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How Women Won the Vote-Volume

Equality Day is August 26 March is Women's History Month National Women's History Project How Women Won the Vote 1920 Celebrating the Centennial of Women's 2020 Volume Two A Call to Action Now is the Time to Plan for 2020 Honor the Successful Drive for Votes for Women in Your State

ENS OF THOUSANDS of organizations and individuals are finalizing plans for extensive celebrations for 2020 in honor th Tof the 100 anniversary U.S. women winning the right to vote. Throughout the country, students, activists, civic groups, artists, government agen- cies, individuals and countless others are prepar- ing to recognize women's great political victory as never before. Their efforts include museum shows, publica- tions, theater experiences, films, songs, dramatic readings, videos, books, exhibitions, fairs, pa- rades, re-enactments, musicals and much more. The National Women's History Project is one of the leaders in celebrating America's women's suffrage history and we are encouraging every- one to recognize the remarkable, historic success of suffragists one hundred years ago. Here we pay tribute to these women and to the great cause to which they were dedicated. These women overcame unbelievable odds to win their own civil rights, with the key support of male voters and lawmakers. This is a celebration for both women and men. Join us wherever you are. There will be many special exhibits and obser- vances in Washington D.C. and throughout the WOMEN’S SUFFRAGE nation, some starting in 2019. Keep your eyes open; new things are starting up every day. We

Meneese Wall Meneese hope you'll be part of one or more.

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he goal of this Gazette is to encourage people upcoming centennial. Women are rarely the focus of na- throughout the country to celebrate the 100th an- tional observances or holidays, so we want to make the niversary of American women gaining political most of this opportunity to place American suffragists freedom.T solidly in our nation’s history. The women’s suffrage movement culminated with the passage of the 19th Amendment to the U.S. Consti- A Diverse Movement tution on August 26, 1920. While many things have hap- pened since, in 2020 we want to focus on the suffragists The drive to win the vote was a broad and diverse and what it took for them to win basic civil rights for effort beyond the mass, mostly white, movement. There women. The Suffrage Movement expanded our democ- was a thriving suffrage movement in many black com- racy and served our nation’s interest, it is time to write munities but black women, particularly in the south, these women back into history. were barred from voting for decades after 1920. It wasn’t until passage of the Voting Rights Act in 1965 Ratification Centennials Approaching that their rights were finally upheld. The voting rights of Native American women were not recognized until Here we break down the national movement to help 1924. For Chinese American women, it was 1943, and people learn about women from their state, understand for Japanese and other Asian American women it was the state’s suffrage history, and mark the date each state 1952. Struggles for true equal rights continue. ratified the amendment. These upcoming ratification We also want this Gazette to recognize that many men centennials offer state residents another specific date to were suffragists, offering advice, raising money, and or- honor suffragists in addition to August 26. States played ganizing campaigns side by side with the women. We a critical role in the drive for equal suffrage, and each celebrate men’s support for women’s rights and the fact one produced brave, dedicated women and men who that male voters in the hundreds of thousands supported devoted themselves to winning equal rights for women. equal suffrage. In the end, male legislators throughout To encourage widespread participation, we also of- the country endorsed the measure and insured its ulti- fer hundreds of ideas, links and resources (with more mate victory. online) to help readers imagine their own local obser- This is an exciting chapter in American history, filled vances. Women in some states are already hard at work and offer examples and in- with tragedy and achievement, with larger than life personalities and earth-shaking spiration for those not yet organized. 2020 will see a diverse, decentralized national events. It rewards study, it offers entertainment and inspiration, and it features countless celebration which, like the suffrage movement itself, will depend on local initiatives and “ill-behaved” women who literally made history. Full victory for women is yet to be won limited funds. Unable to count on national political leadership, activists are enlisting state but we celebrate the remarkable achievement of suffragists who, 100 years ago, changed governments and civic organizations to take action and make official plans now for the the U.S. Constitution and brought women liberty and political power as voters.

How Women Won the Vote Volume Two Women’s History is women’s right. It is an essential, indispensable heritage ORDER MORE COPIES TODAY from which we can draw pride comfort, Share your copy and order more to help prepare for the Suffrage Centennial in 2020.

courage, and long range vision. Order from the NWHP at www.nwhp.org, web store.

Single copies are free. Packets of 25 are $15 + shipping - Gerda Lerner

A Special Gazette published by the National Women’s History Project LEAVE A First Printing June 2018 © 2018 National Women’s History Project. All rights reserved. Reprint inquiries welcome. LEGACY Edited by Robert P. J. Cooney, Jr., Assistant Editor: Marguerite Kearns, Co-Editors: Molly Murphy MacGregor, Leasa Graves Gerda Lerner was a scholar, author and historian who Thank you to all our national contributors spearheadedGerda Lerner was the a pioneer creation in theof thefield first women's graduate program in Design: Robert Cooney Graphic Design, Production: Vicki Dougan/Sales Promotion women’shistory. As historya scholar, in author, the U.S. and historian she National Women’s History Project 730 Second Street #469, Santa Rosa, CA spearheaded the creation of the first graduate 95402 707-636-2888 [email protected] WWW.NWHP.ORG Gerdaprogram Lerner in women's left a history legacy in of the supporting . women’s history through herShe generousserved as the donations Chair of theto the National National Women's Women’s History Project Cover Art by Meneese Wall (NWHP).History Project's We invite Advisory you Boardto leave and a shared legacy her with an ongoing monthly The cover image, Columbia, the female personification of the United States, was created by orexpertise one-time and monetary support generously gift to the NWHP. Or remember the NWHP Meneese Wall to commemorate the centennial of the women’s suffrage movement. Meneese in your will. is a graphic artist and designer based in Santa Fe, NM. Each image is available as a 9” x 12” signed art print and a 5” x 7” note card. Accompanying each of these works is a brief histori- cal background describing its significance within the struggle to win the right to vote. For more Ask your employer about matching funds. Lerner remembered the information visit Menesse Wall's website www.meneesewall.com or email her at Meneese@ NWHP in her will, and we are forever grateful. All contributions are meneesewall.com. fully tax-deductible. We are indebted to the Library of Congress and to Library Special Collec- tions for the use of photographs from their Carrie Chapman Cat Collection. The suffrage leader’s Please donate today and support women’s history! scrapbooks hold a wealth of images including many of the leading women in the states. http:// NWHP P.O. Box 469 Santa Rosa, CA 95402 www.nwhp.org triptych.brynmawr.edu/cdm/landingpage/collection/suffragists 707-636-2888 www.nwhp.org How Women Won the Vote nwhp.org 3

Supporters in Arkansas posed in front of the State Capitol on February 7, 2017, Women’s Primary Suffrage Centennial Day. They were reenacting a rally celebrating passage of the bill to allow Arkansas women to vote in primary elections in 1917. The event was followed by the Inaugural Arkansas Women’s History Month Festival, presented by the Arkansas Women’s History Institute www.arkansaswomen.org . Photo courtesy of the Arkansas State Archives, an agency of the Department of Arkansas Heritage.

Exciting Plans Under Way for the Suffrage Centennial

ANY EXCITING EFFORTS are already Coalition holds annual Women’s Equality Day celebra- underway to celebrate women’s history tions and has collaborated with the Worcester Women’s and the Women’s Suffrage Centennial History Project and the of M Needham. in 2020. From national organizations to state insti- th tutions to local groups, you'll find tremendous di- 2020 is not only the 100 anniversary of suffrage, but also the 200th birthday of Susan B Anthony. The suffrage versity, creativity, involvement and purpose here, leader was born in 1820 on a farm in Adams, Massachu- whether planned or already happening. setts. To commemorate her life, the Adams Women in an increasing number of states are organizing to see that the suffrage centennial is ap- propriately recognized. There are both new and ex- isting organizations that are integrating anniversary events into their schedules. City and small town museums and civic organizations, historic sites, communities and individuals are also developing Massachusetts special ways to celebrate this historic advancement for both women and men. The Women’s Suffrage Celebration Coalition of Mas- One clear message all agree on is that there's sachusetts (WSCC), which has grown to over 60 part- no reason to wait until 2020. There is a lot to do ner organizations (http://suffrage100ma.org), is pleased to be collaborating with the Massachusetts Common- now and a lot to celebrate wherever you are. Na- wealth Museum on The Suffrage Centennial Display tional groups need volunteers in the states, so what- Panel Project, The project will create “Suffragist of the ever your local involvement, you might consider Month” panels from August 2017 to August 2020 which connecting with one of the organizations like the will be displayed in the Museum’s lobby and on the WVCI that wants to involve and assist citizens, ac- WSCC website. tivists, artists, institutions, businesses, teachers and For February 2019, the Coalition and the Boston Members of the Womenís Suffrage Celebration Coalition of Women’s Heritage Trail are planning a re-enactment of public officials throughout the country. Massachusetts and the Boston Women's Heritage Trail have Each of these groups would love to hear from a historic Boston suffrage protest. In June, the centen- worked with the City of Boston for more than seven years to you and would certainly make good use of your fi- nial of ratification by Massachusetts, the WSCC is plan- show the suffrage colors on the Public Garden's famous Swan nancial support. ning a kick-off event for the upcoming centennial. The Boats on Equality Day. 4 nwhp.org National Women's History Project

Suffrage Centennial Celebration Committee has be- state to allow women to vote in primary elections in early gun to raise money, with help from the Adams Commu- Women's Vote 1917, and was the 12th state – and the first Southern state nity Bank, for a bronze statue by sculptor Brian Hanlon Centennial – to ratify the 19th Amendment. The Arkansas Women’s depicting young Susan reading a book and adult Susan Suffrage Centennial Project, at https://ualrexhibits.org/ delivering a speech. For information and suffrage Initiative suffrage, was formed in early 2016 and received a plan- products, visit www.celebratesusanbanthony.org. In ning grant from the Arkansas Humanities Council. In addition, the committee is promoting a two-year-long The Women’s Vote February 2017, supporters gathered at the Arkansas State voter registration drive and making plans for a parade, Centennial Initiative Capitol to celebrate the centennial of the state primary symposium, fireworks and much more in 2020. (WVCI) is a national suffrage bill. collaborative effort created to ensure Arkansas Governor Asa Hutchinson issued an execu- th that the 100 an- tive order in August 2017 creating an official committee, th niversary of the 19 the Arkansas Women’s Suffrage Centennial Commemo- Amendment is widely ration Committee, under the Department of Arkansas celebrated through- Heritage (DAH). Committee members include the DAH out the country. The Special Projects Coordinator, State Historian, Secretary Initiative is the central of State or designee, League of Women Voters and the national organization Arkansas Women’s History Institute representatives, and encouraging com- three at-large appointees. memorative activities culminating in 2020. WVCI has launched its new website, www.2020centennial. org, which will serve as a central organiz- The Susan B. Anthony Birthplace Museum, also in ing and information-sharing center for centennial Adams, has created a three-panel travelling display dates and plans, with plenty of links to resources from its collection of over 600 suffrage postcards. It as well. A recent WVCI sponsored discussion, has been exhibited in New York libraries, historical Women’s Suffrage and the Vote: Funding , sites and societies, and is available for other suffrage held on March 15, 2018, can be viewed at www. celebrations. Visit www.susanbanthonybirthplace.org youtube.com/watch?v=65TD1Rhk1Tk. or contact Cynthia at [email protected]. The 2020Centennial Facebook page offers the latest on what's happening for 2020 and on suffrage history. Check out what others have planned, post your own activities, or learn what happened today in suffrage history. Find it on Facebook by searching 2020Centennial.org. The Committee logo and website were unveiled on July ______28, 2018, the 99th anniversary of Arkansas' ratification of the 19th Amendment. Women’s Suffrage Centennial Commission Kathleen Pate, president of the AWHI, noted that, “Spearheading a suffrage commemoration campaign at The Women’s Suffrage Centennial Commission Act the state level is not as difficult as you might imagine. (S. 847) was incorporated into the agreement for With creative partnerships and dedicated volunteers, a FY17 omnibus spending measure, along with an many of our goals in Arkansas were accomplished with initial $2 million dollar appropriation for the com- little or no outside funding.” A second Annual Suffrage mission. Congress appropriated $2 million for the Sprint & Stroll, a 1.9 mile fun run/walk, will be on Au- 2020 Commission in the bill signed by the president gust 25, 2018. Visit https://runsignup.com/Race/AR/Lit- Colleen Janz from the Susan B. Anthony Birthplace Museum but the work of the Commission can’t start until all tleRock/SuffrageSprintStroll. with the museum’s travelling display of suffrage post cards. members are appointed. The Speaker of the House and the White House have yet to announce their choices.

Iowa In California, activity has started in several parts of the state. Plans are currently being made for a California tional website includes a rich Print and Media Resourc- The Iowa League of Women Voters, AAUW, The state centennial committee; contact [email protected] to es List of vintage films, books, recordings, videos and Iowa Commission on the Status of Women, and Car- participate. Activists in Santa Clara County are organiz- more. www.Catt.org rie Chapman Center at Iowa State, and others have ing a Task Force with the assistance of the Board of Su- joined together for a 2020 commemoration. Their plans pervisors to locally commemorate the 100th anniversary include artworks, billboards, lectures, musical perfor- and to address women’s political equality as well. The mances, curricula and much more. Arkansas Task Force’s objectives are to analyze current conditions Arkansas Women's History Institute (AWHI) celebrates and create an actionable plan to increase women’s politi- The Girlhood Home in Charles the unique place Arkansas holds in the history of wom- cal equality in the county’s diverse communities. Contact City honors the national suffrage leader. Their educa- en’s suffrage. Arkansas became the first non-suffrage Carla Collins at [email protected]. How Women Won the Vote 5 nwhp.org

Fabulous Sites on Suffrage Centennials and Women’s History Including Women’s History Trails, Exhibits, Halls of Fame, State Centennials & more

Arizona Women’s Heritage Trail Montana Centennial montanawomenshistory.org/how-to-celebrate/ womensheritagetrail.org/women/FrancesMunds.php montanawomenshistory.org/for-teachers/ Lesson plan on Hazel Hunkins Arkansas Women’s Suffrage Centennial Project Suffrage Centennial suffrage100nv.org/ ualrexhibits.org/suffrage/ Nevada Women’s History Project nevadawomen.org/ California Centennial summary New Jersey Women’s History njwomenshistory.org/nj-womens-heritage- sos.ca.gov/elections/celebrating-womens- trail/ run by the Institute suffrage/california-women-suffrage-centennial/ Alice Paul Institute www.alicepaul.org th Georgia 90 Anniversary New York Centennial Resource Guide and video ny.gov/programs/new- 5.galib.uga.edu/blog/?p=3920 links york-state-womens-suffrage-commission Kentucky Woman Suffrage Project Site networks.h- New York State Women’s History nywomenshistory.com Trails, videos, net.org/kywomansuffrage Votes for Women Trail NY Cultural Heritage Tourism Network Women’s Heritage Center New York Centennial Calendar rochester.edu/sba/events/2017-centennial- mdwomensheritagecenter.publishpath.com/ celebration/2017centennial/ calendar of events Massachusetts - Women's Suffrage Celebration Coalition of Massachusetts Oregon Centennial Site centuryofaction.org/ suffrage100ma.org/ Oregon Experience: The Suffragists Public TV show Worcester Women’s History Project wwhp.org/Resources/ links opb.org/television/programs/oregonexperience/segment/the-suffragists/ Boston Women’s Heritage Trail bwht.org/ Tennessee Suffrage Monument tnsuffragemonument.org/ Women’s History Trail Tennessee Suffrage Memorial tnwomansmemorial.org/ michiganwomenshalloffame.org/womens_history_timeline1.aspx Vermont Women’s History Project/Vermont Historical Society Timeline vermonthistory.org/research/vermont-women-s-history Women's Suffrage in Missouri and the Golden Lane c Washington Women’s History Consortium span.org/video/?307551-1/womens-suffrage-missouri video washingtonhistory.org/research/whc/

The League of Women Voters New York State is plan- Keep Up on ning a variety of events around the national centennial in 2020. They’ve posted a useful Women’s Suffrage Re- Suffrage Centennials Online sourceSpecial Kit State online Sites to helpon Centennials groups plan, Page work 1 with oth- ers, and publicize their activity. http://www.lwvny.org/ Suffrage Wagon News Channel programs-studies/womens-suffrage/.

The award-winning Suffrage Wagon News Channel (SuffrageWagon.org) covers suffrage news, features, videos and action campaigns. The site features col- umns about travel, food, history, books and human in- Women’s Rights National Historical Park tells the terest related to the suffrage movement. The platform story of the first Women’s Rights Convention held in is inspired by the suffrage wagon "Spirit of 1776" that Seneca Falls, New York, on July 19-20, 1848. It is a story was used for campaigning by New York activist Edna of struggles for civil rights, human rights, and equality Kearns, grandmother of site editor Marguerite Kearns. that continue today. Each July, the park hosts Convention The news channel, has been publishing since 2009. Days, three days filled with speakers, historical actors, Follow SuffrageWagon.org on Twitter, Facebook, and demonstrations to commemorate the New York suf- email subscription and quarterly newsletter. frage movement and the national centennial. The park was established in 1980 to preserve and interpret signifi- SuffrageCentennials.com cant sites associated with the drive for equal rights for SuffrageCentennials.com is a website that highlights women. www.nps.gov/wori. events, celebrations, trends and news about the New York womenís suffrage movement and anniversary celebra- tions. Enjoy learning about American history, suffrage New York State Women’s Suffrage Commission, the related events and interesting programs in states and official Commission for the state centennial, has orga- nationally. SuffrageCentennials.com features a rich nized a series of statewide programs continuing into archive of news from the past five years. Follow with 2020. New York just completed its own state suffrage Twitter, Facebook, email and the quarterly newsletter. centennial, complete with museum shows, publications, This site collaborates with other organizations includ- performances and more. Countless programs celebrated ing the National Womenís History Project and the the accomplishment of women’s suffrage and the central Centennial campaign. role of New Yorkers and New York State. Website in- cludes profiles of historic state suffragists. https://www. Centennial Listserv ny.gov/programs/new-york-state-womens-suffrage- The Women's Vote Centennial Initiative ís 2020 commission. Centennial listserv began in March 2015 as a way to share information and ideas and connect with others planning for 2020. You can post information or ques- The New York State Museum’s exhibit, “Votes for tions about Centennial planning or read what others and Women: Celebrating New York’s Suffrage Centen- around the nation are proposing to commemorate the nial,” produced a fascinating illustrated catalog (above) occasion. A compilation of messages is sent out about Susan B. Anthony Statue Fund that is now available. The Museum also created a six- once a month. Sign up by sending an email to Suf- The Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Susan B. Anthony Statue panel traveling exhibition that will be at smaller venues [email protected] (the listserv is moder- Fund aims to break the “bronze ceiling” to create the first around New York State. http://www.nysm.nysed.gov/ ated by Jill Zahniser). exhibitions/votes-for-women. statue of real women in 's Central Park. Continued on Page 16 6 nwhp.org National Women's History Project

RATIFICATION The Final Drive That Won the 19th Amendment

AR MORE THAN a footnote in had been polled, every governor had ists in each state were crucial to the voting and undercut all the work suf- women’s suffrage – and Ameri- been interviewed, the press had been plan since it required simultaneous fragists had done up to that point. Pas- can – history, the drive for rati- informed, and “an expectant, eager work in every House of every legisla- sage meant victory for their hopes and ficationF of the 19th Amendment was army, thoroughly well-equipped and ture in every state. “There is no quick, dreams. No wonder suffragists, at the an unprecedented national campaign trained” was ready to go. short cut to our liberty,” Catt warned peak of their strength nationally, threw that involved politically sophisticated After nearly three decades, the Na- them, “Nothing less than this nation- themselves into this final campaign women in every state. The move- tional American Woman Suffrage As- wide, vigilant, unceasing campaigning with all the power they could summon. ment’s ultimate success – amending sociation (NAWSA) had grown in size will win the ratification.” Opponents had been able to delay the U.S. Constitution – relied on ex- and influence under Anna Howard the vote in Congress until most state perienced suffragists throughout the Shaw and Carrie Chapman Catt. These The Ultimate Challenge legislatures had adjourned, forcing country who had spent years in poli- national figures worked with the lead- suffragists to ask governors to call This was the ultimate challenge for tics and who had come to understand ers of suffrage associations throughout special sessions to approve ratification women who had been working for their the mechanics of government. When the country to craft a successful plan, so women could vote in the 1920 elec- rights for decades. Defeat would cast they needed to act – exactly one hun- first to win passage and then ratifica- tion. This was the case in at least 29 a pall over their immediate chances of dred years after the birth of Susan B. tion of the 19th Amendment. Suffrag- states. In addition, political conditions Anthony – they were ready. were different in every state and de- Immediately after the Senate passed manded carefully calculated strategies. the suffrage bill on June 4, 1919, suf- Suffragists used all their influence fragists focused all their energy on from years of work to persuade gov- getting 36 states to ratify the proposed ernors and representatives and win amendment. each legislatures support for ratifica- Courtesy of the Oklahoma Historical Society tion. Not everything went smoothly and states where women had won the vote were surprisingly slow to ratify. State and national organizers were in constant motion while the country was still recovering from the First World War and dealing with the passage of Prohibition. A dozen legislatures ratified the amendment unanimously while others were divided or dragged their feet. Many southern states came out forcefully against federal action and some even sent organizers to other As each state ratified the 19th Amendment- states to defeat it. National Woman’s Party head Alice Paul sewed another star on the Ratification Flag. Memorial marker for Aloysius Larch-Miller in Memorial Park, Shawnee, Calling on Party Support Around her are organizers , Oklahoma. Elizabeth Kalt, Florence Boeckel, Anita Pol- Because of the work and sacrifices litzer, Sue White and Vivian Pierce. of suffragists throughout the states, A Martyr to the Cause the campaign surged ahead through A century later, 2019 marks the start ETTING GOVERNORS to call special sessions to ratify the 19th Amendment be- the second half of 1919. To keep up of the ratification centennials, leading fore the 1920 presidential election demanded everything from the women involved. the momentum, Catt led a “Wake Up up to the national centennial in 2020. TheG complexity and cost were shown in Oklahoma. In their book, Woman Suffrage and America” tour of the western states in The ratification campaign offers an Politics, Carrie Chapman Catt and Nettie Rogers Shuler included the following tribute: the fall. At the same time, Alice Paul excellent opportunity to both celebrate "In September, Miss Aloysius Larch-Miller, secretary of the Oklahoma Ratification was directing National Woman’s Party the suffrage movement and to recog- Committee . . . secured signed pledges from a majority of the legislators that they would (NWP) efforts in certain states, includ- nize each state’s suffrage history. (For attend, serve without pay, consider no other legislation and vote for ratification. When ing neglected southern states, with the state ratification dates, check the ar- these were presented, the Governor’s answer was a refusal to answer. . . . same goal in mind. Members of the ticle starting on page 8.) “In January 1920, the Democratic State Central Committee called county conventions two rival organizations occasionally to select delegates to the Democratic State Convention. Many of these county conven- clashed. An Unprecedented Movement tions passed resolutions asking the Governor to call the session. Although she had been confined to her room for several days with influenza, Miss Larch-Miller attended the The NWP had long been criticized convention of her county – Pattawatomie – and spoke for the resolution in opposition to by NAWSA for its political party- th After the 19 Amendment was finally Attorney General S.P. Freeling, one of the ablest orators of the State and also the stron- oriented strategy, but the ratification confirmed, several states competed to gest opponent of woman suffrage in Oklahoma. Her enthusiasm and eloquence carried drive showed the importance of party be the first to ratify. won the day for suffrage. The resolution was adopted. For her the price was her life. The support. NWP officer Dora Lewis ob- the race on June 10 after a technicality exertion proved too heavy a tax and in two days she paid the supreme sacrifice for the cause she had served.” served that in Kentucky, where ratifi- ruled out , which was second, cation passed, “many of the men who and Michigan was third. The fast start Aloysius Larch-Miller, 33, described as a gifted orator with abundant energy, charm, and “impressive ideas,” was mourned as a martyr to woman suffrage. In her memory, voted in favor of ratification were anti- reflected suffragists’ careful prepara- local citizens and children raised funds to create the Larch-Miller Park in Shawnee, suffragists and told me they were only tion. By June 1919, every legislature Oklahoma. doing it on account of their party.” How Women Won the Vote nwhp.org 7

needed only one more state. She celebrated those who felt “the grip This set the scene for the climactic of the oneness of women struggling, vote in the Tennessee House during serving, suffering, sacrificing for the the hot summer of 1920. Using every righteousness of woman’s emancipa- tactic they could, opponents forced fa- tion. . . . Let your joy be unconfined vorable representatives to change their and let it speak so clearly that its echo positions and tried to defeat the mea- will be heard around the world and find sure in every way possible. “Never in its way into the soul of every woman the history of politics,” one suffragist of any and every race and nationality recalled, “has there been such a nefari- who is yearning for opportunity and ous lobby as labored to block the ratifi- liberty still denied her sex.” cation in Nashville.” “You’ve won!”

“The soul of every woman”

Even after the measure passed by just one vote – Harry Burn’s – opponents continued to try to block or overturn the amendment. However, following pas- sage on August 18, the governor quick- ly signed and sent the ratification bill to U.S. Secretary of State Bainbridge Victorious state suffragists gathered to witness their state’s governor signing the bill ratifying the 19th Amendment in Nevada, Kentucky (top), Maine and Nebraska (bottom). Colby. He signed the Proclamation on August 26 and triumphant women immediately launched celebrations na- To bring pressure on Republican- in retrospect make the great campaign tionwide. Over the next two years, suf- controlled states, the NWP picketed almost look easy, suffragists won fragists successfully held off relentless the Republican National Convention state after state, suffering setbacks but legal challenges by opponents. in June demanding party action. Lob- moving steadily ahead. In less than After their victory, Carrie Catt Posing with bouquets for a victory portrait, bying and political maneuvering con- a year, they won the approval of 35 praised her fellow suffragists for national suffrage leader Carrie Chapman states while eight states had rejected Catt sat surrounded by suffrage leaders tinued simultaneously. “leading the woman’s crusade for the Mary Garret Hay, Harriet Taylor Upton, With a determination and drive that the amendment. By April, suffragists liberation of the mothers of the race.” Maud Wood Park and Marjorie Shuler.

Make August 26, 2020, a National Holiday

Register to Vote – and Vote! Today, there is no national holiday that honors women. The great achieve- ment of the 20th century - the emancipation and empowerment of women - call for recognition at the national level. Join us in working with individuals, orga- nizations, institution throughout the country to honor the 100th Anniversary of √ If you're not registered, get women in the United States winning the right to vote. registered at vote.org It is time for August 26, 2020, to become a national holiday that truly honors the √ Volunteer at a local high hundreds of thousands of suffragists who fearlessly campaigned for 72 years to school or college to encour- secure a woman's right to vote. This will be a serious challenge, but what better age young voters way to celebrate "Women's Independence Day" and honor the inspiring nonvio- √ Help register voters lent movement that overcame tremendous odds to win civil rights for American √ Work at your local polling women. place How To Take Action √ If you're unable to vote, 1) Proclaim encourage others to vote Encourage local officials and organizations to draft a proclamation that declares √ If you're unable to vote, par- August 26, 2020, as a holiday. ticipate in the discussion 2) Educate through other civic oppor- Through your networks, social media, and local press share why it's time for tunities August 26, 2020 to be a national holiday. 3) Identify Work with your local schools, libraries, and historical societies to identify local RESOURCES women, men, and locations that were instrumental in supporting the suffrage campaign. Share these local stories and celebrate the brave women and men of • All in Together - aitogether.org/ your town. • Representation 2020 - www.representation2020.com/ 4) Share • Vote Run Lead - voterunlead.org/ Start today in sharing with your networks, social media, organizations, and local press about the upcoming Centennial, the incredible accomplishments of the Suffrage Movement, and the need for a national holiday. 8 nwhp.org National Women's History Project Suffragists Active in Every State

ho won the vote in my state? Who led 16 national suffrage leaders the campaigns and where can I learn more? and their birthplaces W ALICE STOKES PAUL We attempt to briefly answer these questions below with a summary of each state's suffrage Moorestown, NJ history, the names of a number of state suffrag- ists and links to more information. We want to Orange, NJ particularly emphasize the national scope of the women’s suffrage movement and to encourage Newcastle-on-Tyne, England individuals to study and share their state's role in CARRIE LANE CHAPMAN CATT the enfranchisement of women. Ripon, WI Our choices as to where to place some of these women can be debated – some are under their Hartford, CT birthplaces while some are not – but we want to ELIZABETH CADY STANTON give states maximum opportunity to claim local Johnstown, NY women who were important in winning enfran- FRANCES ELIZABETH CAROLINE WILLARD chisement at the state and national levels. Churchville, NY 56 Campaigns, 41 Defeats Seneca Falls, NY IDA BELL WELLS-BARNETT Suffragists waged 56 electoral campaigns in 31 Holy Springs, MS Miss Evans as Joan of Arc, Florida states to win Votes for Women. They lost 41 of JEANNETTE PICKERING RANKIN these drives and yet they persisted to reach their Missoula, MT election. The date each state ratified is included as ultimate goal. Eventually, they won passage of LUCRETIA COFFIN MOTT another date to celebrate in addition to August 26. equal suffrage measures in 15 states and won , MA The key actions and coordinated strategies by presidential, or partial, suffrage through 15 state suffragists in local communities, cities and states legislatures. West Brookfield, MA throughout the country deserve much wider recog- By the time the 1920 election approached, poli- MARY ELIZA CHURCH TERRELL nition. They played a crucial role in securing Votes ticians were shocked that women would be voting Memphis, TN for Women nationwide. for president in 30 of the 48 states, even without MAUD WOOD PARK the 19th Amendment. This was the direct result Boston, MA For our information we relied primarily on of the work of state suffragists. printed sources and online resources posted by These same women, many now with years of Swartekill, NY state libraries and historical societies. We consult- experience, won ratification by the necessary 36 SUSAN BROWNELL ANTHONY ed internet sources like Wikipedia cautiously and state legislatures just months before the 1920 Adams, MA always confirmed facts elsewhere.

huntsvillehistorycollection.org/hh/ W. B. Cleary California index.php?title=%22They_Are_ Lida P. Robinson Too_Sweet_and_Angelic_to_Rea- Fred Colter Defeated 1896 son,%22_Or,_How_Women_Got_ Alice Park Passed 1911 the_Vote_in_Alabama Sally Jacobs Ratified November 1, 1919 Maybelle Craig Rachel Berry Clara Shortridge Foltz Elizabeth Clark Sargent www.uapress..edu/catalogs/ Elizabeth Kent dlg_show_excerpt.php?id=2072 Elizabeth Lowe Watson Elmira T. Stephens Arkansas Emily Pitts-Stevens Katherine Edson Helen Todd John Hyde Braly Colorado Virginia Clay Passed Primary Suffrage 1917 Katherine Edson Defeated 1919 Laura DeForce Gordon Alabama Ratified July 28, 1919 Lillian Harris Coffin Defeated 1877 Passed 1893 Hattie Wyatt Caraway Marietta L. Stow Never voted Mary McHenry Keith Ratified December 15, 1919 Rejected ratification Alice Ellington Florence Brown Cotnam Mary T. Longley Caroline Nichols Churchill September 22, 1919 Maud Younger Ellis Meredith Ratified September 8, 1953 Frances Munds Minnie Rutherford Lizzie Dorman Fyler Mrs. Seward A. Simons Helen Ring Robinson Adella Hunt Logan Clara McDiarmid Naomi Talbert Anderson Omar E. Garwood Arizona Mary Fletcher Martha Pease Adolphine Fletcher Terry Selina Solomons Mary Bradford Virginia Clay Passed 1912 bancroft.berkeley.edu/Exhibits/suf- Sarah Platt Becker Kate Cunningham frage/index. Lulu Hemingway Ratified February 12, 1920 www.encyclopediaofarkansas. Natalie Gray Margaret Murray Washington net/encyclopedia/entry-detail. womhist.alexanderstreet.com/teacher/ Frances W. Munds colosuff Pattie Ruffner Jacobs Pauline O’Neill aspx?entryID=4252 Hattie Hooker Wilkins How Women Won the Vote nwhp.org 9

Kate F. O’Connor Katherine Hancock Goode Margaret Dreier Robins Louise de Koven Bowen Madeline Watson Margaret Haley Mrs. James W. Morrison Ruth Hanna McCormick Sophonisba R. Breckenridge Thomas J. McMillan www.lib.niu.edu/2004/ih110604half

Indiana

Never voted Presidential Suffrage 1919 Ratified January 16, 1920 Suffrage Parade , 1914 Amanda Way Helen M. Gougar Kentucky Florence L. Nye Connecticut suffragists pose before their state parade banner Ida Husted Harper Helen N. Bates Mary Meyers Thomas Never voted Mabel Connor Mrs. Roselle Cooley Connecticut May Wright Sewall Presidential Suffrage 1919 Lucy Hobart Day Frances Anderson William Dudley Foulke Ratified January 6, 1920 www.mainememory.net/bin/Features? Mary McLeod Bethune Never voted Zerelda Wallace Desha Breckinridge t=fp&feat=13&supst=Exhibits Ivy Stranahan Ratified September 14, 1920 www.digitalcommons.butler.edu/cgi/ Laura Clay May Mann Jennings Abby & Julia Smith viewcontent.cgi?article=1359&co Lucie Wilmot Smith Ella Chamberlain Caroline Ruutz-Rees ntext=ugtheses Mary Barr Clay Catharine Beecher www.floridamemory.com/ blog/2014/08/26/womens-equality- Eliza Calvert Hall Catherine Flanagan Iowa Mattie Griffith Browne Isabella Beecher Hooker day-2/ Madeline McDowell Breckinridge Annie G. Porritt www.networks.h-net.org/kywoman- Defeated 1916 Elizabeth D. Bacon Georgia suffrage Katharine Houghton Hepburn Presidential Suffrage 1919 Mary Jane Roberts Never voted Ratified July 2, 1919 Grace Gallatin Seton Rejected ratification July 24, Katharine Ludington 1919 Mary Jane Coggeshall Louisiana Flora Dunlap Prudence Crandall Ratified February 20, 1970 Defeated 1918 Arabella Babb Mansfield ctexplored.org/the-long-road-to-wom- Rejected ratification July 1, Lugenia Burns Hope Mary Newbury Adams ens-suffrage-in-connecticut 1920 W.E.B. DuBois Hortense Butler Heywood Ratified June 11, 1970 Mary Latimer McLendon Martha C. Callanan Delaware Helen Augusta Howard Anna Bell Lawther Caroline Merrick Frances Smith Whiteside Margaret Atherton Bonney Emily Collins Never voted Mary McCurdy www.sdrc.lib.uiowa.edu/exhibits/suf- Jean Gordon Rejected ratification June 2, Lucy Laney frage/index Kate M. Gordon Lavinia Engel 1920 Leonard J. Grossman Lydia Wickliffe Holmes Ratified May 6, 1923 Jane Porter Barrett Miriam [Mrs. Frank] Leslie Annie Arneil Rebecca Latimer Felton Lucretia Horner Maryland Mabel Vernon Julia Flisch Celeste Claiborne Carruth Cary www.georgiaencyclopedia.org/articles/ Lilly Richardson Mary R. de Vou history-archaeology/woman-suffrage Ida Porter Boyer Never voted Martha Cranston Robert Ewing Rejected ratification February 24, 1920 Grace B. Tounsend Idaho Henry Dickson Bruns Mary Clare Brassington www.knowlouisiana.org/entry/ Ratified March 29, 1941 Winifred Morris Passed 1896 woman-suffrage Mary E. Brown Ratified February 11, 1920 Edith Houghton Hooker Etta Maddox delawareeranow.org/a-brief-history-of- Mrs. M. J. Whitman Maine Frances Ellen Watkins Harper delawares-role-in-womens-suffrage/ Abigail Scott Duniway Lucy Branham Emma F. A. Drake Defeated 1917 Eunice Pond Athey Presidential Suffrage 1919 Mrs. J. H. Richards Ratified November 5, 1919 Augusta Chissell Helen Young Deborah Knox Livingston Julia Emory Elizabeth Ingram Emma Maddox Funck Annette Bowman Laura Gregg Florence Brooks Whitehouse Katharine Reed Balentine historyengine.richmond.edu/episodes/ Francena Kellogg Buck view/6259 Kate Felton Gail Laughlin Helen L. Young Kansas www.projects.vassar.edu/1896/suf- frage Defeated 1867, 1894 Passed 1912 Ratified June 16, 1919 Illinois Annie L. Diggs Jane Lilly Brooks Never voted Laura Gregg Presidential Suffrage 1913 Laura M. Johns Mary McLeod Bethune Ratified June 10, 1919 Lucy B. Johnston Antoinette Funk Carrie Langston Florida Elizabeth K. Booth Helen Kimber Ella S. Stewart Catharine A. Hoffman Genevieve Howland Chalkley Never voted Flora Sylvester Cheney Minnie J. Brinstead Ratified May 13, 1969 Fannie Barrier Williams Grace Wilbur Trout Mary E. Ringrose Mary Nolan www.kshs.org/kansapedia/women-s- Mary A. Safford Julia Clifford Lathrop suffrage/14524 The Governor of Maine signs a partial suffrage bill in February, 1917. 10 nwhp.org National Women's History Project

By 1915, women had won enfranchisement in the eleven western states, leading women in the midwest and eastern states to reach out for the torch of freedom, as Hy Mayer suggested in his illustration for Life magazine. New York became the first equal suffrage state east of the in 1917.

Michigan Missouri www.shsmo.org/searchresults.sht ml?cx=002011585713746245898 %3Aancagzvk0d4&cof=FORID%3 Defeated 1874, 1912, 1913 Defeated 1914 A11&q=woman+suffrage&sa=Se Presidential Suffrage 1917 Presidential Suffrage 1919 arch&siteurl=shsmo.org%2Findex. Passed 1918 Ratified July 3, 1919 shtml&ref=&ss=2031j391089j14 Ratified June 10, 1919 Edna Fishel Gellhorn Belle Brotherton Emily Newell Blair Ida Rust Macpherson Francis Minor Montana Mary Eleanora McCoy Kate Richards O’Hare Mrs. Percy J. Farrell Luella St. Clair Moss Passed 1914 Clara B. Arthur Helen Guthrie (Mrs. Walter Ratified August 2, 1919 Katharine Dexter McCormick McNab) Miller Margaret Whittemore Rose O’Neill Belle Fligelman Eva McCall Hamilton Phoebe Couzins Hazel Hunkins Margaret Smith Hathaway Lucile Dyas Topping Margaret Foley Clara Comstock Russell seekingmichigan.org/look/2011/03/08/ Mary E. O’Neill Massachusetts woman-suffrage Mary C. Wheeler Annie K.Dent Ida Auerbach Defeated 1915 Grace Rankin Kinney Ratified June 25, 1919 Minnesota Mississippi Maria M. Dean Mary Stewart Abigail “Abby” Kelley Foster Never voted Never voted Wellington Rankin Rejected ratification March 29, www.montanawomenshistory.org/ Evelyn Peverley Coe Presidential Suffrage 1919 Ratified September 8, 1919 1920 suffrage/ Florence Luscomb Ratified March 22, 1984 Henry Blackwell Clara Ueland Josephine St. Pierre Ruffin Elizabeth Wood Harrison Belle Kearney Nebraska Emily Gilman Noyes Nellie Nugent Somerville Lily Wilkinson Thompson Ethel Edgerton Hurd Defeated 1882, 1914 Margaret Foley Isabel Lawrence Pauline Orr Annie K. Dent Presidential Suffrage 1917 Maria Sanford Emily Newell Blair Ratified August 2, 1919 Maria Louise Baldwin Jane Grey Swisshelm Allen Thompson Maria Weston Chapman Emily Haskell Bright Hala Hammond Butt Clara Beckwith Colby Nellie Griswold Francis Thomas K. Mellen James Beauchamp “Champ” Henrietta I. Smith Mary Livermore Julia Bullard Nelson Robert Campbell Clark Mary Ware Dennett Sarah Burger Stearns Fannie May Witherspoon Jane Thompson Grace Abbott www.collections.mnhs.org/ Estelle Crane Virginia Minor Grace Wheeler Pauline Agassiz Shaw www.mshistorynow.mdah.ms.gov/ Sarah Remond MNHistoryMagazine/articles/54/ Florence Weigle Mary Williams Susan Walker Fitzgerald articles/245/mississippi-women-and- Florence Atkinson Harriet S. Brooks v54i07p290-303.pdf r Thomas Wentworth Higginson the-woman-suffrage-amendment Mary Semple Scott Rheta Childe Dor Wendell Phillips Florence Richardson Usher www.nebraskastudies.org/0700/sto- www.masshist.org/objects/2010july.php ries/0701_0110.html How Women Won the Vote nwhp.org 11

Nevada Oklahoma

Defeated 1910 Passed 1914 Passed 1918 Ratified February 7, 1920 Ratified February 28, 1920 Anne Martin Felice Cohn AloysiusLarch-Miller Eliza Cook Adelia C. Stephens Mary Stoddard Doten Kate H. Biggers Sadie Dotson Hurst Mrs. Clarence Henley Mila Tupper Maynard Margaret Rees Frances Slaven Williamson Katherine Pierce Bird May Wilson Julia Woodworth www.nevadawomen.org/Nevada Peter Hanraty Women History Project Ruth A. Gay Mary Crangle Frances Woods New Hampshire http://ojs.library.okstate.edu/osu/ index.php/OKPolitics/article/view- File/1048/945 Defeated 1903 Ratified September 10, 1919 Abigail “Abby” Hutchinson Armenia Smith White Defeated 1884, 1900, 1906, Suffragists use umbrellas for shade on their decorated parade float in Blair, Nebraska, July 1914. Parker Pillsbury 1908, 1910 Mary Ann Filley Passed 1912 Mary Olive Hunt New Mexico Ratified January 13, 1920 Marilla Ricker Fanny Garrison Villard Abigail Scott Duniway Sarah Whittier Hovey Never voted Florence Kelley Defeated 1912, 1914 Viola Coe www.cowhampshireblog. Ratified February 21, 1920 Harriet Burton Laidlaw Presidential Suffrage 1919 Esther Pohl Lovejoy com/2016/11/05/new-hampshire- Isabella Munro Ferguson Ratified June 16, 1919 Hattie Redmond political-heroines-suffragists-elected- Inez Milholland Boissevain Mary Thompson Ella St. Clair Thompson James Lees Laidlaw Belle Sherwin women-and-record-breakers/ New Ellen J. Palen Elizabeth J. Hauser Martha A. Dalton Hampshire political heroines Louisine Havemeyer Elizabeth Craig Deane H. Lindsey Frances Dana Gage Nina Otero Warren Annice Jeffreys Hay Ada Cornish Hertsche Catharine P. Wallace Kate Hall Luema G. Johnson Maud Malone Clara Waldo Margaret Cartright Nettie Rogers Shuler Ann Webster Emma Buckman Rosalie Gardiner Jones Charlotte M. Cartwright newmexicohistory.org/people/wom- Rose Schneiderman ens-suffrage-movement-1915 Sara A. Evans Rose Winslow Lizzy Weeks Vira Boarman Whitehouse www.oregonencyclopedia.org/articles/ New York rbscp.lib.rochester.edu/wny-womens- woman_suffrage_in_oregon/#. rights-movement WRS4euTrviM Defeated 1915 Passed 1917 North Carolina Ratified June 16, 1919 Pennsylvania Caroline Lexow Never voted Defeated 1915 Caroline M. Severance Ratified May 6, 1971 Ratified June 24, 1919 Catharine Waugh McCulloch Lillian Feickert Lillie Devereux Blake Anna Dickinson Gertrude Weil Caroline Katzenstein Anna J. Cooper New Jersey Edna Buckman Kearns Hallie Q. Brown Dora Lewis Helen Morris Gertrude Bustill Mossell Walter Clark Harriet Taylor Upton Hannah J. Patterson Defeated 1915 Julia Erwin Florence E. Allen Harriet Purvis, Jr. Ratified February 9, 1920 Kate Pearsall Jennie Bradley Roessing Lillian F. Feickert Susanne Bynum Hannah Cutler Julian Kennedy Mina C. Van Winkle Lillian Exum Clement Jane Hitchcock Jones Lucy K. Miller Portia Gage www.ncpedia.org/women-suffrage Lavinia Lloyd Dock Anna B. Jeffery www.corescholar.libraries.wright.edu Rachel Foster Avery Mary D. Hussey Florence Howe Hall North Dakota Louise M. Riley Verona H. Henry Dorothy Frooks Defeated 1914 Elinor Gebhardt Presidential Suffrage 1917 Julia Hurlbut Ratified December 1, 1919 Antoinette Brown Blackwell Clara L. Darrow www.capitalcentury.com/1919 sum- Cora Smith Eaton mary Linda Slaughter Flora Naylor Emma S. Pierce Elizabeth Darrow O’Neil Grace Clendening Elizabeth Preston Anderson ndstudies.gov/gr8/content/unit-iii- waves-development-1861-1920/ lesson-4-alliances-and-conflicts/ topic-8-suffrage/section-3-woman- suffrage-1912-1920 Oklahoma City suffragists prepare for a Labor Day parade in 1910. Bessie F. Brainard, New York Continued on page 14 12 nwhp.org National Women's History Project The Countdown Has Begun . . . .

August 26, 2020 is the 100th Anniversary of Women Winning the Vote. To recognize and celebrate this historic event, we need to begin today! How to Get Involved th 2. Contact your Secretary of State and ask what Host a Gathering 100 Anniversary of Women your state is doing to celebrate half of the popula- Winning the Vote! tion winning the right to vote. Gather your historical enthusiasts and lovers of wom- 3. Contact your local representatives' offices. Ask en’s history to celebrate the accomplishments of wom- The great achievement of the 20th century - the eman- them to meet with you to discuss plans for cele - en. Whether you host a tea, a luncheon, or a film, there cipation and empowerment of women - calls for rec- brating the Women's Suffrage Centennial. are endless possibilities for collaboration and fun. ognition at the national level. Recognizing the 100th For more ideas visit: Anniversary of women in the United States winning https://suffragistmemorial.wordpress.com/2015/08/16/ the right to vote provides a great opportunity to unite how-to-host-a-suffragist-memorial-party/ our country with patriotic and historical celebrations Hold a Commemorative Tea in every community, state, and in the nation. These The History grand events would honor the 72-year, non-partisan On July 9, 1848 five advocates for women's rights met campaign while recognizing the extraordinary work for tea in Waterloo, New York. From their afternoon of three generations of Americans who worked to en- discussion these women - , Martha sure women's inclusion in our democracy. This celebra- Proclamations: An Important Beginning Wright, Mary Ann McClintock, Elizabeth Cady Stanton, tion recognizing the campaign for women winning Engage your local, state, and national representatives and - would move to action and plan the the vote is a central part of our national heritage. This and ask that they begin with a Proclamation for Wom- Seneca Falls Con- quintessential event is an American Event. en's Equality Day, 2018. This is an easy win and one vention of 1848; Start Now! that can be duplicated each year. (Visit www.nwhp. the first conven- Recruit your friends and family to join you. Begin by org Women’s History All Year section.) You can use this tion for women’s making plans for August 26th this year and build on it as a guide for future years. rights in the United for next year to ensure that by 2020 you have built en- Lobby For Support States. What was thusiasm for an extraordinary event. • Make phone calls, visit, or write letters to local, state once a way for wom- en to gather among Organize a Community Coalition and Congressional representatives. • Write letters to the editor of your local paper and friends, meeting for Contact women's groups, educational organization, tea became an act of equity organizations, community libraries, local histor- include information of on your local suffragists whenever possible. rebellion as women ical society, and museum. Start with something small used this time to educate themselves on the cause and build on the event's success. • Contact local, state, and congressional representa- tives on social media. of suffrage and organize to take action to acquire the vote. Throughout the campaign, women would meet NOW.org Toolkit in their homes, tea rooms, and other public spaces to If you are seeking resources to engage your elected of- join forces. ficials check out the “Raise Your Voice Toolkit.” Although designed for lobbying for the Commemorative Tea Ideas (ERA), the NOW resources can be used for a variety of • Ask women to dress in suffrage colors (purple, gold, issues including the ERA and an Equality Day holiday. and white). • Serve tea, sandwiches & sweets. Go to www.NOW.org https://now.org/wp-content/ • Goodie Bags could include How Women Won the Engage Your Elected Officials uploads/2017/04/Constituent-Engagement-Guide-4. Vote Volume 2 or other Women’s Rights Information. pdf • Post your Tea on social media to inspire and connect 1. Contact your state superintendent of schools Social Media with other celebrations around the country. and ask what the schools will be doing to celebrate Share your story - “Why is it important to celebrate the • Name tables after famous locations or suffragists. the history and success of the Women's Suffrage Women's Suffrage Centennial?” #suffragecentennial • Create biography cards on women suffragists. Movement. #votesforwomen100years #womensequalityday • Invite male supporters.

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