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Jazyková Analýza Slovní Zásoby Z Oblasti Mykologie

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Jazyková Analýza Slovní Zásoby Z Oblasti Mykologie MASARYKOVA UNIVERZITA FILOZOFICKÁ FAKULTA ÚSTAV SLAVISTIKY RUSKÝ JAZYK A LITERATURA ŠÁRKA BERANOVÁ JAZYKOVÁ ANALÝZA SLOVNÍ ZÁSOBY Z OBLASTI MYKOLOGIE BAKALÁŘSKÁ DIPLOMOVÁ PRÁCE VEDOUCÍ PRÁCE: Mgr. OLGA BERGER 2017 Prohlašuji, že jsem tuto diplomovou práci vypracovala samostatně s využitím uvedených pramenů a literatury. Podpis autora práce 2 Na tomto místě bych chtěla poděkovat vedoucí práce Mgr. Olze Berger za její cenné rady, trpělivost, ochotu a vstřícný přístup při zpracování této bakalářské práce. 3 Obsah Úvod ........................................................................................................................................... 6 Teoretická část .......................................................................................................................... 7 1 Charakteristika říše hub .................................................................................................. 8 1.1 Mykologie jako vědecká disciplína ............................................................................. 8 1.2 Stavba těla .................................................................................................................... 8 1.3 Stručná historie mykologie .......................................................................................... 9 1.4 Systém hub ................................................................................................................ 12 2 Odborná terminologie .................................................................................................... 16 2.1 Binominální nomenklatura ........................................................................................ 16 2.2 Motivovanost názvů .................................................................................................. 17 3 Komparativní analýza .................................................................................................... 18 Praktická část ......................................................................................................................... 20 4 Klasifikace jazykového materiálu z hlediska tematického .......................................... 21 4.1 Houby jedlé ................................................................................................................ 22 4.1.1 Houby jedlé za určitých podmínek ..................................................................... 26 4.2 Houby nejedlé ............................................................................................................ 29 4.2.1 Houby halucinogenní ......................................................................................... 31 4.2.2 Houby jedovaté .................................................................................................. 32 4.3 Ruské názvy bez českého ekvivalentu ....................................................................... 34 4.4 Jednoslovná pojmenování .......................................................................................... 35 4.5 Víceslovná pojmenování ........................................................................................... 35 5 Analýza jazykového materiálu z hlediska principu nominace ................................... 37 5.1 Nejčastější názvy ....................................................................................................... 38 5.2 Názvy odvozené od zabarvení ................................................................................... 40 5.3 Názvy odvozené od místa růstu ................................................................................. 43 5.4 Názvy odvozené od doby růstu ................................................................................. 45 5.5 Názvy odvozené od antroponym ............................................................................... 46 6 Analýza jazykového materiálu z hlediska provenienčního ......................................... 47 6.1 Názvy slovanského původu ....................................................................................... 48 6.1.1 Z polštiny ............................................................................................................ 49 6.1.2 Z ruštiny ............................................................................................................. 49 6.2 Názvy přejaté ............................................................................................................. 50 6.2.1 Z latiny ............................................................................................................... 50 4 6.2.2 Kalk z vědeckého názvu ..................................................................................... 52 6.2.3 Z francouzštiny ................................................................................................... 52 6.2.4 Z němčiny ........................................................................................................... 52 6.2.5 Z holandštiny ...................................................................................................... 52 6.2.6 Z turko-tatarštiny ................................................................................................ 53 6.2.7 Z japonštiny ........................................................................................................ 53 Závěr ........................................................................................................................................ 54 Резюме..................................................................................................................................... 56 Seznam použité literatury ...................................................................................................... 59 Rusko-český slovníček ............................................................................................................ 61 5 Úvod Tato bakalářská práce s názvem „Jazyková analýza slovní zásoby z oblasti mykologie“ se zabývá rozborem názvosloví používaném v tomto oboru biologie. Z jazykového hlediska není tato oblast příliš prozkoumána, proto jsme se o to v této práci alespoň částečně pokusili. Obsáhnout však celou slovní zásobu této oblasti by přes obrovské množství nebylo možné. Z tohoto důvodu jsme se zaměřili na vybrané nomenklaturní názvy ruských a českých hub a jejich analýzu. Žádný specializovaný rusko-český slovník nebo atlas hub neexistuje, ruské jednotky jsme excerpovali z knihy Грибы (Федоров, 1983) a dále z internetových zdrojů wikigrib.ru, ya-gribnik.ru a mushrooms.academic.ru. České názvy jsme shromažďovali z knihy Houby (Svrček, Vančura, 1988) a internetových stránek houby.naturfoto.cz. Ekvivalenci mezi názvy jsme si ověřovali pomocí vyhledávání přes jejich latinské názvy. Práce je rozdělena na dvě části – teoretickou a praktickou. V první části se věnujeme mykologii jako vědecké disciplíně, její historii a systému, vymezení odborné terminologie a teorii komparativní analýzy. Cílem teoretické části je nastínit problematiku, které se budeme věnovat v oddílu praktickém. Druhou částí je část praktická, kde se zabýváme samotnou analýzou nashromážděného materiálu. V první kapitole jsme materiál rozdělili z hlediska tematického, druhá kapitola je věnována rozboru názvů z hlediska principu nominace, ve třetí kapitole jsme materiál analyzovali z hlediska provenienčního (tj. z hlediska původu slov). Na konci práce se nachází závěr, ruskojazyčné resumé, rusko-český slovníček použitých nomenklaturních názvů a seznam použité literatury a internetových zdrojů. 6 Teoretická část 7 1 Charakteristika říše hub 1.1 Mykologie jako vědecká disciplína Mykologie (z řeckého mýkés – houba a logos – věda, nauka) je vědecká disciplína zabývající se houbovými organismy. I přes prokázání samostatnosti hub v systému ve vztahu k rostlinám, je mykologie i nadále považována za podobor botaniky, neboť sdílí některé metodické postupy. Věda o houbách zahrnuje řadu specializací podle zaměření zkoumání, jako jsou genetika, biochemie, taxonomie, fytopatologie, biotechnologie atd. Houby, navzdory obrovskému významu v přírodě, jsou prozkoumány mnohem méně než rostliny nebo živočichové. Biodiverzita hub je málo známá a odhadovaný počet přesahuje milion, vědecky je popsáno asi jen sto tisíc druhů houbových organismů. Mezi houby patří nejen kloboukaté druhy jako mochomůrky či hřiby, ale i řada dalších barevně a tvarově variabilních organismů (plísně, kvasinky, lišejníky). V současnosti se na naší planetě uznávají tři skupiny, tzv. domény nebo impéria, rozdělení živých organismů: archebakterie (Archea), eubakterie (Eubacteria) a eukaryota (Eukarya). Houby (Fungi) patří mezi eukaryotické organismy společně s rostlinami a živočichy. 1 1.2 Stavba těla Anatomie hub je veskrze jednoduchá – jsou zbaveny zeleného barviva, neobsahují chlorofyl, nemohou získávat oxid uhličitý ze vzduchu a jsou považovány za organické látky nacházející se v půdě nebo jiném substrátu. Houby osidlují nejrůznější prostředí, jak suchozemská, tak i vodní. Houby mohou vystupovat jako symbionti (mykorhizní druhy žijící symbioticky na kořenech vyšších rostlin), rozkladači (hniložijné houby na odumřelém dřevě nebo na potravinách) či parazité (cizopasné houby působící škody na rostlinách, živočiších i člověku tím, že vyvolávají různá onemocnění). Jejich role je však v přírodě nezastupitelná díky 1 KOUT, J. Vybrané kapitoly z mykologie. Plzeň: Západočeská univerzita, Ústav celoživotního vzdělávání, 2014, s. 8. 8 rozkladným vlastnostem. Jsou to celosvětově rozšířené organismy, které ale často nejsme schopni vidět pouhým
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