UDC: 572. 02(22) Title: Insula: international journal of isl..

Cat. no: 211537 Date: 07 Mar 201 Subscription no: Note:

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December 1996 ISSN 1021 - 0814 Year 5 No. l . 4-fi--

[î ^V-iS'fW-' \... - ..--...J insu Conseil tnsulâr de Menorca Bibliothèque/LibraryJ UNESCO steuropean conférence 7 placede Fontenoy on sustainableIsland ontents 75352PARIS 07 SP- FRANCE developmen Editorial ^"y x' i"r Fier Giovanni d'Ayala Islanders at Work

Tï1 Lemnian Soil 35 News froni and about Islands P. Hatzitheodorrideis and E. G. Ohanjanian Chiotakis

First European Conférence on Island Thé Aeolian Islands on thé Sustainable Development: Waue ofTelematics 39 Minorca Conférence, April 1997 Michèle Giacoinantonio P. G. d'Ayala A Remarkable Environmental Event Environmental Profile of thé Small in Lipari 4l Italian Islands P.G. d'Ayala 0. Rossi, M. Vezzosi, G. Zurlini and A. d'Ayala Culture and Traditional ^ Dossier: Waste Manageinent Knowledge ^ in Small Islands Recycling Art: Thé Unsuspected Beauty Sustainable Development and Waste of thé Object.... 43 Managementin Small Island States 15 P. G. d'Ayala (2 PAGES) Naresh Singh Lithica Utilization of Used Tyres in Civil Xec Florit Nin and Engineering: Thé Pneusol-Tyresoil 22 Alfred Hutchinson ^ ^ -^ Nguyen-Thanh-Long ^ Insula's Page 49 ^ ^ Bomholm: Green Island in thé Baltic Sea 26 Jannik Stenberg // UNESCO and MAB Page 50 Glass Recycling in Remote Areas: Thé Shetland Islands Expérience 29 Book Reviews 51 ]VIary Lisk y Letters to thé Editer 54 Insula's Guest Announcements 56

Interview with Juan Huguet, Join and Support INSULA 59 Ministerio de! Président of thé Parliament of thé Nedio Ambiente Autonomous Région of thé Baléares 33 Application for Membership 60

sa More détails and contact addresses inside (pages 4 to 7) International Journal of Island Affaire ditoria

ISSN 1021 - 0814

December 1996 Year 5 No. l his journal, dear readers, has since its inception, in early 1992, addressed several Editorial Board issues considered as priorities from thé island- Editer: ers point of view. One of thèse is sustainable Pier Giovanni d'Ayala tourism, which was dealt with at thé World project. This project is supported by thé Euro- Co-editor: Conférence held in Lanzarote, Canary Islands, pean Commission, and aims to link islands to Lino Brîguglio in April 1995. Thé conférence offered a multi- one another through thé wave oftelematics. faceted view oftourism - which has now become Scientific advisory committee: a "leading industry" in thé world. Tourism cer- Prof. Salvino Busuttil, Malta tainly is thé industry, but it has its pitfalls, Conférence on Sustainable Dr. Ronald G. Parris, USA, Caribbean notably thé waste it générâtes - a major prob- Island Developinent Prof. Nicolas Margaris, Greece lem in many small islands. Prof. Patrick Nunn, Fiji Very soon, INSULA will be organising thé "Ist Prof. G. Prakash Reddy, India Waste is thé thème on which we focus in thé European Conférence on Sustainable Island Prof. Hiroshi Kakazu, Japan Prof. Orazio Rossi, Italy "Dossier" ofthis issue. Human beings générale Development". Thé conférence, which will be Dr. Henrique Pinto da Costa, various kinds ofwaste, seeiningly without value, held in Minorca in April 1997, aims, amongst Sào Tome e Principe representing what we do not want to keep. other things, to create a concrète framework for When thé récipient of waste is a small island, inter-island coopération, a must in a swiftly Published by INSULA, thé International thé problem takes on a priority dimension, due changing world. Scientific Council for Island Development, with principally to space constraints. thé support of UNESCO m collaboration with thé Islands and Small States Institute of thé Several thèmes will be debated at Minorca Foundation for International Studies, Malta. This problem - often hidden behind thé bushes including: or thé trees in small islands - requires careful . technological progress for islands, in its sev- Articles published in this journal do not study for thé mitigation of its undesirable ef- eral aspects, such as information technology, necessanly reflect thé opinions ofINSULA, or of fects. In this issue of thé journal, solutions to renewable énergies, transportation, etc.; thé Foundation for International Studies, or of UNESCO. thé problem are proposed and a number of . thé cultural héritage ofislands; technological innovations are discussed. Well . islands, conflicts and international politics; Material appearing in this journal cannot be conceived and cost-effective measures, includ- . natural and man-made disasters, prévention reproduced without thé prior permission of thé ing thé organization of collection services and mitigation and relief. Editer. re-use and re-cycling ofwaste are also consid- More information about this conférence is car- ered. ried "News on and about Islands" section. insula, thé International Journal oflsland Af- in thé fairs, is distributed free to INSULA's individual and institutional members. For subscription and Another issue which we consider of gréât im- As stated in previous editorials, one important information please write to: portance for islanders is inforraation technolo- goal of INSULA is to encourage and support INSULA gy. This tool is permitting islanders to get in initiatives which improve thé welfare of thé c/o Division ofEcological Sciences touch with thé rest of thé world and to partici- islanders, and thé promotion of sustainable l, Rue Miollis pâte in thé global information révolution, with development is considered as an major objec- 75732 Paris, CEDEX 15 ail thé benefits that this carries with it. tive in this regard. It is for this reason that we France consider thé Minorca conférence - which spe- Tel: 33 l 45 68 40 56, Fax: 33 1 45 68 68 04 INSULA already plays an important rôle in this cifically focuses on thé sustainable develop- émail: [email protected]. fr regard through thé multinational Tele-Insula ment of islands - as a very important event. Produced by Formatek Ltd., Malta. "Fin de parcours rouge" by Andria Santarelli News froin and about Islands

Coiiference Objectives also be considered as a pillar for fu- Thé Minorca conférence has thé ture oriented island France following objectives: économies. Italy < . Establishing among European Greece

islands a coopérationframework Inlightofthis, mte- ^ SPain s slairiï s based on thé objectivesset forth grated planning ^^ Minorca '^ ews fron and about Sidly m thé "Minorca Commitments". and thé introduc- Tunisia "Malta Crète . Promoting thé work and achieve- tion at ail levels of Aigeria Mediterranean Sea ments of European organiza- thé appropriate le- Morocco tions. gai and financial Location map of Minorca 'irst uropean onference on . Proposingjoint pUot projects and incentives should Sustainable sland evelopnient spécifie undertakings m faveur be promoted enabling an optiïnal is constantly advancing and thé of island sustainable develop- consensusamong ail island actors. future is bright. But, islands inust ment. define their own options, adapted Withm this framework thé rôle to to their own particular environ- n July, 1996,INSULA - thé In becomesthé primary issue at stake. Minorca to try and forge agree- be played by thé European Union mental and territorial needs and temational Scientific CouncU for ments give form iiùtiatives and to Théines is vital m supporting coopération avoiding thé disastrous conse- that will lead to effective inter- Island Development - and thé Strengths and limitations must be endeavours. A spécial référence quences involved in imposing in- Conseil Insular de Menorca (Mi- luiderstood appreciated coopération, fos- better and island aimed at Thé conférence will focus on thé should be given to thé needs and appropriate models. norca Island Council) signed a Pro- together with thé opportunities of- tering sustainable development. following thèmes: realities of islands, many of them tocol of co-operation,at UNESCO's fered by scientific and technologi- This is a project Ûiat, m Europe, . Instruments and Tools for Sus- representing European peripher- Technological progress in fields cal advance. afFects more than 500 inhabited headquarters in Paris (seepicture). tainable Development ies, being nonetheless,vital Euro- such as télécommunications and islands. Thé island of Minorca is This was thé first step towards . Island Societiesand Technologi- pean partners. telematic applications means that Thé search for shared and mutu- holding thé First European Con- thé idéal setting for this gathermg cal Progress prospects are good for ail sectors ference on Sustainable Island De- ally supporting solutions is, no of différent European island cul- . Increasmg thé value of Cultural (public, private and ail activities) velopment. doubt, securea safe road tures. a Biosphère Réserve, is thé way to As it Héritage Technological Progress of island économies. towards sustainabUity, where eco- a prime example of conservation Thé conférence is supported by nomic development,social and cul- and developmentand therefore, thé Instruments and Tools There are two main stratégies for Thé future also holds hope m fields UNESCO, thé Spanish Ministry of tural progress, together with envi- idéal venue for a European island dealmg with thé inhérent difficiil- such as farming and fishing, water Envu-omnent, Islands recog- forum. thé Balearic ronmental protection, are Islandness is m itself a value, a ties that islands hâve in generat- resource and waste management, govenunent, and reUes on ac- nized as inter-dependent factors. thé comparative advantage to be duly ing technology. ail of which hâve an important tive participation of thé European Voices from non-European islands taken into account in island devel- bearing on quality of life on is- Community mstitutions, together Islanders Europe meet are welcome to attend thé debate. of will in opment stratégies. Technological development must lands. thé relevant Organiza- with UN be adapted to thé reality of each tions. As such, in designing paths for island, setting up thé necessaryfor Cultural Héritage sustainable development, ways filters for thé transfer of technol- Thé recoinmendations and ideas must be sought to foster innova- ogy from thé mainland. Islands Thé wealth and diversity of thé stemming frorn thé global UN Con- tion diversification and thé identi- should also increase spécifie coop- cultural héritage of islands is a ference sustainable development on fication of new products and mar- eration m this field that wiU lead to microcosm that must be siiitably of small developing island States kets, as a basic condition to insure spécifie technological Systems protected and appraised. Island (Barbados 1994) hâve insptred thé thé competitiveness of island en- based on theu- own resources. As landscapes hâve been sculpted by présent European be initiative to terprises. island ecosystemsare fragile, there thé efforts of islanders, aver thé considered as an affective contri- is a need for ecologically sound centuries, leaving numerous re- Pro- bution to thé V Community Competitiveness can be strength- technologies,conceived as "process mains m archaeological sites and gram ofPolicy and Action 'Towards ened by developing inter-islands and product technologies", whose on thé landscapesof thé successive Sustainability". organization Systemsachieving sig- impacts CEOIbe absorbed. It is a civilizations that hâve inhabited mficant scale-economies,especiaUy question of developing complète thé islands. Insular societiesand European Is- for transport, toirrism and finan- Systems; mcluding technical stud- land communities are bound to face cial services. ies, goods,services and capital, and Historié sites, traditional architec- thé new chaUengesfor their devel- organization and management pro- ture and local customsare thé tangi- opment, brought forward by a Thé quality of traditional products cedures; rather than individual blé and intangible héritage of thé changing character- swiftly world, can be enhanced, and become thé technologies. cultural past and present identity of globalisation strong ized by and Thé Hon. Cristobel Triay Humbert, Président of thé IVIinorca Island object of appropriate marketing island cultures. This héritage should compétition. Council (left) and Dr. Pier Giovanni d'Ayala, Secretary-General ofINSULA, (right) sign thé protocol of Coopération between Insula and Minorca stratégies. Technology in thé fields of energy be thé omerstone of "soft tourism" Islànd Co^incil for thé holding of thé Conférence, in thé présence ofDr. and renewable resources, envtron- stratégies and should be considered To tmprove thé management of aU Pierre Lasserre, Director of thé Division of Ecological Sciences of UNESCO, Dr Tomâs Azcarate, Président thé MAB Spanish Committee, An efîicient sustainable use ofnatu- mental investment and transport - as a basicasset m thé developmentof their resources, and to act from thé of and Mr Salvador Bermudez de Castro, Ambassador ofSpain in UNESCO. rai land and sea resources should especially inter-island transport - thé Islande. spécifie view point of islandness,

S^i First European Conférence on Sustainable Island Developinent News froin and about Islands

THE MINORCA COMMHMENTS Conunitinent 3 standing of thé speci&cfeaù-ires presented by their natiu-al héritage. To this end, comprehensivecur- Prelinunary Draft (a) Develop, promote and support poUciesto expand ricula should be adopted at aU levels m our teach- work opportunities and productivity in islands' ing centres, for we believe that youngsters are thé l. We recognize thé signi&canceof socio-economicdevelopment and hiiman weU-beingfor thé people of our rural and urban sectors by mvesting m human foremost vehicle to spread a nature-fnendly cul- islands and shaU give to thèse goals thé Mghest priority fi-om now onto thé twenty first centuiy. resources development, promoting technologies ture among aU. 2. We acknowledgethat our societies are compeUedto respond more effectively to thé chaiïengespresented offering innovative options to self-employment (b) Share and diffuse successful educational and by a fast changmg world and to thé material and spiritual needs of individuals, thetr farmlies and thé and entrepreneursMp within sinall and médium sensitization expériencesmcluding effective peda- conununities in which they Uve throughout our various countries and régions. enterprises. Improve accessto credit, information gogical tools and curricula. 3. We are deeply convinced that économie development, social and cultural progress and environinental and other productive resources and infrastruc- (e) Promote régulations for thé protection and opti- protection are interdependent and mutuaUy reinforcmg componentsof sustainable development and social tures taking due account of thé informai sector. mal use of natural resourcestogether with techni- justice. (b) Improve thé diversification of activities in ail cal and administrative measures to reduce thé 4 We acknowledgethat people are at thé centre of our conom for sustainable developmentand that they are sectors, particularly in sensitive areas such as envù'onraental iïnpact of human activity, tnclud- entitled to a healthy and productive life in harmony with their traditions, identities and with their environment. tourism, which should be based on a wise manage- ing Uquid and soUdwaste disposai and possiblere- ment of islands' natural and cultural resources, use for productive purposes. 5. We are convmcedthat as peripheraland isolatedentities, sustainable progress wiU perhapsremain for long avoiding dangerous specializations, as recom- reachand only handsand workingtogether exchangmg expériencesand hopes, out ofour that byjoining our mended in tfae Charter for Sustainable Tourism Conunitnient 5 we shaU overcomethé obstacleswhich still condition our islands' présent adopted at thé Lanzarote International Confer- 6. We gather hère m Minorca with ftdl awareness of thé difËcult tasks that Ue ahead but with thé full ence m AprU 1995. (a) Promote and protect thé fuU and equal enjoyment conviction that through our common will and détermination,, major progress for our islands can and wiU (e) Promote measures poUu- cultural enjoyment cultural oiir be achieved. and adopt reducmg thé of thé of thé of tion risks and thé extemal dependencyon fossU islands m aU tangible and intangible aspects. 7. We commit ourselves to thé above considérations and to engage actions for enhancing an équitable fuel supply iïnprovmg ail existing potential sources (b) Diffuse inside and outside islands thé original sustainable development and ensurmg human weU-beingfor our conununities. We invite aiï people m aU of renewable energy, wind and waves, solar, features of our héritage by organizing cultural islands, as weU as thé international conununity to join us in our endeavour based on peace, mutual geothermal and other sources. programs and other appropriate infrastructural responsibility, coopération and respect of thé ethical values and cultural backgrounds of aU. (d) At thé international level share iiiformation on déviées and services in favour of a culture-sensi- successful expériences and promote among is- tive tourism, of thé largest possible participation To this end, we shaU create a framework enabUng us to engage actions that we consider as lands joint R&D project in order to optimize re- of ail m artistic and cultural activities and produc- priorities and conunit ourselves to: sults as weU as appropriate scale-economies. tion and, of thé knowledge and enhancement of (e) Take advantage of aU potential synergies to pro- thé Mstorical and archaeological héritage at thé Conunitinent l mote inter-islands joint ventures in ail productive roots of theù- identity. water and sanitation, adéquate shelter and par- sector and services including toiirism and trans- (e) Increase tfarough appropriate training and educa- ticipation in social and cultural life. A spécial ports. tion thé professional level of local média produc- (a) Provide a stable framework in accordance with priority shall be given to thé needs of elderly, ers, who are at thé origin of thé information our institutions, laws and procédures to promote women and chiïdren who often bear thé greatest Conunitinent 4 provided both to islanders and potential visitors. and strengthen inter-island and international co- burden of islandness and, to thé needs of vulner- (d) Encourage thé discovery by islanders of other opération both for progress and peace. able and disabled persans. (a) Thé quaïty of thé natural enviromnent dépends islands for them to get to know each oûier and to (b) At thé local level, provide each island or island (b) Ensure that people Uving on islands hâve a facili- on thé people'sattitude towards it. We shaUthere- appreciate thé siïrularities and differenos of fheir group with an identified focal point equipped with tated access to productive resource, including fore promote and difiEusewithin aU members ofoi-tr common island world by creatiïig facilities to fa- thé avaUable low-cost telematics technologies m crédit, land, éducation and training, technology island societies a better knowledge and imder- vour inter-island travelling. order to iïnplement thé envisagednetworking and knowledge and information, as well as to public coopération stratégies. Thé focal point shaU also services such as in and off-island transports and play thé rôle of a forum within every island to participate m decision-makmg that would enable Participants Contacts enablethé participationof ail public and private them to benefit from expanding social and eco- actors m discussing and sharmg ideas and envis- nomic opportunities. . Island Authorities and Local Government rep- INSULA - âge présent issues and future options for a com- (e) Ensure that national and local govemment budg- resentatives; International Scientific Council mon benefit. ets and policies are oriented, as necessary, to for Island Developinent (e) Create suitable coopérationfi-ameworks among meeting islanders' basic needs, redudng mequali- . IManagers and others in charge of insular pro- l, me Miollis, Maisonde l'UNESCO, 75015Paris, aU public and private actorsinvolved m making ties and targeting sustainable development as a grams; France. sustainable development, supporting thé neces- stratégie objective. Tel: 33 l 45.68.40.56; Fax: 33 l 45.68.58.04 sary sensitization and information actions among (d) At thé internationallevel, we shaUstrive to coop- . Islands Associations and Institutions e-mail: eurisland@insula. org islands. erate with and assist islands régions of thé Euro- Chambers of Commerce and Industry; pean space especially in Eastern Europe and Conseil Insular de Menorca Conunitment 2 Southem Mediterranean, which are still at a . People in charge of private and public enter- Camf d'es Castell n° 28, Minorca, Balearic developingstage. To this end,we shall encourage prises; Islands, Spain (a) Focus our efforts and policies to address thé en- thé Eiiropean Communities and other relevant Tel: 34 71 35.15.30; Fax: 34 71 36.61.99 demie problems of island life. Thèse efforts should international agencies to support measures for . European Island Networks; émail: jcgrau. [email protected] include thé provision of éducation,employment thé achievementin a sustainablemanner of equal and UveKhood,primary health care services, m- opportuiùties for thé progress of tiiese islands and . International Organisations. Website of thé Conférence: www. insula. org cluding reproductive health care, safe drinking thé satisfactionof basicneeds for their people.

6 News froin and about Islands News from and about Islands

(farming and fishing) decreased from 6% in 1971 to 4% in 1981 ^ 18 and 1991 (Fig. l); nvironinental rofile of thé . empty or abandoned houses are D 1971 Sniall talian ; slands 16 increasing from 27% in 1971 to a 1981 36%in 1981andto44%in 1991, 0. Rossi, M. Vezzosi, G. Zurlin and A. d'Ayala 14 1991 representing more than 50% of thé total houses in thirteen is- 12 lands (Fig. 2); . houses lacking bathrooms were n thé last few décades small UNESCO has organized several thé international market. Tourism 10 at 60%in 1981and 52%in 1991, islands and their many prob- international seminars in order should thus be integrated and sup- i. e. more than 70% aver six is- 8 lems hâve attracted thé interest to promote intercomparison of plemented by other activities, se- lands (Fig. 2); ofscientists and politicians. Since methods and résulta obtained by lected according to each mdividual . people employed by tourism are 6 1973, UNESCO, with its MAB thé différent research groups in- case, but conceived and managed increasing, from 11% in 1971 to programme, Ecology and Rational volved. in an up-to-date way. 13% in 1981, andto 19% in 1991 4 Use oflsland Ecosystems, has co- (Fig. 2) with more than 20% in ordinated and given common per- thèse comparisons, six islands. In thé light of 2 spectives to thé many research certain fundamental and général Long-term Planning recommendations devel- Thé growing demand for tourism projects concerning islands and valid for 0 archipelagos scattered ail overthe opment policies of small islands Social and economical "growfh" is has opened new opportunities for worid. wereaddressed(UNESCO, 1987). long-lasting not only when based > 65 years <6 years PRIMARY income and employment to island- on thé exploitation of many differ- SECTOR ers. At thé same time, tourism, It is worth mentioning some of ent resources, but also, and above and especially mass tourism, is them hère: thé Aeolian Project Proinoting Innovation aU, when it respects thé environ- causing damage to thé natural (Italy), thé Gozo Model (Malta), ment m its cultural and naturalis- and cultural héritages of thèse Project (Greece) and thé Conditions such as exclusion and Fig. l: Average percentage of persans aver 65 years of âge and under 6 years; very fragile environments. As thé Halki tic characteristics (traditions, folk- and of persans engaged in thé prunary sector, in thé small Italian islands. Fermentera Plan (Spain) in thé isolation can be overcome effec- lore). Thé attraction of many small sample poils show (Cavallaro and Mediterranean basin; thé Gomera tively by fostering initiatives for islands lies essentiallym theiï- natu- Maccarone, 1982; Cavallaro and Taviano, 1987; Giavelli et al., Ecoplan (Spain) and thé "Iles du introducing technological innova- rai, scenic and cultural aspects. If concerning thé direction research 15 million seasonal tourists 1987), tourism in thé small Ital- Ponent" Project (France) in thé tions suited to thé characteristics thèse qualifies are compromised, should take, and its progress, (D'Erme and Merlino, 1981) must ian islands seems based mainly Atlantic; thé Bail Project, thé of thèse ecosystems (best avail- Ûien growth has no future. makes transferring research re- be added per year. During thélast on thé image thé island as a Hong-Kong Pilot Research, thé able technology approach), where sults to thé population in général décade however, a considérable of place un- Eastern Fijis Project in thé Pa- stratégie resources like power and a difficult and ineffective task. In fluctuation in thé number oftour- where nature remains contaminated and direct contact cific Océan. water are so often lacking. Thèse Collaboration addition, it undermines thé final ists was observed. with natural phenomena and innovations, however, should be goal of sustainable development. Each small island or archipelago related positively to human ex- When faced with problems related A profound change is underway rhythms is still possible. has, of course, its own spécifie ploitation activities (agriculture, to a smaUisland, scholarscarry out Transferring results to thé local in thé small Italian islands, environmental and socio-economi- tourism, fishing etc.) of thé differ- research on various enviromnen- authorities was indeed thé most brought on by thé "spontaneous" Thé natural and scenic héritage of thé small Italian islands is cal features. However in confront- ent environments. tal compartments, and suggest difficult problem met, for instance, réaction of thé résident popula- unique, should be protected ing "thé problem ofdevelopment", possible alternative development by researchers for thé Italian tion to conditions ofgeographical and by spécifie management policies commonto ail thèse environments, plans based on data, théories, pro- project on thé Aeolian Archipelago isolation, social and economical as a main environmental quality thé same général question is Integrated Managenient jections and models.Sdentific plans (Giavelli et al., 1992), and in order exclusion and thé abandon ofcul- objective. raised, i.e. how to conjugate eco- must however always correspond to programme a new cycle of re- tivated soil. Some statistics may nomical growth with préservation Obtaining a rapid but balanced to and meet résidents' needs and search activities on thé sniall Ital- help to describe this situation: must be emphasized that what- of thé spécifie natural and cul- social and econoniical develop- expectations. Without this corre- ian islands, this lesson inust be . peopleover 65 years of âge are on It ever socio-economical develop- tural héritages ofeach island and ment may involve, among other spondence, even a project highly kept in mind. thé averageincreasmg, from 13% archipelago. things, a re-thinking and re-quali- favoured by thé experts will be m 1971 to 15% m 1981 and to ment policy may be promoted and implemented, recognize fication of tourist activities, still refused by résidents and would 16.5% in 1991, representing more it should considered by inhabitants of thé prove to be unrealizable. Thé Sinall Italian Islands than 20% of thé entire popula- thé need for preserving and im- 0. Rossi: Chair of Quantitative small islands (e.g. Vulcano, Ibiza tion in seven islands (Fig. l); proving this héritage by setting environmental quality criteria to Ecology, Parma University, Italy. etc.) as thé only rémunérât! ve ac- In thé light of past expériences Thé thirty-seven small Italian is- . children under 6 years of âge are M. Vezzani: Italian Center for En- tivity. this issue appears particularly on thé averagedecreasing, from be respected. vironinental Education, Parma, lands, distributed ainong thirty- critical. Thé lack of collaboration six municipalities, eleven prov- 10% in 1971 to 8% in 1981 and Italy. Thé main aim of such policies G. Zurlini: National Research Actually, thé récent overwhelm- between scientists and décision inces and six régions, hâve a rather 6.5% in 1991, representing less should be thé promotion of sustain- Council, Rome, Italy. ing touristic developmentof many makers or, more simply, thé non- stable population ofabout 200,000 than 5% in sbi islands (Fig. l); able management of natural and A. d'Ayala: Ecological Institute, smaUislands is subjectedto unpre- involvement of thé local decision- people. least . workers in thé primary sector To thé résidents, at cultural resources m order to main- Parma University, Italy dictable fluctuations of demand on makers in thé decisional process

8 ..s S'U £ Thé Environinental Profile of thé Sinall Italian Islands News froni and about Islands

tain and if possible enhance thé 60 enviromnental offer to tourism. D 1971 01981 As regards thé différent mean- 50 SAUNAISLAND (ITALY) 1991 ®> Environmen+al unit-s ings of thé sustainability concept 18,2 according to thé CORINE -l <" @ when referred and applied to small J3 32.3 32 . biofopes programme of 40 +he European Communi+y 32.3-.... " ;-, . 45.1 Q. island problems, an excellent re- tefa î 11.33 Cymodoceaanct Zokrs beds 11.34 Posidania be^s viewisgiven in Bélier et al. (1990). 32.3 32.Î ^' 15. 1 Sa.lt pi oneer swards 30 17.2 Shingle beachdrifl 32.1 ^ ? - 18.2 VegataM sea cliffs ar.d In our opinion, a proinising start- 32.1 rocKy shores ing point for supporting decision- 1S Islets anc! rocK stacKa ...-M.3 processes sus- 20 32.1 Arborescent m. torral making concerning S. Marina 32. 2 ThT mo. m. Jiferranean 32,3 Salina tainable development in thé small shrub -Formations (p=> 32.3 Mesil. medltarranur, - silicicolous mat^uts Italian islands and applicable to ïéîii' . 42.8 ..11.34, 32,1 10 42.8 \3"! 41.714 Eu - m. diterr. n.an whtte oaK woods other islands as well - might be a 42. 83 42. 8 M»c)iterru««n pinc «oodi général methodology, based on 41.7U 42^83 Stonc pine for.lta ''"--'..-.... ", 8x Anthropt zatLon areas . integrate ail relevant island in- 32.2 ^. IÏ 83.11 Olive grevés BATHROOM 32.3 83.21 W.neyarda formation, related to thé impor- ".:-:$ '^'1 84 Tree linel, h.dges, mall -_ -^ ^1-'1;.. 2 l woods, boca9é,parKland ctehesa Fig. 2: Average percentages of houses lacking bathrooms, empty 86.2 V.U.BU tant facets ofsustainability as a <" 86.6 Archae^oglcal sites houses and tourism employées, in thé small Italian islands. _'"*-- ^ 89. 11 Sea harbours first général goal; . define clear and realistic envi- Fig. 3: Salina Island (Italy). ronmental quality objectives Mapping of environmental units identified according to thé CORINE Biotopes nianual. and, in turn, a set of environ- Salina Island is fully described in an officiai mental quality criteria at thé manual where a hierarchical list Each enviromnental unit of Salma Indicators are selected both from tivity to man's présence and ac- operational level referring to eighties Island ofSalina of identifiable sites (also called In thé thé in Fig. 3 was evaluated according those usually adopted by thé Ital- tivities, and recovery time after ecological sensitivity, human (Aeolian Archipelago, Italy) was habitats or environmental units) to an appropriate set envù-on- ian Statistical Institute (ISTAT) interférence are considered. Thé pressures and environmental at thé Community level is given of investigated from thé geological, mental indicators referring to in deriving statistics on mans tendentially uniform but relevant vulnerability for establishing ecological and socio-economical (EUR, 1991). thé environmental standards man's pressure, ecological sensi- pressure (habitation density, ho- trait of ecological sensitivity at points of view. Reviews and fùr- tivity and vulnerability. Maps in tel receptivity, economically rel- présent greatly exceedsthé linuts needed for maintenance and This methodology has been offi- ther références regarding results Figs. 4, 5, 6 are conceptually new evant cultivations), and by con- of thé terrestrial Réserve and m- préservation purposes. Such ciaUyaccepted and adoptedby Italy canbefoundmGiaveUiet al. (1987) terests also cultivated soU. standards must be adaptable to and were directiy derived from thé sidering thé road network, con- and Rossi and Giavelli (1990). as well as by ail thé European trolled and uncontrolled waste thé évolutive traits of thé envi- Cominmuty member states and its map m Fig. 3. dumping sites and coastal urban Thé two aspectsof Nature, thé con- ronmental Systems and lend application to thé Island of Salma This research was promoted and centrated (Natural Réserve) and themselves to being modified In particular, thé distribution of discharges. Indicators are tested funded by UNESCO and thé Ital- is, to our knowledge, thé first ex- thé more extended forms (culti- and substituted so as not to lose man's pressure (Fig. 4) is consid- for independence and provide a ian Ministry of Education. ample m Italy of a real case study. score for each environmental unit vated and abandoned soil) are not significance; ered as a choroplet map, based on within a closed interval, covering much différent as far as ecological . implement a Décision Support- Thé relevant data and informa- COPINE units, of ail perturbations Salina was considered as a proto- concerning thé environment, di- ail thé possible outcomes. Man's sensitivity is concemed,on thé con- ing System (D.S.S.) which, in tion already collected by thé re- type in order to explore interrela- rectly or mdirectly detennined by pressure coming from surround- traiy, they are strictly linked to case of uncertainty on thé part search projects quoted earlier con- tionships between thé develop- human activities. Three main ing units is also considered as a provide an unique enviromnental of thé island's decision-makers, cerning thé Salina island were ment problems of small islands typologies of man's pressures are component of perturbations in System. This functional interde- can clarifythe possible effects of used. As a result, 120 environ- and thé conditions needed for con- each environmental unit. pendence is fundamental to thé présent (and possibly future) to- considered thé Satina enviromnen- serving thé natural and cultural mental units fully corresponding environinental beauties of Salina tal human pressure (including to typologies in thé CORINE tal information System: héritage. Thé information layer on man's and its gréât attraction for tour- touristic activities) on ecologi- Biotopes list were identified for . pressures due to landscape transformations, by limitmg, tn- pressure is combined, in thé envi- ists. cal sensitivity and environmen- In 1991 thé European Commu- thé Island ofSalina (Fig. 3). tal vulnerability. terrupting and reorganizing is- ronmental information système, nity Commission proposed to ail land territory; with that of structural degrada- Mapping ofecological vulnerabil- Thé complex mosaic shown in Fig. member states a new methodol- tion as indicated, for instance, by ity ofSalina in given in Fig. 6 and An initial example ofthis approach 3, illustrâtes thé gréât résolutive . pressures due to man's direct ogy for identifying and recording distiu-bance, mcluding aiï mter- landslides, subsidences, érosion, refers to thé environment's pre- to an operational définition ofsus- conservation sites importance power ofthis approach. Such iden- of fermg disturbances such as noise to produce thé information layer disposition to being wounded. It tainability with référence to one Community. tification is thé necessary start- to thé and uncontrolled présences; on overall dégradation. dépends both on intrinsic envi- of thé thirty-seven small Italian ing point for evaluating ecological ronmental sensitivity and man's islands, i. e. thé Salina Island sensitivity and vulnerability in . pressures due to pollution, with This methodology, established référence to différent forms of As regards ecological sensitivity pressure. Thé overall vulnerabil- (Aeolian Archipelago, Italy), is within thé framework of thé thé face of new hypothèses on thé inland and marine water, soil (Fig. 5) plant and animal popula- ity dépends on physical- described in thé following. touristic development of Salina. CORINE BIOTOPES programme, and atmospheric pollution. tion traits regarding rarity, sensi- geomorphological dégradation

10 S l. 11 Thé Environmental Profile of thé Sinall Italian Islands News froni and about Islands

and ecological sensitivity, as well produceinformation on risks and ing into account previously pre- as on thé intensity ofman's pres- potential impacts on environment, sented maps and considering that sure. Thé ecological vulnerability due to thé variation ofdisturbance it is essential to choose among SALINAISLAND (ITALY) for each environmental unit (Fig. sources and their possible inter- areas having low ecological sensi- 0 Environmental uni+s and vulnerability. thé according to thé 6) is derived as thé product of thé actions ofa synergie or antagonis- tivity In a CORINEbio+opes intensity ofman's pressure by its tic type. By taking into account light of thèse environmental con- 0 ECOLOGICAL coefficient of ecological sensitiv- temporal trends ofa démographie straints representing essential x SENSITIVITY-REACTIVITY and socio-economical nature environinental quality criteria, ity, deduced from thé map in Fig. E) Slight 5. Ecological vulnerability is par- (Soliani and Rossi, 1992), esti- some possible settleinents for thé ^ V, Ë3 Modest ticularly high for marine mates on future impacts from ei- Island ofSalina could prove to be phanerogam meadows, becauseof ther a qualitative or a quantita- critical since they would interest / Q Appréciable S. Marina Q Considérable their intrinsic fragility and their tive point ofview can be derived, areas where vulnerability is low Salina fundamental rôle as "nursery" and and thé possible progressive mov- but ecological sensitivity is rel- /~ URBANS AREAS 't-enÏ' "shelter", essential for thé repro- ing away from désirable environ- evant. A Camping ^ Urban wasl.s ductive processes and thé life cy- mental quality criteria can be unloading places clé of almost ail marine littoral evaluated. Such an approach can be ofgréât """---p "' - ® Hôtel, ff Power Plant plant and animal populations, as importance in finding solutions <> well as coastal bird species. Some hypothèses for thé develop- for sustainable touristic develop- ÇÎB'''^ © Héliport @ L.9ht House ment of Salina can thus be dis- ment in ail those situations where Thyrrhenian Ses Water treatment plmt Followingthis approach, environ- cussed with référence to maps a rational compromise between mental quality criteria can be set shown in Figs. 4, 5, 6, in order to environmental conservation and up by establishing levels of vul- make a first-glance assessment of socio-economical development is nerability can't be exceeded their environmental compatibil- crucial. Fig. 5: Salina Island (Italy). that Ecological sensitivity distribution for thé CORINE Biotopes environmental units. in order to meet préservation ity. Indeed, looking at thé entire goals, and by taking into account Island of Salina, it turns out that thé best possible use of natural thé possible temporal variation of available spaces suitable for new An Environmental ing to develop an environmental methods available to présent man- resources, existing services and ecological sensitivity(spring, sum- touristic structures and infra- Information System information System as a decision- agement, and offering image-pro- tourist infrastructures. mer, autumn, winter) in relation structures are quite limited. Thèse supporting tool for protecting moting opportunities so as to re- to human pressure (tourism). spacescan be represented by nar- Expérience gathered on thé is- small island environments and instate particular local vocations. Since thé limited extension and row corridors very close either to land of Salina environmental in- related coastal areas. thé degree of isolation of thèse Ail this information is processed thé Natural Réserve or to thé formation System, along with pro- Those most obviously mterested m ecosystems imply a strong inter- according to two points ofview, to coast. Thus, suitability of thèse viding useful information to deci- To extend such a research project thé development of décision sup- dependenceofthose processesthat give an up-to-date insight into thé areas for new touristic settlements sion-makers, indicates thé need to thé ail thirty-seven small Ital- portmg Systems are decision-mak- long-term mainte- environmental situation and to can be carefully evaluated, by tak- for a wider research project aim- ian islands, a multi-stage ap- ers, planners, local communities permit their proach could be used based on and researchers from public and nance and survival, an experimen- calibratingground-based data and private companies. Within thé tal phase is needed for calibrating information, and remote sensing fi-amework of a more général envi- technical and operative aspects of data, aver selected training fields ronmental information System thé project itself. That will also be . -50-.--_ SALINAISLAND (ITALY) at ground ofwell-known nature. basedon GIS technology,one of thé reflected by thé organization and Environmental uhi+s main objectives of thé research management of data and infor- according to thé mation thé environmental CORINEbiotopes Thé création of thé environmen- project should be to train person- within fc - S35? tal information System must in- nel in user-fnendly computer pro- information System as a whole. ! ANTHROPICPRESSURE ^ J j volve decision-makers and local grams for effective décision sup- gl.9.1lle . /. Q Almaatn. -, e -..-."' implementing a prototype //.' inhabitants every step of thé way. portmg Systemsfor resoiu-ceman- Thé of ^,- /' B V Q Sl,ght Without this involvenient, and thé agement of fragile environments. that may, to a certain extent, be 1 H M.an "exported" and applied to various ,--.' acknowledgment that any choice A bibliographie data base regard- l, / S.Marina . Appr.ci.Ue ! environmentally fragile situa- ; related to préservation and devel- ing Uterature production (reports, Salins ^ Consid.r.bl. / books, magazmes, articles, thèses, tions, entails a thorough knowl- B *, . ^^ opment must distribute advan- s URBANS AREAS tages and disadvantages as uni- reviews, projects etc.) on insular edge of thé processesthat charac- / _- Restée Zone A terize each insular environment. { A ,' formly as possible among thé in- enviromnents, should also be con- _.. - pr.. R,, er«. Zoiie B '1 i ... ^'' habitants, environmental infor- sidered and periodically updated That will ultimately give rise to À mation Systems would be com- within thé général environmental an information System actually pletely useless. On thé contrary, information System.To complète based on thé island's natural po- Thyrrhenian Ses \ ', tentialities, and enable thé set- ; such System can be basis for thé project, a computer-aided in- B -../ thé furthering exploitation of thé cul- teractive training" program for ting of realistic environmental tural héritage, favouring techno- tourist agents, local administra- quality objectives and criteria that logical innovation compatible with tors and community service man- meet thé inhabitants' real needs. Fig. 4: Salina Island (Italy). agers should be implemented for Man's pressure distribution for thé CORINE Biotopes environmental units. thé environment, making rational

12 s S l 13 Thé Environinental Profile of thé Small Italian Islands

\ SALINAISLAND (ITALY)

Environmental units according to thé CORINEbiotopes ossfer: Waste ainageni Sma s aui s ISSi Si l ut i . ;^^^:;^^. ^:Ï/^^:^ . îv S-;.^h;M^ ; ECOLOGICAL :(^^M^^:-i VULNERABILITY

;

.; [_] Almoatnegligiblc fêt M Slight s^.w. a Me.n S. Marina Sustainable ev lopment and Wast ]V anagement Salina S Appréciable :Leni:^::; ConsJerat)le in Small Island Stat s ,,' ..-..' n V.ry high

URBANS AREAS Naresh C. Singh

Thyrrhenian Sea

mall island states in this Growth in thé Smaller Caribbean Thé intrinsic Unkagesbetween eco- paper are defined broadly ac- Islands (Bélier, 1973) has used an nomic activity, waste production cording to thé criterion used by area of less than 10,000 km sq. and sustainable development pro- thé Commonwealth Secrétariat as and a population of less than vides thé framework for thé paper. Fig. 6: Salina Island (Italy). those with a population up to l 500, 000 as thé criteria for thé Accepting thé commonly used cri- Ecological vulnerability distribution for thé CORINE Biotopes environmental units. million (Commonwealth Secre- sinaller Caribbean islands. teria of smaiïnessand considermg tariat, 1985). Thé basis for this enviromnental issues m thetr de- Références choice of criterion was thé obser- Although somewhat différent, velopment context, thé paper ex- vation that restricted human re- thèse criteria are of a similar or- aminés thé waste management is- sources canbe a crucial constraint der when compared to interna- sues of smaiï island states. Bélier W., d' Ayala P.G. and Ripartizione: Studi e ricerche. Méthodologiesto evaluate poli- on a country's overall capacity to tional scales, and are enough to Hein P., Sustainable Develop- Roma, 1981. ries of environinental develop- function effectively as an inde- give us an adéquate concept of thé Thé contribution of thé major eco- mentandEnuironmentalMan- EUR, Coininission of Euro- ment m smaUisland ecosystems". pendent member of thé interna- scale at which we are working. nomic sectors of small islands to agementofSmallIslands. Man pean Community, CORINE In Approachescomparatives des tional community. That study waste production and pollution and Biosphère Séries, Vol. 5, biotopes manual, habitats of méthodologiesd' étude et d' ex- also concluded that although com- Thé small island states of thé are summarised. Thé biophysical UNESCO: Thé ParthenonPub- thé European Community. A pression des résultats de recher- posite criteria combining popula- world are largely located in thé and thé économie factors govern- lishing Group, Paris, 1990. method to identify and describe che relatif aux système micro- tion with other indicators like na- Caribbean, South Pacifie, Indian ing thé waste assimilative capac- Cavallaro C. and Maccarone E., consistently sites of major im- insukdres en Mediter-ranée et en tional incarne or land area hâve Océan and thé Mediterranean. ity of thé environment are dis- Isola di Salina. Ambiente, portance for nature conserva- Europe du Nord. UNESCO- sometimes been used to delineate struttura économico e pros- tion. EUR 12587/3EN, 1991. MAB, Rapport Final. Ile a spécial grouping ofsmall island pettive di sviluppo . UNESCO- Giavelli G., Rossi 0, and d'Ouessant,France, April 1988, states, no accepted classification 1982. MAB, Soliani L., "Thé Aeolian Ar- pp 108-116,1990. on this composite basis had Cavallaro C. and Taviano M., chipelago Project. Working SoUani L. and Rossi 0., 'T)emo- emerged. Jamaica (population 2 "L'evoluzione e l'impatto del stratégies for effective environ- graphiefactors and land useplan- million) and Papua New-Guinea "\. turismo nell'ardpelago eoUano". mental research", Ekistics, (population 3 million) were in- ^ ning m thé smaiï islands ofsoufh- ^v: In L' approccw interdisciplinare 323/324pp. 137-142,1987. em Europe".In Rossi0., GiaveUi cluded "because they share many nelle ricerche sull' arcipelago Giavelli G., Rossi 0. and G. (eds),Environmental Manage- characteristics and also maintain eoliano. Parma: Tip. Bene- Sartore F., "Socio-environ- ment,Vol. 16, 5,pp. 603-611, 1992. intégral links with ail thé small dettina, pp. 117-136,1987. mental enquiry in thé Salina UNESCO, "ConseUinternational de island states in their respective D'Erme C. and Merlino A., island (Aeolian archipelago, coordination du Programme sur régions". Elementiper una secondasérie Italy)", International Journal l'homme et la biosphère. di proposte d'intervento ofEnvironmentalStudies, Voï. Neuvième session," Rapport fi- A conférence on Environinental seconda Progetti Obiettiuo, 40, pp. 281-298,1992. nal. UNESCO, Paris, pp. 136, Management and Economie Cassa per il Mezzogiorno, IX Rossi 0. and Giavelli G., 1987. Dr. Naresh C. Singh is Pro- gramme Director, Poverty and Em- "Thé other side ofparadise", reproduced froni Moving Pictures Bulletin (TVE, April powerment, I. I. S.D., Canada. 1994). Not everything is romance, palm trees and sandy beaches on small islands.

14 1S sj. a 15 Sustainable Developnient and Waste Manageinent in Small Islands Dossier: Waste Manageinent in Sniall Islands

cussed in a generic manner and it tions in its social and économie former colonial masters and in- ing ofexternally generated haz- is concluded that ail relevant fac- structure, is unlikely to be said to vestment and tax treaties with ardous andtoxicwastes, oil spills, Systems developing. housing and human settlements, tors ofsmall island point be dominant trading partners and Itf\ a préservation ofcultural archaeo- to necessary shift from empha- repatriated funds from relatives "«.»s.» sis on manufactured output, to As is much debated currently, thé overseas. . logical and historical resources activities with higher informa- GNP criterion is very misleading and air and noise pollution. tional content and services as thé and is virtually inapplicable to basis for sustainable development. thé measure of thé development Environinental Problenis Thé root cause of thèse problems Process in small open économies. are flawed development models If pollution damages health, and Thé environmental problem of thé which are either forced on thé Small Island States health care expenditures rise, that small islands are in large part small states or which they them- is an increase in GNP - a rise in comparable. Thèse problems can selves embrace unwittingly. Small island states which would standard ofliving - not a decrease. be illustrated by those currently Such development models hâve be considered collectively hère, Depletion of natural resources is being experienced by some of thé policy spin-offs in thé major eco- hâve several similarities but also capital dépréciation. Yet depre- Caribbean and Indian Océan is- nomic sectors ofthese states. For show drastic différences. Thesimi- dation on man made capital is a lands. example, mono-culture agricul- larities include small land area, cost while dépréciation of envi- ture is driven to increase yields As would be expected wastes generated in small économies would be relatively small in quantity but their diversity is not necessarily reduced in proportion. narrow natural resource base, fit- ronmental capital is not recorded Thé priority symptomatic issues and quality by ever increasing ted human resources, at ail (Pierce et al, 1989). ofenvironmental dégradation oc- inputs of fertilisers, pesticides undiversified économie struc- cur in their coastal zones. Thèse and crédit to thé point where thé straints development. This is thé wastes generated by économie ac- tures, small domestic markets and In small states, thé people and include threats to coastal water biophysical and économie fabric so called environment and devel- tivity. Expérience and informa- thé high relatively openness of their narrow natural resource quality and coral reefs from sew- of thé sector is undermined. Agri- opment nexus. Small states need tion date, combined with thé pro- their économies i.e. high ratio of base: land, sea, rivers and forests âge, petroleum and industrial dis- cultural run offloaded with eroded to clearly define their develop- jections of computer simulation external trade with respect to is essentially what comprises thé charges, beach érosion, destruc- top soil fertiliser and pesticides ment goals taking into account models suggest that this environ- gross national product. states. Their économies are heav- tion mangrove swamps either by dram into coastal and marine en- thé opportunities and constraints mental pollution capacity, though ily dépendent on imports for basic pollution, garbage dumps or de- vironment where it can hâve se- presented by their natural and variable is finite, consistent with Différences include thé influence necessities and upon exports for libérale clearance, unplanned and vere deleterious effects on thé human resources, their indig- conditions supportive of life and of neighbouring territories, cli- incarne and employment. Thèse uncontrolled hôtel constructions coastal zone resources necessary enous social and cultural values related functions as we know mate, différent extents of thé simi- économies are highly susceptible on beach front property, construc- for tourism. One économie sector and strengths; as well as thé forces them. Sustainability, both bio- lar characteristics they share, to- to and sometimes held hostage by tion of marinas and deep water is thus forced into conflict with of thé market place to domestic physically as well as economically, pography, soiltype, literacy rates, events and policies taking place harbours and increasing visits by thé other. This might be avoid- and international, before embark- demanda working well within this culture and infrastructural devel- within dominant and much larger cruise boats which leave little be- able in a large country where mul- ing on "new paths to progress . finite limit. opment. trading partners. Otherwise they hind but débris and sewage. tiple and diverse activities are not are unwilling captives yielding to forced into such close biophysical In biophysical terms, thé environ- Nevertheless in a global society, thé dictâtes of thé multilatéral At thé same time thé coastal zone proximity. Waste Génération mental pollution capacity is a func- thé commonalties among small lending facilities, who revert to supports thé bulk of thé commu- tion ofa complex set of transport island states are gréât enough for thé use of inappropriate meas- nity itself. It also provides thé air In other cases no articulated de- As would be expected wastes gen- and transformation processes oc- a useful collective considération ures of achievement and inad- and sea ports, and major trans- velopment model is pursued. De- erated in small économies would curring within and among thé en- oftheir needs and problems to be equate frameworks of analysis. portation routes by road and sea. velopment is hoped for, and when be relatively small in quantity but vironmental compartments (air, as as attempted. It is thé réceptacle of thé conse- it happens, it proceeds,willy-nilly, their diversity is not necessarily water, land, biota) well thé Thé économies of thèse countries quences of land based activities sometimes in a self defeating reduced in proportion. Thé range relevant spatial and temporal cannot be analysed on thé such as agriculture resulting in manner. Take for example a of wastes producedin thé Carib- scales. Depending on local vari- Developinent Dileinma premises of (i) a free and unfet- run offcontaining eroded soil and stretch ofperfect beach front prop- bean and some major pollution ables, appropriate physiochemical tered market for ail thé factors of pesticides and fertiliser residues erty. Before long, several hôtels concerns are illustrated in Ap- measurements put into suitable Thé fundamental question of de- production, (ii) a free movement as well as industrial and domestic are permitted. One does not take pendix I. simulation models can give rea- sonable estimâtes of how much velopment in sinall island states ofpeople, capital and income, (iiï) wastes. Indeed for small islands into considération thé environ- is how much of their apparent priées determined in thé market thé entire country is effectively a mental impacts produced by thé Thé extent of pollution resulting waste a particular environment économie growth as measured by place, (iv) thé available surplus coastal zone. sewage discharge of thé other. froin a given type and quantity of can accept before a certain stand- traditional indicators such as GNP determining thé level of institu- Soon thé beach becomes unfît for waste is a function of thé assimi- ard is exceeded. However thé is sustainable as well as how much tional supports thé people enjoy. Other major issues include solid recreational activity and thé ho- lative capacity of thé environment natural ability of that environ- contributes to development. In Thé "distortions" (as economists waste management, drinking tels lose their business, having into which that waste is dis- ment to assimilate waste, that is, this context, developmentimplies call thein) from thé idéal are much water quality control, vector con- destroyed a prime resource. charged. recycle it for reuse within its own change leading to improvement greater hère than elsewhere trol, management oftoxic and haz- Systems, is variable and difficult to assess. or progress in thé lives of thé ma- Bélier, 1986). ardous wastes, orderly land use Several other examples could be jority of thé peuple. An economy planning and co-ordination, for- given, but thé point is made. In- Assimilative Capacity which raises its per capita levelof Thèse distortions include exces- est and water shed management, appropriate development caused Traditionally, it has been assumed real income aver time but does so sive dependence on foreign aid, disaster preparedness, preserva- environmental dégradation and Thé environment has ultimately that air, water and soil are in thé withoùt making any transforma- duty free or preferential accessto tion of genetic resources, dump- environmental dégradation con- to act as thé réceptacle for thé public demain and that thèse me-

16 su a 17 Sustainable Development and Waste Management in Small Islands Dossier: Waste Manageinent in Sinall Islands

dia of thé environment can absorb nomic growth is accompanied by vert a constant level of physical ability is conservation for devel- limitlessly and free of charge thé increases in manufactured out- resource use to thé increased sat- opment which implies minimisa- unwanted residuals of économie put, then increased physical waste isfaction ofhuman needs." tion of thé natural resource con- activity. It is now being realised will occur. Thé ability to prevent tent of growth. This can be at- that thèse are "open access" re- this waste from reaching thé en- Constant Natural Wealth Con- tempted by either technological, sources of gréât and increasing vironment is limited by thé Sec- cept. That thé next génération social or économie change. Tech- value which présent society with ond Law, which tells us that recy- should inherit a stock of natural nological change could reduce thé important and difficult allocation cling will require additional avail assets no less than thé stock in- inputs of material or energy per problems that exchange in pri- able energy that em only be ob- herited by thé previous genera- unit of output within limits. So- vate markets cannot solve. tained from thé environment. tion. cial change may act through, for However, if growth is accompa- example, environmental con- More recently, environmental nied by a shift in thé structure of Constant Wealth ConceptThat thé sciousness and thé conservation economists hâve been utilising gross national product towards next génération should inherit a movement. In small island states various inethods of assessing thé payment for infonnational serv- stock of wealth comprising man- this would need to be fostered by économie value and/or thé oppor- ices (négative entropy) then made and environmental assets information sharing, public edu- tunity costs ofutilising thé waste growth need not result in addi- no less than thé previous genera- cation and awareness. Thé mar- disposai option of thé environ- tional physical waste. (Pearce, tion. ket priée which can be manipu- ment. Thé approaches include 1989). lated through taxes etc. reinains a thé Marginal Opportunity Cost Définition powerful mechanisin to reduce in- with its components of Marginal Thé states in question are charac- put-output ratios. Thé social and Direct cost, Marginal External terised by small size, limited re- Pearcee^aZ(1989) state"Wetake économie policy instruments are Cost and thé Marginal User Cost. sources and vulnérable sup- development to be a vector de- discussed below. life of A large dumping site at Maghtab, Malta. Non-recycled building Marginal External Cost requires port Systems. It must be abun- sirable social objectives, that is a débris is thé major form of dumped waste (Photo: Times ofMalta) détails of engineering and scien- dantly clear therefore that sus- list of attributes which society Thé laws ofthermodynamics show relationships between natu- resource problem and thé tific tainable development in small is- seekstoachieve or maximise. Thé that thé tainable development including veloping a régional policy frame- rai resources and économie activi- lands must hâve a large compo- éléments of this vector might in- pollution problem are obverse those appropriate to waste man- work for sustainability generally ties, while Marginal User Cost nent of informational activities élude: sides of thé same coin. Again agement must address immédiate and for waste management more requires expectations be formed technological options avail- to and services rather than ofmanu- . increases in real per capital are as weU as short, médium and long specifically.A globalco-ordinating about future developinents in thé able end factured output. In thé short term, mcome; for reducing waste at thé term needs. A policy is usuaUy a and informational exchange sys- demean for natural resources and however, guidelines on thé appro- . improvements in health and of thé pipe. Thèse include for goal seeking séries of actions de- tem could then link thèse small thé supply ofsubstitutes for thèse priate levels of treatment, thé nutrition status; example catalytic converters in signed to satisfy objectivesnormaUy island régions. resources. Thèse components are method to be used, thé character- . educational achievement; cars and an array of scrubbing defined by national govemments. necessary a renewable only when istics of a disposai site vis-à-vis . a 'fairer' distribution ofincome equipment for industrial effluents Proper policy formulation proce- resource used m a non- is being thé characteristics of thé waste to . increases in basic freedoms." on one hand, and thé technologies dure should mclude thé analysis of Conclusion sustainable basis (Pearce and be disposed of, must be developed for reuse and recycling on thé assumptions, définition of priori- Markandya, 1989). Other ap- other. Indeed thé région needs to and implemented urgently. This Sustainable development is then ties and comparison of alternatives Small island societies are not yet proaches include utility, demand closely examine its various op- is necessary because of thé possi- a situation in which thé develop- (O'Riodan and SeweU, 1981). suffocating from their own wastes and compensation functions and tions for reuse and recycling that bilityof irréversible damage. Thé ment vector does not decrease aver as is happening in several "indus- consumer surplus measure place most urgent cases for attention time. currently exist and put in Environmental problems are not trialised countries which hâve (Johansson, 1972), in addition to thé necessary socio-economic might include landfilling of solid confined within political, admin- depended on manufactured out- non-monetary damage functions forces to make thé options eco- wastes and océan outfall option of Much of thé sustainable develop- istrative or économie boundaries puts as their basis for économie andmonetaryestimates(O. E.C.D. ment literature has confused defi- nomically viable. To a large ex- sewage disposai. and as such environmental poli- growth. Ifwe ape their misguided 1972;1974). Whatever thé ap- tent, thé social and économieforces nitionofsustainable development cies need to be formulated and path based largely on considera- proach, thé results cannât be bet- with thé conditions for achieving mentioned earlier would yield implemented at différent spatial tions of mechanical efficiencies ter than our understanding of thé more signifîcant results at thé Sustainable Developinent sustainability. A sufficient set of scales including local, national, and disregard for thermodynamic link between économie activity, conditions is likely to include, for input end of thé économie process trans-frontier and international. limitations our fate will be simi- waste émissions of energy and rather than at thé output end. Thé Concept example, institutional require- Thé international dimension is lar, almost certainly worse. matter and thé scale of damage to ments for implementing sustain- This should help to focus thé di- particularly iinportant in thé thé environment. From a thermo- rection ofpolicy instruments. Mission Statement. "Development able development policy and it small island régions of thé world, Ours is thé opportunity for a dynamic viewpoint, "économie ac- even systematic that meets thé needs ofthe présent may require both intra-regionally and extra- timely shift from a material and tivity is merely human interven- would appear therefore that without compromising thé ability changes in social value. They ad- It regionally, in view of potential energy based economy to one with tion into thé ecological cycle bor- vocale necessary condi- one of thé most fondamental ways of future générations to meettheir thé key distortions in économie compara- a higher content of information, rowing low entropy inputs, con- to reduce waste émissions would own needs"(WCED, 1987) tion as "constancy ofnatural capi- tive advantage, external trade knowledge and services. During verting them into temporary utili- tal stock". be to change thé structure of thé flows, pricing policies, sector re- thé transition we must set certain ties and eventually discarding économie output as mentioned Attempts at operationalising thé source allocation and siting ofin- minimum standards and guide- them back into thé ecological cy- earlier mission statement. "Livingofna- Waste Management dustry. Forthesereasons, itwould lines and invoke thé precaution- clé m thé form of high entropy ture's interest and not its capital" seem advantageous for each moon ary principle whenever in doubt. wastes" 1981). eco- (Rifkin, If "Improving thé capacity to con- One of thé features of sustain- Policies developed to guide sus- to make a concerted effort in de-

18 19 Sustainable Developinent and Waste Manageinent in Sinall Islands Dossier: Waste Management in Sinall Islands

APPENDK l Références (Continued)

Bélier W.S. (ed). Proceedings of O.E.C.D. Problems ofEnviron- Pearce D. and IVIarkandya A. ECONOMIC SECTORS WASTES CURRENT PRACTICES POLLUTION CONCEPTS thé Conférenceon Environmen- mental Economies. OECD, 'Marginal Opportunity Cost as Mainly discharged into nearby Damage to aquatic life. tal Management and Economie Paris. 1972. a Planning Concept. " In PHARMACEUTICALS Alcohol based effluents contain- ing conimon drugs tablet streams. Growth in thé Smaller Carib- O. E. C. D. Environmental Dam- Schramm, G. andWarford, J. F. MANUFACTURE AND FOR. MULATION: excipi ents. bean Islands. Department of âge Costs. OECD, Paris, 1974. (eds) Environmental Manage- 1973. sewage, State Publication 8996, O'Riodan, T. and Sewell W. R. ment and Economie Develop- LABORATORIES: Chemical solvents and reagents, Through thé sink into thé sewer Damage to bacteria in Bélier W.S. (ed). Proceeding in pesticide residues, contami- System. Low level ofrecycling of fire hazards, chemical pollution D. "From project appraisal to ment. World Bank, John Schools, universities, médical, of thé marine environment. thé Interoceanic Workshop on agricultural. nated soiVplants, humantissue. solvents. Solids into municipal Policy Review." In O'Riodan, T. Hopkins Press, 1989. garbage. Sustainable Deuelopment and and Sewell, W. R. D. . (eds) RifinkJ. Entropy-ANew World Spread infections from mu- Enuironmental Management of Project Appraisal and Policy View. Bantam Books, 1981. HOSPITAI^HEALTH Infectious wastes, human tis- Incinération mainly some sent of nicipal dumps. Efficiency ofin- Smalllslands. USMAB/UTIS, Reuiew. Wiley, 1981. W. C. E. D. Our Common Future. CENTRES: sue, bandages. to municipal garbage. 1986. cinerators and potential for air Pearce D. "Sustainable Features: Oxford UniversityPress, 1987 pollution. Coininon\vealth Secrétariat. Some Economie Issues. " In ENERGY/TRANSPORT: Ground water and coastal and Vulnerability. Small State in Botkin D. B, Caswell M. F., Petroleumhydrocarbons, PCB's Discharge into thé atmosphère, Electrical power génération, marine pollution. Contribution Global Society. Report ofCom- Estes, J. E. and Orio, A. A. (eds) motor vehicles, charcoal and (from transformera)COy ther- marine environment or landfills. mal efBuents. to greenhouse effect. Carcino- inonwealth Consultative Changing thé Global Environ- wood for cooking marine ves- génie potential ofPCB. sels. service and maintenance Group, 1985. ment. AP, 1989. opération. Johansson P. Economie Theory Pearce D. Markandya A. and and Measurement ofEnviron- COMMUNITT: Sewage, greywater, domestic Over 70% sewage discharged Coastal and marine pollution Barbier E. B. Blue Print for a sea hôtels and dégradation. Ground water Household, restaurants, schools and municipal garbage includ- into thé untreated, mental Benefits. Cambridge Green Economy. Earthscan pollution. Vector prolifération commercial centres. ingglass, plastic and styrofoam. hâve package plants which University Press, 1987. Publications Ltd. 1989. rarely function efficiently. Some and associated publie impacts.

central sewage Systems - pit la- trines and septic tanks, com- mon solid waste into open dump APPENDK l sites. Few sanitary landfills. CONCERN WASTE GENERATED BY POLLUTION 0F As above. As above. ECONOMIC SECTORS IN THE CARIBBEAN TOURISM: Sewage and solid waste. Cruise boats, seaports, airports utilities, hostels, guest houses. ECONOMIC SECTORS WASTES CURRENT PRACTICE8 POLLUTION CONCEPTS Fresh water and coastal and AGRICULTURE, FISHER- Agricultural run-off including Fish parts incorporated into marine pollution. IES, FORESTRY, LIVE- pesticides, fertilizers and eroded stockfeeds, agricultural run off into fresh water and marine en- AGRO-INDUSTRIAL/FOOD Thermal effluents, and sus- Bagasse and rice husk are Water pollution damage to STOCK: soil. Fish parts from processing. RELATED ENTERPRISES: pended solids, effluents, ba- reused to some extent as fuel. aquatic life. Air pollution respi- Farm residues. Livestock vironmentlivestock wastesused sugar, rum, rice, fruit juices, gasse, rice husk, oil, seed ker- Liquids are largely discarded ratory irritants. wastes. to a small extent in biogas spicesj'ams andjellies, milk and nels and shells. Inks and adhe- into water while solids are plants, somecomposted - most méat, fish, edible oil. coffee, ani- burnt. discharged into water ways. mal feeds. Various toxicity pollution im- IMPORTED WASTES: Variable range of industrial None. Attempts being made to pacts with which région cannot MINING QUARRYING & Dust, noise, red mud, mercury, Untreated discarded into air, Land, water and air pollution. Various toxicity pollution im- chemicals, but contain at least ship thèse to thé région from time to time. cope. RELATED MINERAL cyanide. red mud pits, and water Toxic chemicals release into thé pacts with which région cannot used oils and solvents. Possibly PROCESSING: bodies. Research on red mud environment. Human health cope. incinerator ash also. Bauxite, limestone, kaolin, ag- management is progressing. impacts. gregates precious stones, cément manufacture.

HOUSEHOLD CHEMICALS/ Phosphates, pesticide cans, Liquida discharged as Eutrophication of water bodies CLEANSING AGENTS: CFC's glass containers greywater, solids in house- contribution to ozone depletion. Soapand détergent manufacture trichloroethylene. holds garbage, CFCs into Pire hazards of aérosol cans in and use, pesticides, cosmetics atmosphère. solid waste dumps, ground and (including aérosols), disinfect- coastal water pollution. ant, laundries, drying cleaners.

CONSTRUCTION INDUS- Dust, organic solvents/vapours, Pit burials, municipal solid Air, soil and ground pollution. TRY & FURNITURE MANU- débris, resins. waste dumps. Respiratory irritations. FACTURING: Lumber, concrète, ceramics, paint, varnish applications, fi- bre glass.

INDUSTRIAL CHEMICALS: Solvents, resins, petroleum hy- Small amounts disposed of in Water and soil pollution. Toxic Paints, solvents, petroleum, re- drocarbons, pesticides, hy- pits. Remainder discharged in effects on humans and animais. fîning fertilizers, pesticide for- drated lime. water ways or landfills. Marine pollution. mulation, gases.

21 20 su su a Dossier: Waste Manageinent in Sinall Islands Dossier: Waste Management in Small Islands

hour before work to widen a heav- ily travelled road was begun, this tilization of Jsed Tyres in Civil ^ngineering: 18th Century wall was classified as an historié monument, so it ^he neusol-Tyresoil could not be deniolished. Luck had it that thé whole site lay out- Nguyen-Thanh-Long side of thé right ofway of thé new pavement. However, a retaining wall near of thé old foundry, of a Id tyres constitute a waste range of civil engineering applica- Thé Bussang Pass, in 1987, was very doubtful stability was right at thé base of thé embankment of with excellent mechanical tions mainly in order to reinforce thé first large, major site on thé properties and are available in earth structures, at a lower cost national network to use this ma- thé new road. Being classified, it could not course, be reinforced quantity in ail parts of our coun- than conventional technologies. terial. This site was used for thé of from thé outside. is made up of tries. Many of our islands which development, in a real-life situa- It more or less closely spaced blocks. hâve many tourists, cars, trucks, On thé Réunion Island many tion, of thé "technologies" ofvari- varied engines, and so on, hâve a structures of Pneusol hâve been ous potential applications of Thé historié wall was accordingly lined, inside, withpressure-reduc- lotofusedtyres. built for protection against slopes, Pneusol : six hundred meters of Pneusol. Thé Pneusol placed waves érosion, falling rocks, land- Pneusol walls ranging height from ing behind thé wall consists oflayers While old tyres do not contribute slides. We expect that this mate- 2 to 7 meters were built (see Pneusol with concrète facing and Pneusol facing. oftrucktyres. Equipped with soil directly to pollution (unless they rial can be very useful in our is- photograph on following page). are burned in thé open air), they lands in civil engineering applica- sensors, it gives very good results. density of thé fill itself. For thé fill inside thé treads exerts no (Photograph on next page). affect our environment in thé long tions. Some of them even used a light- example a Pneusol with clinker active earth pressure and is highly term because they are not biode- ened structure ("light" Pneusol). (an other waste) has only 5 or 6 confined between two layers, thé gradable. Our paper deals with thé presen- This technique is substantiallythe kN/mS-Actually many slopes Pneusol mass, provided that thé tation of some important struc- same, except that : Création of Arching sliding réparation hâve been spacing between layers is small, There are différent process to val- tures using Pneusol that it is pos- made with "light" Pneusol of behaves like gravity wall made Ail builders know how to reduce crise this waste and Pneusol- sible to accommodateimmediately . uncut truck tyres are used ; différent kinds of fills (gravel, up of thousands of tiny gabions overloading rigid concrète pipes Tyresoil is a particularly interest- in ail ofour islands. . they are joined together by me- clinker, pozzolana,.. ). "Light" stacked one to another. a large depth : incor- ing one in civil engineering. tallic parts attached to thé side- under they Pneusol is extremely cost-com- porate a flexible material with a Retaining Structures walls (for speed of placement) or petitive. But thé most used structure is lower modulus than thé fill. Thé first research in France on by ties ; that of thé Fonderie Wall. One thé use of old tyres to reinforce Thé reinforcement of thé embank- . each layer of tyres is covered In ail, 55,000 passenger-car tyres soils was done in 1975 and led in ment consists of passenger-car with a non-woven geotextile. and 2,000 frucks tyres having a 1978 to thé submission ofa report tyres ofwhichboth side-walls hâve Thé voids thus created lighten combined weight of 500 tons and to thé Délégation Générale à la been eut away. Thé tyres, tied thé embankment, and thé linked 1,612 m2 of facing (693 concrète Recherche Scientifique et Tech- together by rot-proof straps, are tyres contribute to its reinforce- slabs) were used for thé widening nique. Pneusol-Tyresoil, a combi- assembled into layers, which are ment. Thé density of such a of thé Bussang national road. nation of soils (natural, artificial then placed in tiers (0.35 and 0.50 material is of thé order of8 to 10 or others wastes) and tyres that métrés apart) on thé compacted kN/m3 and dépends, of course cannot be retreated; they may be on thé thickness of thé interme- embankment (see photograph be- Reducing Earth Pressure whole, partially eut up (one side- low) diate layer offîll and also on thé wall removed), or completely eut Thé first structure of that kind apart (into two side-walls and one tread). built in 1986 is a cantilever re- taining wall fifty four meters long ^ ^ Today more than 500 structures and five meters high founded on . hâve been built in France, 12 in two rows of piles. Before filling 1^'^. :\^ Algeria, in thé United States of behind thé wall, thé contractor became aware that thé shell of thé America, in Norway, in England, ~r1-^" in Germany, Remania - and even wall was too thin (see photograph '-t right). in Rwanda. They cover a wide . "Heavy" Pneusol was used to re- ~:-Ç^L'' lieve thé active earth pressure 0 C~-^ Dr Nguyen-Thanh-Long is a .1 ^~-r. and also to eliminate tensile forces lecturer at Ecole Nationale des ^r Ponts et Chaussées and Engineer on thé piles. Itwasmadeoftreads i/ at Laboratoire Central des Ponts arrangea in layers and tied to- et Chaussées, Paris. Establishing Pneusol with différent layers gether by polyester taps. Since Reducing active earth pressure at Mende.

22 23 Thé Utilization of Used Tyres in Civil Engineering Dossier: Waste Management in Sinall Islands

components, tyres and soils. So it . Globally, thé Pneusol embank- is possibleto built "any structure" nient behaves as an embank- you wants dependingon its desti- ment that is reinforced and nation. For example, a "light" therefore has cohésion. This Pneusol is a good material for thé cohésion enables it to withstand subgrade of a road in cold coun- much larger differential settle- tries again frost because it has ments than conventional em- many voids (Québec). bankments.

It is sometimes difficult to ensure . Thé présence of thé tyres, and thé stability of structures built in thé voids they create, gives thé water, because thé soil must be

Since then, more than 200 other structures using this technique hâve been built in France, twelve in Algeria, two in Spain.

Energy Absorption J Thé idea ofPneusol as an "energy absorber" springs from a common placeobservationofdailylife. One often sees tyres stored casually against garage walls. And tyres are used at tricky corners on mo- ':^ racing circuits to slow oc- tor thé Energy absorption Pneusol. Safety device ofbanks at Etang du Puits. casional car that spins off thé Création of arching effect at Monistrol.

25 24 s^ SJL Dossier: Waste Management in Small Islands Dossier: Waste Manageinent in Sinall Islands

mhohn: Green . Waste Strategy drinks bottles (such as whisky employmg bag filters. Thé areas sland in thé altic bottles)everyfourweeks. Broken where manual sorting takes place Thé main thrust of Bornholm's glass is shipped for reprocessing are under négative pressure to en- Jannik Stenberg waste policy is to reduce to a mini- in Copenhagen on mainland Den- sure clean air, and thé staff rest muni material needing to he mark. In 1994, 600, 000 whole areas are sinularly protected. espite being located doser to reduce energy consmnption by one Today thé island boasts a number landfîlled. Typically less than 1% bottles were recovered, and 382 thé Swedish coast than to third; thé requirement to use low of mostly privately owned wind of thé island's domestic waste goes tonnes of mixed cullet sold for Demnark, Bomholm is a Danish energyUghtbulbsby 2010;thé mstal- turbines. Typically thèse are pri- tolandfill. Aproposednewlandfill reprocessmg. Waste to Energy Pkuit island. Its inhabitants are proud of lation ofsolar panelsfor domestichot vate companies formed by a small site next to thé existing one, which theiï- Danish héritage, and of thé water, and thé proposedconstruction co-operative ofjust 50-60 house- is almost full, will provide 30-40 Waste management company Bofa 1658 rébellion in which thé occupy- ofa photovoltaicpower plant. holds. By thé year 2010, a total years of capacity, depending on Paper Recycling is also responsiblefor thé opera- mg Swedish force was overthrown capacity ofSJMWfrom wind power diversion rates to other recovery tion of thé 50 tonnes per day Ronne and thé Danish kmg was persuaded In thé 1980s Bornhobn declared a is planned and disposai routes. Seventeen thousand green waste waste-to-energy plant which has to take control once more. policy to use local energy resources paper bins hâve been distributed been operating since 1991. Thé wherever possible. Thèse include A straw-fired plant in Nexo, one of Households hâve a weekly collec- to householders in Bofa's area. Ronne plant supplies 6.2 MW to Only 30 km long, thé island of solar, wind and waste. At présent several, bas bon supplymg district tion ofordinary refuse which they Since thé objective is to optimise thé district heating System.Waste Bomhokn sits in thé Baltic Sea 90 thé majority of thé island's electric- heating since 1989. There are plans place in plastic sacks, and in addi- thé collection ofpaper rather than from 21,000 households (45,000 km north of thé Polish coast and ity (65%) cornes via an under-sea for two further distiict heating plants tion a collection every four weeks to punish householders, trained inhabitants) is delivered to thé 30km south of Sweden. Its north- câble which luiks Bomhohm to thé in Hasle and Aaku-kebywhich wiU be of separated clean paper. Collec- collectors knock on thé doors of waste-to-energy plant, as well as em rocky coast with its granité electricity supply network in fired by locàiïy produod biomass. tion of bulky wastes such as old households where waste paper additional wastes which result fi-om outerops is in stark contrast to thé nearby Sweden. furniture is also provided and a bins are contaminated, to explain thé infliix of around 400,000 tour- fine white sandy beaches of thé Bomhohn's largest town, Ronne, is specially fitted mobile collection therequireinents. TodateonlylO ists durmg thé four month summer south, with a central forest area of In its bid to support wind power, part-supplied wifh district heatmg point for hazardous materials such paper bins hâve been withdrawn. seasoneach year. Bomhobn has a mixed woodland both dividing and thé Danish Government produced by fhe nearbywaste incinération plan as chemicals, paints and solvents wide range of hôtels and bed and uniting thé two. Bomholm's in- a detailed technical manual to en- run by Bofa, a joint venùu-e pubUc visits différent towns on thé is- Bofa's waste paper sorting plant breakfast accommodation, and in habitants dépend equaUy on fish- able ten local companies with no ompany formed m 1986 to co-ordi- land between two and four times has two feed lines for incoming addition around 3,000 privately ing, agriculture and tourism for previous expérience of wind tur- natewaste managementpoUçy. Bofa a year, to a prearranged schedule. material: one for clean and one for owned summer homes. In 1994, their livelihood. bines to construct thé first wind- also has thé ontract for waste oUec- Householders also hâve six amen- mixed paper. Four thousand thé total tnput to thé Rorme plant mills. Mat wind farm, inaugu- tion on Bomhobn, and managesthé ity sites to which they may deliver tonnes a year ofwaste paper and was 20,478 tonnes of waste fi-om rated in 1987 north of thé town of paper and glass sortmg opérations waste materials themselves. Thé cardboard are sent to Sweden for which 3,500 tonnes ofash and métal Green Energy Plan Hasle, isjointly owned by thé mu- which process separately coUected site in Ronne, at thé same loca- reprocessing. There has also been remained. Ferrous métal is recov- nicipality and thé county council. recyclable material. tion as thé waste-to-energy plant, some use of shredded low grade ered from thé mcoming waste and In any location, energy supply and processes 40% of thé total 3,000 waste paper for animal bedding on post-combustion from thé ash. consmnption has considérable en- tonnes ofwastes which are deliv- thé island. This plant has been thé "a viromnental impact and is poten- CHHISIUN ered to such sites. focus ofextensive testing for worker Most of thé health care wastes from 101 tiaUy a major source of pollution. safety and thé health implications thé island's only hospital are For an island which lacks its own Sandvig of waste sorting procédures, Eind bumed m thé Ronne plant, with ALUNGE indigenous supply of fossil fuel Hammershus °K Glass Recovery thé plant is fitted with a number of spécial précautions taken to pro- sources, thèse issues are magni- spécial featiires. Thèse include a tect thé staff. Thèse include thé Te^n Glass collection relies on strategi- sophisticated air filtration System packaging of health care wastes fied, particularly ifone of thé major Olsker BORNHOL sources of revenue on thé island is cally sited collection containers in tourism relies on beauty dhjem public places, to which household- which thé eisted and cleanliness of thé scenery. ersdelivertheirglass. Aluminium HASLE drinks cans are prohibited Den- Klemensker in Bomhohn has long had a policy of mark and thé majority of glass 'ted. reducing energy demand as far as Arsball 0s rmarie Svaneke drinks containers carry a IDKR yker possible. Green Energy Plan m- deposit. Thèse are niostly re- Its . <;. turned to outlets. éludes a nmnber of energy saving frlmïgten'1AMtNDINGf Ib. retail R0NNE Vr'Marie schemes,such as thé improved insu- ilî- lation of aiï buildings, calculated to A ^EBYf>ARA IS8AI<1< N Thé island's glass sorting plant recovers a Nyla bbsk + == NEKS0 very high proportion of odilskirke whole bottles from thé bottle Mr. Jamiik Stenberg is an Ardutect, Amager senior expert Techmcal DepartmenV banks. Each working day an esti- International Department, Countiy Pedërali gebsk mated 500 whole green glass wine of Bomhohn, Denmark. This article Pov skirke bottles are separated for re-use, appeared in Mander (July 1996 - while thé same number of clear Issue 2: 40-42). is being published Oueadde It juice containers is collected every Incinération plant hear by kind permission of Islander. Thé island of Bornholm in thé Baltic Sea, south of Copenhagen two weeks, and of clear glass (Photo: Technical Department, County ofBornholm, Denmark)

26 27 Green Island in thé Baltic Sea Dossier: Waste Management in Small Islands

into a spécial box, which is then placed manuaUy into thé crâne and ^rlass ; ecycling in Leinote Areas: deposited directly mto thé fùmace. As part of its management pro- he Shetland slands îxperience gramme, Bofa ran training courses for hospital staff. In addition, a Mary Lisk Bofa employée worked for two months at thé hospital, advismg on thé sortmg, handling and packag- ing of health care wastes destined he Shetland Islands forin a lation in thé remoter areas of thé United Kingdom was patchy and for thé waste-to-energy plant. unique community at thé islands group. lacking in uniformity. In 1990 thé northern edge of thé United King- Environmental Protection Act dom, some 200 miles north ofAb- Shetland's traditional industries placed a requirement on local au- Batteries erdeen and virtually equidistant are fisheries (catehmg, processing thorities to submit a Recycling Waste paper sorting plant by 220 miles to Bergen in Norway and aquaculture),agriculture, knit- Plan for their geographical area. A Eiiropean Union-funded battery (Photo: Technical Department, County ofBornholnt, Denmark) and Thorshavn in Faroe. wear and tourism but with thé Following this, and in pursuance collection scheme was started in construction of Europe's largest oU of thé government set target of 1987, using containers with four waste fi-om households, hôtels, res- Bomholm company to provide an Thé island group consists of over terminal on mainland Shetland in 25% ofdomestic waste to be recy- compartments. Thé resultmg bat- taurants and thé fod proossmg m- annual report of its waste produc- 100 islands ofwhich some fifteen thé 1970s,a number of jobs opened cled by 2000, recycling ventures tery collections were pooriy sorted, dustry as well as finm waste-water tion was introduced towards thé are inhabited and are presently up in oil related activitiesand thé began to blossom throughout thé and it was clear that thé four defi- treatment plants and fi-om farmmg. end of last year to help with plan- linked by inter island ferry and/or standard of livùig in Shetland rosé United Kingdom. nitions of battery types was too Thé biogasplant would généraleelec- ning for future waste disposai by internai flights. (See Figure l) significantly. Thé Shetland complicated. Smce 1989 thé bat- tridty, heat and a fertiliser product needs. There are also proposais to From Fair Isle in thé south to economyis currently very depend- In thé Scottish islands, however, tery boxes, which are innovative for agricultural use. As yet fundmg require everyoneto join thé district Muckle Flugga in thé north, thé ant on oil related activities which thé relatively small volumes of pack-fiat cardboard containers de- has not bon agreed for tfais inde- heating network. islands stretch some 90 miles with are in thé process of contractmg. materials available combinedwith signed by Bornholm architect pendent project which woiild be a a total land area of 567 square high transport costs meant that Jamuk Stenberg, are divided into further step down Bomhohn's road Ah-eadyDanish law has imposed a rôles. Few maps show Shetland in Shetland has historically, due to mainland practices vis à vis recy- just two compartments. They are to independencein energy supply. landfill tax of DKrl95/tonne and a its true position on latitude 60 its remoteness, developed its own cling were more slow to develop. widely distributed in shops and tax ofDKrlGO/tonne for waste which north, level with thé southern tip culture andlifestyle; political and supermarkets across thé island, is incinerated. Recycled wastes of Greenland. économietrends in thé rest ofBrit- and carry simple instructions for OU Recovery are tax free. Thèse taxes are ex- ain are not always reflected hère Inter-regional correct sorting into two catégories: pected to increase to DRr285 for Shetland is linked by an over- and are often adjusted to suit par- Co-operation those which are potentiaUy envi- In a inove to discouragethé wash- landfill, and DRr210 for produc- night ferry (P & 0 Ferries) with ticular aspects of thé Shetland ronmentally harmful, and those ing out of ships' tanks and dis- tion of hot water oiily (which is thé Aberdeen 200 miles to thé south. wayoflife. In 1990, Shetland submitted an which are not. Thé latter category charging oil and oily water mix- output from thé Ronne plant), while Thé trip takes fourteen hours. application for funding a collabo- are disposedofin controUedlandiiU tures mto thé océan, Bomhobn has plants producing both electricity Twice weekly thé ship passes via rative island project under an EU on thé island, reducing thé high introduced a rule which entitles and hot water wiU stay at DKrl60/ thé nearest island neighbours, thé Recycling in thé U.K. Spécial Action Programme for costs associatedwith sMpping thé every ship longer than 24 métrés to tonne tax level. This is designedto Orkney Islands, 50 miles to thé Inter Régional Co-operation potentially harmful types to ap- free disposai for thèse wastes. An maximise ef&ciency m Demnark's south. There are daily flights by Prior to 1990, recycling in thé (SAPIC). Thé islands involved in- propriate ofF-island disposai facUi- oU séparation facUity has been con- mainland waste-to-energy plants. British Airways to Aberdeen, ties. Removal of thé batteries fi-om structed alongside thé waste-to- Glasgow, Edinburgh and Orkney. thé waste stream assists m keep- energy plant in Bonne. Thé faciïity Thèse rulings may create some ing émissions from thé waste-to- attracts aroiuid 2,000 tonnes per problems for Bofa at their Ronne Due to thé remoteness of thé is- energy plant at low levels. year of oil and water mixture, typi- incinération facUity as such a smaU land group from mainland Scot- cally in a ratio 45% oil to 55% plant, with relatively tiny quanti- landthecostoflivingishigh. This water. OU frorn private motorists ties of waste, could not efficiently is largely thé result offreight costs. Organic Waste as weU as fi-om conunercial organi- générale electridty as weU as feed- sations such as garages is also ac- mg hot water to thé district heat- Thé island population is stable at A smaU trial of 100 households was cepted into thé processing plant, ing System. However, effective some 22,500, with some 8,000 of undertaken recently at Bofa's in- which uses thé reclaimed oU in thé January 1997 a Danish ban on thé thèse living in, or immediately stigation to evaluate thé effects of waste-to- energy plant's afler-bum landfilUng of combustible materi- around, thé islands capital, Ler- home composting. Thé resulting chamber and dischargesthé water aïs is due to be mtroduced, with a wick, which has grown by a third réduction m waste volume was 24%. after cleaning it ban on thé landfiUing of organics in thé past thirty years with a No dedsion has yet been taken on also under discussion. Bofa has corresponding décline in thé popu- thé expansion of this scheme. ensured that Bomhobn is ah-eady Thé Future in a strong position to meet thèse Mary Lisk is Recycling/LiaisonOfBcer Plans for thé future include a biogas requirements. at thé Environmental Services Glass refuse plant which will process organic A new rule requiring every Department,Shetland Island Council.

29 28 Sui a su Glass Recycling in Reinote Areas: Thé Shetland Islands Expérience Dossier: Waste Manageinent in Small Islands

cluded Shetland, Orkney, West- requested forin of recycling and thé three islands groups being plant in any of thé islands be- In late 1992, therefore, SAT ap- ment of thé recycling ethos in ern Isles, Irish islands and Learos glass made up some 10% of thé likely to be some 600 - 800 tonnes. cause of thé low volunie of mate- proached Shetland Islands Coun- général in Shetland, as they inGreece. Thé abject of thé project waste stream, SAT coramenced a rialgenerated. International ship- cil's Environmental Services De- would provide fuel to thé "recy- was to undertake work on spécifie feasibility study in 1991 on thé By 1992, when thé SAPIC Feasi- ment was considered, thé nearest partment (thé waste collection, cling will never pay for itselfin topics and exchange expérience. possibility of collecting and ship- bility Study was being developed, glass recycling plant outside thé disposai and régulation authority a rural area, its a waste of Thé topics chosen were tourism ping glass (cutlet) from thé three United Glass - thé chiefglass mar- United Kingdom being in Den- for thé islands) with a view to money" attitude. and environmental issues and in- island groups. Glass was also ket within thé United Kingdom - mark. However, it was concluded further discussing/developing a 4. another market - preferably cluded local tourism réservation chosen as thé material for recy- had mtroduced a ségrégationpolicy that to ship to this plant would be glass recycling scheme for thé is- within Shetland - should be Systems, coastal clean up, thé use cling research because of thé Brit- by colour. Thé nearest glass plant uneconomic as there was little lands. Shetland Islands Council sought for thé glass before any of traditional cottages, tourism ish glass industry's target of one to Shetland was at AUoa,some 350 international market for cullet. (SIC) had recently undergone a collection scheme could be sup- marketing and recycling. bottle bank to every 5,000 popula- miles fi"om Shetland, entailing a major restructuring and had ap- ported. tion by 1995 and because of thé, sizeable sea and land joiimey for Thé SAPIC feasibility study there- pointed stag specifically tasked Thé Scottish Islands (Shetland, till then relative stability in thé any transported glass. For this rea- fore concluded in 1992 that, un- with developing thé Waste Dis- On taking up his post SAT's new Orkney and thé Western Isles), glass market within thé United son, SAT concluded that thé most less subsidised, it was unlikely posai and Recycling Plans for thé Project Officer also had concluded underthe coordinatorship ofShet- Kingdom. cost effective manner of transport that transportation ofsmall quan- Shetland Islands area. SIC were that SAPIC's report and its rec- land Islands' Council undertook would be to crash thé glass to re- tities ofglass to thé recycling plant also at thé point ofdeciding on thé ommendations had become out- work on two projects, tourism In evaluating any type of recy- duce volume prior to shipment. at Alloa or any transfer station major waste disposai strategy - dated and that an alternative sim- marketing and recycling and pro- cling project certain criteria must However, United Glass would only would be economically viable. including thé rôle of recycling in pler method of recycling glass duced reports on projects in thé be constantly borne in mind. accept uncrushed loads as they Shipping empty bottles to thé that strategy for thé islands till should be found. islands. l. Public support; wished to retain thé right to reject mainland for re-use would be ex- well into thé 21st century. 2. A reliable économie and long- contaminated loads and tMs was pensive and not environmentally Talks, therefore, commenced be- term market for that material; best judged when thé glass was sound. Becauseof marketing pres- tween SIC and SAT as to how thé Shetland and Glass 3. A cost effective collection and whole. Thé AUoafacility could also sures and cost, it was also un- Changing Circumstances matter could be resolved to thé Recycling: Phase One delivery service. only accept loads delivered in tip- likely that any of thé major manu- benefit of Shetland. per lorries (25 ton), theù- réception facturers of soft drinks would be For much of 1993 Shetland's glass In 1990 Shetland Islands Council In SAT's view factors one and two facilities being iinsuited to other prepared to operate refilling recycling pilot remained on hold. It was concluded that remote, ru- had not as yet commenced work existed with regard to any glass vehicles. plants in rural communities or A shortfall in thé necessary fund- rai areas everywhere shared simi- on its Recycling Plan and had not recycling scheme in thé islands, island groups. ing under thé original SAPIC re- lar transport problems - not just yet appointed recycling officers. only item three remained to be Various investigations took place port combinedwith thé collapseof island groups. Rural areas of developed. as to thé best means of transpor- Investigations undertaken re- thé United Kingdom market for America and Australia suffered Shetland Islands Council, there- tation for thé glass both by ship- garding thé shipment ofcutlet by cutlet, exacerbating thé problem, heavy transport costs for recycled fore, approached Shetland Ainen- ping to Alloa and to transfer sta- sea using bulk carriers were less being largely responsible materials delivery to processing ity Trust (SAT) - an environmen- Collection and Transport tiens run by other local authori- loss making but still very mar- plants. By 1993 information was tal trust and registered charity ties or private business. Thé study ginal, requiring initial (at least) Changesin staffing at both Shet- becoming increasingly available established in 1983 with thé sup- In island groups, thé cost ofship- indicated that shipping in small financial assistance and any suc- land Amenity Trust - (thé ap- on experiments in reinote areas of port of Shetland Islands Council - ment of materials to and from quantifies in containers such as cessful scheme would dépend on pointment of a new Project Of- thé United States of America to protect, improve and enhance "mainland" is a constant concern skips (4 ton), halfheight contain- manyunknownfactors. However, ficer to replaceMr Nickerson,who where glass was crushed and used buildings and artefacts of archi- as is thé costs of internai ship- ers (9 ton), flat-bed artics using popular support existedfor a glass had left) - and Shetland Islande locally as a building aggregate tectural and other interest; to pro- ment/transport within thé islands. "Taybags" (20 ton) or tipper trucks recycling scheme if it could be Council (thé appointment ofa Re- amongst other uses and ofprojects vide, develop and improve facili- In rural areas it is important to (l 5 ton) resulted in a net loss for commenced. cyclingLiaison Officer specifically in Spain where local craft glass ties for thé public enjoyment of minimise collection costs. This thé scheme due to transport costs. tasked with writing thé recycling works were being developed. It thé Shetland countryside, its flora generally mitigates against a SAT, therefore, recommended plan for thé islands) - also meant was felt that such developments and fauna; and to assist in thé kerbside collection scheme, re- Investigations into shippingglass that, as thé SAPIC feasibility cal- that inatters combined to cause a should be investigated with a view évaluation of thé environmental / gardless of thé material. It was in large quantifies (i.e. thé an- culations on bulk shipment to revaluation of thé project in light to stimulating thé local Shetland recycling project. decided, therefore, that any glass nual maximum of 800 tons at one Alloa were seen to be marginal ofdeveloping circumstances. market and thus completely avoid- recycling schenie would require time) using bulk sea carriers and it was hoped that thé glass ing shipping costs. Mr Rick Nickerson, Anti Litter to use large glass bank contain- proved to be financially more re- market might change in its fa- On studying SAT's conclusions in Coordinator with SAT had under- ers, sited locally, which would be alistic, but still marginally loss vour, a pilot schemeto collect glass thé original SAPIC report SIC's SIC' a recycling staff, therefore, taken research into various as- moved as little as possible. making, even when ail possible initially in Shetland be com- recycling staff hadconcludedthat: commenced investigations, in late pects of recycling in Shetland in sources of funding were consid- menced in 1992/3 and, ifsuccess- I. exporting glass by bulk ship- 1993, into thé détails of various relation to possible environmen- Based on thé results of a 1991 ered. This method would also re- fui, should be extended to thé other ment or in small spécifie loads trialed uses for crushed glass in talprojects. In thé course ofSAT's pilot collection project (from one quire additional funding for stor- islands groups. This pilot schenie was environmentally detrimen- America from lawn additives, research it become apparent that hôtel and ten households) in Shet- âge areas for glass for up to one would receive part EC funding tal and uneconomic. through néon signs and roadside there was much popular support land, and other national criteria, year, co-ordination and cash flow but would, however, require thé 2. recycling projects which ran at markers, to road surface additives for recycling throughout thé is- SAT calculated that 200 tonnes of implications. active support, both financial and a loss could not be supported in and concrète products. Whilst lands's areas. glass would be likely to be col- logistical of thé local authorities thé carrent financial climate. SAT's Project Officer, attended a lected within each island group It was not seen to be feasible to in each area. 3. suchprojectswouldbelikelyto Department of Trade and Indus- As glass was thé most popularly per annum, thé annual total for build a traditional glass recycling be held against any develop- try seminar on waste glass recy-

30 su su 31 Glass Recycling in Remote Areas: Thé Shetland Islands Expérience

cling entitled "Finding Alternative vated as a tourist camping barn. continue to be crushed and used Uses for Waste Glass Materials". This mixture can also be used locally in Shetland. successfully in paths and sur- As a result of thèsenew thoughts rounding areas. Crushed glass is it was eventually decided that a also currently being used in thé Conclusion market be developed in Shetland manufacture of small scale fancy using thé crushed glass initially brick work/containers by thé local Glassreçyclmg, as mdeedany form s sG as a sand substitute in concrète adult disabled Centre. of reçycling, requires to be reason- products, but that other markets ably cost effective and to hâve a be borne in mind and encouraged Thé schemes are cost effective as guaranteed market. In reinote ar- e.g. road surfacing,land drainage they save on thé transporting of eastransport costsmitigate against materials etc. materials/units from mainland schemesbeing established on eco- nterview with uan uguet L otger and ensure employment for lo- nomic grounds, However, latéral Président thé Parliament thé Autonomous Région Baléares cals. Other uses will be developed fhinking on thé création of possible of of of Phase Two within Shetland after suitable local markets can provide thé trailing. Thèse are likelytobe thé grounds for schemes to be estab- INSULA: Mr Président, ourworld especially as a result of innova- Accepting univers alization as a In 1994 it was agreed that thé use ofcrushed glass in land drain- lished and to prove viable. is moving fast towards new forms tion in thé tourist service sector. forin of "standardisation" would mooted SAPIC pilot project for âge schemes and thé use of ofpolitical and économie integra- be a serious mistake. Universali- glass collection be substantially crushed glass in road surfacing. In many cases, économies ofscale tion characterised by intense com- However, though islands hâve zation should be understood to be been foremost in thé search for altered by developingit as a joint i.e. small quantifies of material, pétition. complementary to and respectful political and économieintégration, spécifie character- venture project between SIC and high costs processing equip- of thé cultural of Islands are not unaffected by this there remains thé risk of depend- istics of each nation. SAT - SAT providing thé glass Future Developments ment, make thé establishment of ence on a very narrow range of collection service by thé use ofits processofglobalisation. Fromyour recycling schemes in remote ar- important institutional position économie activity. INSULA: Sustainable develop- lorries and SIC negotiating local In thé longer term considération eas difficult to promote. How- of Président of thé Balearic Par- ment could be associated with glassbanks sites,buying and pro- will be given - should thé glass ever,where schemescan be piggy liament and as an islander your- On thé other hand, l consider that quality improvements in terms of viding thé glass bang, providing market priées rise on mainland backed on to existing businesses self, do you consider globalisation we should not go back to political innovation and diversification of and econoinic universalization. thé storage facilities for thé col- United Kingdom - to thé estab- a dangerous challenge or a chance existing activities in order to either as diversification of prod- For this reason, it is essential to lected glass and marketing thé lishment ofa schemeto transport for islands to enter successfully achieve a satisfactorylevel ofcoin- uct or as a means offurther using in to thé next millennium? underline thé need to safeguard end use of thé material. clear glass highest market petitiveness. What is thé rôle, in (thé expensive equipment in its down thé cultural and social peculiari- your view, to be played by island value) by backhaulage via Ork- time thèseschemes can then guar- Président Rotger: May l say ties of each community. authorities to meet such goals? A local quarrying firm making ney to thé Alloa plant. This could anteejobs for existing staff (par- that islands are not experiencing concrète products agreed to par- be cost effective as part ofa waste ticularly in times of financial re- this political and économie inte- ticipate in thé scheme, providing exchange scheme envisaged for a cession)and thus contribute posi- gration at thé instigation ofconti- thé necessary crushing facilities planned Waste to Energy Plant tively to thé areas economy. nentalterritories. On thé contrary, and expertise in thé handling of for thé northern islands (Orkney l believe that islands hâve been pioneers in this universalizing concrète basedproducts. In 1994, and Shetland). Shetland islands current glass 95 an initial number of concrète process, and they hâve done so recycling scheme can be viewed in because they are thé first in not plinths were produced from col- As part of thé waste arrangements this light. It limits thé impart of wishing to be left behind or "iso- lected stockpiled glass. Thèse envisagea to commence in April materials (and thé use ofnatural lated". proved successful and were used 1997, SIC wiiï build and operate a raw materials and energy),it op- as thé plinth basesfor thé glass Waste to Energy Plant. Orkney erates without expensive ship- A large number ofislands - and l banks and other recycling banks Islands Council will ship north to ping costs and provides added am speaking on behalfofthe Bal- it earics where thé situation is self- to be sited locally. Thé scheme Shetland waste in containers, thé job stability for thé work force of évident - hâve created a favour- hasbeen further developedin 1996 space containers return in thé thé manufacturer. able atmosphère for this process by thé manufacture ofa quantity being used to backhaul such recy- from thé competitiveness of thé of large concrète litter bins made clable materials as it would be It is also easily duplicable in other tertiary or tourist sector. l believe from a crushed glass/ concrète cost effective to ship via Orkney to rural areas where - with a little that tourism has been and contin- mixture. Thèse are to be sited a mainland market. By latéral thinking - local markets ues to be thé best formula for throughout thé islands and will backhauling materials for recy- could also be developed. collaboration and for intégration, on cultural and social, as well as help to provide sturdy, low costs cling as part of a waste exchange Anyone wishmg to obtain information political and économiegrounds. bins to assist thé visual amenity scheme a new élément can be in- about possibleuses of glass or of thé thé area. of troduced in thé transport equa- schemes detailed above should contact- Tourism has generated a new, Mary Lisk, RecycIing/LiaisonOiBcer, En- 0 tion and new markets may then more integrated perspective of thé a vironmental ServicesDepartment, Shet- In 1996 crushed glass/concrete prove to be fînancially viable due land Islands Council. Greenhead. Ler- European continent, and to a gréât mixture has also been used suc- to thé lower backhaulagecosts. wick, Shetland Isles, ZEI OPY. Tel- extent, has made up for thé defi- cessfully by Shetland Amenity (01595)744243; Fax: (01595)692605 or ciencies in thé transporting ofraw Shetland Amenity Trust, 22124 North and industrial materials (which Trust in flooring surfaces for a Greenand brown glasswill not be Road,Lerwick, Shetland Isles, ZE1 ONQ has led to a decrease in agricul- historié housewhich is beingreno- part of any such scheme and will Tel-(01595)692000; Fax: (01595)693956 tural and industrial production)

32 sa su 33 INSULA's Guest

Président Rotger: Owing to thé good neigbourliness and fellow- taining thé natural and ecological limitations of their territory and ship, but also as a primary need balance in our lands. We believe thé fragility of their insular eco- for development. Since islands that f hère are Imaginative formu- Systems,islands must be espe- are peripheral territories, thé need las that are compatiblewith eco- cially careful not to promote eco- for them to cooperate with main- nomic development and, at thé nomic activities that may be det- land territories is not always same time, respect and préserve rimental to thé environment. rightly understood. Very few cen- thé wealth of thé natural and ar- tral governmentsmanage to gauge tistic héritage bequeathed to us. si e s at For this reason, urban growth thé difficulties of thé physical should be limited and planned séparation suffered by archipela- This requires, amongst other with, regard to thé totality of thé gos: thé extra costs and thé finan- things, thé réduction of transport territory. Those islands whose cial and transportational diffîcul- costs,through fiscal incentives and main source of incarne lies in thé ties encountered by thé islanders. thé promotion of non-polluting ^ 99« tourist trade tend to be subject to « . activities and Systems for dimin- «. . pressures by spéculation from l do not wish to talk about thé ishing thé pressure that thé in- Thé Earth That Supported an Island capital originatingfrom continen- need for "positive discrimination" flux of humans has on thé envi- tal territories. This is not thé kind for island territories, since this ronment, and by reconstructing, ofcompetitiveness that should be may seem like a pétition for privi- orregeneratingthe landscape and Photis Hatzitheodoridis and Ekaterina G. Ohanjanian Chiotakis pursued by island authorities. On leges. l would rather like to refer environment, negatively affected thé contrary, diversification of to thé need for thé samecompeti- by thé exploitation of natural re- sources of supply and innovation tive conditions as those enjoyed sources and thé pollution caused in économie activities should be by continental territories. This is by human présence. n order to achieve sustainable Thé Lemnian Earth used to represent thé Lemnian pursued, as long as thèse are not not asking for privilèges; this is development in small islands earth. For example, Greeks re- detrimental to thé environment. asking for "equal opportunities" INSULA: To concludeMr Huguet, thé knowledge and understand- Thé island of Lemnos can be lo- ferred to it as Agio Chôma (Holy or a level playing field. Give us new lines of action for sustainable ing of thé historical and environ- cated approximately in thé centre earth), Agia Gee (Holy earth), In order to solve thé environmen- thé same conditions to start thé European development island will Sfragismene Gee (Sealed earth), tal problems brought by thé in- race at thé same time and with be set forth at thé Minorca Con- mental background of an island of thé northern part of thé Aegean was flux of large numbers ofpeople,it thé same means as thé rest. Ifnot, ference to improve thé islanders is a necessary prerequisite. Fur- archipelagos.Itis Greece'sSthlarg- while in Latin and French it is necessary for community au- it becomesa sprint or long dis- quality oflife. What in your opin- thermore, this knowledge is es- est island, covering an area of 477 referred to as Terra Lemnia, thorities to introduce sound envi- tance race, where everybody is on ion is thé rôle that an organisa- sential to thé island's resource square kilomètres with a popula- Terra Sacra, Terra Sigillata, ronmentalpractices. Thé "polluter thé same line, except for islands tion such as INSULA, thé Inter- management and thé successful tionofapproximately 17,610(1991 Terre Scellée. pays principle" should be univer- which are placed a few métrés national Scientific Council for Is- implementation of innovative census). Thé island's economy is sally applied by community au- back. We'll never be able to com- land Development, can play in projects. In effect, thé meaning of primarily based on agricultural Thé extraction site of thé thorities in thé case of tourism pète like this, and we'll never win such an evolving context? means of measures, such as thé thé race in thèse conditions. This innovation can be understood to production and tourism [seemap]. "Lemnian earth" is located in thé ecotax",or somesimilar arrange- factor is often overlooked from thé Président Rotger: To be a mes- include thé transformation or centre of thé island in today's ment. And on thé part of both centres of power. senger, loudspeaker, and defender change of thé use of an already For aver 20 centuries, thé island of Kotsinas community. Its exact régional and local authorities, ofislands before ail international existlng resource. Lemnos was spécial attention should be given INSULA: M.r. Huguet you were organisations. In such an interre- known through- to providing incentives for non- thé originator, together with thé lated world, solutions cannot corne polluting innovative activities An excellent example is that of out thé world by 0 Island Council of Minorca, of thé from national governments alone, thé "Lemnian earth" which is a virtue of its 0 with thé aim ofreducing environ- idea to organise thé "first Euro- since they must also be adopted "Lemnian earth". mental impacts, and to solving pean conférence on sustainable by supranational governments. resource which significantly con- thé current natural imbalances, Island development".An idea sup- For this purpose, INSULA must tributed to thé island of Lemnos' This earth, a spe- by meansofwater treatment, thé ported by UNESCO's Director économie development for centu- cial sort of clay LEMNO be given thé power by island re- (? recoveryofold areasand limiting Général Mr Mayor. What are thé gions to act as their accepted ries. Technological developments was extracted Aegean of visits to fragile nature areas outcomes for Islands that you ex- interlocuter before international had thé effect of placing this re- from a spécifie site £'^ Sea and others measures. ^ ^ pect from this conférenceespe- organisations: UNESCO, thé Eu- source in thé background and un- on thé island and ^ cially in terms of concrète follow ropean Commission, Council thé dermining its importance for thé was considered to INSULA: Inter-islands co-opera- up? of Europe, thé European Pariia- therapeutic tion, at least at thé EuropeanÏevel, ment and so on. And this power island. Today, however, thé local hâve can be considered as instrumen- a se- Président Rotger: First, we should provide INSULA" with community wishes to revive thé qualifies for 9 VAthens tal in promoting island competi- must make ourselves heard. Iso- enough moral and political au- iinportance ofits resource for thé ries of diseases. v \ ^> tiveness and thereby reducing lated voices are simply a murmur ^ thority to initiale and negotiate purposes of reinforcing its tour- Every travel diary a^ î" régional disparities. While at thé that is never adequately under- Systems, so that islands, which ism industry. relating to thé is- Cyclades island level such co-operation is ^ stood. Combined voices can be- are normally entirely excluded land of Lemnos & considered as high priority, is corne an outcry. And an outcry is from thé gréât centresofdevelop- Photis Hatzitheodoridis is thé presi- ^°\^' ^ >ç dent of thé Development Agency of made référence to t? therea sufficientpolitical will by heard evenby thé deaf. Secondly, ment, may hâve their own formu- thé Lemnian thé national governments or at l think that a European Confer- las for guaranteeing thé well-be- Lemnos, an Economist and currently a ^ thé European Union level to sup- PhD student at thé Faculty ofEnviron- earth as well as to Dodecanese enceon thé SustainableDevelop- ing and quality of life of their mental Studies of thé Aegean Umver- MEDITERRANEAN port such moves? ment oflslands will make it clear thé rituals and citizens, whilst ensuring that thé sity in Greece SEA ^ that our territories face thé future developments within thé indus- sealing practices Président Rotger: As you say, in thé midst ofan apparent strug- trial or tourist sectors do not dam- Ekaterina G. Ohaiyaniaa Chiotakis associatedwithit. Crète has a Bachelor in Commerce and is from an island perspective,coop- gle to satisfy thé needfor develop- âge thé environment, or thé ar- In effect, there eration is understood, not only as ment and thé demands of main- chaeological héritage. currently a second year law student at thé Facidty ofLaw at McGill University was a variety of in Montréal, Québec, Canada différent names Thé location of Lemnos in thé Greek Archipelago

34 SU 35 Lemnian Earth: Thé Earth that Supported an Island Islanders at Work

location is on thé flat part of thé formed annually on thé 6th of top of thé Mosyklon hill (seepho- tograph right). August, thé day of Christ's Meta- morphosis. On this day, Greeks and Turks would go to a small Origins church located on thé Mosyklon hill. After chanting and prayers, Thé origins of thé "Lemnian earth" they would visit thé excavation site. men would dig can be traced back to mythologi- Fifty to sixty cal traditions regarding thé is- until they would locate thé source land. According to thèse tradi- of thé earth. Then, monks would tions, thé "earth" was discovered fill bags with thé earth which would be delivered to Turks. by Efestos, thé God of fire and thé At thé end of thé ritual thé site metallurgy who, when falling off would be covered and concealed. his horse and breakinghis leg, Thé earth gathered would be observedthat thé earthcoming in turned into clay, formed into small touch with his broken leg helped Mosyklon Hill to heal it. Thé interaction between balls and sealed (see photograph Lemnian earth being turned into clay and formed into small balls right). Thé Turkish commander mythological accounts and thé Theophrasto'sstudy entitled Re- betraced back to théMiddle Ages. would send thé largest part of thé Cheniical Analysis cious gtft to Ms most important and earth"stherapeutic qualifies was garding Stoneswritten thé pe- in According to Galenos,thé earth clay to thé Sultan and fhe remain- thé driving force behind thé con- riod between 315-305 BC. prominent visitors (Filippidis, sideration of thé "Lemnian earth" could cure thé plague and ail epi- der would be sold to thé local mer- Thé importance of thé "Lemnian Konstantas, 1791). Thé sale of thé demies. Thé "earth" was also used chants for profit. Those présent at re- earth to merchants was done as a cure (Paximadas, 1982). Further référence can be found in earth" can be appreciated by thé as an antidote against snake bites thé excavation site had thé privi- ferring to thé légal régulations in thé poet Nikandros' Thiriaka and exclusivelyby two sources:thé Sul- aswell asin casesofslow-healing lege of keeping a smaU quantity for effect at thé time ofTurkish rule. tan's médical doctor his private In addition, to thé mythological thé Roman author Plinys' Natu- in wounds. When used as an oint- Personaluse only. Thé reason why According to thèse régulations, accounts, historical évidence ex- rai History while thé Greek pharmacyand Lemnos'Turkish om- ment, thé "Lemnian earth" would thé earth could not be sold for profit thé unauthorised expert of thé ists ascertaining thé fact that thé botanologist Dioskourides dis- mander. As mentioned before, thé be used to relieve eye irritations. was that it lacked thé Turkish seal. earth was punishable by decapi- sale was only légal thé product island of Lemnos has been vol- cussedits qualifies extensivelyin if Mixed with vinegar, thé "earth" tation, while thé sale of thé earth carried thé Turkish seal. Thé canic. In fact, thé soil and subsoil his work entitled RegardingMedi- was said to treat nausea and At thé end of thé 19th century, without thé Turkish command- 'Ij emnian earth" was sold to thé of thé Mosyklon hill is ofa differ- cal Substances written in thé Ist pub- haemorrhage. Furthermore, it Tozer, upon visiting thé island ob- er's seal was subject to a fine. ent nature from that of thé rest of century AD. lie in thé major ominerdal ontres m thé island. was consideredas a général pain served that very few individuals Europe at veiy high prios. reliever and accounts can be found would attend thé excavation ritual There are accounts that show that where women were said to drink Among thé historical sources re- of thé "Lemnian earth", whUe thé knowledgeof thé "Lemnian earth" Belon was thé first to notice that Therapeutic Qualities thé earth in cases of sévère men- use of it was limited to thé mhabit- garding thé "Lemnian earth", ex- was not only limited to people in there were différent grades of strual flow and in casesof very ants of thé eastem part of thé is- Greece. In fact, during thé Turk- "Lemnian earth" available on thé amples are thé book entitled Acid A large part of our world has painful labour during childbirth land. By early 20th century, thé ish period, thé largest amount of market, which could be distin- Therapeutic Substances written known of thé therapeutic quali- (Stefanidou, 1986). use of thé therapeutic clay as weU by thé well known médical doctor ties of thé "Lemnian earth" with earth exported would end up in guished from other grades ofearth as ail thé rituals surrounding it, thé Sultan's private pharmacy in ofinferior quality (seepicture left). Aretaiou ofCappadociain thé 2nd respect to a number of diseases. had ceased completely. Constantinople. Thé Sultan was His observation was based on thé century BC and thé philosopher Its use for healing purposescan Rituals known to offer thé earth as a pre- fact that many merchants would mix thé "Lemnian earth" with thé Dioskouridesspeaks of elaborate cheaper and of inferior quality rituals performedby thé Lemnian called "Armenian earth". population on thé day of thé ex- traction of thé "Lemnian earth" Following a chemical analysis of aroundthe IstcenturyAD. Such thé "earth" in 1890 and in 1895 by rituals includedthé slaughtering Dr. Dauberry and DeLaunary re- of goats, thé island's sacred ani- spectively, it was concluded that mais,and thé mbcingoftheir blood thé "Lemnian earth" had no thera- with thé earth, for thé purposesof peutic or other qualifies. This creating a seal picturing a goat. was confirmed by a 1913 chemi- cal analysis by Thompson which, Stefanidou refers td thé French ^ unlike his predecessors, used 16th traveller Belon who visited thé century samples. It was observed island in 1546, at a time when it that again, no changes existed in Mapoftfae was under thé Turkish rule. He thé composition or qualifies of thé ifllamd of observed that thé extraction ritual Lemnos earth (Stefanidou, 1986). Re- of thé Lemnian earth was per- Différent types of marks in Leinnian earth cently, however, thé qualifies and

36 si. 37 Lemnian Earth: Thé Earth that Supported an Island Islanders at Work

use of thé clay made up from genuiness governing its sale thé "Lemnian earth" has been "We should not fail to follow Nature: thé r souereign precept is to conform to it...." under monopolistic regula- 'he Aeolian . slands on thé Waves of elematics found a necessaryin- to form Montaigne tions. gredient of modem drugs Further development.For thou- (Paximadas, 1982). They catl it soft medicine- homeopathy,acu- sands of years thé "Lemnian Michèle Giacoinantonio puncture, traditional herbalism and many oth- eartfa" has been a marketable Thé Tj ers who seekandent ways to keep us and emiuan earth" was per- fit coimnod- healthy - are wrongly onsidered to be rem- and highly lucrative haps associated an exag- with nantsofold superstitions.Today hard sdence, ity given its therapeutic quali- gerated number of therapeu- socialsecurity and thé many other items pro- ties. Over thé years thé discov- tic qualities. However, it is videdby modemmédical technology hâve prac- ery of safer and more effective n June 1996 an international Bronze Age for tool manufactur- After World War II, and thé rise of tically taken aver our health. equally clear that this earth substitutes in thé pharmaceu- workshop called "Thé Islands ing- represented thé strength of aviation travel, thé islands as- doeshâve someof thèsequaU- tical industry had thé efFectof on thé Telematic Wave" took place thé islands in prehistoric times. sumed a différent image in peo- ties. Such an observation is There should not be, however, contradiction betweenhard and soft medicine- they are removmg this "earth" fi"om thé in Lipari, thé capital city of thé pie's minds due to several suc- consistent with thé iïnportant différentyet complementaiymethods, fhe first market. Today, however, its seven island archipelago located Later, other traded commodities cessful films made on that loca- rôle thé earth has played m tfae based on modem scientific thought and thé résurgence as a marketable north-east of Sicily in thé contributed to thé wealth of tion and thé increase in tourism. seond on thé expérience many peoplewho médical and pharmaceutical of commodityis due not only to Sea. currently Aeolian archipelago: and acknowledge its beneifits. Tirrenian Lipari is sulphur fields for thé past 2,000 years. thé "earth'"stherapeutic quali- participating in thé EU-funded alum from its volcanic héritage Thé use of day, earth and mud is one of thé ties but due to its gréât poten- Tele-Insula Project: Telematic and wine. As was common to is- Telematics and Tourisin most ancienthealmg methods, presently bemg tial to contribute to thé chal- Seryices for Islands. lands in this région, piracy also Lemnian Earth given thé greatest attention. Mnay, Mke thé lengebrought fonvard by new made an important contribution Tourism, however, offered an un- Tourism aadent Romans, search for relief from arthritic and applications for médical and to archipelago's economy. balanced seasonal activity, and a pams through mud applications in a thermal thé Spa.Many skin diseasesare cured by clay or aestheticpurposes to be sup- Overcoming Insularity type of économie development community Todayfhe Lemnian mmeralwaters. Many seekto rejunivatefhem- ported by thé mcreasing inter- Limitations Though famous in mythology and with undesirable impacts. A dif- recognisesthé potential of its selveswith thalasso thérapies on thé océan est of thé tourism industry to- history, during thé last century ferent tourism is presently needed "earth"as an exploitable resource shores.We do not know fuUyhow clay it thèse wards "travel and nature"; in An important thème explored thé Aeolian islands were gradu- using thé rich natural and cul- methods work - but they work! for fhe purposesof thé island's other words to thé increasing during thé workshop related to ally assigned thé unpleasant rôle tural héritage of thé archipelago tourism industry. In this con- uncertainty of being in or on thé usefulness of telematics for ofacting as a confinement site for as thé main attraction. Thé prob- text, fhe local onmiunity has under- practice was based on conserva- tiie environmentof oiu-society. To- thé islanders - those born on is- criminals and political prisoners. leni in this regard relates as to taken severalprojects for thé proper tion purposes, associated with a day"stoiirism industry focuseson lands as well as those who hâve exploitation of its natural resource. Christian célébration. In effect, cultural and natural resources and chosen to live there. Thé main UNESCO insula «â>"»«!& . SpedficaUy,a historical monument thé Turkish conquerorsappreci- their developmentand exploita- argument was that telematics are UNIONSEUROPEA is to be constructed on thé excavation ated thé need to conserve this re- tion. It is based on thé local com- useful to help islanders overcome site. Promotionalmaterials (E. g. fly- source. In addition, thé restricted munity's ability to appreciate,ex- thé limitations of insularity and ers,photographs and documentaries) avaUability of thé earth m thé mar- ploit and conservethèse resources benefit from modem communica- wffl be createdmforming thé public ket contributed to thé maintenance in accordance with thé available tion tools which are common to PROGETTO of thé history and cultural sigmfi- of its high sale-price. Thé légal technologicaldevelopments. thé continental urban citizen. cance of thé 'Tjeraman. eartfa". Fur- régime that govemed thé market- e u thermore, tfae observanceof thé ex- ing and sale of thé product were in CONVEGNO Dl STLJD- cavation ritaials is to be revived. Fi- accordance with it's "high-value" Références Peripherality and nally, theme-festivalswiU be organ- quality, as discussed above. Centrality isedto inform thé publicof thé his- PhiUppidis D. and Konstantas torical origins offhis resourcefor thé Producfs labelling. Thé seal of thé G.,Greece's Modem Geography. Although theAeolianarchipelago purposesofattracting tourism on thé goat m ancient times, later replaced Vienna 1791 (in Greek). appears to be peripheral to conti- island of Lemnos. by Diana's seal, was a mark associ- Paximadas S.A., Therapeutic nental Europe, thé history of thé ating thé earfh with worship ritu- Qualifies of thé "LemnianEarth. archipelago shows its centrality aïs. Later, however,this seal served Doctoral Thesis, University of at thé cross-roads of thé Mediter- Observations a différentpurpose. Spect&caUy,it Athens 1982 (in Greek). ranean. Thé sea did not isolate served to control thé quaUfy of thé Stefanidou-Tourptsoglou B., thèse islands; on thé contrary, thé From thé above discussion several "Lemman earth" avaiïable in thé Geographical and Travel Pas- sea acted as an impetus to trade of issues can be noted of critical iïn- market. Furthermore, it helped sages regarding thé Island of goods and ideas with différent partance to thé development of thé thé consumer distinguish thé earth Lemnos, Aristotelis (15th-20th countries and cultures. islandsin thé past and today. from similar products of inferior entuiy) University of Salonica, quality available on thé market. 1986 (in Greek). Thé sea and obsidian - a sort of I^FL'-^OGn'TOTq-EKSLLA ResourceManagement, ït has been Thèsealternative uses of thé seal, Tozer Henry Fanshawe, A His- dark volcanic rock highly valued observedthat sincethé Byzantine resulted obviously in significant UPARI. 1TALY tory ofAncient Geography.Ox- in thé late Neolithic and early 20/23 GIUGNO 19SS period thé extraction of thé profits for thé Ottomans. One could ford 1879,2nd édition, M.Cary, Lemnian earth" was done exclu- easUy argue that thé seal had be- N.Y. 1971. Miclifcle Gia<*®inant®mio is Thé brochure of thé Tele-lnsula sively once a year. Perhapsthis corne a symbol of quality and workshop in Lipari

38 39 Thé Aeolian Islands on thé Waves of Teleinatics Islanders at Work

what is thé best way to tnform thé outside world about this héritage? A emarkable ^nvironmental ; Thé answerlies intourism-related by Children from thé sland of ipari telematics and thé Internet. And hère lies thé importance of thé P. G. d'Ayala Lipari workshop. Tourism, sup- ported by modem technologies, would promote and foster tradi tionalcrafts. way host In this thé This was a remarkable environ- unusual race, with curious boats islanders can share their ancient ast summer, thé pupils of mental festival. Thé participants built ofthousands ofempty Coca- traditions, utilising modem "Galileo Galilei" collège, in in thé race were thé youngest chil- Cola cans picked up week after means of communication. Lipari, (an island North-East of Sicily) organized a regatta with dren of thé collège, led by their week from roads and beaches and Tele-school in progress in Lipari (Photo: Enzo Di Donato) boats built of recycled Goca-Cola Imaginative teacher Mr. Enzo Di collected and shaped later in thé cans. Donato. school-yard. Electronic Tourism be disadvantaged, as often hap- tation is greatly curtailed during pens due to second-rate éducation thé winter: thé hydrofoil and ferry Teamsofgirls andboys confronted Thedayoftheregattawas sunny In thé ancient Mediterranean, in thé island, where teachers schedulesare sporadicdue to high Dr Pier Giovanni d'AyaIa is Sec- each other in an original competi- and fair, rendering thé event ex- sailors found it almost impossible change very frequently, and are seas and low demand. retary GénéralofINSULA and Edi- tion sponsoredby local authori- tremely enjoyable. Among thé not to encounter thèse islands - tor of this journal. often unable to reach thé island ties together with Coca-Cola- an spectators were children from situated as they are in thé middle due to rough weather and sea. In addition, one could investigate of thé Mediterranean. With a number of additional possibili- telematics, thé Aeolian islands Telematics would be very useful ties through thé use oftelematics. can take centre stage again. They in this regard. It would enhance How can telematics help young can be visited not only in thé real educational facilities in thé is- people willing to learn a craft or a world, but in thé virtual world of lands. It would provide opportu- profession and having neither thé Internet - electronic sailmg, so to nities for thé use of data bases and possibility nor thé will to move speak. It will be thanks to this documentation - normally only away from islands? And how can possibUity that many people will accessible in thé libraries of big- telematics help small island firms décide to visit thé Aeolian Islands, ger towns. It could promote ex- to secure supplies of materials to know them, and to share thé changes with other children and from outside thé islands, and to expériencesofthose who live there. students and permits cultural advertise their products outside growth through thé knowledge of thé islands? other people's expériences. Telematics and Education Until very recently time, personal Telematics can also spare an old and business communication with Telematics can also permit im- man living in Ginostra, in need of thé outside word was difficult and provements in thé quality oflife of fréquent médical check-ups, from expensive, limiting thé develop- thé islanders and increase their making thé tiring journey to thé ment options of thé islanders. Peo- accessto opportunities offered by nearest health clinic. pie either put aside their ambi- modem society such as éducation, tions and hopes or had to emi- information, démocratie partici- grate from thé islands. pation, and health care. Telematics and Business

A schoolchild ofAlicudi should not Qnthé Aeolianislands, transpor- Enhancing thé Attraction of thé Aeolian Islands

Thé ombination oftelematics and a new model of sustainable develop- nient can form thé basis for a new life in thé AoUan Islands and thus on- tribute to making thèse islands at- tractive to live m and to visit

Thé reader can visit thé Lipari Municipality trough thé web site: http:/www. trainet. it/teleinsula Thé pupils with their canspicked week after week from roads and beaches Lipari (Photo:?. G. d'Ayala) (Photo: Enso Di Donato)

4l 40 sii a St- A Remarkable Environmental Event in Lipari

neighbouring small islands and from Sicily, who together with their parents and tourists ap- plauded and encouragedtheir fa- vourite teams.

Thé successful boat race showed ulture and adit'onal ^nowledg clearlythé extent to whichyoung- sterscan be sensitized trough edu- cation to understand environmen- tal problems.Thé regatta was in fact thé conclusionofa longer pro- gramme of work, involving crea- ecycling Art: tive work by thé kids during ex- «r 99 tra-school hours. he Jnsusp cted eauty ofthe Object ......

Teaching and discussions facili- tated greatly their understand- P. G. d'Ayala ing of thé need to care for their island habitat. In other words, child finds an old her-ring thé pupils and their teachers of- . can stranded on thé beach by feredan example to befollowed by thé heavy waves of thé previous ail, young and old. night. With two stones he shapes thé rusted can into something re- sembling a ship prow and Onthat regattaday, many people with from thé archipelagohâve under- stern. He ties a line to thé prow, thé other end, to thé stick in stood how important it is to use with hands one's imagination to solve envi- his and starts to float thé ronmental problems. model ship along thé beach, dreaming...

Preparing for a flying start - watched by other A new beautiful abject was born children, parents and tourists (Photo:Enzo Di Donato) from almost nothing.. . froin waste. Dreaming child (Photo: P.G. d'Ayala) Since thé beginning of mankind, children and artists hâve been turning thé world's undif- call artists attempted seriously tempted by thé Prometean play of ferentiatedmatterinto something to transform thé refused abject, unique, oblivious thé leftover, thé meaningless- of thé previous waste in a polysémie expression properties - thus of beauty. a diamond with concentric rays of In 1912, Braque and Picasso made light is created a first breakthrough, using frag- from thé earth. ments ofwire, newspaper, canvas or sand in their compositions. It is perhaps dur- ing thé industrial Since then, thé history of thé plas- révolution last tic arts became an uninterrupted century that hu- flow ofexperiments aiming to give mans started to meaning to meaningless itself. burden their sur- roundings with One could of course ask: "What waste that was happens to art that tries to eman- unabsorbable cipate itselffrom thé material lim- naturally. But it its of thé object, when it is con- is also during that fronted with thé miracle of thé century that thé appropriating act, multiplying thé French sculptor César squashes car-scraps into Rowing in tandem on a can raft (Photo:Enzo Di Donato) works of art (Photo: Demis Durand-Ruel) peculiar people we ready-made abjects?"

42 43 Recycling Art: "Thé Unsuspected Beauty of thé Object.....' Culture and Traditional Knowledge

This question made by Catherine Millet found an answer, retro- spectively, in 1962 in New York, ithica when Arman mounted at thé Dwan Gallery a "Spontaneous ac- Xec Florit Nin and Alfred Hutchinson cumulation", asking thé visitors to throw their rubbish in a Plexiglas box made available for this purpose "Cast your vote hère for a cleaner Dwan Gallery!" n Minorca one finds many quar- Ecology of Sandstone changea thé niethod of construc- ries - large holes eut into thé tion. Thé quarryman and his Our industrial cities hâve been, earth - from where ail thé stone Thé solid aspect which is associ- methods of production are quickly and will be, thé stimulus for avant- for thé construction of old towns ated with thé old buildings ofMi- disappearing. garde artists, attentive to trans- of thé island were eut. Weeds, norca demonstrates thé quality of form thé signs producedand con- bushes, wild almond and olive thé sandstone used in construc- Cément has simplified thé proc- sumedby our civilisation in sym- trees and rubbish hâve aver time, tion. It is a material with no ess but at thé same time, it has bols of hope. This was thé case concealed thèse huge gaps in thé problems ofdilation or expansion trivialized it. It has made con- with thé French sculptor César, earth. - but at thé same time it permits struction more profitable, but at who turned crushed and com- "respiration" due to its porosity. thé same time it has downgraded pressed car-scraps into objects of Thèse quarries provide an impor- its quality, especially in terms of surprisingly beauty (see photo on tant explanation regarding thé Thé old Minorcan buildings are as health for those who live in thé previous page). construction of building in old a result cool in Summer but in building. Although falling rela- Minorca. Thé basic materials of Winter thé stone effectively iso- tively into disuse, sandstone is But on an island where practi- many buildings, ranging from thé lates thé interior of thé building still widely used and appreciated. cally everyitem ofconsumptionis most humble abode to thé cathe- from thé cold. As a building mate- imported what is thé task of an dral itself and thé palaces, hâve rial, therefore, this stone provides artist? Andria Santarelli, Corsi- originated from thé depths of strength to thé building, and is Thé Story of thé Quarries can painter, explores her island thèse sandstone quarries. Thou- healthy to those who live or work world with a permanently re- sands and thousands blocks Thé traditional quarryman was Andria Santarelli of within thé building. newed curiosity translating its were extracted from thé rock-face, self-sufficient. Each man eut his paradoxesinto a meaningful ob- own stone and built his own house. She calls her compositions one by one - slowly but surely ject made ofordered combinations primitive instinct offruit-picking, creating thé monumental crypt- New Materials "Recyclin'art". She says that col- but thèse cans are also thé wit- of abandoned items, such as im- like subterranean spaces. Thé organization ofthis craft was lecting "inchjaccate" - crushed ness ofsomething which was alive. portedCoca-Colacansthat acare- Today, however, intro- centredaroundthefamilynucleus: cans (thé Corsican word is very with thé less youngster threw away after Artists hâve always been fasci- duction of cément, new materials there were very few professional expressive) could be considered nated by wrecks and ruins be- having absorbedthé magiepotion Poetry in Stone and techniques hâve drastically stone workers. of modem time. she says, as going back to thé causeoftheir inhérent appealing quality - standing as thé It is through thé use ofstone that symbols of thé downfall of [ thé Minorcans expressed their po- everything. etic sensitivity towards life. Thé metaphor of little rock. Thé at- Thèse cans bear witness to tachment that thé Minorcans hâve phenomenon chance thé of for their stone is legendary. where thé répétition of thé same gesture neverproduces When early last century many thé sameresult. Their vary- Minorcans left their island at- ing shapes are évident when tracted to thé new attracting they are juxtaposed. Hence French possessions in Algeria, juxtaposition, in its symme- they loaded their vessels with a notion try, gives cohérent Minorcan quarry-stones, which chance do. ofwhat may they used to build their houses in their new North-African home. Andria's art relates to man's attempts to keep a balance between his natural universe a and world becoming in- Liticha is a non-profit NGO, based creasingly artificial. in Minorea, and chaired by Laetitia "Fins de parcours rouge" by Andria Santarelli Sauleau Lara, artist and sculptor Stone graphies (Photo: Nègre)

44 siu a su 45 Lithica Culture and Traditional Knowledge

thé past. Thanks to Thé quarries are thé héritage of sans. This does not mean that it is thé new mechanised thé Minorcan people and they a nostalgie dream of some urecov- System life was made must be preserved. This héritage érable past On fhe contrary it is a easier for thé quarry not only reminds us of how thé projectof thé future whichhas a lot worker, with more Minorcans were, but also of how to do with thé contemporary life, coinfortable methods they are now - how they lived and based on a, respect for thé héritage ^/ of production and how they live now! That is why passed on to us by oiu- ancestors. more spacious thé préservation of thé quarries workplace. has played an important part in Minorca being declared by Thé Lithica Philosophy Thé beginning of UNESCO a Biosphère Réserve. mechanization also Thé aims ofLithica include: marked thé begin- . to protectfhe quarriesfrom ne- nings of a modem Restoration glect and to protect them from business-like struc- abandon,since thèse represent an ture with thé keeping Sensitivity to thé protection of thé ethnologiehéritage, testimony of of proper accounts, quarries is a relatively récent de- a thousand year old craft and and thé introduction velopment. In 1986 thé Ciudadela autonomous works of art. Old quarrying tools (Photo: Lithica) of modem manage- town hall categorized nine ofthese . to encouragethé use of sand - ment concepts. quarries as being of gréât interest stone in building, thereby per- As times became economically in terms of artistic and historié petuating thé vitality and ac- harder, many "unemployed" per- Today however, business in stone héritage. In addition, at that time tivity of thé quarries. sons found a way out of their quarrying is somewhat precari- government commissipned a re- . to renovate quarries looking Labyrinth in thé quarry (Photo: Nègre) absolute misery by working in thé ous, with rising costs and intense port to catalogue ail of thé quar- towards thé enhancement of quarries or opening a pièce ofland compétition. Revenues tend to be ries in thé island. their precious ethnologie, ar- to be quarried, in exchange for irregular and dépend to a large chitecturâl or artistic value. which resemble or could be trans- which they paid 10% of thé profits extent on thé quality of thé stone. Thé Labyrinth to thé land owner - sometimes in Lithica and thé Quarries formed into thé ainphitheatres of theformofquarriedstone. Thèse Ecological Equilibriuni Thé older quarries constitute an ancient Greece or thé labyrinth of first quarrymen hewed and lifted A Sculptural Space Lithica is an association with came exceptionalsculptural park, from ancient Crète. thé blocks ofstone by thé strength into being as a result ofa désire to To carry out someof thé objectives thé red seams, and unexpected only about thé oftheirarms. Thé IVtinorcan quarries may be save thé quarries of Minorca, of thé association, Lithica has shapesresembling prows of sail- Lithica is not quarry as a space and a of considered as sculptures - in- mostly for their aesthçtic quali- managedto rent thé coastalquar- ing ships, thé amphithéâtre, fan- work art. also dedicating efforts Fréquent changes in thé location verted ones you might say since ties, especially with regard to thé ries', situated two kilomètres out- shapedabjects andframes. Thèse It is its to thé memory ofthose who opened for stone-extraction is thé reason thèse "empty spaces" are build "naked wall", as a spécial way of side Ciudadela. quarries serve, in addition, as why there are innumerable little downwards, sometimes taking a perceiving thé space which has quiet, agreeableand protected gar- thèse spaces in thé earth - thé quarrymen. has undertaken a quarries close to thé towns. Many monumental character. been worked upon. Thé good thing about this site is dens. On this humid land, where It project houses were started with a quarry that within a minute's walk one thé air is in permanent repose, involving thé setting up of as foundation - block after block But even thé smaller quarries Lithica is growing thanks to thé can connect with thé old with thé thé most characteristic and spe- an open air ethnographie muséum were eut into a cellar and, then hâve magical and mystical quali- highly esteemed tradition of arti- new or thé new with thé old, which- cific plants and trees of Minorca which explains thé techniques, thé tools and thé working conditions thé blocks were used to built thé ties. They constitute a ever direction you choose to take. hâve been cultivated, rendering of thé artisans. A section for re- walls ofthe houses. Thé job as a space with its own story, Both aspects exist side by side thé quarries ofs'Hostal ofLithica search into sand stone is also be- quarrymanwasoften "parttime", its birth, childhood, old âge and are beautifully preserved. A an excellent place for a stroll. ing envisaged. This could pro- a stepping stone so to speak, until and death. Each one has classical example of thé old style mote new ways stone they found a better or more stable its veryindividualistic per- contrasts with thé dynamic new, ofusing thé job. sonality - like human be- Cultural Spaces in building, restoring it. There only a stone's throw away. couldalsobe a"handson"areafor ings they are thé result of Later, thé invention ofa mill-pow- hard times and good times. One of thé first real achievements In thé machine excavated quar- people interested in thé restora- tion ofhistorical Minorcan build- ered crâne to lift thé blocks made Some are more open, some ofLithica was to completely clear ries, Lithica hopes to croate ad- thé conditions ofwork better and more closed, some shy and out one of thé larger modem quar- equate cultural spaces to take mgs. also increased demand. Thé unsociable others warm ries of ail its rubbish. Thé end advantageoftheircharacteristics deeper excavation which this in- and welcoming. Ail, how- result was devastating. In thé of amplitude, acoustics,whiteness Programine vention made possible improved ever, talk thé same lan- cleaned-up quarry one finds thé and isolation. Thèse are idéal Lithica's thé quality of thé stone, and made guage - old stairways, "Totem" (see picture) represent- placesfor music,projectedimages, Lithica has developed a pro- thé cuttingprocess easier. In turn, wounded and reddened by ing thé association in symbolic exhibitions of aesthetic appeal. gramme ofeventscentred around thé whole process was rendered thé sun, moisture and wind, form. This symbol is intended to Théplatforms are big enoughfor thé quarries, with thé aim ofpro- more profitable. Thé cutting and especially thé north-east join and separatethé old with thé festivals and concerts, withavery motingtheirrecovery.This project extraction ofblocks was a thing of winds"Tramuntana". Modemquarrying methods (Photo: Nègre) new at thé same time. spécial setting. Three are spaces

47 46 s^ Lithica

requires thé support of thé local authorities, since it is in line with their social and cultural interests.

Thé association has made thé nec- essary arrangements for thé most important quarries in terms of nsula's âge cultural interest; it has also taken measures to include thé project within thé légal proceedings in terms of thé déclaration of Mi- EuropeanUnion island services.Three more E.U. norca as a Biosphère Réserve. Thé Status ofNGO for INSULA projectsinvolving INSULA hâve beenapproved Association has in addition ob- recently: tained thé backing of thé Thé Director Général of UNESCO, following con- sulfations with thé executive council of INSULA . thé renewable energy plan for thé island of Ciudadela town hall, which has Minorca; already catalogued thé s'Hostal has, in July 1996,awarded to INSULA thé impor- Thé stone totem (Photo: L. Toussaint) tant status of International non-governmental or- . thé study of "Human Use of Mediterranean quarnes. Coastal Wetlands"; and ganisation,enjoying operational relations with . théproj ect initiated by thé Municipality ofAjaccio has Images" from les Baux de Pro- UNESCO. Thé Lithica programme which are appropriate for a cul- (Corsica), aimingto organise a co-operative net- vence (France) with thé aim of diverse and nec- evolved in four phases : tural's habitat work amongMediterranean island municipali- exchanging expériences. essary services. Santorini and Stromstrad Meetings ties (Eco-Villes) in waste management and in l. Spring 1995: Héritage recovery other areas. and présentation. 2. (1996): Cultural space. 4. (1998): Lithica International . Removal of rubbish and clean- . Création of an amphithéâtre Centre. An important international experts meeting on with blocks of stone taken from Policies for Sustainable Development of Mediter- ing of thé older quarries for con- . Thé organization of cultural Cultural Héritage version into parks/gardens. thé quarry. spacesdedicatedto créative arts ranean CoastalAreas took placeat thé end ofApril . Securing thé zone against acci- . Development of an organised within thé realms ofsandstone. 1996 in Santorini (Greece). Thé meeting, under thé éducative walk, with interpre- auspicesof UNEP and its Mediterranean Action An agreementrelating to cultural héritagehas dents and improving thé paths . Workshops for young sculptors, beenrecently signed chairman tation of thé history of thé quar- Plan, was chaired by thé présent Greek Minister by thé of thé Italian and thé care of existing plant and an international experimen- section ofINSULA, Architect Luigi Valente and H. and wildlife nés. for thé Aegean,Mrs Elizabeth Papazoi. INSULA tal station addressing thé tech- E. Mons.Angelo Rizzo, Bishop of thé historical city . Planning for thé setting up ofa nical and scientific aspect of was askedto represent thé interests of thé Medi- ofRagusa (Sicily). Thé agreementcontains a pro- 3. (1997): Lithica park création. sandstone use. terranean islands. small muséum of ethnography tocol of co-operationaiming at thé promotion, thé . Lithicaparkclearedandcleaned concerning thé work of a protection,and conservationof thé considérable - creating a zone of cultural In Mid-August 1996, INSULA contributed to thé quarryman. architectural, artistic and historical-archivial activities based an sandstone Conclusion organisationof thé workshopon "NorthernShores . Contacts with other European héritage of thé church of Ragusa. quarries converted into cultural quarry space. and Islande: Human Well-being and Environmen- . Thé création of substitutes tal Change"held in Stromstrad, Sweden. spaces such as "La Cathedral d' In a modest way thé Association INSULA is also coUaboratingwith thé Islands and would like Minorca to form part of SmaU States Institute of thé University of Malta in thé mystical circle taking its ori- More than one hundred participants gathered in thé organisationof an Internationalconférence on gin in Petra (Siria), driving this coastal town, close to thé Koster islands in Northwest Sweden. Thé conférence was convened "ThéCultural Héritageoflslands and SmaUStates". through thé Cappadocian stony This conférencewiU bring together a large nmnber by Prof. Guy Heydenfrom GoteborgUniversity settlements inAnatolia (Turkey), of scholars and practitioners conceraedwith thé shiftingto thé megaliths ofEaster and Bengt Gilbert of thé Koster Health Founda- tion. préservationof thé artisticand archaeological herit- Island in thé Pacifie, wandering âge of small islands.One importantitem on thé back to Malta in thé Mediterra- agenda relatesto accessto informationon thé nean, in thé process passing Thèsemeetings and a previous oneheld in Fuerte Ventura (Canary Islands) offered thé opportunity cultural héritageof islands through electroniccom- though and touching thé stone mimication technology. Another item relates to thé héritage of many islands. for INSULA members to discuss thé content of thé "Minorca Commitments", with thé aim of building prospectsfor culturaltourism m islands. Lithica proposes finally a differ- a consensus on this document before its formai ent way to expérience thèse stony approvalatthe MinorcaConférence onApril 1997. Internet Connection spaces; one of perception, peace and reflection. In thèse times of E. U. Projects Insula is electronicaUyconnected with its partners. noise we propose inner silence; in INSULA's address is: thé face of décrépitude - thé eter- insula@speedy. grolier. TogetherwiththeEuropean Commission, INSULA fr. nal; instead of thé superficial - INSULA's site on WWW can be reached at: thé profound. looksforward to thé implementation ofTele-Insula, to http:/www. trainet. it/teleinsula. Proposai for landscaping thé quarries of Minorca (Photo: Lithica) thé project dealing with telematics applications

49 48 su s a ag >ok views

Telematics and Envtronnlental Sciences Islands and Biosphère Réserves ning with community development,linking grass- Island Technology: Thé recently established Coastal Zones and Small Thé intergovernmental Man and thé Biosphère roots with thé tree-tops. Islands Unit, headed by Dr. Dirk Troost at Programme (MAB) is opening new perspectives for Technology for Development in thé UNESCO's sciences sector, has successfully en- islands considering thé biosphère réserve concept South Pacifie Severalpeople and organizationscontributed to thé tered in an important joint-venture with other as an appropriate tool to foster sustainable devel- publishingof thé books,including UNESCO and its European partners which, no doubt, will be of opinent. Editer by Tony Marjoram régionaloffice for SouthPacifie and thé Australian interest to scholars and practitioners involved in National Commission for UNESCO. island studies and island development. Together with INSULA and thé Canary Islands Intermediate TechnologyPublications Ltd and Spanish authorities, MAB is organising an Those who are concerned with thé development Thé project, named CASTLE for short, is sup- international gathering for island biosphère re- 103-105 Southampton Row, London WC1B 4HH, problemsof thé Pacifieislands and thé unantici- ported by thé European Commission, and aims at serves managers, at thé end ofFebruary 1997 in La UK. 1994. pated effectsstemming from westerntechnology developing a user-friendly and cost-effective inter- Palma (Canary Islands, Spain), transfer to developingcountries may usefully learn active distance learning System by applying mod- from thé fairly unique approachused in thé book. ern telematic technologies, methods and services. Thé aims of thé meeting are: Smalldeveloping island states and small islands in Technologydevelopment affcer ail concernsailofus, . to harvest thé expérience gathered in terms of général,face difficult choiceswhen confronted with islandersfrom developingand thé developedworlds. Thé first applications and démonstrations envis- implementation and management in areas such thé often contradictory issues brought forward by aged by CASTLE will deal with thé training of as protected areas, biodiversity, energy, trans- unescapabledevelopment needs, particularly when specialists and students in various disciplines in ports, tourism, waste and coastal zones man- sustainability is at stake. thé use of satellite remote sensing data - an area agement including thé introduction of new in- of major interest for island and coastal zone plan- formation technologies for an enhanced scien- Thé choiceof technologiesadopted to their contextis ners and décision makers. To train such people in tific and technical coopération; a majorarea ofuncertainty involving not onlyfinan- thé usual classroom environment, located on a . to introduce and support thé principles of a cial but also human resources availability a context Regolazione sociale, insularité, spécifie site is both costly and time consuming. Thé political and technical coopération agreement to which little attention has been directed especially percorsi di sviluppo CASTLE project will provide an interactive on-line among local authorities and island réserves in thé South Pacifie. distance learning environment, making more ef- managers, to be implemented with thé assist- Alberto Merler and Maria Lucia Piga fective use oftime for thé users, providing better ance from international organizations; Thé volumeedited by Tony Marjoram tries to fill this access to information and removing heavy finan- . to discuss thé draft text of commitments to be gapbringing together thé bestavailable expérience EDES-Sassari, 1996. cial and spacial barriers. This approach will also approved by thé Ist European Conférence on concerningthé problemsoftechnology and develop- improve communication among instructors and sustainable island Development (IVtinorca,April ment in South Pacifie islands, while engaging a ISBN 88- 86002-00-9 traînées and among traînées themselves 1997) and contribute to it with thé spécifie model reflection on future perspectivesincluding thé hope stemming from biosphère réserve expérience; that indigenousand traditional know-howwill suc- In récentyears interest in islandmatters has grown Via electronic network, courses can be made avail- . to diffuse permanently thé results of coopera- cessfullyin breedwith modem technologyand gen- rapidly.In académiecircles, many institutions deal- able at thé home-base of interested people, pre- tion and propose pilot projects and actions; erate innovation. ing with island studieshâve beenestablished in serving simultaneously thé benefits of interactive différent parts of thé world. group training in a virtual classroom. Three main actions are envisagea consequently: More modestly, for thé time being, thé author se- . to présent thé meeting's achievements at thé lected a dress practical but vital issues- topics are Thé book is written in Italian and authored by two Thé systeni proposed by CASTLE will be tested Minorca Conférence; discussedfrom différent perspectives- contributors scholars based at thé Istituto di Studi comparativi Sar- with a selected number ofEuropean teaching insti- . to implement thé coopération programme; include engineers,scientists, economists, sociolo- sull' Insularité, of thé University ofSassari in tutions electronically interconnected. INSULA sug- . to diffuse thé results via Internet through a gists,plans and policy specialists who work in edu- dinia. gests that UNESCO and its partners locate at least WWW site dedicated to island information. cation,development, planing, banking, management one testing site within an island university. and technical research, etc. Thé book proposesthree éléments ofreflection: For further information contact Mr. Cipriano Marin l. Insularity.Thé way thé conceptis developedand used this book refers to a concrète position related For further information contact Dr. DirkTroost, Coastal Cabrera - INSULA. Phone: (34) 22.23.06.88; Fax: (34) Contributions vary in depth and breath, perception in zones and small islands Unit, UNESCO, l, rue Miollis, 22.20.09.51; e-mail: [email protected] or Mr. Pierre andperspective, offering each thé appropriatemat- to thé physicaland socio-culturalsituations. Such 75015 PARIS. Phone: (33). 1.45.68.39.71; Fax: (33) Lasserre - Secretary Général, MAB - UNESCO l, rue ter for référence and consultation to people working positionsdo not simplyimply isolationbut, refer to Miollis; 75015 Paris. Phone: (33) 1.45.68.40.67; Fax: 1.45.68.58.08; e-mail: [email protected]. developmentand technologyin thé SouthPacifie, a capacityand a potentialto build fieldsof commu- (33) 1.45.68.58.04; e-mail: [email protected] lookingfor a better intégrationof policyand plan- nication with thé outside world.

51 50 su BookReviews Book Reviews

2. Development:. This concept is very often loosely terranean tourism are pointed out and thé interac- study,especially in thé areasoftourism and leisure, index, and thé papers contain a fairly large list of interpreted, but in thé book it refers to thé island- tions between touristic activities and thé environ- geography,anthropology, sociology, économies and références.Thèse should prove very useful to thé ers' attitude to seek improvements in thé island ment in thèse coastal régions are presented in de- thé environment. Contributors to collections of es- researcher on thé thème of thé book, since in one through sources originating outside thé island itself. tail. saysand monographsin thé sériesare international volume, thé reader can link thé thème of thé papers In this context thé authors do not refer thé islanders' experts in their fields. with a large number of publications, coveringa wide ability to adapt outside expériences to suit thé is- Thé organisation, policy and législation for tourism spectrumof thèmesrelated to island matters and to lands' needs, and not so much to repeating or in thé différent countries of thé région is described, Sustainable Tourism in Islands and Small States: tourism. copying them. showing thé diversity of situations encountered. Issuesand Policies présents a number of différent Thé need for harmonization of thèse policies and conceptsand policy considérationsin this highly 3. Social régulation . Thé way this concept is used in législation in a région where ail countries are losing topical subject area. thé book refers to a System originating from cyber- from thé compétition with each other is stressed. As netic thought and System analysis theory. It is is thé case of ail Blue Plan fascicules, thé présent Thé issue of sustainable tourism is often discussed addressed and analysed in thé second part of thé work offers a prospective study on how tourism in terms of thé balance between économie and envi- volume by thé co-author Maria Lucia Piga. It is might develop in thé région until 2025. ronmental concerns. It is well known that many, if Sustainable Tourism in Islands and Case argued that islands - often considered as idéal not ail, économieactivities hâve an impact on thé Small States: Studies human laboratories - hâve social rules, developed This study shows that in thé case of a sustainable environment and that this has a feedback effect on aver a long period oftime, which reflect their unique- development scénario paying spécial attention to thé economyitself. This is especially so in thé case ness. environment, thé number of tourists will be sub- of tourism which utilises thé environment as a re- Edited by Lino Briguglio, Richard Butler, David stantially higher than ifcurrent development trends source. Tourism dépends to a very large extent on Harrison, and Walter Leal Filho. Very often, books about islands are written by non- were followed. This somewhat paradoxical conclu- an milieu which is pleasant and attractive to tour- island académies, possibly due to thé limited fund- sion is partly explained by thé growth of national ists, and négativeenvironmental and socialimpacts Cassell-Pinter, LondonlNew York, 1996. ing sources within thé islands themselves. Thé pub- tourism in thé first scénario. Figures are provided causedby tourism itself, may therefore hâve thé ef- lication ofthis book, authored and published by two for possible numbers oftourists in thé coastal areas fect of'soiling one'sown nest" in thé long run. ISBN: 1-85567-371-1 social scientists living on an island and belonging to and islands, as well as for land, water and waste an académie institution based on that island and, is disposai requirements. In many small islands, environmental dégradation Sustainable Tourism in Islands and Small States: Case Studies looks at thé issues, problems and therefore very welcome. causedby tourism activities is commonplace.How- Thé volume concludes on a number ofrecoinmenda- evermany islands cannoteasily substitute this form impactcreated by tourismisland societies. What makes this publication even more welcome is tions for action by thé varions actors concerned, of économie activity with other, more environmen- contributors, corne diverse disciplines, that thé authors hâve attempted to develop an including a call for developing a régional co-opera- tally-friendly activities, without gréât économie Thé who from analytical approach to "islandness" - an approach tion network. Such a publication should be ofinter- hardship. hâvebrought their distinctiveinsights and methods bear on developmental, économie, not very common in island literature, which is often est to décision makers, planners, tour operators and to thé cultural, based on case studies or on spécifie problems of ail those concerned with tourism professions, as well Thé paperscontained in thé book,in général,admit environmental, political and socialaspects ofisland islands. as to geographers, research workers and those who that tourism is attractive in terms of incarne and tounsm. care about thé protection of thé Mediterranean re- employment,especially for thoseislands which hâve gion. a comparativeadvantage in tourismservices due to As tourism has become increasingly international their attractive climate, thé sea and thé sun. andglobal in scope,this volumeoffers a timely study about thé rôle oftourism in thé world economy and Written by authors from a variety of disciplines,thé in islands in particular. individual chapters of thé deal with, amongstother Tourisme et environneinent en topics,thé économieperspective, alternative forms Thé islands and small states covered in thé book are Méditerranée: enjeux et prospective. oftourism, thé problematic nature ofdefining sus- thé Shetland Islands, Zanzibar, Sri Lanka, Sustainable Tourisni in Islands and tainable tourism, size constraints in island tourism, Guadeloupe,Martinique, Barbados, St. Lucia, Be- Author: Robert Lanquar^ef al Small States: Issues and Policies thé questionof monitoring and control, and thé lize, Dominica, Malta, Mallorca, Tenerife and implications ofclimate change. Mynokos (Greece). Les fascicules du Plan Bleu. No. 8. Edited by Lino Briguglio, Brian Archer, Jafar Jafari, ECONOMICA, Paris, 1995 Thé book has a very interesting introduction which and GeoffreyWall. Thé work therefore providesa handy and up-to-date volume of général studies on island tourism. A highlightsthé spécialproblems faced by islandsin This new fascicule prepared collectively under thé companionvolume, Sustainable Tourism Islands view of their ecologicaland cultural fragility. One Cassell-Pinter, London/New York, 1996. in aegis of thé Mediterranean Blue Plan covers a sub- and Small States: Case Studies, contains surveys of important conclusionis that while tourism is an ject ofutmost importance for a région which receives important incomeearner for many islands,thèse ISBN: 1-85567-370-3 a more spécifie nature. about one third of thé total number of international same islands hâve a priée to pay, and thé case tourists. Thé direct and indirect économie dimen- Thé book looks at sustainable tourism from a number studies included in thé book do not always indicate Pinter, animprintofCassell, haverecentlylaunched sion ofthis activity, including up to date figures for ofviewpoints, including économie, anthropo- that thé net outcome is necessarily bénéficiai for thé a new séries entitled Island Studies, with Professer thé thé touristic supply and demand, is analysed in détail territories concerned. Lino Briguglio as général editor. This is an interdis- logical,thé sociologicaland thé ecological.It is a for ail Mediterranean coastal States. well-balancedpublication, in that sustainability is ciplinary séries focusing on issues which particu- not approachedfrom perspectiveofjust ondisci- Like its companionvolume, this bookcontains a very larly affect islands and small states. thé Thé physical and human characteristics oftourism pline. goodauthor and subject index, and a fairly largelist of thé région, resulting from both history and geog- of références on thé islands themselves and on Small island states offer unique perspectives for raphy are described. Thé spécial features of Medi- Thé book contains a very good author and subject tourism in général.

52 53 Letters to thé Editer

3. Recognisethat thé beneficiariesof thé planning cise and in thé research agenda related to plan- exercise should be thé members of thé community, ning, with thé aim ofensuring that thé ultiniate and that décisions affecting thé quality oflife of thé aim of planning remains thé improvement of thé community should be taken with thé fullest par- quality of life of thé people, while maintaining ticipation possibleby membersof thé community thé integrity of thé environment; in ail stages of planning, implementation and . to support appropriate research for thé purpose tters to t e tor monitoring. of promoting planning for sustainable develop- ment. 4. Urge authorities oflslands and Small States: . to formulate principles and to provide thé neces- 5. Urge scholars, practitioners and authorities sary mechanismsat thé political level to facili- involved in planning to increase their effort to tate and guide action towards thé attaininent of move towards a common and easily understood Integrating Econoinic and Environinental Planning sustainable development; language in order to accommodatethé différent . to do their best to raise awareness of thé impacts approachesand disciplines in économie,environ- mental, sociological and related areas of study. Thé participants at thé International Conférence of ail development activities on thé natural and Dear Editer, sociocultural environment and use avail- on Integrating Economie and Environmental Plan- to ail 6. Support thé promotion of international net- ning in Islands and Small States, held at thé able média of communications to promote such l wish to bring to thé notice ofyour readers thé final working amonginstitutions, communities and in- Foundation Studies, Valletta, awareness; statement approved by thé participants of thé for International dividuals concerned with Islands and Small States' Malta, between 14 and 16 March 1996: . to develop thé necessary institutional capacity International Conférence on Integrating Economie and mechanisms to implement inonitor and en- affairs with thé objective offostering research and and Environmental Planning in Islands and Note that Islands and Small States hâve a force, as efficiently and effectively as possible, training activities in matters of direct interest to Small States. Thé statement succinctly highlights l. Islands and Small States and strengthening thé commonality of interests with other larger states thé planning policies and thé associatedraies thé need to intégrale économie and environmental capacity of Islands and Small States to intégrale and territories, but at thé same time tend to hâve and régulations; considérations, aspects of planning which are of . invest as necessary developinent of économie and environmental aspects in planning. spedfic characteristics,notably those associatedwith to in thé gréât importance for small islands. resources out thé interdependenceof smaU size, économievulner- human with thé aim of carrying thé desired planning objectives; 7. Thank thé Islands and Small States Institute of Thé conférence was organised by thé Islands and ability and ecologicalfragility, and call upon poliçy thé Foundation for International Studies and thé makers at local, national and international levels to . to recognisethé importance of, and encourage Small States Institute of thé Foundation forInter- Planning Authority of IVtalta for organising thé acknowledge thèse spécifie characteristics in sus- self-regulation and voluntary codesof conduct national Studies of thé University of Malta in Conférence and acknowledge with gratitude thé tainable development policies and programmes. standards,where appropriate, and also develop collaboration with thé Planning Authority of public sector involvement to construct measur- support for thé conférenceextended by thé Maltese Malta, in Valletta, Malta, in March 1996. About able standards of environinental protection and Ministry for thé Environment and other organisa- 80 scholars and practitioners from ail corners of 2. Stress thé need for integrating économie, envi- tions which hâve facilitated attendance at this ronmental and socio-cultural concerns planning enhancement; thé world participated in thé conférence. in conférence. at thé local, national and international levels to . to make a greater effort to use économie instru- achieve thé goals of sustainable development. ments as incentives for environmental protec- Thé following is thé final statement of thé confer- tion and enhancement; Maryrose Vella ence. . to foster participation by thé local population Administrator, Continued next page and local interest groups in thé planning exer- Islands and Small States Institute, Malta.

A Letter from a Young Islander

land states such as Vanuatu. Being an islander Dear Dr. d'Ayala, myself, l hopethat a more peoplefrom ail aver thé world will become aware of thé importance of name and Vanuatu - an My is Mark l live on in sustainingthe culture and environment ofislands. island in thé South Pacifie that is not very well- known. l look forward for thé next issue oî thé journal. My father has been a member of Insula for aver Should find yourself in thé South Pacifie, please four years now. visit Vanuatu - my family would love to show you our tropical paradise. l am an interested reader of Insula - thé Interna- tional Journal of Island Affairs. l first read thé Dr. Francis Zaininit Diinech, at thé tiuie Maltese Minister for thé Environinent, inaugu- journal fours years ago,when l was 12 years old. Mark Kelly Iamnowl6, and due largelyto thé journal, hâve rating thé international conférence. On his left sits Professor Lino Briguglio, thé l Port Vila, Vanuatu convenor of thé conférence. Prof. Salvino Busuttil (right), thé Director-General of thé become much more knowledgable about small is- Foundation for International Studies, chairedthe organisingcommittee (Photo: Tufigno).

55 54 s^. ^ Announcenients

INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE: CULTURA-^ ""RITAGE IN ISLANDS AND S1VEALL STATES

MALTA: 8 -10 May 1997

INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM ON CONSERVATION 0F MONUMENTS IN THE MEDITERRANEAN BASIN Organised by thé Islands and Small StatesInstitute, Foundation for International Studies of thé University ofMalta in collaboration with Rhodes: 6-11 May 1997 Insula (International Scientific Council for Island Development) Paris; Centre for South Pacifie Studies,University of New South Wales,Australia; Organized by thé Ministry for Culture of thé Governmentof Malta NATIONAL TECHNICAL UNTVERSITy 0F ATHENS TOPIC8 FOR DISCUSSION AND CALL FOR ABSTRACTS: INTERNATIONAL GROUP ON THE CONSERVATION 0F Abstracts (300 words), addressing thé following and related topic, are invited: MONUMENTS IN THE MEDITERRANEAN BASIN . thé préservationof thé artistic (visual,musical, etc. ) andarchaeological héritage ofsmall islands with thé co-operation with and under thé auspices of thé . access to information relating to thé cultural héritage of islands through electronic communication technology . insularity and thé uniquenessofcultural traits . cultural influences relevant Hellenic institutions and authorities. on small states originating from neighbouring large states and/or from former colonising powers . thé impactof démographiechanges (including inward andoutward migration) on thé culture of Further information can be obtained from: small islands . island people and thé sea . prospects for cultural tourism in islands . business Prof. Antonia Moropolou attitudes in very small économies . thé impact on culture arising from limited opportunities for Co-ordinator of thé Scientific Committee, Office for Public and International Affairs spécialisation in small économies . small states and thé globalisation process. 9, Iroon Politechniou, Zografou Campus, 157 73 Athens, Greece Tel. (30-1) 772 2017/2006;Fax (30-1) 772 2028 More information can be obtained froin: Islandsand SmallStates Institute, Foundationfor International Studies, University Building, St. Paul INTERNATIONAL WORKSHOP ON Street,Valletta,VLT07,Malta.Tel: (356)248218, 234121/2,Fax:(356)230551. [email protected] ISLAND AND BIOSPHERE RESERVES Nature and Workinanship INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION ARTIFICIAL WETLANDS: TOWARDS SUSTAINABLE ISLAND DEVELOPMENT THREATENED COASTAL AREAS IN THE MEDITERRANEAN

20 - 22 FEBRUARY 1997 INTERNATIONAL MEETING ISLA DE LA PALMA, CANARY ISLANDS, SPAIN PARIS: 19 - 20 June, 1997 Thé objectives of thé workshop are thé following: * . ** '*' * . to encourage co-operation on management, planning and promotion of sustainable development in * * DGXI If; island biosphère reseryes. * * . to take advantageof thé new telematic tools for inter-island co-operation. * * * . to share thé relevant expériencesin island biosphèreréserves management. Venue: UNESCO, l rue de Miollis, Paris . to promote a commitment towards technical and political co-operation, both at a national and international level, betweenlocal authorities and island managers,with thé support ofinterna- tional organizations. Subjects for discussion: . to submit thé décisionstaken at International Workshop to thé Ist European Conférenceon . Théecological and socio-economic importance ofartificial wetlands in théMediterranean. What are they Island Sustainable Development,to be held m Minorca on 23/27April 1997. andwhat dothey offer? . Main conservationthreats. Risks, abandpnment, irreversibility . What are . to diffuse thé results of co-operationand to put forward practical suggestionsregarding thé thé mainproductive activities contributing to their maintenance?Co-operation . possibilities in thé area implementation of joint pilot projects and other spécifieactions. of information . What rôle can ecotourismplay in thé sustainable managementof thèse areas? Further information can be obtained from: For further information, contact: Cipriano Marin Cabrera, INSUIA (e-mail: [email protected]) or from MÂB - UNESCO, (e-mail: insula (International Scientific Council for Island Development)c/o Unescol rue de Miollis, Paris [email protected]), l, rue Miollis, 75015, Paris France. Tel: (33 l) 45.68.4066; Fax: (33 l) 45.68.5804 Tel: 33 l 45 68 40 56 Fax:33 1 45 68 58 04; e-mail: [email protected]; web site: www.insula.org

57 56 s a Announcements

International Conférence HUMAN RESOURCES AND FUTURE GENERATIONS IN ISLANDS AND SMALL STATES

Valletta, Malta: 6 - 8 November 1997 oin and Sup NS U A organised by thé Future Générations Programme and thé ort Islands and Small States Institute of thé Foundation for Inter- FOUNDATIONFOR FOUNDATION FOR HUMANBESOUECES INTERNATIONAL national Studios, University ofMalta, in collaboration with thé DEVELOPMENT STUDIES,MALTA Foundation for Human Resources Development, Malta.

Topics to be addressed by thé conférence include . new économie development inodels: respecting thé he International Scientific Council for Island Development (INSULA) was formally created m limits, responding to présent and future human needs . human resources development . towards November 1989, on thé occasionof thé MAB island meeting in Brest. It is an international non- alternative educational models: mobilizing and training thé public to care for future générations. govemmentalorganization which aims to promotethé sustainabledevelopment of small islandsin ail régions of thé world. Ail correspondence should be addressed to: Thé Secretary, International Conférence on Hiunan Resources, Foundation for International Studies, University Building, St. Paul's Street, Valletta - Thé Council's objectives are: VLT 07, Malta. Tel: (356) 234.121/2, 248.218, 240.748; Fax: (356) 230.551; E-mail: lbrig@cis. um. edu. mt . to encourage technical, scientific and cultural coopération; . to assist island communities in integrated planning; UNTV 0 JVtALTA . ta contribute to thé protection of island environments; and m . to promotethé developmentof thé islands' resources, with a spécialinterest in islandcultures and human ^' POST-GRADUATE COURSES resources development. \u '--f offered by thé Islands and Sinall States Institute Three main lines of action hâve been proposedwithin INSULA: at thé Foundation for International Studies. l. Managementof island resources.This includesattention to administrativeprocédures (including organizationand Systems définition, opération and formation); natural resources (terrestrial, coastal and Post-Graduate Diplonia marine,including identification, management, conservation and training); cultural resources (identification in Educational Planning and Manageinent in Sinall States ofbuilt andnon-built cultural héritageand non-material cultural héritage such as tradition andmusic); humanresources (identification of potentialitiesand needs,educational stratégies and multisectoral training). Master of Arts in Islands and Sniall States Studies 2. Technicalassistance. This is envisageain suchfields as fisheries, agriculture, forests, tourism, transport andcommunications, parks and natural réserves,appropriate technologies, renewable energy sources, For information about thèse and other post-graduate courses in islands and small states studios, please contact: managementand treatment ofwater and waste; management ofcoastal zones; perception and prévention Thé Secretary, Islands and Small States Institute, Foundation for International Studies, University Building, St. ofnatural and man-inducedrisks and mitigation of adverseeffects on populations and thé environment; Paul Street, Valletta, VLT 07, Malta. Tel: (356) 248218, 234121/2, Fax: (356) 230551. e-mail lbrig@cis. um. edu. mt nutrition and health; social and économie development. 3. Stratégiesfor sustainabledevelopment. This line of actioncovers définition and diffusion ofprinciples and modelsfor integrateddevelopment of island environments;field studiesand analysesfor facilitating International Conférence procéduresfor optimal use of island resources,and évaluationof stratégiespromoting sustainable development,applied to thé spécialconditions ofsmall individualislands or groupsof adjacentislands. EDUCATION AND TRAINING IN INTEGRATED COASTAL MANAGEMEN Théactivity ofINSULAwill beessentially catalytic, designed to promotethé application ofmultidisciplinary scientificresearch and technologyand innovationsin éducation,culture and communicationsto thé PROSPECT THE MEDITERRANEAN specificities ofsmall island situations.

GENOA, MAY 25-29, 1998 ThéCouncil organizes seminars and conférences at national,régional and international levels and promotes a direct dialoguewith and betweenthé authoritiesand thé populationsof différent islandsand island groups.It alsopromûtes coopération and exchange of expérienceand expertise between islands ofa given Convened thé by régionas well asat thé inter-regionallevel, particularly through thé networkofspecialists and projects of International Centre for Coastal and Océan Policy Studies (K thé MAB Programmeof UNESCO. with thé sponsorshipand coopérationof: Intergovernmental OcéanographieOrganisation (IOC) of UI Throughits internationaland multidisciplinary network of expertsand researchers, INSULA contributes Coordinating Unit for thé Mediterranean Action Plan (MAP) towardsbalanced, sustainable development initiatives undertakenby island authorities.To this end, INSULA will cooperatewith national, régional and international organizationsthat are involvedin International Centre Scienceand Technology (ICS) o for High prograinines of island development.

A Contribution to thé 1998 United Nations International Year ofti INSULA alsopublishes its ownjournal, insula, which spécialiseson island affairs.Every issue contains An initiative supported by INSULA regularfeatures and a dossieron an importantaspect ofisland development. Join and support INSULA. For individual and group membership in JNSULA,see overleaf. 59 58 :: su a ^ ** * DGXIH l, thé International Journal oflsland Affairs, is publishedby thé International Scientific * * 1[ Council for Islands Development. Thé aim of thé journal is to croate a worldwide forum for ail those * * who consider islands as an important part of mankind's héritage deserving major attention. -* ** Contributors can use thé Journal to share news and views about thé islands of thé world from a variety of perspectives, including thé following: Environinent TELE-INSULA nvironmental management HELPINGISLANDS MÏTIGATE THE CONSTRAINTS Natural resources conservation ÂRISINGFROMINSULÂRITY. Water Liquid and solid waste management Théproject, supported by thé EuropeanUnion, is basedon thé Prévention ofnatural hazards provisionof telematicservices applications to a selectedgroup of Europeanislands, from thé North-Sea and thé Baltic to thé Eastem Atlantic islands,from thé central Mediterraneanto thé Greek De aphic trenc archipelagos.Thé project is alsobeing extended to far awayUlithi, He Ith INSULA'satoll-friend, situated in Micronesiain thé SouthPacifie. Hunian geogra hy, huî an re ources ducation and t) ning A selectedgroup of Europeanpartners coordinated by INSULAare Culture alsoengagea in thé challengingendeavour to provideand test, Traditi nal knowledge togetherwith thé islanders, a set ofmuch needed services based on Thé journal will publish articles and coinmunications that provide new insights and understanding about thé telematicswith thé aimofcomplementing thé effortsof thèsesmall subjects mentioned above and invites authors to submit their studies and comments. Guidelines of style can be communitiesto overcometheir 'insular' constraints.Distance leam- obtained from thé editorial office at thé address appearing below. ing andtraining, tele-medicine, easy access to publicservices, - thé International Journal oflsland Affairs improvementoftourism services, access via an electronic média to a woridwideinformation System, and exchange of expériencesand is distributed free of charge to members of INSULA informationbetween islands are amongthé objectivespursued by Application for Membership ofINSULA thé TELE-INSULAProject.

l wisfa to become member ofINSULA, thé International Scientific Council for Island Development Nodoubt thé expérienceand know-how contributed by thé partners will providethé project with a synergie effect,capable in itselfto généraleunexpected innovations. Sumame: First Name: Localauthorities hâve alsojoined thé partnership.Thèse include thé Munici- Institution: palitiesof thé islands of thé French région of Finistère, thé town-hall ofLipari Address: in théEolian Archipelago northeast of Sicilyand thé Highland Authority in Scotland,U. K Otherpartners are service providers, including TRAINET, City: Country: belongingtothé powerfiil Italian STET-TELECOM group, POOL STRATEGIE Fax: e-mail: Téléphone: cooperatingwith France TELECOM and thé régional authorities, thé SAMOS Annual membership: Individual 400 French Francs HEALTHINSTITUTE together with thé Universityof théAegean, CITMA in Institution D 1200 French Francs théwell-known Portuguese island resort ofMADEIRA and fmally AETHRA in Supportingmembers D 2000 French Francs (or more) Italy,which will contributethé hardware and thé software application. l am paying thé amount of by n Chèque DMasterCard D Visa a Anierican Express Chèquesare to be made Crédit card number: in FrenchFrancs payable to "INSULA" Expiry dateof crédit card:

Signature: Date:

INSULA, c/o MAB - UNESCO: l, rue Miollis, 75732 Paris cedex15, France Tel: (33 l) 45 68 40 56, Fax: (33 1) 40 68 58 04; émail: [email protected]. fr http//www.trainet. it/teleinsula/ Published by INSULA - thé International Sdentifïc Council for Island Development with thé support of UNESCO in collaboration with thé Islands and Small States Institute of thé Foundation for International Studies, Malta.

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