee, Columbia, donor: "Weldon Spring Research Center," by Homer J. L'Hote. (R) Liberty High School, donor, through Mrs. J. Hensel, Liberty: Yearbook, Spectator, 1989-1991. (R) Howard C. Litton, Festus, donor: Publications relating to the St. Louis Iron Mountain & Southern Railway, Festus, Crystal City and Jefferson County. (R) Gary G. Lloyd, Staten Island, New York, donor: The Bibee Family, by donor. (R) Margot Ford McMillen, Missouri Interpretive Materials, Columbia, donor: Five issues of Our Missouri, edited by donor. (R) Edward M. Manring, Albany, donor: Edward D. Manring Collection. (M) Marshall High School, donor, through Authorene Phillips, Marshall: "Star Search '91," published by the English II Class. (R) Mildred F. Melton, Houston, donor: "Oliver N. Russell's Journal Reference Book," transcribed by Doris Montgomery. (R) Metropolitan Publishing Corporation, Springfield, donor: Lebanon/Laclede County and Fort Leonard Wood area telephone directories. (R) Missouri Alliance for Historic Preservation, Jefferson City, donor: "'King's Row' Revisited: One Hundred Years of Fulton Architecture," by Phyllis J. Strawn. (R) Missouri East Annual Conference, United Methodist Church, donor, through Robert Gail Woods, St. Louis: Miscellaneous publications, brochures and directories of churches in the conference. (R) Missouri State Genealogical Association, Columbia, donor, through Melba Rector: Publications of the Association including the newsletter, Journal and annual conference programs. (R) Leona S. Morris, Columbia, donor: Postcards and color photo relating to Mark Twain, Hannibal and Thomas Hart Benton, (E); brochures, newsletters and publications relating to Missouri tourism, businesses, churches, libraries, educational and cultural organizations and agencies. (R) Bernadine Myers, Marble Hill, donor: "Jacob's Ladder: Jacob Lutes' Genealogy," by Mrs. J. L. Vance Lutes and Bernice Lutes. (R) Northwest Missouri Genealogical Society, St. Joseph, donor, through Kenneth D. Cox and Doris E. Lett: Two volumes of DeKalb County death notices from newspapers, 1868-1903 and 1904-1906. (N) 314 Missouri Historical Review

Bettie Neville and Donald S. Noyce, Berkeley, California, donors: "The Bonham Clan," by Donald S. Noyce. (R)

Beverly H. and Walter L. Pfeffer II, Columbia, donors: Miscellaneous publications, programs, invitations and brochures from a variety of business, educational, civic, conservation, cultural, charitable and political organizations and associations. (R)

Walter L. Pfeffer II, Columbia, donor: Evans Scholars Alumni Association, Missouri Chapter, Records, 1987-1991, and Walter L. Pfeffer II Collection. (M)

Robert H. Phillips, Dunnegan, donor: Pension papers for Jesse H. Bewley, Andrew J. Ahart, Henry Phillips and Alexander J. Moore, loaned for copying. (R)

R. L. Polk & Co., Kansas City, donor: City directories for Washington, 1989, Chillicothe, Independence and St. Joseph, 1990. (R)

Richard Scott Price, Fort Riley, Kansas, donor: "Nathaniel Lyon, Harbinger From Kansas," by donor. (R)

Judith Redfield, Columbia, donor: W. H. Buerky, Jeweler, Jamestown, Missouri, Records, 1899-1931. (M)

Levina S. Reuter, Pilot Grove, donor: "St. John's Cemetery," in Cooper County, by Vernon W. Streck. (R)

Harry B. Robinson, Columbia, donor: Poster for Halloween dance, 1939, Rothwell Gym, Columbia. (R)

Floyd E. "Jack" Rogers, Columbia, donor: "Autobiography of Floyd Elijah Rogers," by donor. (R)

John E. Rybolt, Denver, Colorado, donor: "Extension Rising Race of Ethiopia," by Toby Turner, 1914. (R)

Peter D. Schlup and Pam Mason, California, donors: "Tax List: Moniteau County . . . 1846" and 1900 Moniteau County Plat Book. (R)

Donald P. Seymour, St. Louis, donor: Three volumes on the 75th anniversary of Grover Cleveland High School, St. Louis. (R) Jordan Singleton, Kirkwood, donor: Items relating to Kirkwood High School, classes of January and June 1939 and January 1940, and 50th anniversary reunion. (E) & (R)

Scott Standifer, Columbia, donor: Videotape, Missouri Flashback UI, by donor. (E)

M. M. Stewart, Monroe, Louisiana, for Clan Stewart Society in America, donor: George T. Edson Papers. (M) Historical Notes and Comments 315

Floyd P. Van Booven, Hopkinsville, Kentucky, donor: "St. Martins Church (Starkenburg, Mo., Montgomery County, MO) Marriage Records, 1852-1942." (R) Mary Lee Weber, Licking, donor: "Samuel Boyd Wright: Prisoner of War . . . 1864-1865," by donor. (R) Kathleen Wilham, Shelbyville, donor: Funeral home records and related material, Shelby County, loaned for filming. (R) Charles H. Williams, El Paso, Texas, donor: Ruel W. Williams, Nathan T. Thomas and Their Descendants in the USA, by donor. (R) Margaret J. Wooderson, Jefferson City, donor: A Dream Remembered: The Story of Old Siloam Gentry County, Missouri, by donor. (R) Robert G. and Margie McDaniel Woods, St. Louis, donors: Genealogical material and programs and brochures for St. Louis area churches and organizations. (R)

Gleanings Frank Leslie's Illustrated Newspaper, January 12, 1861. When is the soup likely to run out of the saucepan? When there's a leek in it. Boa constrictors are the most affectionate creatures living—always ready to embrace anybody.

Simple Riddle Fayette Boonslick Times, January 17, 1846. Why is a fool like twenty hundred weight? Because he's a simple-ion.

Needs a Shield Hannibal Journal, April 4, 1853. A man who puts aside his religion because he is going into society, resembles a person taking off his shoes because he is about to walk upon thorns.

Oh, the Wretch! Huntsville North Missouri Herald, January 19, 1870. A miserable specimen of a male man says that giving the ballot to a woman would not amount to much, for none of them would admit that they were old enough to vote until they were too old to take any interest in politics. 316 Missouri Historical Review

MISSOURI HISTORY IN NEWSPAPERS Adrian Journal November 21, 1991—"Bates County—The way it was—Maybe," by Pat McGuire. November 21—An article on the 125th anniversary of the Round Prairie Baptist Church, near Rockville. This and the articles below by Art Evans. December 19—"Historic Old Mulberry Church to be moved to Frontier Village." December 19—"Historic stone barn was on the Younger Farm east of Harrison­ ville." Albany Ledger-Headlight November 26, 1991—"Canadian church was model for Knox Presbyterian building." This and the article below by Susan O'Brien. December 18—"Surviving name changes, move, Dorsey [Christian] Church lives on." Ash Grove Commonwealth January 30, 1992—"Down Memory Lane . . ," a series, featured the Shell Company's pipeline construction project, about 1916. Belton Star-Herald January 2, 1992—Star-Herald "Newspaper celebrates 100th year in 1992." Boonville Record November 12, 1991—"Wesley Chapel Dates From Civil War," by Florence Chesnutt. November 19, December 24- "Historical Footnotes," a series, featured respectively: the Boonville Bridge, September 1924; and the William and Margaret Johnson home on Main Street. Branson Beacon November 9, 16, 23, 30, December 7, 21, 28, 1991, January 11, 1992 - "Vintage Views," a series, featured respectively: the Maine Club, 1910; the aftermath of the 1912 fire; the Baldknobbers, Branson's first music show; the Sammy Lane, a passenger and mail boat on Lake Taneycomo; the Branson Adoration; a river baptism, about 1915; Binkley Chevrolet in 1925; and the Branson pencil factory. December 14—"Branson Hotel to be restored." Brookfield Daily News-Bulletin November 8, 1991—Brookfield "Library Friends Consider the Past." Brunswick Brunswicker November 7, 14, 21, December 12, 1991, January 2, 9, 1992- "Sol Smith Russell, America's Greatest Comic-Actor," a series by Tom Kenny. Butler news-Xpress November 15, 1991—June 21, "1901 . . . Butler rocked by train crash." California Democrat December 4, 1991—"Dick's Mill once center of Cotton community," by Grant Chapman. Canton Press-News Journal December 19, 26, 1991, January 23, 1992—"Yesteryears Pictures," a series, featured respectively: the Prairie View Rest Home near Lewistown; the sinking of the Flying Eagle; and downtown Lewistown, about 1915. Historical Notes and Comments 317

*Cape Girardeau Southeast Missourian January 8, 1992—"The River City of Cape Girardeau and its environs," a series by K. J. H. Cochran. Carthage Press September 26, 1991—"Carthage School District dates from April 1868." This and the articles below by Marvin L. VanGilder. September 26—"Jasper County grew from the efforts of sturdy pioneers." October 2—"Many [groups] involved in [local] heritage preservation work." October 2—Carthage "Community launched 150 years ago." October 16—Robert S. Dale, "Carthage Press publisher created the annual [Maple Leaf] festival." October 30—A special section, "A Carthage Chronicle, Highlights of Community History, Volume V," featured many historical articles. November 27—"Excitement and bright lights illuminated Thanksgiving." December 7—Minden A. Spry, "Carthage man recalls how Pearl Harbor changed his Army routine." December 7—An article about the author's recollections of December 7, 1941. January 30, 1992—The Carthage Ice and Cold Storage Company. * Cassville Barry County Advertiser November 27, 1991—Civilian Conservation Corps, "CCC memories of Roaring River" camp. Chillicothe Constitution-Tribune January 29, 1992—"Oak Grove school gone, but not forgotten," by Karen Sum- merville. Clinton Daily Democrat January 23, 24, 1992—"Remember When," a series, featured respectively: the Sperry railroad detector car and the Delbert Comptons Shetland pony herd. Columbia Daily Tribune November 3, 17, 1991, January 12, 1992—"Whatever Happened To . . . ," a series by Francis Pike and Midge Crawford, featured respectively: the Deer Park Negro School; the Peter Ruffner home, Ashland; and the Branson home. November 10—"Treasures of the Arabia," a steamboat that sank in 1856 in the Missouri River, by Patrice Gravino. December 8—"Pearl Harbor Scrapbook," by Rudi Keller. January 9—"Fiery anniversary," the 100th anniversary of the fire in Academic Hall at the University of Missouri. January 14—A column about Missouri folklore, by Tom Ladwig. Columbia Missourian December 1, 1991—"Wabash Station." December 8—A special section, "Columbia as the Home Front," during World War II. December 15—"Boonville's Thespian Hall." January 10, 1992—"Standing Tall," about the 1892 fire in Academic Hall at the University of Missouri, by Sally Wells. January 12—"Columbia Theater." January 19—Columbia "Municipal Building." indicates newspapers not received by the State Historical Society. 318 Missouri Historical Review

Concordia Concordian December 31, 1991—"Fifty-year-ago [Alma Trinity Lutheran] church fire recorded in family letter." Doniphan Prospect News November 13, 1991—"Memories Of My First Teaching Days At Lone Star East," in Ripley County, by Helen Boshears Scogin. Ellington Reynolds County Courier November 21, 1991, January 2, 9, 16, 1992—"Historical Reynolds County," a series, featured respectively: downtown Ellington, about 1900; Senator C. M. Buford's home, Ellington; the Reynolds County Bank, Centerville; and the M. L. Copeland home.

Fayette Advertiser January 1, 1992—"Evidence: [Daniel] Boone Himself Discovered the Lick."

Gainesville Ozark County Times December 26, 1991, January 2, 1992—"Sesquicentennial Notes," a series by Ruby Robins, featured Hodgson Mill and Dawt Mill.

Grandview Jackson County Advocate December 19, 1991—An article about a shootout involving William Quantrill and Cole Younger near Independence, by Richard Canada. Hannibal Courier-Post January 25, 1992—An article on the Storrs Ice and Coal truck, about 1919. Hermann Advertiser-Courier December 10, 1991—St. Martin's Catholic Church, "Starkenburg builds on its heritage," by Don Kruse. Hopkins Journal January 8, 1992—An article about the Sayler Hardware, Furniture, Implements and Undertaking building. Huntsville Randolph County Times-Herald November 6, 1991—"Special Tribute to Eldad Church," north of Huntsville, by Sue Ward.

Independence Examiner November 4, 1991—"Building [Bryant House] may gain national [Register] status," by Forrest Martin.

Kansas City Star November 24, 1991—A special section, "Plaza Holiday," featured numerous his­ torical photographs and information about Country Club Plaza.

Kansas City Wednesday Magazine January 15, 1992—"'Where the Streetcar Stops,'" by Tim Engle.

La Plata Home Press November 6, 1991—"Fire Protection & Railroad Come To Town." November 13—"Education; From Rural Schools To Present." This and the article above by Debbie Clay. December 4—An article about La Plata's Santa Fe Depot. Historical Notes and Comments 319

Linn Unterrified Democrat November 20, 1991—Osage County "Historical society acquires [Townley] house." Marshall Democrat-News January 15, 1992—An article about the Hotel Ruff in Marshall. Mexico Ledger December 14, 21, 1991—"Yesterday In Mexico," a series, featured respectively: the Finley Bus Company, the C & A Flaver garden, the Alton Railroad Station and the Hoxsey Hotel. Milan Standard January 16, 1992—"Hotel Stanley to observe 100th anniversary Feb. 2nd." Mound City News-Independent November 28, 1991—Holt County "Courthouse history detailed at meeting," by Linda Boultinghouse. Mount Vernon Lawrence County Record January 23, 1992—Paul Thomas "Clothing store giving way to [True Value] hardware." Nevada Herald November 17, 1991—"Badger family one of [Vernon] county's first settlers and doctors," by Patrick Brophy. New Madrid Weekly Record January 10, 1992—"Personal Accounts of the 1811-12 Earthquakes, Stories about the 'Big One.'" Nixa News-Enterprise January 30, 1992—Tressie "Evans keeps memories alive with schoolhouse quilt," by Simonne Lipes. Paris Monroe County Appeal January 2, 1992—"125 years of the Appeal." Perryville Sun Times January 15, 1992—"State DNR [Department of Natural Resources] pledges to preserve old Ste. Genevieve Academy." Piedmont Wayne County Journal-Banner November 7, 14, 21, 28, December 5, 12, 1991, January 2, 1992—"Old Greenville Extra," a series by J. Alan Conner, featured respectively: the J. Arthur Davis Auto Dealership; the Barrow Grocery Store; the J. S. Marsh Store; the Turner-Durham Market; Grace Methodist Church; the Wayne County Bank; and Hiram Holladay's Victorian mansion. November 7, December 5, January 16, 23—"Historical Wayne County," a series, featured respectively: the Old Greenville Roller Mill; 1922 Lowndes School graduation; Clearwater Lake construction; and the Robert Lee and Thursa J. (Moss) Russell home formerly on old Camp Creek Road. Pine ville McDonald County News November 13, 1991—"McDonald County News is 120 years young!" 320 Missouri Historical Review

Platte City Platte County Citizen December 11, 1991—First Christian Church, "PC [Platte City] church is 100 years old."

Potosi Independent-Journal November 14, 1991—"Palmer, Mo.—'A Fascinating Area,'" by Alex Primm.

Richmond Daily News December 3, 1991—This issue featured several articles about Ray Countians at Pearl Harbor, December 7, 1941.

St. Joseph News-Press/Gazette November 4, 1991—An article about the telephone exchange at Agency. November 24—Restaurant, "Bucket Shop gambles on old standbys," by Tony Gardner. November 29, January 31, 1992—A special section, "Young at Heart," featured many historical articles. December 1—A special section, "St. Joseph remembers Pearl Harbor."

*St. Louis Business Journal January 13, 1992—An article about roustabouts on the riverfront in St. Louis.

St. Louis Post-Dispatch November 4, 1991—An article about the Herrington Cemetery in Pevely. November 22—"Buried Treasure—Section Of Pre-Civil War Sidewheeler Found, Recovered Near Clark Bridge," by Christine Bertelson. November 24—Harriet Hosmer, "Spirited Sculptor Shatters The Mold," by Robert W. Duffy. November 24—Missouri Historical Society, "The Attic of St. Louis," by E. F. Porter. January 19, 1992—A discrimination protest by black workers against defense industries in St. Louis in 1942.

St. Louis Review October 18, 1991—St. Bridget "Parish [in Pacific, Missouri,] Began in Down- patrick," Ireland. November 22—Bellefontaine Neighbors, "Our Lady Of Good Counsel Founded In Growing Area."

Sedalia Central Missouri News November 6, 13, December 25, 1991, January 1, 15, 22, 29, 1992 "Missouri Heritage," a series by Lyn Allison Yeager, featured respectively: the Maclay home in Tipton; the Homfeldt place in Tipton; a two-part column about old post offices; the Ewing log home, Lexington; Dunksburg, Johnson County; and Postal, Pettis County. January 15—"Mel Foster," by Lawrence Roe.

Sedalia Democrat January 26, 1992—Calhoun, "Jug Town U.S.A.," by June Rae Wood.

Senath Dunklin County Press November 13, 1991—This issue featured the front page from the paper's first day of publication. Historical Notes and Comments 321

Seneca News-Dispatch November 28, 1991—American Tripoli, "100 year old business included in Seneca's Holiday Homes Tour."

Seymour Webster County Citizen January 1, 1992—Newspaper, "Citizen 85 Years Old."

Smithville Lake Democrat-Herald October 30, 1991—Pinkerton bomb, "Missing James' Artifact Recovered," by Toni Lapp.

*Springfield Daily Events December 19, 25, 26, 30, 31, 1991, January 1, 1992—"Tales of History," a series by Tom Ladwig.

Springfield News-Leader December 27, 1991—"Kendrick House near Carthage stirs history buffs."

Stockton Cedar County Republican January 8, 1992—"Cedar County yesterday," a series, featured the Cedar County Republican.

Trenton Republican-Times January 16, 1992—Oral Emegene Lionberger, "Long-Time Trenton Resident Leads Varied And Colorful Life," by Terri Henderson.

Troy Free Press January 1, 22, 1992—"Lincoln County Recollections," a series by Charles R. Williams, featured the East Missouri Power Company and a World War I troop train.

Unionville Republican November 20, 1991—"Way it was—Pearl City," by Mrs. Nathan Wells.

Warrenton Banner January 31, 1992—"Farm provided support for [Central Wesleyan] orphanage, [and] college," by Dorris Keeven.

* Warrenton News Journal January 3, 1992—"Early court sessions held in sheep barn," by Dorris Keeven.

Washington Missourian December 11, 18, 25, 1991—"Tidbits of History," a series, featured respectively: the Frisco Station; the Bank of St. Clair; and Ozark Rock Curios.

•Webster Groves Webster-Kirk wood Times December 12, 1991—"First Baptist: WG's [Webster Groves'] First Black Church In 1866," by Marty Harris. Willard Cross Country Times January 22, 1992—"The Way it Was," a series, featured the general merchandise store in Willard, 1912. 322 Missouri Historical Review

MISSOURI HISTORY IN MAGAZINES Access, Saint Louis Public Library November/December, 1991: "A Century of Excellence: Library Honors Dr. Julia Davis on Her 100th Birthday." American Heritage December, 1991: "The American Superweapon," the War Production Board in World War II, by John Steele Gordon. America s Civil War March, 1992: "Taking Off the Kid Gloves," article about John C. Fremont's Army, by Judy Yandoh. Arkansas Historical Quarterly Autumn, 1991: "George Englemann in Arkansas Territory," by Jerome Jansma and Harriet H. Jansma; "Franz Sigel at Pea Ridge," by Stephen D. Engle. Augusta Historical Bulletin Fall, 1991: "George Caleb Bingham," by Katherine G. Bushman. Bentley House Beacon, Museum of Ozarks' History Fall, 1991: "The Shrine Mosque," in Springfield, by Maria Holperin. Christian County Historian Winter, 1991-1992: "Jacob and Malissia Fortner," by Amon J. Fortner; "Along Life's Way," article about Captain Madison "Matt" Day, by Mrs. Silas Day Woodard as told to Meda Sims Feasel. Civil War Times Illustrated January/February, 1992: "A Mighty Mean-Fowt Fight," the Battle of Wilson's Creek, by Steve Norder. Collage Of Cape County December, 1991: "The Abernathy Family," by Anne B. Rutledge, reprinted. Concordia Historical Institute Quarterly Fall, 1991: "A Remarkable Letter," from Julius Friedrich to Eva Freche, translated by Reinhold Stallmann; "A Biographical History," article concerning the Lutheran Church—Missouri Synod, by Lambert J. Mehl. The Courier, Missouri Conference of the United Church of Christ December, 1991: "Church of the Month: Pilgrim Congregational, St. Louis," by Linda Sehrt. February, 1992: "Church of the Month: Ebenezer UCC [United Church of Christ], Levasy," by Cami Leeke. Diggin History, Andrew County Historical Society August 15, 1991: "The Town of Amazonia." January, 1992: "Nellie Tayloe Ross," by Ina Wachtel. Fence Painter, Bulletin of The Mark Twain Boyhood Home Associates Fall, 1991: "Mark Twain and Typewriters." Gasconade County Historical Society Newsletter Winter, 1991: "Potsdam-Pershing . . . What's in a name?" narrated by Elsie Broecker; "Yesterday's Rural Switchboard," by LaVerne Brinkman. Historical Notes and Comments 323

Gateway Heritage, Missouri Historical Society Fall, 1991: "'No Elysium': Prosperity and Hard Times in 1830s St. Louis," by Charles van Ravenswaay; "Fighting the River on the Katy Trail, 1892-1992," by Rowland Berthoff; "Trials and Confessions: Race and Justice in Antebellum St. Louis," by Mary E. Seematter; "The Bitter Sport of Gentlemen: The Leonard-Berry Duel of 1824," by Dick Steward; "Bellefontaine Cemetery: St. Louis City of the Dead," by Katharine T. Corbett; "The Changing American Landscape: The Art and Politics of Joe Jones," by Louisa Iarocci. Glendale Historical Society Bulletin December, 1991: "Growing Up in South Glendale: 1910-1920," by Virgie Barnett as told to Barney Lyons. Golden Digest November, 1991: "Missouri's Defender of Freedom: General Omar N. Bradley," by Pamela Krehbiel. Grundy Gleanings Winter, 1991: "The Family of Charles Skinner"; "The Devaul Family," by Maradyn Webster Oyler. Historic Preservation News December, 1991: "Impasse Slows Progress on Kansas City's Union Station," by Kristin Francis. Historical and Genealogical Society Journal of Douglas County, Missouri December, 1991: "Flying Minister of the Hills," article about Floyd Hitchcock, by Mabel Mitchell and Clarence Dewey Mitchell; "Reminiscing . . . ," by Byron Cory; "Through Ozarks Hills and Hollows," by Tommy Roberts; "George L. Guthery," by Norma (Guthery) Duckworth and Ann (McGaw) Duckworth; "Assumption Abbey (Trappist Monastery)," by Tommy Roberts; "Hall School District #20," by Juanita (Swearengin) Sheets. Illinois Historical Journal Autumn, 1991: "The Actor from Jacksonville Views the Outlaw from Missouri: Sol Smith Russell Reports on the Surrender of Frank James," by Lewis O. Saum. Kansas City Genealogist Fall, 1991: "Indian Relic Recalls Early Indian Residency Near Westport," by Fred L. Lee; "Red Death On Board the 'St. Peter's,'" by Joanne C. Eakin; "The Search for the Perry Balay Bible," by Margaret Gerhart Woolf; "Excerpts From the Life of Abraham Denebeim"; "Actor Frank Morledge, was also a Photographer," by Joanne Chiles Eakin; "History of the First Methodist Church: Independence, Missouri"; "Glenn A. Cox of Missouri to Oklahoma Hall of Fame," by Ivan L. Waite. Kirkwood Historical Review September, 1991: "George Davis, Jr. Remembers," as told to Betty Beck. Lawrence County Historical Society Bulletin January, 1992: "Some Marionville History." Material Culture Summer, 1991: "The George Cresswell Lead Plantation," in Washington County, by Hugh Davidson. 324 Missouri Historical Review

Mid-Missouri Magazine January/February, 1992: "Jefferson City's Capitol Theatre," by Chantelle Olig- schlaeger; "A Love Affair With Words," article about Lakenan Barnes, by Kathryn Sergeant.

Missouri Archaeological Society Quarterly July-September, 1991: "Pottery from Mississippian Period Sites in Missouri and Arkansas in the Collections of the State Historical Society of Wisconsin," by J. Jefferson MacKinnon, Roger R. Cunningham and Hollie E. Whitcup.

Missouri Business November/December, 1991: "Branson Beckons Business," by Steven Glensky.

Missouri Conservationist January, 1992: "Drury-Mincy Wildlife Area," in Taney County, by Michael R. Woodring. Missouri Magazine Winter, 1991-1992: "Name That Town," by Don Blevins; "The Legend Lives On," story about Helen Stephens.

Missouri Municipal Review October/November, 1991: "Liberty: Past, Present and Future," by Patty Skalla; "Steelville—The Center of U.S. Population," by Randy Arndt. December, 1991: "Wentzville: Crossroads of the Nation," by Joe McReynolds and Lou Ann Wibe.

Missouri Press News November, 1991: H. Denny Davis, "Fayette Publisher Speaks at Rededication" of newspaper monument at Franklin, reprinted. January, 1992: Tom Miller, "New MPA President Believes Association Is More Important Than Ever Before." Missouri Resource Review Fall, 1991: "Bothwell State Park," by Tony Czech. Missouri State Genealogical Association Journal Fall, 1991: "Swiss Immigrants Influenced [Andrew] County Development," by Betty E. Nelson; "William Newland - Legislator of Ralls" County, compiled by Knox McCrory. Montana, The Magazine of Western History Autumn, 1991: "'A Knowledge of Distant Parts': The Shaping of the Lewis and Clark Expedition," by James P. Ronda. Muleskinner, Central Missouri State University November 14, 1991: "Ghosts of Coaching Greats Grace Central Basketball," by B. J. Van Vreede. Newsletter, Iron County Historical Society January 19, 1992: "Dorothy Reese: Ironton/Arcadia Valley's Cheerleader, Friend, Historian, Leader, and Teacher—A Tribute (Part Two)," by Randall Cox. Newsletter of the Phelps County Historical Society December, 1991: "Special Issue: The 'Frisco' in Phelps County." Historical Notes and Comments 325

Newton County Saga Winter, 1991: "Camp Crowder Remembered," by Sybil Jobe. Old Mill Run October, 1991: "The Sallee Family History," by Dean Wallace; "Gainesville, MO, and Lick Creek," by S. C. Turnbo; "The Johnson Family of Ozark County," by Linnie Kyle; "Hammond, Missouri," by Dean Wallace; "Patton Kissee, Early Ozarks Settler," by Jana Holt; "How the People Received Their Mail and How Taxes was Collected in the Early Days," by S. C. Turnbo. Our Clay Heritage, Clay County Museum & Historical Society First Quarter, 1992: "North Kansas City, Missouri," by Walter Plourd. Ozar'kin, Ozarks Genealogical Society Winter, 1991: "The Fortification of Springfield," by Hayward Barnett. Ozarks Mountaineer December, 1991: "The Ozarks, Then & Now," by Russell Hively; "They Never Get Stuck, But They Do Like To Eat On the Job," regarding Missouri mules, by Marti Attoun; "The Ozarks: Still In the Telling," regarding Shepherd of the Hills near Branson, by Phyllis Rossiter; "Christmastime In An Ozarks Country Store" in Taber- ville, by Jim Long; "An Ozarks Farm Is Barn Again!" regarding the Joe Patton farm near Mt. Vernon, by Kay Hively; "Life Through the Eyes Of An Ozarks Newcomer— Circa 1878," by Cora Ann Pearson, reprinted; "The Heritage of Strength," of Great Southern Savings and Loan Association, Springfield. Patrol News December, 1991: "Patrol History Trivia," by E. M. Raub. Platte County Missouri Historical & Genealogical Society Bulletin October, November, December, 1991: "First Christian, Platte City, Celebrates its centennial year"; "History of the McEown Family," by Charles McEown. Pop Flies, St. Louis Browns Fan Club October, 1991: Interview with Johnny Berardino, by Erv Fischer. Proteus, A Journal of Ideas, Shippensburg University of Pennsylvania Fall, 1991: "Mozart Opera in the American Heartland a Century Ago: A Look At Performances From St. Louis to Denver in the Nineteenth Century," by Harlan F. Jennings. Ray County Mirror December, 1991: "Recollection of the Lawson Picnics in the Years of 1918-24," by Claude Nance. Reporter Quarterly, Genealogical Society of Central Missouri Fall, 1991: "Alexander Marshall Ellington," by June Stubbs; "William Wingo and Some of His Descendants," by John L. Funk. St Charles Heritage January, 1992: "St. Charles Borromeo Parish Begins Bicentennial Year," reprinted; "The Story of Henry W. Osiek (1859-1941)," by Orville Gerken. St, Louis December, 1991: "Pine Lawn: A Dream Come True?" by Candace O'Connor. February, 1992: "This Old House," the Tappmeyer house, by Mike Frankel. 326 Missouri Historical Review

St. Louis Bar Journal Winter, 1992: "Virginia Minor's Struggle to Vote," by Marshall D. Hier.

St. Louis Commerce December, 1991: "Profile: Federal Judge Jean C. Hamilton, U.S. District Court, Eastern District of Missouri." January, 1992: "Man of the Year," William E. Cornelius; "A St. Louis Success Story," Alvey, Inc.; "Profile: William H. Danforth, M.D., Chancellor, Washington University."

Seeking TV Searching Ancestors February, 1992: "Journal of Reuben Jolliff," submitted by Oliver W. Anderson.

Springfield! Magazine December, 1991: "Top Journalism Teacher's Final Assignment," article about Pearl Archer Arnold, by Bob Glazier; "Growing Up in the 1940s [Part] XXXIII—Downtown Memories," by Steve Widders; "Junior High School Shop Students Stole Show on TV Classroom," in 1954; "Honor Is As [Cecil] Auner Does . . . ," by Sherlu Walpole; "Cavalcade of Homes, Part XXXII—Pipkin-Roper House," by Mabel Carver Taylor; "Christmas in Kansas City," by Branley Allan Branson; "Glad Tidings Assembly [of God Church] Marks 60th Anniversary on West Atlantic," by Glenn Gohr; "The Ozark Jubilee Saga, Part IX," by Reta Spears-Stewart; "The Hackney Family," by Hayward Barnett; "Remembering Pearl Harbor," by Lorraine Humphrey; "Patricia Stewart: Tapping into Her Roots in the Ozarks," by Sherlu Walpole. January, 1992: "Early Classroom Television Here Offered Broadest Diversity"; "Duane Meyer: Teaching Again At the University He Helped to Build," by Christina Eisenhour; "Bob Palmer: Queen City Misses His Restless Brush," by Pat Phillips; "Cavalcade of Homes, Part XXXIII—Howell-Koziel House," by Mabel Carver Taylor; "The Old Family Bible Of Yesteryear Yields Wide Ranging Secrets," by Lloyd Purves; "The Unsinkable Betty Jane Turner (Part I)," by Price Flanagan; "Macedonia Baptist— The Church That Once Bought a Liquor Store," by Elizabeth Stanfill; "The Ozark Jubilee Saga, Part X," by Reta Spears-Stewart. February, 1992: "Springfield Won Its First National TV Honors Early in 1955"; "When's The Next Tornado?" by Robert C. Glazier; "Cavalcade of Homes, Part XXXIV—The Volker-Terry House," by Mabel Carver Taylor; "The Unsinkable Betty Jane Turner (Part II)," by Price Flanagan; "The Ozark Jubilee Saga, Part XI," by Reta Spears-Stewart.

Stone County Historical Society Newsletter January, 1992: "The Spring Creek Mill," by Mary Scott Hair.

United Methodist Reporter, Mid-Missouri Advocate Edition December 27, 1991: "The Lord has labored with New Hope: a history of New Hope United Methodist Church," in Randolph County.

Waterways Journal December 9, 1991: "Not Just Reflections: Steamboat Arabia Finds Are the Real Thing"; "Vagaries of the Missouri River Are Shown," by James V. Swift. January 13, 1992: "Artist Captures Missouri River's Historical Role," article on Gary R. Lucy, by John Shoulberg. January 27, 1992: "The Golden Eagle Club Began 50 Years Ago," by James V. Swift. Historical Notes and Comments 327

The Westerners Brand Book, Chicago Corral of The Westerners Volume XXXXII, No. 2: "Images of [John C] Fremont," by Mary Lee Spence. Whistle Stop Volume 19, Number 4, 1991: "Wisdom to Serve the People Acceptably," article about Harry S. Truman, by Alonzo Hamby. White River Valley Historical Quarterly Fall, 1991: "Electricity and city water came to Cassville 85 years ago," by Emory Melton; "A Sketch of the Many Ups and Downs in Life of Ben T. Stults, As a Boy to a Man, As a Hunter (Part V)," edited by Lynn Morrow and Linda Myers-Phinney; "Lucinda Jane Oliver—James Madison Archer," by Ida Crawford Madison; "The Ozarks as a Sheep Country," by William H. Johnson.

Wants and Hard Times Franklin Missouri Herald, September 25, 1819. Virtue wants more admirers. Wisdom more supplicants. Truth more real friends. Honesty more practitioners. . . . Love, Charity and our Banks, want to be in better credit. . . . Every old Bachelor wants a wife; and every girl of sixteen a husband. . . .

Degrees of Happiness Glasgow Weekly Times, October 26, 1848. If you wish to be happy for a day, get well shaved; if for a week, get invited to a wedding; if for a month, buy a good nag; if for half a year, buy a handsome house; if for a year, marry a handsome wife—but if you would be always gay and cheerful, practice temperance and pay the printer.

How to Enjoy Drinking Water Hannibal Daily True American, June 12, 1856. The way to make water taste better than champaigne [sic] is to eat salt fish about six hours previous to imbibing it.

A Meaty Question Hannibal Daily True American, June 6, 1856. 'Thomas, I have placed the greatest confidence in you. Now tell me, Thomas, how is it my butcher's bills are so remarkably large and yet we have such bad dinners?' 'Really, sir, I don't know, for I'm sure we never have anything nice in the kitchen that we don't send some of it up in the parlor!' 328 Missouri Historical Review IN MEMORIAM G. ANDY RUNGE CLENDENEN, H. LESLIE, Ruston, Louisi­ ana: December 30, 1931-October 19, 1991. G. Andy Runge, Mexico, Missouri, at­ CLINE, HUNTER P., North Kansas City: torney, noted conservationist and sports­ man and curator of the University of December 7, 1904-August 4, 1991. Missouri, died November 23, 1991. Born CLOCK, ERNEST EDWARD, JR., Clinton: on July 31, 1930, to Andrew Clarence and April 30, 1911-October21, 1991. Astrid Glidden Runge in Springfield, he graduated from Cameron High School in DARNELL, MRS. WARD T., Montgomery 1948. He received a bachelor of arts degree City: Died, October 6, 1991. from Central College, Fayette, in 1952 and FRANK, HARRY K., Ballwin: served with the U.S. Army in Korea from January 14, 1909-January 19, 1991. 1952 to 1954. In 1957 he received his law degree from the University of Missouri. INGRAM, MRS. FOREST, Independence: Following graduation, he moved to Mexico July 7, 1912-July 7, 1991. and joined a law firm now known as Seig- freid, Runge, Leonatti, Pohlmeyer, Hagan JACKSON, DAVIS K., Kansas City: & Seigfreid. May 25, 1912-July 17, 1991. Runge was a past president of the Con­ JACKSON, MERLE M., Brentwood: servation Federation of Missouri and January 6, 1908-July24, 1991. served as a member of the Missouri Con­ servation Commission in the 1970s. In KOONTZ, JERRY N., St. Petersburg, Flor­ January 1990 the latter agency named him ida: March 4, 1897-April 14, 1991. a Master Conservationist, an award pre­ MCCALL, JACK, Peoria, Arizona: sented to only thirty-two Missourians since June 26, 1904-September 18, 1991. the establishment of the conservation pro­ gram in 1936. Runge also was active in MCCLURE, RUTH F., Clarence: numerous other wildlife and conservation December 26, 1918-December 20, 1991. organizations. Runge became a member of the board MICHAEL, RICHARD A., Jefferson City: June 24, 1914-December 6, 1990. of curators in August 1989. In addition to his activities at the state level, he was a RITTER, CAROLYN, Belton: past president of the Mexico Area Cham­ September 28, 1923-January 5, 1992. ber of Commerce and the Mexico Jaycees and served on a number of local civic SWAN, VEL MA, San Antonio, Texas: boards. His survivors include his wife, December 4, 1908-May8, 1991. Winifred Yoes Runge, of Mexico; a daugh­ THOMAS, GEORGE W., Columbia: ter, Louesa Schell Fine, Tulsa, Oklahoma; June 13, 1923-April 10, 1991. two sons, Frederic Andrew, of Harlington, Texas, and Russell Glidden, of Jefferson TIMMERMIERE, MRS. M. A., Alton, Illi­ City; and two grandchildren. nois: July 29, 1921-January 10, 1990.

BALDRIDGE, HUGH, Milan: WASHBURN, JOHN LOREN, Versailles: Died, December 29, 1990. June 1, 1910-January5, 1992.

CHILES, LUTIE, Liberty: WOOD, N. RUTH, St. Louis: December 1, 1912-April 15, 1991. September 20, 1903-September 26, 1991.

CLEAR, ROBERT C, Windsor: YANCFY, MINNIE MURRAY, Liberty: October 1, 1914-November 2, 1991. June 21, 1896-December 13, 1991. Historical Notes and Comments 329

GRADUATE THESES RELATING TO MISSOURI HISTORY, 1991

CENTRAL MISSOURI STATE UNIVERSITY, WARRENSBURG MASTER'S THESIS Dohrman, Dean A., "Foreign-Owned Affiliates in Pettis County, Mis­ souri, 1970-89."

UNIVERSITY OF MISSOURI-COLUMBIA MASTER'S THESES Hessler, Anne Elizabeth Dietz, "German Jews in Small Towns in Missouri, 1850-1920." Smith, Stuart Adam, "Houston, Missouri: An Example of a Changing Cultural Landscape in the Rural Missouri Ozarks."

DOCTORAL DISSERTATIONS Jones-Sneed, Frances Maryanne, "The Bottom of Heaven: A Social and Cultural History of African Americans in Three Creeks, Boone County, Missouri." Mitchell, William I., "William Francis English and the Social Studies, 1934-1952." Yelton, Jeffrey K., "Protohistoric Oneota Pottery of the Lower Missouri River Valley: A Functional Perspective."

UNIVERSITY OF MISSOURI-KANSAS CITY MASTER'S THESIS Johnson, Galen, "Policing in Kansas City: Reform, Reorganization and the Crime Fighting Image, 1937-1961."

UNIVERSITY OF MISSOURI-ST. LOUIS MASTER'S THESIS Smith, Douglas, "MVA: The Death of Regional Planning." 330 Missouri Historical Review

BOOK REVIEWS The Enduring Indians of Kansas: A Century and a Half of Accultura­ tion. By Joseph B. Herring (Lawrence: University Press of Kansas, 1990). 236 pp. Illustrations. Notes. Bibliography. Index. $25.00. Most Missourians, perhaps even most Kansans, do not realize that three federal Indian reservations presently lie in Kansas—the Iowa, Sac and Fox reservation in the extreme northeast, in Brown and Doniphan counties; the Kickapoo reservation in Brown County; and the Pota- watomis reservation in Jackson County, north of Topeka. None of the reservations are large; only about 1,750 people live on them. An interesting and significant history appears behind the present reality. Historian Joseph B. Herring deals with that history in The Enduring Indians of Kansas. Starting in the 1830s, the United States government instituted a removal policy, transferring, through treaty, eastern Indian tribes to Indian Territory—that part of the Louisiana Purchase located west of Missouri's western border. Yet in 1854, in order to tie itself to the new American possessions on the west coast, the federal government enacted the Kansas-Nebraska Act, which opened the area to non-Indian settle­ ment. Eventually, the immigrant tribes of Kansas would have to give up their tribal status or move again to a much more restricted Indian Territory—future Oklahoma. Most tribes were removed. Why were a few tribes not removed or assimilated? Herring has answers. In a thorough, scholarly study that relies heavily on federal archival materials, the author discusses the histories of the Vermillion Kickapoo, the Iowa, the Missouri Sac, the Fox and the Prairie Pota- watomis. Elements of those tribes managed to stay on reservations in Kansas. Herring also studies the Chippewas and the Munsees, who lost their reservations but stayed together in cultural communities on allot­ ment lands. Herring thinks the kind of leadership existing within each tribe is a key to explaining why some tribes were either removed from Kansas or lost their tribal identities while a few tribes stayed in Kansas, either on reservations or as cultural groups. In the swirl that included federal policymakers and administrators and a variety of competing mission­ aries, capitalists, mixed-bloods and Indians, Indian leadership dedicated to preserving as much tribal land and culture as possible emerged. To Herring, Kenekuk was the great Kickapoo leader. Although smallpox killed him in 1852, Kenekuk left behind a religion that unified his people and made it difficult for them to be fully assimilated into the Historical Notes and Comments 331 fabric of non-Indian America. Eshtonoquot proved instrumental in providing an ongoing sense of tribe among the Chippewas. Mokohoko was a more valuable leader of the Sacs than either Black Hawk or Keokuk, for his policy, unlike those of the other two men, did not result in death or removal. The author also thinks that Wahquah- boshkuk helped preserve part of the Prairie Potawatomis reservation in Kansas. Interestingly, Herring's view of Wahquahboshkuk contrasts with James A. Clifton's interpretation of the Potawatomis leader in The Prairie People: Continuity and Change in Potawatomis Indian Culture, 1655-1965 (1977). University of Missouri-Rolla Donald B. Oster

J. C. Nichols and the Shaping of Kansas City: Innovation in Planned Residential Communities. By William S. Worley (Columbia: University of Missouri Press, 1990). 324 pp. Illustrations. Bibliography. Footnotes. $29.50. In 1989 Marc A. Weiss alerted historians to the emerging inter­ disciplinary field of real estate history. And he predicted that William S. Worley's forthcoming book on Kansas City's J. C. Nichols Company would be "the best full-length" case study of a private land developer. ("Real Estate History: An Overview and Research Agenda," Business History Review 63 (Summer 1989): 248.) We now have Worley's book. It offers Missouri historians, as well as those in other places who study what Sam Bass Warner has called the "city-building process," a volume that lives up to Weiss's praise. This book began as Worley's Ph.D. dissertation at the University of Kansas. Jesse Clyde Nichols too had Kansas origins (he was born in Olathe in 1880 and graduated from K.U. in 1902), and his life's work helped shape the Kansas City metropolitan area on both sides of the state line. One of Worley's important findings is that Nichols, as he developed his Country Club District's residential neighborhoods, was more a borrower and synthesizer of ideas than an innovator. Behind Nichols lay a rich American tradition of planned religious communities, company towns and residential suburbs, and he remained in close contact with his contemporaries in the development industry. These included George Kessler, who planned Kansas City's park and boulevard system, and William Rockhill Nelson and E. H. Bouton, whose resi­ dential developments in Kansas City and Baltimore, respectively, pro­ vided models for Nichols. Although Nichols grew out of a context, he also displayed unique traits, the elaboration of which make Worley's book interesting and valuable. 332 Missouri Historical Review

The author focuses his research on the years 1908-1930. During this time, Nichols perfected the techniques he used to create and maintain quality housing areas for the affluent in southwest Jackson County, Missouri, and northeast Johnson County, Kansas, and built his carefully planned commercial developments, including the Country Club Plaza shopping center. Worley has much less to say about the depression years, when the Nichols Company survived mainly on rents paid by Plaza merchants, or the 1940s. And he barely sketches the firm's history after its founder's death in 1950. The dominant theme of Nichols's career was control—the use of devices such as restrictive covenants, homeowners' associations and company-sponsored community events to insure that property values remained high long after neighborhoods became settled. Controlling property values by excluding blacks (and in the early years, Jews), requiring high-priced homes, and providing landscape design and beautification built stable communities and prevented the deterioration that had undermined earlier elite neighborhoods like Quality Hill. That the Country Club District remains Kansas City's prestige residential neighborhood today testifies to Nichols's success in "planning for permanence." While Nichols borrowed many of these practices, his original contribution to the modern American city, Worley argues convincingly, was the Plaza and his other retail centers. Before 1920, when he began preparations for the Plaza, Nichols alone thought of retail outlets crafted to serve an auto-mobile public. The Plaza may be the best living reminder that, although Kansas City's better neighborhoods might have developed where they did had Nichols never lived, the exact neighbor­ hoods that did develop bear his unique stamp. Readers will be interested in Worley's response to charges that Nichols was a key perpetuator of the racial and class divisions that plague American cities today and his discussion of the developer's relationship with the Pendergast machine. (See especially chapter 10.) Many readers will find the book's strengths to include Worley's use of an impressive variety of primary and secondary sources, his fine selec­ tion of photographs and a helpful chronology. They may agree with this reviewer that Worley's writing style appears awkward and tedious at times, and that more and better maps would enhance the book's value. In the final analysis, though, Worley has made a lasting contri­ bution to the history of Missouri's western metropolis. Stephens College Alan R. Havig Historical Notes and Comments 333

Charles H. Jones, Journalist and Politician of the Gilded Age. By Thomas Graham (Tallahassee: Florida A & M University Press, 1990). 207 pp. Illustrations. Notes. Bibliography. Index. $24.95. Charles H. Jones's career in Florida, New York and St. Louis has been slighted by the major journalism historians, including Frank Luther Mott, Edwin and Michael Emery and others. Thomas Graham, of Flagler College, has published an informative account of Jones's activities, starting with his early years in his native Georgia, where he became known as a "bookworm." Putnam's magazine in New York first published Jones's writings. At age twenty-one, he became editor of Eclectic magazine, which, according to Mott, printed "the cream of foreign periodical literature." Jones's early city experiences proved neither professionally successful nor good for his health, so he turned southward to Florida where, in 1881, he established the Jacksonville Daily News. He was successful, providing readers with more local news and features. He also acquired an interest in the Democratic party, a love that directed his editorials for years to come. Jones played a major role in promoting tourism in Florida, then in its infancy. Graham feels this contribution ranks higher than Jones's role in the Democratic party there. Jones earned a reputation "as an aggressive young businessman-editor, attuned to the changing needs of the newspaper industry." Jones deserves historical recognition in the organization of press associations, especially the National Editorial Association, which he served as president in 1886, and the American Newspaper Publishers Association (ANPA). While attending an ANPA convention in New York in 1888, he met Charles W. Knapp, business manager of the St. Louis Missouri Republican. Knapp offered Jones the editorship of his paper. The primary opposition, the Globe-Democrat, labeled Jones "a Yankee tramp recently imported into the city from Florida." Soon Jones began "rattling their [the opposition paper's] dry bones," and they joined "the chorus against" him. Jones's role in Missouri's political history primarily concerns his relationship with Governor David Francis. Friends at first, they eventually parted. On the national scene, Jones became a friend of Grover Cleveland, William Jennings Bryan and others. St. Louis busi­ ness leaders, however, did not agree with Jones and the silver issue that Bryan supported, and Jones's editorship of the renamed Republic ended. By 1895 he had been named editor of the Post-Dispatch, after meeting its owner, Joseph Pulitzer, in New York. Jones did not have a 334 Missouri Historical Review happy return. The Post-Dispatch staff was not excited about his role, nor were the merchants happy to have him back. After a boycott and other problems, Jones "retired," not yet fifty. He never lost his interest in the press, often thinking of buying a paper. He and his wife spent his closing years traveling in Europe. In Florida, Jones had expressed his goal to "sway the minds of the public and to influence the action of important public figures." Years later, he said: "I like to have influence in and upon politics. But I believe in exercising it as an editor and not as a politician." Graham has filled in many gaps in Missouri's newspaper and political history through this well-documented biography of Charles H. Jones. Graham believes that Jones deserves a place "among the inno­ vative editors of the formative period in modern American journalism" and supports his contention with facts. One might feel that Jones's contributions during this era became "lost" or overshadowed in the time when Hearst and Pulitzer dominated the newspaper world. University of Missouri-Columbia William H. Taft

The Road to Disunion, Volume I, Secessionists at Bay, 1776-1854. By William W. Freehling (New York: Oxford University Press, 1990). 640 pp. Illustrations. Notes. Index. $30.00. The key premise of William W. Freehling's The Road to Disunion is that in the antebellum South "change was omnipresent, varieties abounded, visions multiplied." There is nothing of a monolithic Old South here; instead, "Southerners constantly acted on their knowledge that their world was not set in stone, that many destinies beckoned, that clashes of sections and classes, of ossified cultures and raw frontiers divided South as well as nation." In this study of the coming of the Civil War, Freehling explains how these clashes, and especially the struggle between the South's twin ideologies of slaveholding despotism and egalitarian democracy, "intriguingly intermeshed to shape not just a politics but a world" (p. vii-ix). The world that this interplay created was, of course, not the one that all southerners wanted, and The Road to Disunion shows how the most despotic slaveholders tried to establish and perpetuate a society more amenable to their interests. These extremists, however, always remained in the minority, and what worried them more than anything else was the possibility that the rest of the South (or "the other Souths," to continue the theme of southern diversity) might not fully protect their peculiar institution against all threats. These extremists tried to consolidate their power in the South, but they failed time and time Historical Notes and Comments 335 again. When Abraham Lincoln was elected president in 1860, they made "a last gamble" (p. viii) and finally won. The book under review takes the story only to the mid-1850s. A second volume, to be published later, will trace the last half-dozen years of the conflict, to the secessionists' triumph in 1860 and 1861. As indicated in its subtitle, this first volume {Secessionists at Bay, 1776- 1854) ends with the southern extremists still far from victory in their struggle to determine the nature of the South's future. Freehling covers all the familiar events of the coming of the Civil War: the beginnings of emancipation in the northern states after the Revolutionary War, the Missouri Compromise, Nat Turner's Rebellion, the debates in the Virginia legislature in 1830-1831, the Nullification Crisis, the Wilmot Proviso, Texas annexation, the Nashville Convention, the Compromise of 1850, the Kansas-Nebraska Act, and so on, including what is perhaps the most detailed account to date of the infamous "Gag Rule." He also includes a number of things other accounts leave out, from an evalua­ tion of Thomas Jefferson's views on the "Conditional Termination" of slavery to discussions of southern family life, furniture design, architec­ ture, painting and more. The Road to Disunion is highly interpretive, but it is far from being unreadably analytical. Freehling felicitously pulls together ele­ ments of political, economic and social history to support his discussion of the southern conflicts that led to the secession crisis, and in the process he paints a picture of the antebellum South rich in detail and diversity. In short, there is more of the South in this book than in the dozen that will sit beside it on library shelves. The Road to Disunion is history at its best. Southwest Missouri State University David B. Parker

On Kissing Babies Weekly Chillicothe Crisis, September 26, 1878. Maternal pride is a beautiful thing at a distance, but close at hand it is narrow, aggressive and sometimes appalling. If it would exhaust itself in the eloquent patois of the nursery—that marvelous pigeon dialect that obfuscates the infant mind. . .—nobody could complain. But the homage which young mothers pay their offspring does not in their minds constitute a complete discharge of necessary obligations. What they so passionately give themselves they think should be exacted of others. ... As a consequence baby-kissing invitations have become much more customary than is agree­ able to at least the average masculine mind. Unfortunately, a baby when put by its maternal parent under a man's nose to be kissed cannot be refused, like a proffered piece of roast pig or a section of tripe. 336 Missouri Historical Review BOOK NOTES St. Mary's Parish History, St. Joseph, Missouri: 100 Years of Faith, 1891-1991. By St. Mary's Parish Centennial Committee (n.p., 1991). 91 pp. Illustrations. Index. $10.00, paper, plus $1.50 for shipping. Using church records, correspondence and parishioners' personal reminiscences, the centennial committee has produced an interesting history of their northern St. Joseph parish. Excerpts from these records and reminiscences have been included with the narrative. The volume contains information on the church, the parish school, church organiza­ tions and pastors and women religious who have served the parish. The book can be ordered from St. Mary's Church, 1606 North 2nd Street, St. Joseph, Missouri 64505.

Pictures - Stories - History of Pulaski County Rural Schools. By Pulaski County Historical Society (n.p., 1990). 201 pp. Illustrations. Maps. $20.00, paper, plus $2.50 for shipping. In this spiral-bound volume, the Pulaski County Historical Society has compiled information on over one hundred rural schools located in the county. The entries are arranged alphabetically by school name and include data on location, school board members, teachers and students. Photographs of the building or students accompany each article. The depth of information about each school varies, depending on the sources available to the compilers. The book can be ordered from the Pulaski County Historical Society, P.O. Box 10, Waynesville, Missouri 65583.

On the Santa Fe Trail in 1857. By W. B. Napton (1905; reprint, Friends of Arrow Rock, Inc., 1991). 99 pp. Illustrations. $5.00, paper, plus $1.00 for postage. At age eighteen, William B. Napton, Jr., a native of Saline County, accompanied a train of twenty-six wagons led by "Jim Crow" Chiles over the Santa Fe Trail. Around 1901 Napton wrote a reminiscence about this trip and one he took up the Missouri River to Fort Benton in 1858. These memoirs, with a foreword by Jean Tyree Hamilton that briefly summarizes Napton's life and discusses the Santa Fe trade in 1857, are interesting first-person accounts of frontier travel. This volume is available from the Friends of Arrow Rock, P.O. Box 124, Arrow Rock, Missouri 65320. Historical Notes and Comments 337

Gentle Monarch: The Presidency of Israel A. Smith. By Norma Derry Hiles (Independence, Mo.: Herald Publishing House, 1991). 198 pp. Illustrations. Notes. $14.00, paper. This volume is the third in a series of administrative biographies of presidents of the Reorganized Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints (RLDS). Israel A. Smith, the son of Joseph Smith III, held the presidency of the RLDS Church from 1946 to 1958. In this biography, based extensively on primary sources and oral interviews with Smith's family, friends and colleagues, Hiles traces her subject's early years, his sometimes strained relations with his father and his older brother, Frederick M., (both of whom preceded him as president) and his relationship with the church before and during his presidency. The book can be ordered from Herald House, P.O. Box HH, 3225 South Noland Road, Independence, Missouri 64055.

"They Left a Legacy," Historical Stories of Miller County, Missouri. By Peggy Smith Hake (n.p., 1991). 197 pp. Illustrations. Maps. Index. $13.50, paper. This volume is a compilation of local history articles that Hake has written for newspapers and periodicals since 1975. The pieces focus on county residents, towns and villages and historical sites and events. An index of personal and family names mentioned in the volume is included. Interested persons can order this book from Peggy Smith Hake, Route 1, Box 52, St. Elizabeth, Missouri 65075.

Agricultural Technology in the Twentieth Century. By R. Douglas Hurt (Manhattan, Kan.: Sunflower University Press, 1991). 106 pp. Illustra­ tions. Notes. Suggested readings. Index. $15.00, paper. In this well-illustrated book, R. Douglas Hurt chronicles the "major technological changes in Western American agriculture" during this century. With the exception of the epilogue, the material first appeared in the April 1991 issue of the Journal of the West. The author focuses on the development of tractors, cotton pickers, combines, irrigation technology and sugar beet and tomato harvesters. Persons new to agricultural history as well as those especially interested in agricultural technology will be pleased that Sunflower University Press reprinted Hurt's study. The volume can be ordered from Sunflower University Press, 1531 Yuma (Box 1009), Manhattan, Kansas 66502- 4228. 338 Missouri Historical Review

Vintage Missouri: A Guide to Missouri Wineries. By Robert F. Scheef (St. Louis: The Patrice Press, 1991). 161 pp. Maps. Illustrations. $8.95, paper. In this guidebook to Missouri wineries, Robert F. Scheef aims to alert readers to the renaissance of wine making that has occurred in the state during the past fifteen years. Although the major portion of the volume describes over thirty wineries located in seven regions around Missouri, the author also devotes significant space to recounting the history of wine making in the state and to describing the wine-making process, the types of wines produced and the varieties of grapes grown. In the entries about each winery, Scheef has included a history of the business and information about the wines produced. This paperback is available in bookstores.

How Did It Get So Small? A Missouri Boyhood, 1910-1928. By James Emmett Murphy (Helena, Mont.: American and World Geographic Publishing, 1991). 126 pp. Illustrations. $9.95, paper, plus $2.00 for postage. In recalling his childhood in Laredo, a small Grundy County, Missouri, town, James Emmett Murphy depicts an idyllic time in rural America. His stories and recollections include descriptions of the town and the people and portray events through a child's eyes. Looking back after sixty years, Murphy realizes that the time may not have been as simple and good as he remembers it; at the same time, he clearly recalls his childhood Camelot (as he names it) with fondness. His tales will evoke comparable memories for readers who grew up in small towns. This book can be ordered from Sylvia Murphy, P.O. Box 759, Kalispell, Montana 59901.

There's a Point to It City of Jefferson Jeffersonian Republican, February 8, 1834. A sportsman, by touching his horse near the withers with his whip, taught him to kneel immediately. When shooting, and the dog came to a point, he made the horse kneel, and persuaded those present that the horse was an excellent pointer. A gentleman having purchased the gelding, was fording the river with him when, having touched his withers, he was true to the touch—down he dropped in the stream, and soused his new master in the water. The latter, in a great passion, asked the former owner what he meant by selling him a horse that played such a trick in the water?—O! said the other, you bought him as a pointer, and at the same time he went on his knees he was pointing at a salmon. Historical Notes and Comments 339

STATE HISTORICAL SOCIETY

MEMBERSHIPS AND GIFTS

Memberships in the State Historical Society of Missouri are available in the following categories:

Individual Annual Membership $10.00 Contributing Annual Membership $25.00 Supporting Annual Membership $50.00 Sustaining Annual Membership $100.00 to $499.00 Patron Annual Membership $500.00 or more Life Membership $250.00

Each category of membership is tax deductible. Memberships help the State Historical Society preserve and disseminate the history of Missouri. The Missouri Historical Review is included as a membership benefit of the Society.

Gifts of cash and property to the Society are deductible for federal income, estate and gift tax purposes. Inquiries concern­ ing memberships, gifts or bequests to the Society should be addressed to:

James W. Goodrich, Executive Director The State Historical Society of Missouri 1020 Lowry Street Columbia, Missouri 65201 Phone (314) 882-7083 340 Missouri Historical Review

SOCIETY PUBLICATIONS Thomas Hart Benton: Artist, Writer and Intellectual, edited by R. Douglas Hurt and Mary K. Dains and published by the State Historical Society in 1989, contains eight essays by noted authorities on the famous twentieth-century Mis­ souri artist. The writers provide a fresh evaluation of the life and work of the most controversial and important Regional- ist in the history of American art. This handsomely produced book of 244 pages includes 84 illustrations, a bibliography and an index. It will be an important addition to American art collections in all academic and public libraries. The price of this softback book is $22.95 postpaid.

Historic Missouri: A Pictorial Narrative, the second edition of the popular history of Missouri, contains more than three hundred illustrations, with eight pictures in full color. The book traces the story of Missouri's past from the prehistoric period to the late twentieth century. This 1988 softback book sells for $11.45 postpaid.

My Road to Emeritus, by Elmer Ellis, presents an auto­ biographical account of the University of Missouri president who held office from 1954 to 1966. Upon his retirement as president, Ellis reflected upon and wrote about his life and career. The book that resulted is educational and stimulating, and also enjoyable reading for anyone who knew Ellis as a scholar, teacher, administrator or friend. The hardback book of 256 pages sells for $19.95 postpaid.

To order one or more of these volumes, send check or money order to:

The State Historical Society of Missouri 1020 Lowry Columbia, Missouri 65201 Missouri State Historic Preservation Office NATIONAL REGISTER SITES LAURA INGALLS WILDER HOUSE In August 1894, Almanzo and Laura Wilder and their daughter, Rose, arrived in Mansfield, Missouri, following a six-week journey with team and wagon from their former home in De Smet, South Dakota. Shortly after their arrival, they purchased forty acres of land one mile east of town. They named their holdings Rocky Ridge Farm and set about turning the rocky, hilly ground into a thriving livestock, poultry and fruit farm, which eventually totalled two hundred acres. Today, much of the land has been sold, but the house continues to attract visitors familiar with the nineteenth-century frontier adventures described by Laura Ingalls Wilder in her eight Little House books. Built between 1895 and 1912, the white frame house was constructed almost entirely of materials found on the Wilders' farm. Fieldstone formed the parlor fireplace and chimney; oak timber provided the raw materials for boards, beams and paneling. Mr. Wilder did much of the construction, and the structure grew gradually from the one room built in 1895 to ten rooms—six rooms and a bath on the first floor and three rooms and a hall on the second level. Following Mrs. Wilder's death in 1957, her daughter, journalist and author Rose Wilder Lane, gave the house and many family possessions to the Laura Ingalls Wilder Home Association. They have kept the interior decorated as it was at Mrs. Wilder's death. In 1970, because of its long connection with the noted children's author, the house was placed on the National Register of Historic Places. Laura Ingalls Wilder, the daughter of Charles and Caroline Quiner Ingalls, was born on February 7, 1867, near Pepin, Wisconsin. Her parents moved frequently on the frontier throughout her childhood. Mrs. Wilder later chronicled these years in her stories. In August 1885 Laura married Almanzo Wilder, a De Smet-area homesteader, and their daughter was born in December 1886. Following a series of disasters, including the death of a newborn son, disease, fires and drought conditions, the Wilders decided to move to southern Missouri—"the land of the big red apple," as promoted by area railroads. When the Wilders moved to the Mansfield area, they found a relatively new village. Francis M. Mansfield, a Hartville attorney, and George Nettleton, a Kansas City railroad surveyor, purchased the town site in 1881, and a post office was established the same year. The town's Kansas City, Fort Scott and Gulf Railroad office opened the next year. Due in part to its location on the railroad, Mansfield became the fastest growing town in Wright County during the 1890s. Mrs. Wilder's writings first appeared extensively in the Missouri Ruralist. She also contributed articles on rural life to other regional publications. In addition to her farm duties and writing, she served as secretary-treasurer of the Mansfield Farm Loan Association, helped organize farm women's clubs and promoted the establishment of county libraries. In 1932, at Rose's suggestion, Mrs. Wilder wrote down some of the tales she had told her daughter about her own childhood. The resulting book, Little House in the Big Woods, appeared later the same year. The remainder of the series was published between 1933 and 1943. Almanzo and Laura Wilder remained in their home near Mansfield until their respective deaths on October 23, 1949, and February 10, 1957. The Wilder house and an adjacent museum building are open to the public between April 1 and November 15. The hours are 10:00 A.M.-4:00 P.M., Monday-Saturday, and 1:30-4:00 P.M., Sunday.