32 sufficient for the same drawing. This is evident when bubalorum Pat, J. Bot. 11: 339 (1897) -2 comparing the two images, and obviously encourages the syntypes: North Vietnam, Tonkin, Vo Xa, 26.11.1890, Synonymity of their names. Patouillard 4539, 4561 (FH). Fortunately there exists almost all Named type material. It papilionacea ( "Bull") Bres., (Non Fr 1821, is a perfect assignment. OLA'H has, as I was able to remove 1838), Hedwigia 53: 51 (1913) - Holotypus: , his note to the type of P. bolombensis Beeli belonging Davao, Mindanao, fimo equino, Copeland 344 (¬ ver original drawing of Madame GOOSSENS FONTANA-in the schollen). hands and had a "Panaeolus phalaenarum (Fr.) Quél." Campanularius anomalus Murrill, Mycologia 10: 32 (1918) - Fehlbestimmt. He has in his Work (OLA'H 1969) not Holotypus: , 12.-14.1.1909, Murrill & Harris 1082 distinguished phalaenarum and antillarum. BEELI (1928) (NY). with 12 x 8-9 μm the spores are too small. I could on the Panaeolus anomalus (Murrill) Sacc. & Trotter, Syll. Fung. type with dimensions 14-18 x 10-11 x 8,5-9,5 μm determine 23, P. 323 (1925). that to it is very good fit. Campanularius westii Murrill, Lloydia 5: 154 (1942)- Holotypus: , Sugar Foot Hammock near Gainesville, West sn, 30.6.1938 (FLAS 17377). Subgenus Copelandia (Bres.) Panaeolus westii (Murrill) Murrill, Lloydia 5: 157 (1942). Ew.Gerhardt, stat.nov. Copelandia westii (Murrill) Singer, Mycologia 36: 552 (1944).

Other investigated material: See index. Basionym: Genus Copelandia Bres. That Hedwigia 53: 51

(1913). German names: Type: Agaricus papilionaceus "Bull" sensu Bres. (= Blauender Düngerling, Falter-Düngerling. Agaricus cyanescens Berk. & Broome).

Synonym: Figure: 11-16, 77 b. Panaeolus subgen. Copelandia (Bres.) Guzmán, comb, inval. In Guzmán Pérez & Patraca, Bol. Soc. Mex. Micol. 6: 22 Reference Images: (1972) (see discussion on the sub-species Anellaria). BRESADOLA (1928-33): 897 Tf "cea Copelandia papilionacea"; MICHAEL SC & KREISEL HENNIG Description: (1985): No 274th Comparatively thin fleshed fruit bodies, pigmented dirty white or grey to grey-brownish often bluish to bluish-green Description: when injured (caused by Psilocin content); Cap skin not Cap 1-4 cm wide, thin fleshy, hemispheric, convex or viscid, and all species without Partial Veil; Hymenium bell-shaped; Pileus skin dry; coloring dirty white, yellow, always with thick-walled Pseudocystidia (Metuloids), pale gray-whitish or beige and even gray-brownish, a bit Crystals are often excreted at the apex; Sulphidia hygrophanous, usually turning bluish or greenish blue when (Chrysocystidia) missing. injured.

Gills grey to black, brindled, with white edge, broad (4) (Berk. & Broome) Sacc. In Syll. Fung. 5, P. 1123 (1887). adnated to the stem. Stem about 1-3 mm thick, colored like the pileus, hollow, Basionym: Agaricus cyanescens Berk. & Broome, Journ. brittle. Linn. Soc. 11: 557 (1871). Spores 12-15 x 6,5-8 x 8-11 μm (in the presence of 2- Lectotypus (design. mihi): (Ceylon), Pera-deniya, spored Basidia: spores up to 17 long), smooth, opaque, Berkeley 746, Sept. - Nov. 1868, pp (Right copy) (K). clearly prolate, in wide view seeming angular, Germ pore Synonyms: sitting straight. Copelandia cyanescens (Berk. & Broome) Singer, Lilloa 22: Cheilocystidia colorless, approximately 25-35 μm long; 473 (1951). Metuloids with a moderately thick, brownish yellow wall Copelandia cyanescens (Berk. & Broome) Boedijn, Sydowia (Fig. 3 h), and often with clear granulation, shape ventricose 5: 222 (1951). slim, about 30-50 μm long. Basidia usually 4-spored, sometimes also with mixed with 2-spored, about 20-25 μm long. Clamps are often present, but scarce and not always clear.

Location: On manured soil (cow, buffalo, elephant), in valleys and fields.

Fig. 11: Panaeolus cyanescens, , Killermann 9.1933 (M): a: Spores, b: Cheilocystidium, c: Metuloids.

Distribution: Islands, British Honduras, , Jamaica, Frequently in the tropics and subtropics, in temperate Small Antilles, , , , United zones adventitious (GERHARDT 1987) and rare. Europe: States, ; Asia: , , Sri Lanka Austria, , ; : Zaire; America: (Ceylon), , Vietnam, : Queensland.

34

Fig. 12: Panaeolus cyanescens, Zaire, Goossens-Fontana 5586 (BR): a: Spores, b: Cheilocystidia, c: Metuloids, d: Basidium. 35

Classification: are wall thickness and color of the Metuloids. Under Panaeolus cyanescens is the most common type in the concurrent involvement of spores size and number of subgenus Copelandia. It differs externally by its pale sterigmata at the Basidia (usually there are 4) the can coloration. Due to this fact the bluing of the fruitbodies be well defined. In tropicalis the wall is strikingly thicker notably stands out. Microscopically, very important and with cambodginiensis characteristics

Fig. 13: Panaeolus cyanescens, India, Natarajan (MUBL 2570): a: Spores, b: Metuloids, c: Basidium. 36

Fig. 14: Panaeolus cyanescens, Thailand, Allen (B): a: Spores, b: Cheilocystidia, c: Metuloids, d: Basidia. 37 the Metuloids are particularly pale and thin-walled. P. bisporus Discussion: is characterized by constant 2-spored Basidia, at spore The deposited samples of P. cyanescens consists of 2 dimensions, according to those with 4-spored Basidia of dried samples, pasted up side by side. Only the right cyanescens. P. chlorocystis is sufficiently differentiated through specimen is the Lectotype because it shows the typical green spiky Metuloids, 2-spored Basidia and smaller spores. thick-walled Metuloids, length up to 50 μm (!). The spores measure 12-14 x 9-10,5 x 7-8 μm,

Fig. 15: Panaeolus cyanescens, Queensland, Young (B): a: Spores, b: Cheilocystidia, c: Metuloids, d: Basidia. 38

Basidia 4-spored. The left dried is missing accurate picture of his mushroom. The Panaeolus Metuloids, while the Spore dimensions are almost ("Agaric papillonace") shown in this table is a kind identical. But I found Sulphidia on the surfaces of the gills. without Metuloids and therefore not identical with those Therefore the left fungus is Panaeolus rubricaulis, later which BRESADOLA meant. In any case, BRESADOLA described by PETCH (1925) from Sri Lanka. misread BULLIARDS table. Therefore the name BRESADOLA (1913) has underlied the name Agaricus Papilionaceus Bull. cannot be applied to BRESADOLAS papilionaceus in the summary of the genus Copelandia fungus. Bull, but examined material from the Philippines collected For a long time there was only one kind with Metuloids by COPELAND (COPELAND 344). known, namely Panaeolus cyanescens (Berk. & Broome) This material can’t be found anymore. Only later, Sacc. It is also by far the most common, among others in BRESADOLA (1931), quotes BULLIARDS Tf 561, fig. 2 this group, characterized by a predominantly pale cap. M, N as an Since the in BULLIARD’s tables also offer light caps,

Fig. 16: Panaeolus cyanescens, Syntypus of P. bubalorum, North Vietnam, Patouillard 4539, (FH): a: Spores, b: Metuloids. 39

Fig. 17: Panaeolus affinis, Holotypus, New Guinea Horak (ZT 72/121): a: Spores, b: Cheilocystidia, c: Metuloids, d: Basidia. 40 it is fairly certain that exactly this kind is what BRESADOLA said. fruitbody do justify a dispartment as the sole criterion. SINGER, in WEEKS et. al. (1979), however expresses Currently the type of westii is in a very bad condition: The contrary to the previous view, that P. westii has to be cap of the only preserved copy has eroded to dust, so that separated from cyanescens. Gathered from the only some cohesive stem material is left. Nevertheless, identification key according to SINGERS view, missing clamps in the

Fig. 18: Panaeolus affinis, New Guinea, Horak (ZT 71/340): a: Spores, b: Cheilocystidia, c: Metuloids, d: Basidia. 41

I was able to find the typical Metuloids (dimensions Distribution: approximately 47-55 x 13-19 μm), 4-spored Basidia and Only known from New Guinea (Asia) so far. spores analogous to the dimensions of cyanescens (11-14 x 8-11 x 6,5-7 μm) in this mushroom dust. At the cap hyphae Classification: the clamps were clearly visible, although very sporadic and This type differs from P. cyanescens mainly by its smaller indistinct. The complete absence of clamps can’t be judged spores. P. lentisporus is very similar, but can be separated by on such a sparse amount of material. I don’t think it is spores more flattened in proportion to their length and enough argument to recognize the two types only by this broader spores which have an extremely squarrosing Germ feature anyway. pore.

(5) Panaeolus affinis (E. Horak) Ew.Gerhardt, comb, nov. Discussion: This collected sample material is abundant and in good Basionym: Copelandia affinis E. Horak, Sydowia 33: 58 condition. During my investigation I discovered that a few (1980). copies differed by their spore form. I have separated them Holotypus: New Guinea, Papua, Bulolo, Agathis Res, from the rest of the material as No. 72/121 and newly Horak, 2.2.1972, p.p.maj. "Copelandia affinis (ZT specified them (P. lentisporus). The gross feaures concur 72/121). with the original description. HORAKS specifications for the Spores 9-10 x 7,5-9 x 5-6,5 μm are a little shorter though. Others investigated material: This could possibly be because HORAK didn’t measure spores of 2-spored Basidia. Such Basidia weren’t mentioned Asia by him, too. New Guinea: Papua, Bulolo, Nauwata Banda, Horak 71/340, 25.11.1971 (CT). (6) Panaeolus bisporus (Malençon & Bertault) Ven. Gerhardt, stat. And comb. nov. Figure: 17-18, 77 d. Basionym: Copelandia papilionacea var bispora Malençon Description: & Bertault, Flore of mushrooms Supérieurs du Maroc 1, p. (From the original description, HORAK 1980): Cap up to 25 301 (1970). mm wide, hemispheric when young, later convex or Holotypus: Morocco, Rabat, Malençon 5677, 30.10.1965 rounded-humped, grey-brown colour, strong hygrophanous (MPU); Malençon until 5677, 1.11.1965, Syntypus (MPU); invention, pale when dried, often with olive tint striated Malençon 5677 ter, 4.11.1965, Syntypus (MPU). edge, wrinkled at the peak. Synonyms: Gills attached to adnate, gray to pale brown, with a clear Copelandia bispora (Malençon & Bertault) Singer & olive tint, brindled, white edges. RAWeeks in WEEKS et al., J. Nat. Products 42: 472 (1979). Stem about 85 x 3 mm, slim, cylindrical, white to pale Panaeolus cyanescens var bisporus (Malençon & Ber-tault) gray-brown, bruising bluish-green when injured, white-felted G. Moreno & Esteve-Rav. In Moreno et al., Cryptog. Mycol. at the base, dry, pruinose at the peak, towards the base with 12 (3): 195 (1991). fibers, hollow, fragile. Flesh whitish to pale gray-brown, bruising bluish-green. Fig: 19 (Studies on the Type): Spores 9-11,5 (13) x 5-5,5 x 7-8,5, smooth, opaque, clearly Description: prolate, in wide view always longer than wide, Germ pore (Based on the original description, MALENÇON & sessile straight. BERTAULT 1970): Cap 15-30 mm wide, parabolic shape, Cheilocystidia ventricose to bottle shaped, tip often bell-shaped to hemispheric; Cap skin bare, dull, the middle slightly headed, hyaline, about 20-35 μm long; Metuloids decamps when drying out, Margin not striated; leather with yellow-brownish wall, like cyanescens type, colored with grayish margin, lead grey, with an ochre approximately 40-60 x 13-20 μm, often with crystals. colored tone, hygrophanous , while drying whitish-gray or Basidia mostly 4-spored, sometimes 2-spored, about 20-25 x pale cream-ochre. Gills standing packed, dark gray to blackish, finally black, 8-10 μm. edge with white fringe.

Stem 65-120 x 2-3 mm, slim, hollow; translucent-gray, Location: reddish-brown within, white punctured, striped on top. On soil between litter, occasionally on decomposed wood.

42

Studies of Type: approximately 40-55 x 12-15 μm, some withexcreted Spores 12-13,5 (15) x 9-10 (11.5) x 6-7 μm, smooth, opaque, crystals. clearly prolate, Germ pore sessile straight. Basidia 2-spored (rarely 1-spored), approximately 20 x 8 μm Cheilocystidia bottle shaped, hyaline, about 20-30 μm long; (18-23 x 8-10 μm MALENÇON add). Metuloids with yellow brown wall, like cyanescens

Fig. 19: Panaeolus bisporus, Holotype, Morocco, Rabat, Malençon 5677 (MPU): a: Spores, b: Cheilocystidia, c: Metuloids, d: Basidium. 43

Location: American species) distinguishes itself by its green colored On ground (probably partially fertilized). Metuloids and even smaller spores.

Distribution: Discussion: So far only known from locality of the type (Morocco, The fact that the spore measures of bisporus and cyanescens Rabat), and (MORENO et al. 1991). On both are nearly identical proves that they are two separate types. collections Stenotaphrum americanum was an associated If bisporus were simply a 2-spored form of cyanescens, the plant. spores would have to be significantly larger (Spores of 2- spored Basidia of cyanescens are approximately 17 μm Classification: long). It is known from other genera (e.g. ) that 2- Panaeolus bisporus differs from P. cyanescens only through spored Basidia from the same type generate larger spores its consistently 2-spored Basidia . The species described than with the 4-spored variant. The spores of bisporus with a from India, Panaeolus tirunelveliensis, also has 2-spored length of 15 μm mentioned in the parentheses supposably Basidia and very similar spore measures. A separation is emanate from 1-spored Basidia. I have sporadically found justified due to the significantly paler Metuloids, which are such basidia in the Hymenium of the Holotype more thin-walled at the tip. P. chlorocystis (North

Fig. 20: Panaeolus cambodginiensis, Holotype, Khmer (), Ola'h 9 CA, leg. Heim 30.5.1966 (QFA): a: Spores, b: Metuloids, c: Hymenial hyphae with clamps. 44

Fig. 21: Panaeolus cambodginiensis, Sri Lanka (Ceylon), Hambantota, Lundqvist 11.2.1974 (UPS): a: Spores, b: Cheilocystidia, c: Metuloids. 45

MALENÇON writes nothing about bluing of his Asia: India, Khmer (Cambodia), Sri Lanka (Ceylon). collected fruitbodies, which normally is common with species in the subgenus Copelandia. This indicates a lack Classification: of psilocin in his collected specimens. Since the Panaeolus cambodginiensis is well marked by the small content may vary a lot depending on the location, this spores, 4-spored Basidia and particularly the thin walled, mustn’t be typical for the species. The specimens collected pale Metuloids. The counterpart is P. tropicalis with some from Spain presumably contained psilocybin because of equally sized spores. But here the Metuloids are particularly their bluing (MORENO et al. 1991). thick-walled and dark colored and the top is not beaked and itts interior in older fruit bodies is almost completely filled (7) Panaeolus cambodginiensis Ola'h & R. Heim in with wall material. Rev. Mycol. (Paris) 33: 287 (1968) Discussion: Holotype: Khmer (Cambodia), Herb. Ola'h 9 CA, leg Heim, The sample material from the OLA'H herbarium, which was 30.5.1966, cultivated from spores (QFA). cultivated from spores is unfortunately very sparse, poorly maintained and seems to be afflicted by a yeast fungus. Synonym: Nevertheless, most microscopic characteristics could still be Copelandia cambodginiensis (Ola'h & R. Heim) Singer & gathered. In particular, the thin-walled and pale coloration of RAWeeks in WEEKS et al, J. Nat. Products 42: 472 (1979). Metuloids is taxonomically very reliable, because this is obviously not dependent on the age of the fruit bodies. So far Other investigated material: importance wasn’t attached to the form of the Metuloids. Cultivated material often externally differs considerably America from wild forms. Therefore, the macroscopic details of Hawaii: Oahu, near Kualoa Ranch, Allen 22.7.1990 (B); OLA'H are certainly not very reliable. Recent observations Kahaluu, Oahu, near Coral Kingdom, on manure, Allen to the habit of this kind would be very welcome. 17.7.1990 (B). (8) Panaeolus chlorocystis (Singer & RA Weeks) Ven.

Gerhardt Asia

SriLanka (Ceylon): Hambantota, Lundqvist In contributions to the knowledge of fungi Central Europe 3, 11.2.1974 "Copelandia cyanescens" (UPS). p. 224 (1987).

Basionym: Copelandia chlorocystis Singer & RAWeeks in Figure: 20-21. Weeks et al., J. Nat. Products 42: 469 (1979). Holotypus: , Florida, Redlands Fruit and Spice Park, Description: Homestead, Dade Co., Hearn 7.1976 (F 1022375). (Based on the original description, OLA'H 1968): Cap 1,2-3,5 cm wide, hemispheric to convex, bare, Fig: 22 Margin netted, undraped; a bit sleazy; whitish gray, green olive. Description: Gills podgy, standing distantly, blackish, speckled, with (From the original description, WEEKS et al. 1979): whitish-gray edge. Cap up to 28 mm wide, isabelline colored to pale cinnamon- Stem 30-50 x 4-6,5 mm, cylindrical, hollow; whitish, brownish or yellow brownish with white or grey margin; down to the the base brownish; striped on top, without ring margin more or less ridged with veins. or partial veil. Gills blackish, with white edge, broad, nearly standing in Studies of Type: distant, attached to adnate. Spores 8-12 x 7-9 x 5,5-6 μm, smooth, opaque, clearly Stem milky white or light cream colored when mature prolate, Germ pore sessile straight. grey-brown in the lower, finely sprinkled white, especially at Cheilocystidia bottle shaped to wide conic, hyaline, the top, beneath longitudinal streaky , hollow, up to 80 x 2 about 22-33 μm long; Metuloids very pale and thin walled, mm. slightly thickened only at the beak–shaped spout (see Figure Fruit bodies turning blue or blue-green in all parts in age 3 i), approximately 35-55 μm long, usually without crystals. or when injured. Basidia 4-spored. Flesh with mealy or grain-like odor.

Location: On manured ground (cattle).

Distribution: Rare species of the tropics and subtropics. America: Hawaii 46

Fig. 22: Panaeolus chlorocystis, Holotype, USA, Florida, Hearn 7.1976 (F 1022375): a: Sporen, b: Cheilocystidia, c: Metuloids, d: Basidia. 47

(Studies on Type): Spores 8,5-10(12) x 7-9 x 4,5-5 μm, smooth, opaque, Spores 9-12,5 (14) x 8-10 to 6-7 μm, smooth, in wide view highly prolate and in wide view often long as wide (!), with hardly angular, sometimes heart-shaped, a bit transparent , extremely prominent germ pore, sessile straight. Germ pore sessile straight. Cheilocystidia ventricose, bottle-shaped, hyaline, 25-35 Cheilocystidia bottle-shaped-ventricose, hyaline, μm long; Metuloids like cyanescens, approx. 40-63 to 11-19 approx.25-32 μm long; Metuloids approx. 50 x 16-18 μm , μm, tip often occupied with crystals. relatively thin-walled, wall yellow-brownish through the Basidia 4-spored (always?), approx. 18-22 x 8,5-10 μm. microscope, within beak area clearly greenish to olive green, usually occupied with little crystals. Habitat (based on HORAK 1980): Basidia 2-spored, approx. 18-20 x 8-9 μm. On soil among litter, occasionally on decomposed wood. Clamps are present, but probably rare. Distribution: Location: So far, only known from New Guinea (Asia). On the ground black, apparently boggish soil (originating from the Everglades), without signs of Classification: manure P. lentisporus differs from affinis by its more prolate spores which are often no longer than wide in wide view. Distribution: Until now this has been unique in this genus. When So far only known from the type location (USA, Florida compared directly they clearly seperate from affinis spores, which are always a little longer than wide. Lentisporus Classification: clearly anticipated germ pore of the spores is another explicit Panaeolus chlorocystis is characterized through its two feature. In addition, the spores appear slightly darker than spored Basidia, relatively small spores and the greenish with affinis and the Metuloids in their entirety are little colored Metuloids. narrower. I am convinced that on closer examination of the species, macroscopic and ecological differences might be Discussion: discovered. Although I recognized a weak greenish appearance in the Metuloids of P. cyanescens, especially from Hawaii and Discussion: India, I am convinced with P. chlorocystis that this color HORAK (personal communication) thinks of his entire has to be of taxonomic significance. The green coloration is material as one species. It’s also his opinion that the different so definite under the microscope that making a distinction forms of the spores are from presumably immature fruit from microscopically related species (e.g. tirunelveliensis bodies. I can contradict this with quiet conscience, because it from India or bisporus from North Africa) is always is known for all species of the genus Panaeolus that spores possible. on the same gill age unevenly (mottled gills). There are mature and immature spores present on each non-overaged (9) Panaeolus lentisporus Ew.Gerhardt, spec. nov. gill which could be discovered through the different colored walls. This means based on HORAKS theory that both forms A Panaeolo affini differt sporis lentiformibus, valde of spores must be found within one preparation. But it turned applanatis (8,5-12 x 7-9 x 4,5-5 μ m), poro germinativo out just the opposite: I found either one or the other type on maxime prominent. one fruit body. This results in a confident separation into two Holotype: New Guinea, Papua, Bulolo, Agathis Res, Horak, species. 2.2.1972, ppmin. "Copelandia affinis (ZT 72/121a). (10) Panaeolus tirunelveliensis (Natarajan & Raman) Fig: 23-24, 77 e. Ew.Gerhardt, comb. nov.

Description: Basionym: Copelandia tirunelveliensis Natarajan & Ra-man, The appearance of this species intimately matches with South Indian Bibliotheca Mycologica, Vol 89, p. Panaeolus affinis (see above). Even HORAK (personal 44 (1983). communication) didn’t find any differences while collecting the mushrooms. Therefore any differences, if they exist can only be found with further collections of fresh mushrooms. 48

Fig. 23: Panaeolus lentisporus, Holotype, New Guinea, Horak (ZT 72/121a): a: Spores, b: Cheilocystidia, c: Metuloids, d: Basidia. 49

Fig. 24: Panaeolus lentisporus, Holotype, New Guinea, Horak (ZT 72/121a): a: Spores, b: Metuloids, c: Basidium.

Holotype: India, Tamil Nadu, Tirunelveli, Mundane thurai, Fig: 25 Natarajan Raman & 18.2.1979 (MUBL 2572). Description: Further investigated material: (From the original diagnosis, NATARAJAN RAMAN & 1983): Cap up to approx. 2.3 cm wide, conical to bell- Asia shaped, bare; blue-grey color. India: Tamil Nadu, Tirunelveli, Mundanthurai, Gills adnate, up to 3 mm wide, black. Natarajan Raman & 16.2.1979 "Copelandia bispora" Stem up to 65 x 3 mm in size, cylindrical, bare; white to (MUBL 2573). yellowish-white, not discoloring when injured.

50 (Studies of Type): Location: Spores 11-14 (15) x 8,5-11 x 6,5-8 μm, smooth, opaque, On ground in a teak plantation (a relationship with dung or clearly prolate, Germ pore sessile straight. manure is not mentioned). Metuloids approx. 43-50 x 13-18 μm, similar to the cyanescens - type, but relatively thin-walled, colored pale Distribution: yellow- brownish, usually without crystals. So far only India (Tamil Nadu). Basidia 2-spored.

Fig. 25: Panaeolus tirunelveliensis, Holotype, India, Tamil Nadu, Natarajan & Raman (MUBL 2572): a: Spores, b: Metuloids. 51

Classification: Gills standing in distant, bellied, adnate; gray-whitish, Panaeolus tirunelveliensis is characterized by 2-spored blackish, with white edge. Basidia and approx. 12-14 μm long spores and therefore Stem 6-12 cm long, cylindrical, striped, gray-whitish at the related to P. bisporus. Certain differences arise in color and top, central brownish-silver grey particularly dark towards thickness of the Metuloids. P. chlorocystis differs the base. (Studies on Type): significantly by green colored Metuloids and even smaller Spores 9-12 x 7,5-9 x 6-7,5 μm, smooth, opaque, clearly spores. prolate, Germ pore sessile straight. Cheilocystidia bottle shaped, hyaline, approx. 30 μm Discussion: long; I am also reluctant to combine the two species due to the fact Metuloids colored very dark red-brown, thick-walled, of the highly distant origins (bisporus: North Africa; with often massive, conical top (cp. Fig. 3 j), 45 -60x 11-17 tirunelveliensis: India). NATARAJAN & RAMAN μm. themselves have identified some of their collections as Basidia 4-spored, approx. 20-30 x 7-10 μm. bisporus (MUBL 2573), but I think all of them are tirunelveliensis. Also interesting is the fact that obviously a Location: 4-spored form of tirunelveliensis exists, with analogical On ground in manure (cow, hippo). smaller spores (9,5-12,5 x 8-9,5 x 5,5-6 μm). See also the discussion about Copelandia tropica, nom. dub. Further Distribution: observations of fresh material could bring final Rare pantropical species. Africa: Tanzania, Central African enlightenment here. Republic; Asia: Khmer (Cambodia). NATARAJAN & RAMAN mention with their species the absence of extra clamps in the fruit bodies: "Hyphae Classification: defibulatae." However, I was able to establish stem hyphae Panaeolus tropicalis is mainly characterized through the of that ilk. It is presumed to be able to find clamps even typical form of the Metuloids. Their thick-walled shape and within the hymenium (albeit rarely). The absolute lack of the conical top which is later completely filled with wall clamps is extremely difficult to prove! material are unique within the subgenus. Panaeolus cyanescens has Metuloids with a hollow, displaced tip and a (11) Panaeolus tropicalis Ola'h bit larger spores. In Rev. Mycol. (Paris) 33: 289 (1968). Discussion: Syntypus: Khmer (Cambodia), Herb. Ola'h 540-C / a, leg. It should be noted that the shape of the Metuloids change Heim, cultivated from spores (QFA); Syntypus: Central during the development. Therefore, even with P. tropicalis African Republic, Herb. Ola'h 540-C / b, leg. Heim, there are also relatively thin walled Metuloids present in a cultivated from spores (QFA). number of preparations, which indicate the typical appearance. Over time however, the wall thickness, which Synonym: apparently consists of excretion material, builds up. The Copelandia tropicalis (Ola'h) Singer & R.A.Weeks, in drawing from OLA'H (1969) (Fig. 10 D) only allusively WEEKS et al., J. Nat. Products 42: 472 (1979). suggests the typical Cystidial form.

Additionally investigated material: Subgenus Panaeolus

Africa Type: See genus Panaeolus. Tanzania: Iringa District, on hippopotamus manure, Thulin & Mhoro s.n. "Copelandia cyanescens" (UPS). Description: Fruit body overall delicate, but at least thin fleshy, with tube- Fig: 26 like, fragile stem. Bell- shaped caps, hemispheric or convex, usually with dark brown, gray or gray-brown colors, Description: infrequently turned pale caused by the weather or albinoid, (From the original description, OLA'H 1968): cap 1,5-2,2 with or without remains of the partial veil on margin or cm wide, hemispheric, convex to bell-shaped, brownish- (seldom) stem, hygrophanous or not, cap skin dry, at most silver-grey, grey-white, olive; hygrophanous; little greasy when young slightly sticky. Spores smooth or with very fine surface, wrinkled, striped on the edge, almost translucent ornaments . Hymenium partly with Sulphidia, but never with striated, involute margin; flesh gray-whitish and bluing. Pseudocystidia (Metuloids).

52

Figure 26: Panaeolus tropicalis, Syntype, Central African Republic, Herb. Ola'h 540-C / b, leg Heim (QFA): a: Spores, b: Metuloids, c: Basidium.