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Subgenus Copelandia (Bres.) Panaeolus Westii (Murrill) Murrill, Lloydia 5: 157 (1942)

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Subgenus Copelandia (Bres.) Panaeolus Westii (Murrill) Murrill, Lloydia 5: 157 (1942) 32 sufficient for the same drawing. This is evident when Panaeolus bubalorum Pat, J. Bot. 11: 339 (1897) -2 comparing the two images, and obviously encourages the syntypes: North Vietnam, Tonkin, Vo Xa, 26.11.1890, Synonymity of their names. Patouillard 4539, 4561 (FH). Fortunately there exists almost all Named type material. It Copelandia papilionacea ( "Bull") Bres., (Non Fr 1821, is a perfect assignment. OLA'H has, as I was able to remove 1838), Hedwigia 53: 51 (1913) - Holotypus: Philippines, his note to the type of P. bolombensis Beeli belonging Davao, Mindanao, fimo equino, Copeland 344 (¬ ver original drawing of Madame GOOSSENS FONTANA-in the schollen). hands and had a "Panaeolus phalaenarum (Fr.) Quél." Campanularius anomalus Murrill, Mycologia 10: 32 (1918) - Fehlbestimmt. He has in his Work (OLA'H 1969) not Holotypus: Jamaica, 12.-14.1.1909, Murrill & Harris 1082 distinguished phalaenarum and antillarum. BEELI (1928) (NY). with 12 x 8-9 μm the spores are too small. I could on the Panaeolus anomalus (Murrill) Sacc. & Trotter, Syll. Fung. type with dimensions 14-18 x 10-11 x 8,5-9,5 μm determine 23, P. 323 (1925). that to Panaeolus antillarum it is very good fit. Campanularius westii Murrill, Lloydia 5: 154 (1942)- Holotypus: Florida, Sugar Foot Hammock near Gainesville, West sn, 30.6.1938 (FLAS 17377). Subgenus Copelandia (Bres.) Panaeolus westii (Murrill) Murrill, Lloydia 5: 157 (1942). Ew.Gerhardt, stat.nov. Copelandia westii (Murrill) Singer, Mycologia 36: 552 (1944). Other investigated material: See index. Basionym: Genus Copelandia Bres. That Hedwigia 53: 51 (1913). German names: Type: Agaricus papilionaceus "Bull" sensu Bres. (= Blauender Düngerling, Falter-Düngerling. Agaricus cyanescens Berk. & Broome). Synonym: Figure: 11-16, 77 b. Panaeolus subgen. Copelandia (Bres.) Guzmán, comb, inval. In Guzmán Pérez & Patraca, Bol. Soc. Mex. Micol. 6: 22 Reference Images: (1972) (see discussion on the sub-species Anellaria). BRESADOLA (1928-33): 897 Tf "cea Copelandia papilionacea"; MICHAEL SC & KREISEL HENNIG Description: (1985): No 274th Comparatively thin fleshed fruit bodies, pigmented dirty white or grey to grey-brownish often bluish to bluish-green Description: when injured (caused by Psilocin content); Cap skin not Cap 1-4 cm wide, thin fleshy, hemispheric, convex or viscid, and all species without Partial Veil; Hymenium bell-shaped; Pileus skin dry; coloring dirty white, yellow, always with thick-walled Pseudocystidia (Metuloids), pale gray-whitish or beige and even gray-brownish, a bit Crystals are often excreted at the apex; Sulphidia hygrophanous, usually turning bluish or greenish blue when (Chrysocystidia) missing. injured. Gills grey to black, brindled, with white edge, broad (4) Panaeolus cyanescens (Berk. & Broome) Sacc. In Syll. Fung. 5, P. 1123 (1887). adnated to the stem. Stem about 1-3 mm thick, colored like the pileus, hollow, Basionym: Agaricus cyanescens Berk. & Broome, Journ. brittle. Linn. Soc. 11: 557 (1871). Spores 12-15 x 6,5-8 x 8-11 μm (in the presence of 2- Lectotypus (design. mihi): Sri Lanka (Ceylon), Pera-deniya, spored Basidia: spores up to 17 long), smooth, opaque, Berkeley 746, Sept. - Nov. 1868, pp (Right copy) (K). clearly prolate, in wide view seeming angular, Germ pore Synonyms: sitting straight. Copelandia cyanescens (Berk. & Broome) Singer, Lilloa 22: Cheilocystidia colorless, approximately 25-35 μm long; 473 (1951). Metuloids with a moderately thick, brownish yellow wall Copelandia cyanescens (Berk. & Broome) Boedijn, Sydowia (Fig. 3 h), and often with clear granulation, shape ventricose 5: 222 (1951). slim, about 30-50 μm long. Basidia usually 4-spored, sometimes also with mixed with 2-spored, about 20-25 μm long. Clamps are often present, but scarce and not always clear. Location: On manured soil (cow, buffalo, elephant), in valleys and fields. Fig. 11: Panaeolus cyanescens, Austria, Killermann 9.1933 (M): a: Spores, b: Cheilocystidium, c: Metuloids. Distribution: Bermuda Islands, British Honduras, Hawaii, Jamaica, Frequently in the tropics and subtropics, in temperate Small Antilles, Colombia, Mexico, Puerto Rico, United zones adventitious (GERHARDT 1987) and rare. Europe: States, Venezuela; Asia: India, Indonesia, Sri Lanka Austria, Switzerland, France; Africa: Zaire; America: (Ceylon), Thailand, Vietnam, Australia: Queensland. 34 Fig. 12: Panaeolus cyanescens, Zaire, Goossens-Fontana 5586 (BR): a: Spores, b: Cheilocystidia, c: Metuloids, d: Basidium. 35 Classification: are wall thickness and color of the Metuloids. Under Panaeolus cyanescens is the most common type in the concurrent involvement of spores size and number of subgenus Copelandia. It differs externally by its pale sterigmata at the Basidia (usually there are 4) the fungus can coloration. Due to this fact the bluing of the fruitbodies be well defined. In tropicalis the wall is strikingly thicker notably stands out. Microscopically, very important and with cambodginiensis characteristics Fig. 13: Panaeolus cyanescens, India, Natarajan (MUBL 2570): a: Spores, b: Metuloids, c: Basidium. 36 Fig. 14: Panaeolus cyanescens, Thailand, Allen (B): a: Spores, b: Cheilocystidia, c: Metuloids, d: Basidia. 37 the Metuloids are particularly pale and thin-walled. P. bisporus Discussion: is characterized by constant 2-spored Basidia, at spore The deposited samples of P. cyanescens consists of 2 dimensions, according to those with 4-spored Basidia of dried samples, pasted up side by side. Only the right cyanescens. P. chlorocystis is sufficiently differentiated through specimen is the Lectotype because it shows the typical green spiky Metuloids, 2-spored Basidia and smaller spores. thick-walled Metuloids, length up to 50 μm (!). The spores measure 12-14 x 9-10,5 x 7-8 μm, Fig. 15: Panaeolus cyanescens, Queensland, Young (B): a: Spores, b: Cheilocystidia, c: Metuloids, d: Basidia. 38 Basidia 4-spored. The left dried mushroom is missing accurate picture of his mushroom. The Panaeolus Metuloids, while the Spore dimensions are almost ("Agaric papillonace") shown in this table is a kind identical. But I found Sulphidia on the surfaces of the gills. without Metuloids and therefore not identical with those Therefore the left fungus is Panaeolus rubricaulis, later which BRESADOLA meant. In any case, BRESADOLA described by PETCH (1925) from Sri Lanka. misread BULLIARDS table. Therefore the name BRESADOLA (1913) has underlied the name Agaricus Papilionaceus Bull. cannot be applied to BRESADOLAS papilionaceus in the summary of the genus Copelandia fungus. Bull, but examined material from the Philippines collected For a long time there was only one kind with Metuloids by COPELAND (COPELAND 344). known, namely Panaeolus cyanescens (Berk. & Broome) This material can’t be found anymore. Only later, Sacc. It is also by far the most common, among others in BRESADOLA (1931), quotes BULLIARDS Tf 561, fig. 2 this group, characterized by a predominantly pale cap. M, N as an Since the mushrooms in BULLIARD’s tables also offer light caps, Fig. 16: Panaeolus cyanescens, Syntypus of P. bubalorum, North Vietnam, Patouillard 4539, (FH): a: Spores, b: Metuloids. 39 Fig. 17: Panaeolus affinis, Holotypus, New Guinea Horak (ZT 72/121): a: Spores, b: Cheilocystidia, c: Metuloids, d: Basidia. 40 it is fairly certain that exactly this kind is what BRESADOLA said. fruitbody do justify a dispartment as the sole criterion. SINGER, in WEEKS et. al. (1979), however expresses Currently the type of westii is in a very bad condition: The contrary to the previous view, that P. westii has to be cap of the only preserved copy has eroded to dust, so that separated from cyanescens. Gathered from the only some cohesive stem material is left. Nevertheless, identification key according to SINGERS view, missing clamps in the Fig. 18: Panaeolus affinis, New Guinea, Horak (ZT 71/340): a: Spores, b: Cheilocystidia, c: Metuloids, d: Basidia. 41 I was able to find the typical Metuloids (dimensions Distribution: approximately 47-55 x 13-19 μm), 4-spored Basidia and Only known from New Guinea (Asia) so far. spores analogous to the dimensions of cyanescens (11-14 x 8-11 x 6,5-7 μm) in this mushroom dust. At the cap hyphae Classification: the clamps were clearly visible, although very sporadic and This type differs from P. cyanescens mainly by its smaller indistinct. The complete absence of clamps can’t be judged spores. P. lentisporus is very similar, but can be separated by on such a sparse amount of material. I don’t think it is spores more flattened in proportion to their length and enough argument to recognize the two types only by this broader spores which have an extremely squarrosing Germ feature anyway. pore. (5) Panaeolus affinis (E. Horak) Ew.Gerhardt, comb, nov. Discussion: This collected sample material is abundant and in good Basionym: Copelandia affinis E. Horak, Sydowia 33: 58 condition. During my investigation I discovered that a few (1980). copies differed by their spore form. I have separated them Holotypus: New Guinea, Papua, Bulolo, Agathis Res, from the rest of the material as No. 72/121 and newly Horak, 2.2.1972, p.p.maj. "Copelandia affinis (ZT specified them (P. lentisporus). The gross feaures concur 72/121). with the original description. HORAKS specifications for the Spores 9-10 x 7,5-9 x 5-6,5 μm are a little shorter though. Others investigated material: This could possibly be because HORAK didn’t measure spores of 2-spored Basidia. Such Basidia weren’t mentioned Asia by him, too. New Guinea: Papua, Bulolo, Nauwata Banda, Horak 71/340, 25.11.1971 (CT). (6) Panaeolus bisporus (Malençon & Bertault) Ven. Gerhardt, stat. And comb. nov. Figure: 17-18, 77 d. Basionym: Copelandia papilionacea var bispora Malençon Description: & Bertault, Flore of mushrooms Supérieurs du Maroc 1, p. (From the original description, HORAK 1980): Cap up to 25 301 (1970). mm wide, hemispheric when young, later convex or Holotypus: Morocco, Rabat, Malençon 5677, 30.10.1965 rounded-humped, grey-brown colour, strong hygrophanous (MPU); Malençon until 5677, 1.11.1965, Syntypus (MPU); invention, pale when dried, often with olive tint striated Malençon 5677 ter, 4.11.1965, Syntypus (MPU).
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