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Constant Warning Time Concept Development for Motorist Warning at Grade Crossings

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Constant Warning Time Concept Development for Motorist Warning at Grade Crossings PB81205684 REPORT NO. FRA/ORD- 81/07 1111111111111111111111111111111 CONSTANT WARNING TIME CONCEPT DEVELOPMENT FOR MOTORIST WARNING AT GRADE CROSSINGS FINAL REPORT . • PREPARED BY SYSTEMS TECHNOLOGY LABORATORY) INC, 2045 NORTH 15TH STREET ARLINGTON) VIRGINIA 22201 (703) 527-0054 MAY 1981 Document is available to the public through the National Technical Information Service, Sorinafield. Virqjnia 22161. NATIONAL TECHNICAL INFORMATION SERVICE uS OF SPRINGfl:lO." 2,;6: Prepared for U.S. DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION FEDERAL RAILROAD ADMINISTRATION Office of Research and Development Washington, D.C. 20590 NOTICE This document is disseminated under the sponsorship of the Depart- ment of Transportation in the interest of information exchange. The United States Government assumes no liability for its contents or use thereof. NOTICE The United States Government does not endorse products or manufac- turers. Trade or manufacturers' names appear herein solely because they are considered essential to the object of this report. Technical Documentation Page .--- --- 1. Repo', No, 2. Gt; .... Acc,;,ss'on No. 3. Recipient's Co::ool09 No. FRAjORD-81/07 i 5. "l\'"eport Clore CONSTANT TIME CONCEPT DEVELOPMENT 1981 FOR WARNING AT GRADE CROSSINGS 6. Performing Orgon, zction [::)0C' _______---0. 8. PerformIng Organl zotion Reocrt No. Richard L.Monroe,Debra K.Munsell,T.James Rudd ------.. 9. ?erlorrf"lin; Nome 10. Wo,k Un,' No, (TRAIS) Systems Technology Inc. 2045 N. 15th Street 11. Contract or Grant No. Arlington, VA. 22201 DOT-FRA-8042 13. Type of Reeort and Per'cd Co .... ered I .' I 12, Sponsorin. Agency None and Address -------------------l Final Report I U.S. Department of Transportation, I Federal Railroad Administration I Office of Research and Development 14, Sponsoring Agency Code n""g...t=..o=n,-,--,-,----,=,-D-,--.-""C--'-'_-=2--"'0c...=:5--"9-"0'-- .. 15 SO"'.m,o,,,, "0'" I Abs'roct One important improvement for achieving greater effectiveness I in train-activated warning systems at railroad-highway grade crossings (RHGC) would be to provide a constant warning time (CvIT) to the motor- ist of the impending arrival of a train. This report describes an investigation that was carried out to identify, evaluate and demonstrate the feasibility of concepts upon which a general purpose CWT system could be developed. The scope of the study includes train detection, signal transmission, and associat- ed logic, but did not include motorist warning devices. Primary emphasis was placed on the development of c\n concepts rather than equipment for such systems. Train detection techniques with the greatest potential for application to c\n systems are described and evaluated. These include' seismic, magnetic, and acoustic transducers; doppler, guided and two dimensional radars, video sensors, strain gages, and proximity switches. The most promising of these are shown to be based on magnetic and acoustic concepts. Field tests carried out to demonstrate the feasibility of these techniques are described and the data is analyzed. is that a great deal of further testing and development will be required before either of those techniques can be incorporated into a workin CWT s stem. I 17, Key ',",ords la. DIstribution Statement Railroad-highway grade crossings Document is available to the public Conwunications and signaling through the Technical Information Transducers Service, Springfield, Virginia 22161 I Acoustic Transducers I Classlr. (of this reporf) 20_ Secu"'Y Clossif. (of this page) 21. No. of Dages I 22. Prl ce I unclas s ified unclassified 191 I i Form DOT F 1700.7 (8-72) Reproduction of completed page authorized i,.....,.c.-- METRIC CONVERSION FACTORS 9 23 Approximate Conversions to Metric Measures = Approximate Conversions from Metric Measures _- 22 _ Symbol When You Know Multiply by To Find Symbol Symbol When You Know Multiply by To Find Symbol _ 21 8 ...,; - 20 LENGTH LENGTH ---- - 19 mm m,'11',meters 004. Inches .'n em centimeters 0.4 'nches in in inches "2.5 centimeters em 7 --= - 18 m meters 3.3 feet ft ft feet 30 centimeters em m meters 1.1 yards yd yd yards 0.9 meters m = - 17 km kilometers 0.6 m,les mi mi miles 1.6 kilometers km -= 16 AREA AREA = __ 6 =: --15 cm2 square centimeters 0.16 square Inches in2 in 2 square Inches 6.5 square centimeters cm2 - m2 square meters 1.2 square yards yd2 ft2 square feet 0.09 square meters m2 = _ km2 square kilometers 0.4 square miles mi2 yd2 square yards 0.8 square meters m2 -= =--. --14 ha hectares (10,000 m2 ) 2.5 acres mi2 square miles 2.6 square kilometers km2 - acres 0.4 hectares ha 5 = 13 I --= MASS (weight) «. (5'> MASS (weight) - 12 . ----- g grams 0.035 ounces oz oz ounces 28 grams. g ---- 11 kg'k" ograms 2. 2 pounds Ib Ib pounds O.45 kilograms kg t tonnes 11000 k ) 1.1 s short tons 0.9 tonnes t 4--= - _ 9 short ton (2000Ib) _ 10 VOLUME _ = - 9 VOLUME tsp teaspoons 5 milliliters ml --= - 8 ml 0.03 Iluld ounces II oz Tbsp tablespoons 15 milliliters ml 3 - I Ioters 2.1 pints pt II oz fluid ounces 30 milliliters ml :: _ 7 I liters 1.06 quarts qt c cups 0.24 liters I - I liters 0.26 gallons gal pt pints 0.47 liters I = _ m3 cubic meters 36 cubic feet ft3 qt quarts 0.95 liters I --= 6 m3 cubic meters 1.3 cubic yards yd3 gal gallons 3.8 liters I ft3 feet 0.03 cubic meters m3 2 _ 5 TEMPERATURE (exact) yd3 cubiC yards 0.76 cubic meters m3 --= TEMPERATURE (exact) -----= =----------- 4 °C Celsius 9/5 (then Fahrenheit OF - temperature add 32) temperature OF Fahrenheit 5/9 (after Celsius 0C -= 3 temperature subtracting temperature 1 - OF 32) -- 2 OF 32 98.6 212 -40 0 80 120 160 200 1 --= II I I I 1--.1ro1 I IIII I! I I IIIIII •1 in. = 2.54 cm (oxectlv). For other exect conversIons...end more dete,l tables &ee ------= - 1 I I . I II I r I I NBS Misc. Publ. 286. Units of Weight and Moasures. PrlCO $2.25 SO Catelog __ - 40 -20 20 40 60 80 100 No. C13 10286. inches = - cm 0C 0 37 °C ..... TABLE OF CONTENTS LIST OF FIGURES iii LIST OF TABLES v LIST OF PHOTOGRAPHS vi vii EXECUTIVE SUMNARY viii 1. 0 INTRODUCTION........................................ 1 1. 1 Background..................................... 1 1.2 Scope and Objectives........................... 9 2.0 CONCEPT IDENTIFICATION 12 2.1 Performance Criteria 12 2.1.1 Reliability 12 2.1.2 Failsafe................................ 12 2.1.3 Ease of Maintenance 13 2.1.4 Weather and Vandal Resistance 13 2.1.5 System Adaptability 14 2. 1. 6 Economy................................. 14 2. 1. 7 Independence and Track Structure,........ 14 2.1.8 Safety Monitoring Capability 15 2.2 Constant Warning Time System Technology 15 2.2.1 Sensor Subsystem 15 2.2.2 Communication/Control Techniques........ 23 2.2.3 Warning Signal Techniques 24 2.2.4 Remote Power Techniques 24 2.3 Candidate Concepts for a CWT System 24 2.3.1 Examination and Evaluation of Candidate System Concepts. .. .. .. .. ... 24 2.3.2 Direct Sensing Concepts 25 2.3.3 Via Track Structure Concepts 42 2.3.4 Train Borne Transponder Concepts 58 3.0 CONCEPT ASSESSrlENT 60 4.0 ADDITIONAL INVESTIGATIONS OF PROMISING CONCEPTS..... 65 4.1 Magnetic Coil System 65 4. 1. 1 Sensor Details 65 4.1.2 Sensor Layout 67 - i - (, TABLE OF CONTENTS (CONTINUED) Page 4.1.3 Signal Description 67 4.1.4 The Processing System ; 77 4.1.5 Algorithm for Generating Constant Warning Time 79 4.1.6 Magnetic Hybrid System 85 4.2 Acoustic System 85 4.2.1 General Principle 85 4.2.2 Constant Warning Time Processing........ 87 4.3 Susceptibility of Magnetic and Acoustic Concepts To Electromagnetic Interference (EMI) 87 4.4 Methodology for Data Handling and Analysis..... 87 5.0 CONCEPT FIELD TESTS . 91 5.1 Field Tests of the Magnetic/Seismic Sensor . 91 5.1.1 TestPlan . 92 5.1.2 Test Descriptions . 95 5.1.3 Transmission Demonstration . 103 5.1.4 Test Data . 104 5.2 Field Tests and the Acoustic Concept . 110 5.2.1 Phase I Testing (Impulse Noise Generator . 110 5.2.2 Phase II Acoustic Testing (Passive Honitoring) . 110 6.0 . 135 6.1 Conclusions . 135 6.2 Recommendations . 135 7.0 LIST OF 137 APPENDIX A STATE-OF-THE-ART ASSESSNENT A1-A30 APPENDIX B OF ACOUSTIC AND HAGNETIC DETECTION TECHNIQUES TO EHI GENERATED BY TRACTION CONTROL SYSTEMS B1-B13 - ii - LIST OF FIGURES Figure 2-1 Basic Transmission Line Model 17 2-2 Radar Doppler System 28 2-3 Transponder System to Check Microwave Link 2-4 SPVD Block Diagram 32 2-5 Magnetic Sensor Placement 37 • 2-6 Honey\-lel1 5600E Tape Recorder 38 2-7 Quick Look Seismic Experiment 40 2-8 Seismic Instrument Picking Up Highway Truck Interference 41 2-9 Magnetoresistor Underneath Rail 46 2-10 Piezoelectric Transducer 48 2-11 . Piezoceramic Mounting Arrangements 49 2-12 Strain Gauge Test-Train Signature Identified 52 2-13 Strain Gauge Velocity Calculator 53 2-14 Test-Train Dimensions 54 2-15 Quick Look Acoustic Experiment 56 2-16 Acoustic Signal vs. Time 57 4-i Magnetic Sensor Placement 66 4-2 Placement of Magnetic Sensors 67 4-3 Transmitter Block Diagram 69 ·4-4 Nicroporce-sor 78 4-5 Sensor· Configuration and Basic Algorithm for Generating Constant Warning Time 80 4-6 Acoustic System 86 4-7 Data Processing Flow Diagram 89 5-1 Grid Map of Test Area Ft. Eustis, Va. (with track speed designations) 93 5-2 Test Area. Ft. Eustis, Va.
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