A1530 Hon. Charles J. Kersten Hon. Samuel W. Yorty

A1530 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD — APPENDIX

Mcllvenna will compete In the zone 2 con­ SOVIET STEPS IN Two years ago there suddenly appeared test Sunday, March 16, at the American What about the workers? When the Com­ on the mainland and In Free China (For­ Legion, Post 324, headquarters, 257 Common­ munists first entered Shanghai, their policy mosa) an organization, the Free China La­ wealth Avenue, Boston, at 2 p. m. was business as usual. Within 3 months bor League. The league has drawn tremen­ The State finals will be held In Faneull near-normal Industrial production was dous encouragement and spiritual assist­ Hall, Boston, Sunday, March 23, at 3 p, m. reached. Then came expropriation. ance from the American Federation of Labor The awards are In memory of Jeremiah J. With Communist backing, the workers In and its free-trade-union committee. Twomey, of Lawrence Post. the privately owned—especially foreign- Several thousand of our trade-union Lawrence has been well represented In the owned—plants demanded the power of con­ brothers have been arrested and shot, many past In these oratorical contests. Five stu­ trol. The workers got that power; the plants of them for resisting or taking proper care dents have reached the State finals and In were theirs, said the Communists. of war-making plants so that they can no 1946, Mrs. Doris (Letourneau) Bernardln, Wages then were doubled or tripled and longer serve the enemies of the Chinese was the state winner and placed second In working hours were reduced. However, people. the national finals. Other students who business fell off. The plant owners sought Our underground workers In China are placed In the State finals were: Claire Dowd, loans from Communist banks. Soon the daily keeping alive the spirit of freedom and Rosalind O'Brlen, Joan Flanagan, and John employers went broke. Then the factories of friendship for America and other free F. Murphy. Jr. The program Is open to the were taken over by Soviet authorities on the lands. Chinese factory workers behind the public. Communist-directed request of the workers. Iron curtain have come to know of such or­ Retrenchment ensued. Next wages were ganizations as the American Federt-.tlon of slashed and working hours increased—also Labor. They are seeing the slave-labor maps. on the alleged request of the workers. The They are getting plenty of news about the Chinese Workers Crashed Under Red Heel workers always managed to adopt unani­ free trade unions of the world because we mously resolutions of willingness to sacrifice get It to them through the tyrants' Iron EXTENSION OP REMARKS their personal interests for the state. Even curtain. the slaves of the slave-labor camps in north The American Federation of Labor should OF China and Manchuria volunteer their serv­ never underestimate its Importance In the HON. CHARLES J. KERSTEN ices In writing. world crisis. More than any government, How do the workers of China feel about more than any military group or big finan­ Of WISCONSIN this? Two years ago they were noncom­ cial corporation, more than any political IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES mittal. Today 95 percent of Chinese labor group, more than any official or unofficial Monday, March hates communism and everything it stands propaganda organization, the American Fed­ 10,1952 for. For one thing, working hours have In­ eration of Labor, through its activities based Mr. KERSTEN of Wisconsin. Mr. creased from the former 8-to-10-hour day on its shrewd insight into man's true hopes, Speaker, the American Federation of La­ to 12 hours, with an additional 2-to-4-hour has brought its Influence to bear upon the bor is doing Increase for munitions and other war plants. Chinese people and given them hope in the an excellent job of exposing Wages have been cut to the bone. Three present darkness. Communist slavery and in bringing home years ago J was getting 600 pounds of rice to its members and the American peo­ per month for a 9-hour day. Six months ple the true horrors of communism. It ago I drew 200 pounds of rice per month for I has done this by sending its own men to a 16-hour day. many parts of the world to gain first Secondly, we were asked to liquidate the Coastal Boundaries Fixing Needs Action hand information from people of all employer class. We did. Now lots of us are walks of life about the operations of the unemployed. EXTENSION OF REMARKS world-wide Communist conspiracy. AGRARIAN REFORM OF The American Third, farmers have been pitted against Federation of Labor has the landlord. Anyone who leases even half HON. SAMUEL W. YORTY taken the lead among private organiza­ an acre 01 land is a landlord and may be OF CALIFORNIA tions in performing this excellent service arrested or shot. This Is so-called agrarian IN THE HOUSE OF for the American people in the fight reform, by which many people In the West REPRESENTATIVES against communism. It would be a great have been fooled. Monday, March 10, 1952 help in the battle The state has now stepped in with a harsh to preserve civilization cruelty far In excess of that of even the Mr. YORTY. Mr. Speaker, I would if other private organizations—civic, most heartless of landlords. I saw with my like to include in our RECORD the fol­ church, business, and professional— own eyes farmers paying three-quarters of lowing editorial which appeared Febru­ would follow the American Federation of their harvest to the Communist state In the ary 26, 1952, in one of the outstanding Labor's lead in unearthing and combat­ form of taxes. . Democratic newspapers in the United . Fourth, the Communists are bent,pn de­ States, the Los Angeles Daily News. ing the world-wide Communist appa­ stroying China's family system'. Children ratus. are taught to denounce their parents in The article follows: A recent issue of the AFL-News Re­ public. There is no sense of security from COASTAL BOUNDARIES FIXING NEEDS ACTION porter shows how the Chinese worker is the police or MVD boys. It Is Important that the Congress pass at faring under communism. Working To compensate for what the Communists the earliest possible moment the resolution— hours have been increased 2 to 4 hours know to be the rapidly increasing opposition House Joint Resolution 373, by SAM YORTY, to their tactics a mass purge of dissident Democrat, of Los Angeles—fixing the bound­ a day. Wages have been decreased to as elements among all classes of the people In aries of the Internal waters around the little as one-fifth of what they were China was set in force through regulations coasts of the United States and Alaska. formerly. Unemployment is rampant. passed on February 21,1951. Since that date This is important because it would let the I include herewith an article which there has been going on what Is probably the world know what we consider inland waters appeared biggest wholesale slaughter of innocent peo­ and high seas. This would settle the ques­ in the March 5, 1952, issue of ple in the history of the world. Executions tion of where foreign vessels could operate the AFL-News Reporter: of the Chinese people take place both pri­ with respect to our shores and It would at CHINA'S WORKERS ABE SUFFERING UNDER HEEL vately and In public, In some cases before the same time determine what we consider OF RED OPPRESSION huge crowds. The so-called trials of the peo­ free air. Free air is all of the air over the (By Wang Chung, leader of underground ple are very often broadcast so that all may high seas In which airplanes of all countries trade-union movement behind Communist be terrorized. may operate without Infringing the bound­ China's Iron curtain) On April 27, 1951, the Communist police ary rights of another nation. rounded up 60,000 persons In Shanghai alone. The financial consideration involved here Under the banner of Russia's Comlnform, On May 1 the Communists executed 285 Is subsidiary to the question of what we may the Chinese Communists are preparing for workers at one time in that city. and should defend as more wars In Asia—on a larger scale. More coastal waters, but TEACHINGS DAMNED even the financial aspect is more than negli­ wars are coming In Asia. Today the only gible. For example, If any official American Industries running full blast In China are And so, in the name of communism, so­ agency should cause damage to a foreign the munitions Industries and their accesso­ cialism, or whatever you wish to call it, our craft beyond 3 miles to seaward of the mean ries. people are dying, our families being de­ low tide line—a line now being determined— In Shanghai, the Communist aggressors stroyed, our Confucian teachings damned. It might be liable to indemnification. are building new extensions of their small- In Soviet China falsehood is truth, blackmail Under a recent ruling by the International arms factories, all of which are running day Is honor, bondage Is freedom, hatred is love, Court of Justice at The Hague In the case of and night on double shift. The stockpiling war is peace. Great Britain v. Norway, involving the let­ of heavy Russian tanks, guns, and Jet air­ Can there be any wonder that the Chinese ter's fishing fleet, the Court found for Nor­ craft In Shanghai Is frightening. The city's workers resist? We shall resist and resist way, which contended that her coastal air Is roaring daily with the sound of jet again and again until we are freemen In a boundaries followed the general outline of aircraft coursing across the sky. free world. her coastal Islands under certain conditions. CONGRESSIONAL RECORD — APPENDIX A1531 As Norway now has jurisdiction, as a result their concern. Certainly universal military Neither he nor his country will have gained of that decision, within 3 miles to seaward training is such a modern problem. anything by his previous 6-months training. of the new line all foreign fishing vessels And so, because both the Old and New And, as if that were not bad enough, a would be barred from waters within that line Testaments require a practical and realistic big proportion of the Nation's standing army without Norway's consent. religious concern for peace and because the which, without UMT might have been pre­ If America avails herself of such a decision Methodist Church has officially declared its pared and fit as combat teams to repel ag­ to set up a new Internal water line, as we position on universal military training, I gression, will instead be employed as drill think she should, It will also settle another want to take the rest of this service to con­ sergeants for 18-year-olds on a 6-month's matter of the utmost importance to both the sider with you this vitally important and stretch. Federal Government and to the State of deeply religious subject. Whenever America relies for its defense on California. We refer to the controversy over Since before the end of World War II the masses of 18-year-old boys doing squads the tldelands. Armed Forces of the United States have been right and squads left it has fallen Into a Under a Supreme Court decision the Fed­ making an all-out, determined, ruthless military booby trap. We may be able to fool eral Government claims and holds a para­ drive to force a change in Unit'd States policy ourselves with that kind of foolishness, but mount Interest in all submarine oil deposits and get the European plan of universal mili­ we can never scare those enemies who long within 3 miles seaward of the mean low tide tary training adopted here. The armed serv­ for the destruction of our country. line. The Government has stipulated that ices have used millions of dollars of the tax­ Even General MacArthur, the only general, all deposits within such a line or under in­ payers' money—money which we thought Incidentally, that the Pentagon seems unable land waters belong to the coastal States. was being used for defense—for propaganda to muzzle with its gag rules, said recently As a result of the dispute arising out of in favor of UMT. Every conceivable pressure to the Armed Services Committee of the that decision approximately $40,000,000 in has been used on Congress to force passage United States Senate: "If I were consider­ oil royalty funds from California have been of universal military training legislation. A ing the problem [that is, of UMT] I would tied up. If It Is determined that this money tight censorship was imposed on all officers wait and get through the emergency that shall go to the State approximately three- who disagreed with Pentagon .policy. Yet faces us now. • • • I believe the thing fourths of it will go into a fund for our after 8 years of such pressure as no other should be carefully studied, Senator, after beaches and parks. suggested legislation has ever had In this we get over this present crisis that exists." It has been widely asserted, by persons who country, we still do not have universal mili­ The fact is, universal military training will lacked information or were Indifferent to tary training. The whole set of American produce not one trained soldier. the facts, that the oil companies want the opinion and practice is against it. In the second place, universal military States to have control of the tldelands be­ Yet the proponents of UMT have not quit. training strengthens the greatest, immedi­ cause the oil companies can more easily con* Unable to get a clear-cut law for UMT ate threat to the American way of life, trol State governments. Oil companies do through Congress, they are inching their way namely, military dictatorship. not care which level of government owns toward it by devious means. Last June Con­ Most American people consider commu­ the tldelands. Some of them have recently gress passed a "package" law which combined nism as the greatest threat to the Ameri­ expressed preference for Federal control. .the extension of Selective Service with a plan can way of life. And, Indeed, communism Even If they preferred State control It Is to force a decision on UMT; at the next ses­ Is the most dangerous external enemy Amer­ not quite clear how they are going to handle sion. That decision is now before Congress ica and Christianity have. Communism, if Governor Warren or the legislature In a way in the form of a report which must be either It could, would destroy everything we hold that Is illegal of unethical. accepted or rejected. sacred. In the case of some cities, notably Long There are at least four reasons why uni­ But so would militarism destroy the Amer­ Beach, Federal ownership would mean a loss versal military training should not be adopt­ ican way of life. Militarism and freedom of millions of dollars to the community ed by this country. First, because it is a are opposites. And militarism is a far while State ownership would mean a con­ military booby-trap. Second, because it greater, immediate threat to the American tinuance of present arrangements which strengthens the greatest, immediate threat way of life than is communism. greatly help the cities and keep down taxes. to the American way of life, namely, military I am not a pacifist. I believe that in this The primary consideration is American de­ dictatorship. Third, because it will be a kind of a world, military force is still neces­ fense. The second consideration Is equity. moral hazard to every generation of Ameri­ sary. Finally it is Important to have the matter can youth from now on forever. Fourth, But the Job of the military is to protect settled. because it is the worship of the pagan god a country, not to rule it. of war rather than the worship of the God The military should be run for the benefit of Jesus. of the country, and not the country run iet's look at these accusations. .for the benefit of the military. Here in our Why the Church Opposes Universal The only reason given for UMT is that ia own America we have come mighty close to Military Training the kind of a world in which we live, America putting the cart before the horse. must be militarily strong to protect herself We decry the militarism that brought and all free people from Communist aggres­ .Germany and Italy and Japan to disgrace EXTENSION OP REMARKS sion. In this practically all our people agree. .and destruction. But we are fast approach- OP It is then said, "universal military training Ing the same kind of military dictatorship will make America militarily strong." Peo­ In this Nation. HON. FRANCIS CASE ple are then supposed to say, "all right, then, If this seems like too strong a charge, look OF SOUTH DAKOTA whether we like it or not, I guess we've got at some of the evidence. Look at taxes. Taxes in this country are IN THE SENATE OF THE UNITED STATES to have it." The catch is, nobody can show how uni­ fast approaching the stifling point. Every­ Monday, March 10, 1952 versal military training will make America body, nearly, is aware of this. Politicians militarily strong. Both experience and com­ are having a field day denouncing taxes and Mr. CASE. Mr. President, I request mon sense show that UMT is a military deploring Government expenses. unanimous consent to have printed in booby-trap. There is going to be a great hue and cry the Appendix of the RECORD a sermon Every European country which was de­ about inefficiency and waste in the Govern­ entitled "Why the Church Opposes feated in the last world war had practiced ment. And no doubt there is plenty of it Universal Military Training," by Rev. UMT for years before the war. In fact, his­ to cry about. Certainly it should be wiped Robert E. Wagner, minister of the tory shows that universal military training out. •Methodist Church, Mitchell, S. Dak., on has neither prevented nor won wars. But if every bit of inefficiency and waste . Just a little common sense can show the ,lu the regular, civilian governmental proc­ February 3, 1952. folly of military dependence on 6 months of esses were completely eliminated it would There being no objection, the sermon UMT. The plan Is to take every 18-year-old make only a small fraction of difference in was prdered to be printed in the RECORD, boy, give him 6 months in a military camp, your taxes. as follows: then turn him loose into civilian life with a The lion's share of our Federal expense is Every once In a while a preacher is con­ 7 54-year Reserve leash on him. for the military and for interest on the na­ fronted with the problcai of whether or not During those 6 months in camp he will tional debt. a topic which begs for discussion is a proper get only basic training—and that will be Ernest K. Lindley writing in Newsweek of one for the theme of a sermon. Such was poorly learned because he knows he will not January 28, this year analyzed President my problem on the topic of universal milir have to use it after his 6-months' stint Is Truman's budget recommendations to Cong­ tary training. up. Then he goes back home. In 3 months ress. He wrote: "From 76 to 78 cents of One of the major emphases of both the . he will have become softened to civilian every dollar of proposed expenditure is for Old and the New Testaments Is "peace life. If he is ever needed again after that defense. An additional 12 cents plus out of among men." The greatest destroyer of both. in the defense of his country, he will have to each dollar will go to pay the cost of pre­ the moral and the material resources of man be trained all over again. He will have to be vious wars, 7 cents for interest on the na­ in all history has been war. If any modern hardened to field life all over again. He will tional debt and 5 cents for services to Problem has to do with war and peace, it have to be assigned to a unit and learn to veterans." is for that reason a religious problem, a'dd work with a team all over again. He will As an example of this, the Department ol one which Is not only proper for the con­ have to be supplied with new, Improved Agriculture—including its operating ex­ cern of the churches but which demands weapons and learn to use them all over again. penses, its subsidy payment to farmers, its CONGRESSIONAL RECORD — APPENDIX A1927 a few lines from our association's 1947 year­ American families have had to check The truth which emerges through the book entitled "Schools for a New World." over their records and check out their smoke sQreen of Fair Deal demagogy is This book was prepared by a commission appointed In 1945 to survey the Impact of the cash in order to estimate and pay the undeniable. Every American breadwin­ A-bomb and atomic energy upon the schools. huge tax bill which has been imposed ner is carrying a terrible tax burden— Congressman SHAKER'S quotation from this upon them. Both income and outgo not just the shrinking ranks of the very book Is unfortunate from his own point of have been at high level. Administration rich. view. It shows that he Is either the victim experts are chanting a refrain, designed A recent reliable compilation shows of a careless reviewer or has been too hasty to appeal to voters, to the effect that that in the case of an average family In his own reading. He undertakes to draw farmers, working, business, and profes­ with an annual income of less than $1,000 the Inference from this excerpt that the sional men, and corporations have never American Association of School Administra­ the percentage taken by taxes is 23 per­ tors wanted the schools to teach socialism, been so well off. cent. If the income is from $2,000 to whereas the reverse was recommended. For Caution would dictate that we peer $3,000, 30 percent is taken in taxes; at had the Congressman only taken the time through the mist of political propaganda $5,000, the level is 33 percent; and so on to read the sentence Immediately preceding in an effort to see just where we are be­ up. his quotation, he would have found these fore we accept the rosy estimates of In spite of the great strides made by words: "It (the economic problem of atomic those who have a natural desire to jus­ science, American initiative and produc­ energy) Is, in the final analysis, the issue of tify the frantic spending programs of tion in recent years, we are failing to retaining as much individual freedom as pos­ past years. sible within the framework of an economy derive the great benefit from these ad­ of private enterprise and competitive oppor­ If we look coldly and impersonally at vances that they could bring to us were tunity while giving unreserved priority to the position of the average American it not for the waste, inefficiency, and cor­ the unity and well-being of our society as a family, it becomes apparent that unless ruption that have saddled us with infla­ whole." its income has nearly tripled in recent tion and destructive taxation. The Congressman is obviously unfamiliar years, it has not more than held its own, No, the average American, should be with the 87-year history of the American economically speaking. much better off, but he is not. He can­ Association of School Administrators. Had Even where the family income has in­ not be until we reduce his tax burden he b»en more familiar he would have known creased over 200 percent, it has lost that this association together with the and balance the Federal budget. Then, American Medical Association and other pro­ ground unless it is in the lower- or mid­ and only then, will he reap the full bene­ fessional and civic groups opposed actively dle-income bracket. fits of the'technical advances of the last In 1950 the President's Reorganization Plan If we take as an average family, a few years. No. 27 which In the minds of a good many married couple with two children, the thoughtful people would have advanced the figures set forth in a recent issue of Tax cause of socialized medicine and would have Outlook reveal this disheartening situa­ Tidelands Hearings in California scrambled education with social welfare in tion. a proposed cabinet department of health, Such a family with a $3,000 annual in­ education, and welfare. Had he done a little come 12 years ago, after paying taxes, EXTENSION OF REMARKS more thoughtful research he would have dis­ OF covered that the association's platform, then could buy as much as it can today which embodies its official policies, contains, with the family income at $6,500, so HON. SAMUEL W. YORTY along with two or three similar statements, devastating are the combined effects of OF CALIFORNIA the following: "As educators we believe that tax increases and inflation. After sub­ the American democratic way of life may be tracting the income tax and making al­ IN THE HOUSE OP REPRESENTATIVES perpetuated • • • through teaching the lowance for price increases, the family Tuesday, March IS, 1952 Individual how free America permits him to is just where it was with $3,000 to spend choose and plan his own goals, provides him Mr. YORTY. Mr. Speaker, the fol­ Increasing equality of opportunity to reach in 1939. lowing article written by Mr. Ed Ains- these goals, allows him to keep the rewards A $10,000 income, 12 years ago, made worth, the very distinguished Los Ange­ ' for his work, and matches these privileges possible the same scale of living that les Times writer, and an editorial from with serious duties of citizenship." $25,000 a year provides in 1952, and the the ably edited Los Angeles Mirror, point i Had he made a more thorough inquiry he higher the income level, the worse the up the need for early congressional ac­ would have learned that at our Just con­ comparison becomes. tion relative to the fixing of the sea­ cluded regional conventions in St. Louis and One with a net income of $100,000 in ward limits of our inland waters. If Los Angeles congratulatory telegrams of 1939, after paying taxes, had $68,000 Congress fails to act, the executive de­ greeting and appreciation were read from the left to spend. Today to be as well off, president of the Chamber of Commerce of partment will proceed with its attempt the United States and the president of the the same man would have to earn $950,- to usurp legislative powers and will con­ National Association of Manufacturers. 000 during the year, of which Uncle Sam tinue to claim the right to fix these im­ Superintendent Virgil M. Rogers, of Battle would get $825,000 in taxes. What such portant boundaries. The Justice De­ Creek, is known from coast to coast as one of a very rich individual would have left partment will attempt to have them fixed the ablest school administrators in the Na­ to spend, would buy about what the $68,- 'in such a manner as to get the control of tion. This is attested by his recent election 000 did in 1939. close inshore oil, irrespective of the other to the presidency of the American Associa­ Well, if families fare poorly these days, consequences of its action. tion of School Administrators. His 25-year how about corporations? record as a superintendent in several States I hope my resolution, House Joint Res­ of the Union, during which time he has been Here is an example of how one of the olution 373, fixing the seaward bound­ Identified with the activities of the American big successful corporations, General aries of our inland waters in accordance Legion, the Rotary Club, and several cham­ Motors, fared this past year. with international law, will soon be acted bers of commerce, speaks for Itself and needs According to its March 14 report, it upon. The article and editorial pre­ no defense from anyone. It is regrettable paid $1,548,000,000 in taxes last year, viously referred to follow: that Congressman SHAFER should remain so which is about four times as much as the [Prom the Los Angeles Times of March 23, clearly uniformed about the superintendent dividends it distributed to stock hold­ of schools in his own home town. 1952] ers—$363,000,000. In fact, the amount BATTLE ON TIDELANDS To EifOpT TOMORROW— of taxes was approaching the figure of Los ANGELES HEARING To SEE STATE AND $1,996,000,000, which was the total of all UNITED STATES CLASH ON OWNERSHIP OF the wages and salaries received by the OIL-RICH AREA Who's Better Off? corporation's officers and employees, (By Ed Alnsworth) who in turn paid a large slice of what Now the $40,000,000,000 tldelands battle EXTENSION OF REMARKS they received to Uncle Sam. Everyone shifts^o Los Angeles. Hearings open here OF tomorrow In the titanic struggle between who bought a car or anything that Gen­ State and Federal forces over control of the HON. EDWARD T. MILLER eral Motors manufactured, also paid a rich, oil-bearing submerged lands off the tax on the purchase. Pyramiding taxes shores of California and other States. OF MARYLAND upon taxes plays havoc with prices. The arena will be the court room of the IN THE HOUSE OP REPRESENTATIVES. States circuit court of appeals on the six­ Then, the huge national debt, extrava­ teenth floor of the Federal Building. Wednesday, March 26, 1952 gance, waste, and corruption in Govern­ The gladiators will be counsel for the sov­ Mr. MILLER of Maryland. Mr. ment all contribute to inflation and the ereign State of California and the Federal Speaker, in this month of March, most demand for more and more taxes. Government of the United States of America. A1928 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD — APPENDIX

CHIEF QUESTION John. F. Davis, special assistants to the . The law and plain horse sense are on Presiding over It all will be William H. Da- United States Attorney General, and George YOBTY'S side. The Federal Government pro­ vis, of New York, master In chancery for the S. Swarth, attorney, plus several technical poses to follow shore-line contours in fixing Supreme Court of the United States. assistants. the limit of State jurisdiction, but this Is The chief question at Issue will be: It will be the witnesses, however, who will ridiculous In law or in logic. Where runs the boundary line of the bring a real nautical flavor into the hearings. For Instance, large portions of deeply in­ United States along the coast of California? WITNESSES dented, wide United States bays would be FROM SEA declared international waters (open to So­ On that question hinges the future status Old sea captains and pilots will be there. of billions of dollars of as yet unextracted viet naval maneuvers, for instance) if the Fishermen and water-taxi operators will add Federal contention is upheld. Moreover, oil from ancient geologic beds beneath the their bits of lore and experience. Pacific Ocean. the International Court recently ruled that Ship architects and ship builders will de­ offshore Jurisdiction lines should be deter­ OTHER STATES WATCH scribe the different kinds of craft used for mined by lines drawn between the outer­ Watching the contest will be all the States different kinds or conditions in inland waters most headlands, rather than following shore of the Union, particularly Texas and Louisi­ and elsewhere. contours. ana because of their comparable positions, as There will be law enforcement officers The primary considerations of national well as virtually all of the civilized nations who have dealt with piracy on the high seas. defense, as well as the weight of established of the earth. Salvage crews will tell of their Interpretation International law, make the Federal conten­ For on the final edicts to emerge as the of different kinds of sea water and sea bot­ tion wrong. result of Master Davis' hearings will depend tom in relation to the pertinent questions at the disposition of the oil that has been esti­ Issue. mated to be worth as much as $40,000,000,- CALIFORNIA'S AIM 000, and also the control of other valuable The main purpose of the State of Cali­ Story of the Development of the Cold- natural resources hidden under the marginal fornia will be to show that, traditionally, the sea. waters inside the chain of Channel Islands Weather Boot The objective of the. master In chancery stretching along parallel to the California Is to gather material for the Supreme Court coast—San Clemente, Santa Catalina, Santa EXTENSION OP REMARKS to determine a question which, incredible aa Cruz, Santa Rosa, and the others—have been It seems, never has been decided In the en­ Inland waters and under the exclusive juris­ OF tire history of the Nation—where the sea­ diction of the State. It will be pointed out HON. VICTOR L ANFUSO ward boundaries of the United States lie. that all of the islands form parts of the OF NEW YORK IMPERATIVE MATTER counties off which they lie, and that com­ mercially they have been considered an In­ . IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES This matter has become Imperative since tegral part of the State's activities. the revolutionary ruling of the United States Wednesday, March 26, 1952 Supreme Court in 1947 that the United TESTIMONY Mr. ANFUSO. Mr. Speaker, on Mon­ States Government, rather than each State, The United States Attorney General will be has a paramount right in the submerged privileged to put on rebuttal witnesses If he day, March 24, 1952, I had-the happy lands of the marginal sea. cares to do so. The bulk of the Govern­ privilege of attending the ceremonies at The question then arose: Where is this ment's case already has been presented in the United States naval supply activi­ area 'of paramount rights? Washington. ties, New York, wherein two great Amer­ Nobody could answer exactly. California, at the Washington sessions In icans, Salvatore V. Gianola and Domin- The United States Justice Department said February, offered the testimony of Judge ick E. Maglio, received the Distinguished one thing. Manley O. Hudson, of Harvard, on interna­ Civilian Service Awards, approved by the California and the other States said some­ tional law; Gerald C. Fitzgerald on geography thing else. and physical characteristics of the California Secretary of the Navy on February 13, coast; and Dr. John Caughey on the his­ 1952. MASTER APPOINTED Ths So the Supreme Court appointed a master torical factors. Distinguished Civilian Service In chancery to take testimony on the vital COULD FOLLOW RULING Award is the highest civilian honorary points Involved. The matter of International law recently award bestowed by the Navy. It con­ The main question In California revolves has entered strongly into the case because sists of a lapel emblem, a citation, and around the matter of Internal waters. of a ruling by the International Court of certificate signed by the Secretary of the The United States Justice Department has Justice at The Hague on the question of na­ Navy. conceded that the United States has no para­ tional boundaries in a case between Great Salvatore V. Gianola and Dominick E. mount rights In the Internal waters and that Britain and Norway. In supporting the posi­ Maglio, who I am proud to say are resi­ these are unquestionably within the juris­ tion of Norway—which had been backed by diction of the State. California and opposed by the United States dents of my home borough, Brooklyn, But, by interpretation and definition, Attorney General—the World Court dealt a received this high award for inventing United States Attorney General McGrath is serious blow to the contentions of United the cold-weather boot, which has already seeking to claim Federal jurisdiction and States Attorney General McGrath In the saved thousands of lives in Korea. This paramount powers over submerged areas in tidelands case. invention is probably the greatest bays and elsewhere which California con­ Under the World Court's ruling the United achievement of this era. tends are historically, economically, and States on Its own volition now could place its Under permission to extend my re­ geographically Inland waters. boundary line along the outer edge of the marks, I include the following: BATTLE TO BEGIN California Channel Islands in conformity with International law. But Attorney Gen­ STORY OF THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE COLD So, tomorrow at 10 a. m., In the Federal eral McGrath will not accede to this because WEATHER BOOT Building, the latest round In the battle will It would mean giving up the narrow defini­ During World War II, seamen operating begin. tion of the coast line under which the United aboard merchant marine vessels and on Navy Fact witnesses will predominate. States seeks to seize oll-bearlng submerged submarines demonstrated that the existing The United States Attorney General and lands. cold-weather clothing was Inadequate. Thus the attorney general of California, already California, however, Is greatly encouraged it was that In 1944, the Navy's Bureau of In Washington, have presented to Master by the World Court action in its effort to have Supplies and Accounts assigned to the Cloth- Davis a mass of testimony on international Ing Supply Office, Brooklyn, the task of Im­ law, history, and geography concerning the defined as "Inland waters"—and therefore California coast line. as under State rather than Federal jurisdic­ proving cold-weather gear. tion—all of the waters within the line of the In order to determine what their exact Now it is the turn of California witnesses, Channel Islands. In fact, Representative problems would be, Mr. Salvatore V. Gianola who, through their own intimate knowledge and Mr. Dominick B. Maglio, employees of conditions along the coast, can testify SAM YORTT, of Los Angeles, has introduced a of bill in Congress to compel the establishment the Clothing Supply Office's Research and compellingly of the accepted definitions of Development Division, studied all available bays, Inland waters, and marginal seas. of the largest seaward boundary possible for the United States which of course, would in­ literature on the subject. By 1947, they de­ In charge of the case for the State of Cali­ termined that existing knowledge fornia will be Assistant Attorney General clude the Channel Island line. about The hearing tomorrow before the special cold-weather gear was Inaccurate and in­ Everett W. Mattoon, who has devoted years adequate for their purposes. They then to its preparation, although Attorney Gen­ master will represent one climax of the $40,- set 000,000.000 conflict. about to develop their own theory. eral Edmund G. Brown Is expected to be It was during this time, that Mr. Gianola present also. Assisting Mattoon will be As­ [From the Los Angeles conceived the Idea of applying the relatively sistant Attorney General Frank J. Mackin Mirror of March 19, unknown moisture-barrier principle to the and two representatives of the State lands 1952] development of the Navy's cold-weather commission, Col. R. W. Putnam and J. Stuart FEDERAL TIDELANDS PLEA TORPEDOED boot. .JWatson. Congressman SAM YOBTY apparently has The moisture-barrier principle was uti­ Representing United States Attorney Gen- knocked the Federal Government's case full lized In the development of the boot and t eral McGrath will be Robert Vaughn and of holes In the tidelands oil controversy. clothing because when moist body vapors A1950 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD — APPENDIX "I was wrong there," said the Commission­ memoration of 50 years of Federal coopera­ for his consistent stand in defense of er happily. "The Army weeded out the ad­ tion with the.West In developing the re­ Communist policies and principles, has dicts before they got In. They trained the sources of the rivers and streams which head seized upon that occasion to spread the boys well, built up a fine morale. And the iip among the mountain ranges between the provost marshals did a first-rate job of Missouri River and the Pacific Ocean. Grand claim that by my silence, I have indi­ policing." Coulee Dam is .the key structure in the great cated by tacit agreement with the views "What about the big rise In teen-age ad­ Columbia Baeln reclamation project In cen­ expressed by the gentleman from Missis­ diction here and In other countries? Did tral Washington State. It Is the largest sippi. Such an accusation is obviously you foresee that?" I inquired. concrete dam In the world and also boasts- dishonest and unfair, and quite charac­ "No, I didn't." the largest hydroelectric plant and water teristic of Communist tactics. I have "Have you any ideas as to why it hap­ pumps. always abhorred all appeals to race and pened?" At .the same time Mr. Donaldson made "I've been trying hard to find out the an­ available the description of the Grand religious prejudices as un-American and swer to that. I haven't learned yet." Coulee Dam stamp. It will be 0.84 by 1.44 inconsistent with pur principles of de­ inches In dimensions, arranged horizontally mocracy. I have never changed my with a double outline frame, printed by the position on that principle and any con­ rotary process, electric-eye perforated, and trary inference is, as I have previously Commemorative Stamp for Grand Coulee issued in sheets of 50. The color of the stated, untrue and without any basis of stamp will be announced later. An initial fact. printing order of 110,000,000 Grand Coulee EXTENSION OP REMARKS Dam commemorative stamps has been OP authorized. The central design of the stamp is a scene The Submerged Lands Issue HON. HENRY M. JACKSON of Grand Coulee Dam, showing the spillway. OF WASHINGTON An irrigation farmer at work is shown on the rEXTENSION OF REMARKS left side of the stamp, and on the right side OP IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES appears a power transmission line and tow­ Wednesday, March 26, 1952 ers, typifying the two principal benefits of HON. LISTER HILL this project. The wording "U. 8. Postage" Mr. JACKSON of Washington. Mr. Is shown at the top center of the design with OP ALABAMA Speaker, under leave to extend my re­ the denomination "3 cents" in each upper IN THE SENATE OF THE UNiTED STATES marks in the RECORD, I wish to include an corner. In white face roman. The title Thursday, March 27, 1952 announcement by the Post Office Depart­ "Grand Coulee Dam," in white face gothlc ment of the issuance of a Grand Coulee appears in the lower part of the central de­ Mr. HILL. Mr. President, I ask unan­ Dam commemorative postage stamp. sign and in a ribbon, which frames the bot­ imous consent to have printed in the This stamp is being issued in commem­ tom of the central design, Is the wording Appendix of the RECORD an article en­ "1902 Reclamation 1952," in dark modified titled "Oil Royalties for Schools, Urges oration of 50 years of Federal partner­ roman. The words "Irrigation." and "Pow­ ship with the Western States'and their er" appear In the lower left and right cor­ HILL," published in the Cooperative Con­ people in the development of the West's ners, respectively, in white face gothic. sumer of March 14. The Cooperative water resources. Since the Reclamation Stamp collectors desiring first-day cancel­ Consumer is the official organ of the Act .of 1902 was enacted, facilities have lations of this stamp may send a limited Cooperative League of the United States been constructed to supply irrigation number of addressed envelopes, not In excess of America. I submit it In connection water to more than 6,000,000 acres of arid of 10, to the postmaster, Spokane, Wash., with the oil-for-education amendment western land. Last year alone, more where the preliminary work will be done, to Senate Joint Resolution 20. The after which the covers will be forwarded to amendment is sponsored by me and the than $600,000,000 worth of crops were Grand Coulee, Wash., for cancellation, etc. harvested from this land. At the same All money order remittances should be made Senator from Illinois [Mr. DOUGLAS), the time, a total of 4,133,700 kilowatts of hy­ payable to the postmaster, Spokane, Wash. Senator from Oregon [Mr. MORSE], the droelectric generating capacity have An enclosure of medium weight should be Senator from Connecticut [Mr. BENTON], been installed to utilize the limitless en­ placed in each envelope and the flap either the Senator from New Hampshire [Mr. ergy of falling water as it seeks its way to sealed or turned in. The outside envelope TOBEY], the Senator from West Virginia the ocean from the high mountain ranges to the postmaster should be endorsed "First [Mr. NEELY], the Senator from Alabama of the West. Day Covers." [Mr. SPARKMAN], the Senator from Ten­ We people in the Pacific Northwest are nessee [Mr. KEFAUVER], the Senator fortunate in having one of the great riv­ from New Mexico [Mr. CHAVEZ], the Sen­ ers in the world, the Columbia, draining Racial and Religious Prejudice ator from Minnesota [Mr. HUMPHREY], the basin between the crests of the Cas­ the Senator from Missouri [Mr. HEN- cades and the Rocky Mountains. In my NINGS], the Senator from New York own State of Washington, the greatest EXTENSION OF REMARKS [Mr. LEHMAN], the Senator from Mon­ dam, hydroelectric plant, and pumping OP tana [Mr. MURRAY], the Senator from plant in the world have been erected by HON. THADDEUS M. MACHROWICZ Iowa [Mr. GILLETTE], the Senator from the Federal Government to harness the North Dakota [Mr. LANGER], the Senator resources of that stream in order to sup­ OP MICHIGAN from Vermont [Mr. AIKEN], the Senator ply water for more than a million acres IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES from Michigan [Mr. MOODY], the Sen­ of land on the Columbia Basin reclama­ Wednesday, March 26, 1952 ator from Arkansas [Mr. FULBRIGHT], tion project and hydroelectric power for Mr. MACHROWICZ. Mr. Speaker, the and the Senator from South Dakota all of the Northwest. CONGRESSIONAL RECORD of March 11,1952, [Mr. CASE]. Thus, Grand Coulee Dam is a fitting I also ask unanimous consent to have contains a discussion between the gen­ printed in the Appendix of the RECORD symbol of the progress which has been tleman from Indiana [Mr. MADDEN] and an article entitled "Tidelands Give-Away made in reclamation in the last half the gentleman from Mississippi [Mr. Scandal Might Endanger Oil Industry," century and I am proud that it has been RANKIN] during which the gentleman written by Robert T. Vanderpoel, and selected for portrayal on the anniversary from Mississippi made certain remarks published in the Chicago Sun-Times of stamp. which were construed as derogatory to March 21, 1952., The Post Office Department announce­ the people of the Jewish race. I am hap­ I also ask unanimous consent to have ment follows: py to note that in the RECORD of March Inserted in the Appendix of the RECORD, Postmaster General Jesse M. Donaldson 17, 1952, on page 2433, the gentleman a transcript of a portion of the broad­ today announced that the 3-cent Grand from Indiana has answered these com­ cast of Mr. Frank Edwards, one of the Coulee Dam commemorative postage stamp ments, and I wish to concur wholeheart­ Nation's foremost news commentators, will go on sale at. Grand Coulee, Wash., on edly with the views expressed by him. over the Mutual Broadcasting System on May 15, 1952. The Issuance of this stamp I was not present on the floor of the will be preliminary to a celebration which March 21. It relates to the oil for edu­ the people of the Columbia Basin are plan­ House at the moment that the gentle­ cation amendment to Senate Joint Res­ ning from May 22 to June 1, In observance man from Mississippi made his remarks, olution 20. I commend to every mem- of the first integrated operation of the big though I did enter the Chamber a few • ber of the Senate a reading of Mr. Ed­ million-acre Columbia Basin reclamation moments later. Despite that, a news­ wards' excellent and timely remarks re­ project. This stamp is being issued in com­ paperman in my home district, known garding the crisis in America's schools. CONGRESSIONAL RECORD — APPENDIX A1951 There being no objection, the articles Some of the Interested oil companies, for through the rickety roof. The children on and transcript of radio broadcast were less obvious reasons, also have fought for the third floor can look out through the ordered to be printed in the RECORD, as turning these lands over to the States. The cracks In the bulging walls. On windy days, presumption has been that they believe they the school authorities send the 200 students follows: could work out better deals for exploiting home for fear the building will collapse. [Prom the Cooperative Consumer of March these properties with the various State gov­ Sections of some of the floors are roped off 14, 1952] ernments than they could with the Federal because they are sagging and dangerous. OIL ROYALTIES FOR SCHOOLS, UBGES HILL— Government. Throughout the Nation there are countless UNDERSEA WEALTH SHOULD Go FOR EDUCA­ Just why anyone else should favor the examples similar In many respect to these TION, HE DECLARES—VARIETY OF SCHEMES give-away plan remains still more obscure, which I have Just cited to you. Communities Rather suddenly, a $50,000,000,000 Inherit­ yet the Illinois State Chamber of Commerce are unable to build or repair because they ance has been dropped In our laps. People this week issued a farfetched statement to have reached the limit of taxation on prop­ of the United States own 15,000,000,000 bar­ the effect that the Federal Government erty. Home owners and farm owners must rels of crude oil and 140,000,000,000,000 cubic might claim title to lands underlying Illi­ not be subjected to conflscatory taxation. feet of natural gas—burled beneath the Gulf nois waterways and other Inland waters If it * * * And yet, America must not permit of Mexico and the Pacific Ocean. chooses to take ownership of the tldelands. Its school system to decay. We haven't yet made up our minds what to The facts, as stated, are not that the Fed­ Millions of dollars are needed to repair do with It, comments Senator LISTER HILL, of eral Government chooses to claim owner­ the ravages already affecting our schools Alabama, writing In Harper's. ship but that the Supreme Court of the land * * * and more millions to keep better We're still a little dazed, and like any man has declared that that is where ownership schools In operation. who suddenly becomes rich, we find ourselves lies. The job can be done without Increasing "surrounded by new It would make more sense to suggest that taxes one dime. The job can be done by faces—people anxious If selfish groups can pressure Congress into 'using one public property to support an­ to tell about their pet projects, personal giving up the title which the Federal Gov­ other. needs, and get-rlch-quick schemes. ernment has to these lands, it might not be The American public owns about $50,000,- "Many proposals have been put forward long before other selfish groups were en­ 000,000 worth of oil and other minerals be­ for getting rid of these $50,000,000,000. The deavoring to get bills passed relinquishing neath the shallow coastal waters of this most fantastic of them all, for some strange ownership of the national parks to either country * * * the so-called tldelands reason, Is the one most In danger of accept­ State Governments or maybe private inter­ oil. ance. ests for exploitation. The oil lobby, representing the rich and "This," says Senator HILL, "Is the sugges­ It is difficult tion that Senators and Representatives of to understand why an organ­ powerful oil Interests, Is working feverishly the 48 States disregard ization such as the Illinois Chamber of Com­ to get control of that vast treasure. They the decisions of our merce should step into the fight, why it want your Senators to let them exploit this highest court and make an outright gift of should line Itself up on the side that Is con­ the bulk of this oil and public property for private profit. gas to three States— trary to the national welfare and why it Senator LISTER HILL, of Alabama, wants California, Texas, and Louisiana. should offer such specious arguments as pos­ to keep possession of that tldelands oil for "With the best legal talent that ample sible Federal claims over Illinois Inland funds .could employ, the the benefit of the school kids • • * now three States put waterways. and for generations to come • * * to forward their claims for these undersea re­ The chamber complains of the failure of use the proceeds from the oil to build and sources In the Supreme Court—and lost. the Federal Government to balance its maintain a real educational system for every Now this dissatisfied minority of States, with budget and yet proposes that voluntarily little" American. the help of private oil Interests, Is waging a Congress turn over this great national as­ Here is a list of the Senators who are in relentless campaign to get this national set. Such behavior doesn't make much wealth for themselves favor of using tidelands oil for American by means of a bill In sense. Inevitably it must give rise to a schools: HILL and SPAHKMAN, of Alabama; Congress." charge of hypocrisy. MORSE, of Oregon; BENTON, of Connecticut; They have pushed their bill through the I am very sure that if Congress should TOBEY, of New Hampshire; NEELY, of West House. It Is the same give-away bill the hand over this asset of all the people, it Virginia; KEFAUVEH, of Tennessee; HUMPHREY, President vetoed 6 years ago—before Federal would develop Into one of the worst scan­ ,of Minnesota; GILLETTE, of Iowa; LEHMAN, title was clearly established. This "biggest dals in this country's history and might very of New York; MURRAY, of Montana; LANGEH, gift In history" Is now before the Senate. well lead to demands for nationalization of of North Dakota; MOODY, of Michigan; AIKEN, EDUCATION AMENDMENT the Industry that played a part in the $50,- of Vermont; FULBRIGHT, of Arkansas; DOUG­ HILL and 17 other Senators from all parts 000,000,000 give-away. LAS, of Illinois; and CASE, of South Dakota. of the country and both parties are sponsor- Nineteen Senators who want to use tide- Ing an oll-for-educatlon amendment. This [Portion of Broadcast by Mr.. Frank lands oil to support better schools for Amer­ proposes: (1) Federal control by Departments Edwards] ica. These men need your help to defeat of Interior and Defense; (2) use of royalties the oil lobby when the matter comes to a EVERYWHERE, U. S. A.—The deterioration vote early next week. You can help if you from off-shore oil for national defense during of America's educational .system has been this emergency and for grants to primary, write or wire your Senator at once • * • such a gradual process that it has sneaked urging him to support the Hill amendment. secondary, and higher educational Institu­ up on us. But the deterioration is there as tions once the emergency ends. the records show. To get our public schools going, HILL re­ Since the outbreak of the Korean war, minds us, we sold part of the national do­ more than 300,000 American boys have been main. Now they are threatened by short­ ages of funds rejected by the military because they failed Army in Far East Command Has Con­ Just when we need more teach­ to meet the intelligence and literacy tests. ers, agriculturists, scientists, engineers, doc­ verted Over 200,000 Tons of World tors, and better This Army of unusuables is the product of equipped professional and a scholastic breakdown. Crowded schools, War II Equipment to Usable Condition, business leaders. not enough teachers, Inadequate facilities. HILL urges that the old solution be applied The net result Is mass Illiteracy and gradual at a Saving to American Taxpayers of to the new problem—provide funds from sale lowering of the mental levels of American of underseas oil and gas that now belong to youth. Over $1,000,000,00.0 all the people. For example, Kevll, Ky., where the five- room brick schoolhouse which served 120 EXTENSION OP REMARKS [From the Chicago Sun-Times of March 21, children In June of last year is now trying OP 1952] to serve more than 300. TIDELANDS GIVE-AWAY SCANDAL MIGHT ENDAN­ In the Deptford School District In Chat­ HON. 0. C. FISHER GER OIL INDUSTRY ham County, Ga., school authorities and OF TEXAS (By Robert P. Vanderpoel) parents are keeping their fingers crossed. A former shipyard office building, which was IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES The Supreme Court has ruled that title to a temporary structure 10 years ago • « « Wednesday, March 26, 1952 off-shore oil lands rests with the Federal now has 10 schoolrooms on its second floor. Government and not with the Individual' Officials fear that the weight of so many Mr. FISHER. Mr. Speaker, we read States. children will prove too much for the frail headline stories about waste and extrav­ The decision makes sense to the average structure • • • may cause it to col­ agance in the armed services. Some of American, yet a great campaign has been lapse. Yet they must use it at the risk of under way to get Congress to these stories are justified and some of give up this the children's lives, since they have no other them are found to be grossly exagger­ valuable right belonging to all the people to building available. the Individual States, less than a half dozen ated. The Hubert subcommittee, of Another classic example of education un­ which I am a member, In number. The States Involved quite nat­ der distress conditions is this school at has uncovered a urally have fought for this rich plum, esti­ Kamlah, Idaho. It Is a three-story deadfall number of inefficient and expensive mated to be worth between $40,000,000,000 waiting for a moment of disaster. The walls practices in connection with all phases and 850,000,000,000. have spread, plaster Is falling off, rain seeps of procurement. Many of these have CONGRESSIONAL RECORD — APPENDIX A2017 the State Department.found It necessary to It out In good faith and to abide by the rules to exercise control over the acts of their go to Geneva and ask In effect "May we and procedures and by the decisions arrived Government. please do what Congress has Instructed us at in accordance with those procedures, Thank you for this opportunity to make a to do?" whether they go in our favor or against us. reply to the State Department's letter of Was this merely consultation? That is why we should be careful of the kind comment on my attack on GATT. GATT voted on the question. It sus­ of agreement we enter Into; and the best way Sincerely yours, tained the United States a second time. to be careful In these foreign agreements Is O. R. STBACKBEIN. If we were willing to abide by these deci­ to follow the constitutional processes. sions when they favored us, what will It make Under these circumstances it is clear that of us If we refuse when they go against us? through our entry into GATT we have by The State Department's letter lets us know an international agreement de facto be­ what they themselves say. Figuratively, the stowed the right of review by an Interna­ State's Witnesses Fight for Tidelands cat has tired of playing and Is now ready to tional body over official acts of our Congress dispose of the mouse. Says Mr. McFall: and our Executive. EXTENSION OP REMARKS "Respect for International undertakings At no point have I said, Mr. SECREST, that In the case of Czechoslovakia, as In the.case we should never do this. We have done it in OF of termination of our bilateral commercial other spheres within certain limitations. agreement with the U. 8. S. R., required that What I have said Is that the State Depart­ HON. SAMUEL W. YORTY certain procedures be observed In accom­ ment in taking us Into GATT has done so OP CALIFORNIA plishing the termination." outside the treaty-making powers of the Ex­ IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES The teeth are beginning to show, b.ut It Is ecutive and the Senate, and without specific necessary to look closely. "Certain proced­ legislative authority. I pointed out in my Wednesday, March 26, 1952 ures" must "be observed," Mr. McFall says. address that before we entered the United Mr. YORTY. Mr. Speaker, I should These procedures, however, Include the right Nations, Congress passed the United National like to include in our RECORD two articles of the other member nations of GATT to vote Participation Act, approved December 20, us down, to deny our petitions or to sustain 1945. Also before Joining the so-called World written in Los Angeles by Mrs. Lorania those who complain against us. Remember, Court, the Senate ratified our action by pass- K. Francis, an outstanding Washington Mr. SECREST, that while "It must be empha­ Ing a resolution of adherence, setting forth correspondent of the Los Angeles Times. sized that the parties to the agreement can­ the conditions of our acceptance of Its Juris­ The articles describe hearings before the not overrule acts of Congress or of the Ex­ diction. Other Instances could have been special master in the case of United ecutive," the contracting parties to the cited, among them membership in the In­ agreement "do have the right to consult." ternational Labor Organization, the way to States against California. Although Cal­ This right of consultation Includes these which was paved by a resolution of the Sev­ ifornia is the only State presenting testi- certain procedures that contain the quite enty-third Congress. ,mony, other States, and particularly effective power of review. The General Agreement on Tariffs and other maritime States, will be directly What would have been our position had we Trade lacks such legislative ratification in not consulted in the two cases mentioned those of Its parts that go beyond section 350, affected by the decisions resulting from and had we not followed the decisions of previously mentioned, which is the only leg­ the hearings. The court is endeavoring GATT? The State Department has rather islative source of authority that underlies through the master to obtain a recom­ definite Ideas on this. In his letter, Mr. the trade-agreements program. Mr. McFall mendation relative to the criteria to be McFall says: bases authority for the broader provisions of used in fixing the seaward limits of in­ "To have Ignored these undertakings (read GATT on the Presidential power to conduct 'obligations') would have given the Soviet foreign relations. land waters. The articles follow: bloc a strong propaganda theme against the However, the Constitution grants to Con­ [From the Los Angeles Times of March 25, United States." gress the power "to regulate commerce with 1952] Again, farther on, In assessing the possible ' foreign nations" (art. 1, sec. 8). STATE'S WITNESSES FIGHT FOR TIDELANDS— effect of a withdrawal by the United States The upshot is that according to the State UNITED STATES' EFFORTS THREATEN ECON­ from GATT,, he says: Department the Executive may go beyond OMY, EXPERTS ON INLAND WATERS TESTIFY "The blow to our allies would not be eco­ the delegated power provided In the section (By Lorania K. Francis) nomic alone. In other countries, the In­ 350 amendment of the Tariff Act of 1930. consistency of our giving with one hand, (the Trade Agreements Act) to enter into A parade of witnesses familiar with the through the Mutual Defense Assistance Pro­ trade agreements for the 50-percent adjust­ sheltered waters of Southern California— gram and through point 4, while taking ment of the tariff and a few related steps. port managers, harbor engineers, pilots, and away with the other would raise fundamen­ For this enlarged power the President, ac­ sea captains—yesterday appeared before tal doubts regarding the bases of our lead­ cording to the State Department, needs no Special Master William H. Davls in the United ership In the free world. These develop­ additional authorization from the Congress States Circuit Court of Appeals to bolster ments would affect both the ability and .or from the Senate alone. California's contention that its Inland waters the willingness of our allies to make the This places.the State Department, as the extend to the outer edge of Its seaward is­ sacrifices and readjustments that we are righ arm of the Executive in conducting for­ lands and that the Federal Government's urging upon them." eign relations, in the position of making efforts to narrow the area are a threat to There you have the sanctions of GATT. broad international executive agreements the-economy of the State. It Is precisely because we should honor which In the usages, practices, and realities At the start of local hearings before the our agreements that membership in GATT of International relations fritter away our New York patent attorney,'who was ap­ Is a very serious matter. It Is precisely be­ national sovereignty Just as surely and ef­ pointed by the Supreme Court to study the cause we should carry out our obligations fectively as would a treaty, concurred In by State v. United States dispute over the and not flout them that GATT represents the Senate. Since a treaty may at least be boundary line which must be drawn to sepa­ .something far beyond the right to consult. denounced and abrogated, there is recourse; rate the State's Inland waters from the Either we enter our international agree­ while in the exercise of th,e alleged powers of marginal sea area claimed by the United ments In good faith, with full Intention to the executive In international relations, there States, California seemingly made headway meet our commitments, or we play fast and .is none. in proving Its point that the so-called over­ loose in our international relations. Which The entire effort of the State Department all unit area between the Channel Islands position does the State Department occupy? has trended toward the complete elimination and the mainland traditionally has been con­ When they say that we are not bound by of any legislative voice In the regulation of sidered Inland waters and a prized haven for GATT. that we can withdraw, what sort of our trade. Neither GATT nor its ill-fated ships. picture do they mean to draw of Uncle Sam forerunner, the International Trade Organi­ LINE ENCLOSES AREA In his conduct of International affairs? Do zation, contemplated responslveness to the The area enclosed by a line drawn from they wish us to stand by GATT when GATT producers and workmen of this country and Point Conception to Point Loma and extend­ supports us but to walk out If GATT goes their interests by these governing Interna­ ing around the Islands was chosen by As­ against us? tional bodies. The elimination of this re­ sistant Attorney General Everett W. Mattoon If not, then GATT exercises a power of sponslveness, so specifically and elaborately for the presentation of California's case. review as tight as any. Yes, we can walk guarded in the Constitution, was arranged Over occasional objections from Robert out. Certainly, we can behave execrably; through the one-vote mechanism (whereby M. Vaughan, special assistant to United we can be International heels. Is that the the United States had the same vote as other States Attorney General McGrath, State wlt- significance of the State Department's argu- countries in the International bodies), and • nesses testified to the investment represented ' men*? through the complete domination of the ' in the port and harbor facilities of Long If not, then we are indeed bound by GATT. field by the Executive. Beach and Los Angeles and the harm that is This was what I assumed in the. radio ad­ It was on these grounds that I concluded being done the plans for further develop­ dress, because I assumed that Uncle Sam : that we should withdraw from GATT and ment of the outer harbor of San Pedro Bay 'honors his agreements. I still assume it. I thus bring the regulation of our foreign com­ because of uncertainty as to whether the assume that when we give our word in an merce back to this country, where it belongs, State or the Federal Government will have international agreement we mean to carry if the people of this country are to continue Jurisdiction over the property. A2018 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD — APPENDIX JEOPARDY CLAIMED M. Qlewller, beach engineer for the city of SKIPPER'S TESTIMONY "Neither the Los Angeles, and experienced State nor the government nor towboat cap­ Testifying from his experience before he the master knows who owns the property." tains and salvage men. According to Ole- settled in California, Davls observed, wller a wind recorder located Lelsk said that Long after sustaining an objection on a pier at Island (N. Y.) Sound, an area conceded to by Vaughan to the testimony 01 E. C. Earle, Venice showed over a 55-month period, be­ be definitely Los tween 1938 and 1943, Inland water, carries three times Angeles harbor commissioner who Is re­ that winds of a velocity the hazard that the so-called over-all unit sponsible for the development of the pro­ of more than 25 miles an hour occurred oa area within California's jected only 38 days during the period. Island chain pre­ harbor facilities. The strong­ sents. A "very much greater sea Is to be Earle had stated that a line drawn by the est wind recorded reached 38 miles an hour, found Justice he said. on the windward side of Santa Cata­ Department, which cuts across San lina and the other southern California is­ Pedro Bay well within the Federal break­ Ernie Judd, president of the Pacific Tow- lands," he said. water, boat and Salvage Jeopardizes both the future develop­ Co. and owner of a water- Fishermen of Southern California consider ment of the harbor and the anchorages be­ taxi service, substantiated Olewiler's testi­ the Inside area tween mony with a statement inland waters, according to the breakwater and the shoreward line. that winds can reach Capt. G. P. Ellington, port captain at Ter­ "As the proposed Government line Is 60 miles an hour outside the Island chain minal island for drawn, and not be more than 20 years And manager of the practically all the anchorage used by 15 miles an hour Van Camp Seafood Co. A former master of vessels entering Los Angeles would be un­ within the area. . his own tuna clipper, available If that Ellington said his line remains," he told Davls. WATER SELDOM ROUGH company operates under contract from 1,200 The Port of Los Angeles contemplates ex­ Geoffrey Hoag, manager of Judd's company.'' to 1,500 fishing boats, of which 150 are large penditures amounting to "many millions of tuna clippers. dollars," Earle said, said that the waters inside the island chain but would not want to. never become so rough FISHERMAN'S VIEW spend the money If It appeared the outer area that ships cannot was going to be operate. He said there Is a "natural lee" all "We fishermen feel that when we pass the under Federal Jurisdiction. the way from Point Earlier In the day, Elol J. Amar, general Conception to Point Loma Islands going to the westward we are going manager of and that the water is so calm in that area into the open sea," he said. the Long Beach Harbor Depart­ that 99 percent of all gasoline ment, told of the $30,000,000 to $40,000,000 and oil used In Similar testimony was given by three Los spent In the San Diego can be barged in In small boats in­ Angeles Harbor pilots—Capt. Henry P. Tim- last 12 years on filling In land stead of being moved by 'and constructing harbor facilities and of a tanker. mers, onetime navigating officer on the City 1700 Further evidence as to the Inland waters of Los Angeles, operating between Los An­ percent Increase In business which the nature harbor has experienced during that period. of the area was given by Perry Bru- geles and Honolulu; Capt. Jens O. Holland, backer, marine superintendent for the Luck- 'former tugboat captain, and Capt. Gudmund USED BY NAVY enbach Steamship Line and former ship's .Grlmstad who, after years of experience la He complained that an area of 20 square master. Vessels coming in from long trans­ the South Seas and elsewhere, was for 18 miles, between the proposed Government line pacific voyages or from the north and south years a captain on various yachts in the and the Federal breakwater, Is Involved In can start preparing for port as soon as they island area of southern California. the Justice Department's claim that they are pass the tip of San Clemente Island, he told All testified to the "green water" that Is marginal waters and subject to United Davls, and the waters are so sheltered that found when ships leave the protection of the States' Jurisdiction under the Supreme /'many skippers" who are running down the Islands. Court's decision that California no longer coast from the north Pacific past southern EXPERIENCE RELATED owns Its submerged lands. This area, Amar California cut Into the area and out again to Capt. Lyle Hlllslnger, senior pilot at.Los pointed out, has for • Its first purpose the take advantage of the quiet waters. Angeles, told of his experience as a captain anchorage of from 150 to 200 naval vessels, The waters of Chesapeake Bay are rougher • on steamers running between Los Angeles as well as commercial ships which visit the than those In the lee of Point Conception and and San Francisco when the "passengers port. .the Channel Islands, he said, while Long would come to life" on entering the island When Mattoon tried to Introduce In evi­ Island Sound is "much rougher." area on the southward run and take to their dence a United States Coast and Geodetic .cabins when the ships left the calm waters Survey map showing the anchorages of the [From the Los Angeles Times of March lor the open sea. ships, Vaughan Insisted that permission of 26, 1952] Justice Department attorneys, headed by the Navy Department should be received be- TIDELANDS SEIZURE .Robert M. Vaughan, special assistant to foro the map was used. Davls agreed he TARGET IN TESTIMONY OP .United States Attorney General McGrath, didn't "think we ought to get tangled up SEAFARERS—SKIPPERS TAKE WITNESS STAND objected to To An> STATE BATTLE California's introduction of pho­ with these restricted documents." He sug­ tographs showing the small boats that cati gested, however, that Mattoon's statement (By Loranla K. Francis) operate safely among the Islands on grounds regarding the anchorages should be acccpt- Sea captains and boatmen from the south­ ;they were not relevant to the discussion. . ed and the map laid aside. ern California area consider the water area .Their objections were overruled, however, Navy craft cannot enter the Inner harbor lying between the chain of Channel Islands by Davls, who said that he could see the marked off by the Justice Department's line to the mainland to be Inland waters—re• point the State was trying to make. as California's Inland waters, Capt. J. A. gardless of the attempts of the Department Jacobson, chief pilot and marine surveyor of Justice to restrict the Jurisdiction of the SUPREME COURT RULING ASSAILED BY for Long Beach Harbor, told the special mas­ State of California to a much smaller area ter. close to shore. CONNALLY The veteran WASHINGTON, pilot testified as to how the This was made clear yesterday at the open- March 25.—Senator CON- harbor pilots pick up "vessels several miles Ing of •XTALLY (Democrat, Texas), told the Senate out In the Pacific and the second session of the so-called bring them Into an­ tldelands hearings before Special Master today the Supreme Court committed an un­ chorage. pardonable Judicial outrage in ruling the Battleships, aircraft William H. Davis In the United States Circuit carriers, and ships Court of Appeals in the Federal Building States do not own the submerged lands off carrying explosives have anchorages outside here. their shores. the Government's stipulated line, he testi­ AUTHOSmSS ON STAND CONNALLY led off as the Senate resumed its fied. Quarantine vessels also are anchored debate on whether the States or the Federal within the breakwater but outside the line. Six pilots and sea captains, a small-boat Government should control the oil-rich constructor from Long Beach and a marine SAFETY DESCRIBED areas. engineer and yachtsman with international The Texan Is sponsoring an amendment The development of Los Angeles and Long experience told their experiences with sea- to pending Federal-control Beach Harbors by 'slck passengers legislation which public-minded citizens of and wrecked vessels in the would give the States ownership of the the two areas was described by Robert R. stormy waters outside the protective barrier lands in controversy. Shoemaker, civil construction engineer formed by The amendment is and Point Conception on the north identical to a bill passed by the House last harbor engineer since 1940. Through a and the westward Islands. The area land­ year. committee of 200, which had gone into ward from the islands, however. Is so shel­ Its own pockets with each "We simply want restitution of what Is member contrib­ tered that plywood rowboats with outboard Justly ours," he asserted. uting approximately $1,000, plans were de­ motors can safely operate from the mainland veloped as early as 1923, Shoemaker said, and The Supreme Court ruled In a California to the 14-mile bank—a famous swordfish and case, and later in Louisiana and Texas cases, the extension of the Long Beach breakwater albacore fishing ground off was undertaken. Santa Catallna that the Federal Government has para­ Island—they testified. mount rights In the offshore areas. All but about 5 percent of the contemplat­ The outlying ed islands form a protective bar­ The Constitution, CONNALLY shouted, Improvements are now In the outer har­ rier from heavy weather outside and shelter bor, he testified, with about 05 percent lo- states that private property shall not be can be obtained all along the Island chain, taken for public use without Just compen­ . cated in the strip between the Government Capt. William H. Leisk, master mariner from line and the breakwater. sation. San Pedro and long-time steamer captain, "Yet," he said, "the Supreme Court held The safety of the waters lying shoreward of between Los Angeles and Santa Catalina, the Channel Islands was testified to these lands could be taken without any com­ by Grant told Davls. pensation whatsoever." CONGRESSIONAL RECORD — APPENDIX A2867 nls citizenship entails. He must be an active duty, the business of every American to •theirs until the submerged lands litigation citizen, Interesting himself In local, State, appreciate, protect, and enrich the heritage was instituted. and national government, voting wisely, that is ours. With special force does this apply In the thinking, speaking, and acting to preserve case of Texas. The Supreme Court, In its and strengthen freedom, equality, and oppor­ 1950 decision, acknowledged that Texas tunity for each Individual. Freedom for owned its offshore lands outright when It Individuals carries with It an equal responsi­ was an independent republic. It acknowl­ bility to use that freedom wisely. There­ Title to Tidelands edged that the United States solemnly agreed fore, If we wish to remain free, we must that Texas, In voluntarily becoming a part faithfully fulfill our responsibilities as free EXTENSION OP REMARKS of the Union, should retain ownership of all men. The average citizen cannot be ex­ its public domain—and also its public debt, pected to solve all the problems of the Intri­ OF which the United States otherwise would cate art of government, but he should study HON. LYNDON B. JOHNSON have had to assume. Yet the court's deci­ and determine the general principles of gov­ sion had the effect of saying that the con­ ernment. The right to vote Is the Indi­ OF TEXAS tract thus entered into in . good faith was vidual's most potent weapon In the protec­ IN.THE SENATE OF THE UNITED STATES not binding upon the United States. tion of his rights and freedoms. To be effec­ Monday, May 12, 1952 ANNEXATION AGREEMENT tive such a weapon must be constantly and wisely used with party affiliations disre­ Mr. JOHNSON of Texas. Mr. Presi­ Although your editorial writer shows no garded In some Instances. The United dent, I ask unanimous consent to have awareness of it, the fact that this good-faith States must consist of an alert, active, and agreement was summarily brushed aside by printed in the Appendix of the RECORD .the Supreme Court was not lost upon your Intelligent mass of citizens. a letter regarding the title to tidelands, The American public, always quick to criti­ distinguished Washington correspondent, cize Its political leaders, often pictures poli­ written by Mr. Amon G. Carter, pub­ Arthur Krock. Soon after the decision In ticians as either entirely good or bad. The lisher of the Fort Worth Star-Telegram, the Texas case Mr. Krock wrote from Wash­ shifty and weak will often receive praise and published in the New York Times on ington (June 8) that the Supreme Court simply because of their conforming to the May 4, 1952. majority had repealed those terms of the whims of the people, while the one heroical­ 1845 annexation agreement between two sov­ There being no objection, the letter ereigns—the United States and Texas. The ly trying for the right will receive only abuse. was ordered to be printed in the RECORD, four justices who constituted the majority While criticism Is Important, It Is one of the as follows: first duties of the citizen to be just to the participating In the case disposed of the officers of his Government. The good opinion TITLE TO TIDELANDS—BIGHT OF STATES TO agreement, Mr. Krock continued, merely by of citizens is one of the highest prizes for OFFSHORE OIL DEPOSITS Is SUPPORTED saying that the fact of annexation obliter­ which a public officer may hope. The citi­ To the EDITOR OF THE NEW YORK TIMES: ated it. zen should be discriminate in bestowing For the competence and thoroughness of Mr. Krock seemed to have a far clearer praise or censure, not only because It Is Its news coverage and for the usual sound­ conception of some of the other far-reaching his duty to Judge all men fairly, but be­ ness of its editorial opinions I hold the New implications of the tidelands decisions than cause it will be an Incentive toward right York Times In high respect. I am sure, how­ Is revealed in your most recent editorial on conduct and good government. Also he must ever, that the Times would be the last to the subject—implications which present a learn to weigh facts and use his judgment aa claim that its judgment is infallible, and In danger to State and private ownership of to what is right. the light of its recent editorial calling for property in the United States. "If these Presidential veto of the so-called tldelauds national needs (of defense and foreign af­ Most of us have confidence in ourselves one day be urged and our country. We do not claim perfec­ legislation I believe any such claim would fairs)," he wrote, "should be difficult to sustain. as the reason why Minnesota, for example, tion, but we have faith in our ability to of the iron move forward, to Improve, and to grow. How­ As a Texan who, like most Texans, has a has illegally exercised ownership deep interest and feeling In the matter ranges around Lake Superior, the tidelands ever, self-satisfaction can do much to en­ decisions leave open the way ,to a finding danger a democracy as proven by the fall I am distressed at the editorial writer's ap­ parent unfamlllarity with some of the basic In that direction." of Athens and others of the great civiliza­ 'paramount' rights of tions that existed years ago/ A certain feel- facts In the case and his evident failure to And further: "If the recognize the significant Implications of it. the Federal Government over the tidelands Ing of optimism or faith as to the condi­ are in part established by the necessity that tion of the country must be maintained, but There is also a slight feeling of resentment these are required 'in the Interest * . * * not without facing reality. When a people at the suggestion that Congress. In passing of the security of Its people from wars waged reach this state they are unwilling to ac­ legislation to confirm the title of the States on or too near its coasts,' then they are es­ cept changes and their culture is apt to be­ to the offshore lands, Is attempting to hand tablished for the same reason anywhere In come stagnant or even decay. We must see over or give away to the States a valuable any State an attack can be delivered by air. that nothing obstructs the progress of the national asset. Valuable these submerged everywhere." American Ideals. lands unqestionably are, although Insofar as And that means almost If we understand and guide our lives by oil production Is concerned the value up to RESUMPTION OF DEVELOPMENT the principles upon which America was now has been more potential than actual. The central issue, as you correctly state, founded, we will be helping to make not only But the oil deposits they contain would be is whether the Federal Government or the our country, but the world as well a better nonetheless a valuable national asset in States will control the private exploitation place in which to live. Because man's hori­ the hands of the States which were their of one of the Nation's most Important (or at zons have expanded, what happens in the undisputed owners for more than a hundred least potentially most important) strategic world -affects him, and his actions affect the years. and economic resources. And the issue world. Each man has a responsibility to act, DECISIONS ON OWNERSHIP urgently needs to be settled. The orderly and to encourage his country to act, so that This ownership was recognized by all development of offshore oil production needs freedom and cooperation will be encouraged branches of the Government, and in an un­ to be resumed. The development which pro­ among the people and nations of the world. broken series of United States Supreme Court ceeded for years under State ownership has decisions from 1842 to 1947, as being un­ been brought to a standstill by the cloud of The following excerpt from a poem by over the tidelands. Margaret Fromme well illustrates the goal qualified. Even the Supreme Court* deci­ uncertainty now hanging sions in the California case In 1947 and the The existing stalemate is due to two which should be in the heart of every Ameri­ things: Impairment of the States' title to can: Texas and Louisiana cases in 1950 did not settle the title question with finality, though the submerged lands by the litigation "Our task is not to build the highest build- enunciating a new doctrine of paramount brought by the Federal Government, and the Ing; rights which the Court said entitled the fact that the Federal Government must have The longest bridge; the finest road; Federal Government to possession and'use of permissive legislation from Congress before The most modern house; but to build a the lands involved. In the California case It can take over and administer the offshore world the court acknowledged the right of Con­ areas. Such permission Congress, by twice Where everyone has the highest Ideals, gress to dispose of the title question by leg­ passing legislation in favor of the States, The fullest life, the education to flt them islation. has shown itself unwilling to give. for the best way of living; Both Houses have passed legislation af­ The tidelands are one of the principal po­ And where every house Is a home." firming State ownership of these properties, tential sources of that oil. They can be thus acting In a field of public policy where made an actual source, a real asset to na­ Our standard of living and the ideals upon Congress has a clear right to act. In this tional security, only by extensive, time-con­ which our form of government is based are there is no element of give-away. It is not suming exploration and development in similar to those for which the peoples of the a handing over of anything which the Gov­ advance of any emergency. world have strived since the beginning of ernment ever has owned, or of which it even The States have the machinery for that history. The American people possess the has enjoyed possession and use. It is no development, set up and operating. They material and cultural advantages men have donation to the States, but only a recog­ have experience In administering such devel­ dreamed of for thousands of years. It is our nition of the ownership that concededly was opment, And oil discovered and produced A2868 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD — APPENDIX under State control would be no less avail­ We have reached a cross-road In our his- . They challenged the President's authority to able to the Nation In time of emergency than tory. Now, more than ever before, we can take possession of private property without are all other resources of material and pro­ recognize Benjamin Franklin's reply as the due process of law. duction within its borders. voice of prophecy. Mr. Holmes Baldrldge, Assistant Attorney Thus there Is Imperative necessity for end- We, In these United States, will have a General of the United States, went before Ing the deadlock and making It possible for republic only so long as we can keep it. Federal Judge David A. Pine to argue the orderly development of the oil potentialities Our plan of government will survive only so administration's case. of the tldelands to proceed. My own Interest long as we are faithful to the Ideals of those Now, I urge that you listen most care­ In this matter Is only that of a Texan and an who established It. fully to some of the things Mr. Baldrldge American, and between the two Interests I It Is not my purpose In this talk to dis­ told the court. Such statements had never can see no conflict. cuss the controversy in the steel Industry In been made before in an American court. AMON G. CARTER. terms of wages, prices, or profits. The Assistant Attorney General of the FORT WORTH, TEX., April 29, 1952. The leaders of the steel workers' organi­ United States said: zation and the heads of Industry have each • "It is our position that the President is presented their side of the dispute to the accountable only to the country and that public through the press and the radio. . the decisions of the President are conclusive. No one should question the right of labor "We say that It Is prohibited.for the courts Happenings in Washington to bargain collectively or to strike for a to encroach upon the Executive authority in higher wage scale and other favorable con­ a situation such as we have here." EXTENSION OP REMARKS ditions of employment. That Is the end of the quotation. Think OF No one should question the right of the It over. steel stockholders to a fair return on their The President, by Executive directive, had HON. EDWARD MARTIN .Investment. seized certain properties owned by thousands OP PENNSYLVANIA But we do have every right to question any and thousands of stockholders, large and attempt by the President, or anyone else, to small, without the approval of Congress and IN THE SENATE OP THE UNITED STATES Impose upon this Nation a government that without authority under any law. Monday, May 12, 1952 does not derive its powers from the Consti­ The administration insisted It was done tution or from laws enacted by Congress. under inherent powers of the Executive. It Mr. MARTIN. Mr. President, I ask We have every right to question any at­ was argued that the owners of the property unanimous consent to have printed in tempt to obstruct or deny the authority of are powerless to go into court and seek an the 'Appendix of the RECORD a radio ad­ our courts to protect the people against in­ Injunction to get their property back. dress to the people of Pennsylvania justice, whether by the President or any­ Now let me read to you again from the which I delivered last Saturday evening, one else. argument In court. and which is program No. 59 in I want to confine this talk to the funda­ Mr. Baldridge stated that the Constitution the series entitled "Happenings mental Issue Involved in the President's or­ vested all executive power In the President in Wash­ der. And that Is whether or not we are to and added: ington." continue under the form of government con­ "Insofar as legislative powers are con­ There being.no objection, the address templated by the founders of our Eepublic cerned, the Congress has only those powers was ordered to be printed in the RECORD, when they framed the Constitution of the that are specifically delegated to It," as follows: United States. Judge Pine asked and again I quote: "So HAPPENINGS IN WASHINGTON—PROGRAM ' In other words, whether or not we are to when the sovereign people gave the powers No. 59 preserve and safeguard the system which enumerated in the Constitution, It limited has protected the freedom of the Individual Congress, It limited the judiciary, but It did This Is ED MARTIN, speaking to you from not limit the Executive?" the and has given us the greatest material, cul­ Nation's Capital, and bringing you an­ tural, and spiritual achievement the world To this, Mr. Baldridge replied: "That is other discussion of happenings In Wash­ the way we read article n of the Constitu­ ington. has ever known. The great question before us today Is tion." In-beginning this broadcast I want to re­ My 'fellow Pennsylvania^, for what I be­ call an Incident In American whether the three branches of our Govern­ history which ment, legislative, executive, and judicial, lieve to be the. first time In the history of has a direct bearing on recent developments the United States, the Department of Jus­ In our. Government. shall each operate within the broad, clearly defined channels of authority set forth In tice, on behalf of the administration, de­ It occurred in our own city of Phila­ clared bluntly that there Is no limit on the delphia In September 1787. The Constitu­ the Constitution, or whether the executive branch of our Government may break loose powers of the President. tional Convention had finished Its long and Do you believe that? Do you believe such difficult labors after 4 months with the violence of a Mississippi or a Mis­ of debate and souri River on a rampage, a thing is good for our country? Do you discussion. flooding away the believe it is American? It Is related that when Benjamin rights of the other two, the rights of the Frank­ sovereign States and the rights The only countries in which there Is no lin stepped out Into State House Square, of all our limit upon the powers of the Executive are be was approached by a woman, who asked: people, just as these rampaging rivers have swept destructively over farm and city In dictatorships. There was no limit on the "What kind of government have you recent weeks. power of Hitler in Germany. There Is no given us?" limit today upon the power of Stalin. Dr. Franklin, the wisest and greatest of My fellow Pennsylvanlans, I hope you will Is the United States beading In the same all Pennsylvania statesmen, replied: listen to this and listen most carefully. It direction? "A republic, if you can keep It." affects every man, woman, and child In the Are we being pushed into the dictatorship Since that day there have been many United States. of a President whose power to act Is unlim­ times of grave crisis In the life of pur What I am saying affects your personal ited? Republic. freedom, your right to own property, your Do you remember how Stalin once sneered: There have been times when the Ameri­ freedom of speech and worship, your right to "How many divisions does the Pope have?" can people have been called upon to pay a work at the Job of your choice, your right Do you want an all-powerful dictator in great price In blood and treasure to keep to join a labor union, and all other rights this country who can sneer, "How many di­ their Republic. guaranteed to you under our Constitution visions does the Supreme Court have?" In our own time we have fought two and the laws of our land. This is a new and terribly dangerous de­ world wars In defense of the sacred freedoms The United States will never face a more parture In our Government. It is an ex­ that are the foundation of our greatness as vital Issue, short of Invasion by a foreign tension of the power which the' executive a Nation. power. branch has been taking from the States and > We.have been through times of financial What has happened does not frighten our the people for 20 years. depression. We have battled against citizens as would the dropping of enemy As recently as the spring of 1950, the Presi­ drought and floods. bombs. Yet the damage to freedom of the dent and his Administration didn't dare to We have resisted the rising tide of com­ Individual can be much more devastating. claim such broad inherent powers. munism In many parts of the world. Unfortunately we have been conditioned At that time a coal strike was threatened We are building our defensive strength to. to the Invasion of our rights by 20 years of and the President appeared before Congress meet the danger of further Communist expanding and concentrating power In the asking for specific authority to seize the Na­ aggression. executive branch of the Federal Government. tion's coal mines. But, my fellow Pennsylvanlans, none of For 20 years we have lived in an atmos­ Now, the President's action In seizing the these threats to the future of the American phere of creeping socialism. Now we have steel plants, if permitted to stand, would Republic has been more grave or more omi­ taken a great, bounding leap toward all-out put him above the law. He takes the posi­ nous than the basic Issue growing out of the dictatorship. tion that he can seize the steel mills, the coal recent seizure of the Nation's steel Industry When President Truman seized the steel by the President. mines, or anything else without any grant mills under what ne called "the power vested of authority from the representatives of the Upon the outcome of that issue depends In me by the Constitution" the owners of the kind of government people, the Congress of the United States. If we are to have in the various businesses Involved took tna he, alone, decides It Is In the public Inter­ the years ahead. Government Into court in Washington. est. CONGRESSIONAL RECORD — APPENDIX A3149 political whims and designs of an adminis­ Whereas in the recent tidelands cases nationality and church groups, Is the product tration grasping (or more power over the United States v. California (332 U. S. 19 of 3 years of hearing and debate. people. * * * (1947)), United States v. Louisiana (339 U. S. It is a codification of existing laws and "The history of the nations which have 699 (1950)), and United States v. Texas (339 regulations, which during 30 years of the adopted compulsory military training has U. S. 707 (1950)), in which the Federal Gov­ policy of restricted Immigration have grown not been too flattering. They have gone ernment sued the States for title to or para­ to be an all but incomprehensible maze. down to defeat and oblivion, but some of mount rights in and powers over the lands Codification was an obvious necessity. the military would have us ignore history in and other resources underlying such land Yet, despite the time and effort expended, It this respect. I prefer the machinery for fur­ and for injunction against trespass in the Is still the view of many, like the Detroit nishing men for the defense of this country marginal belt along its coast, the Supreme groups mentioned, that the net result is bad. under a system that Is close to the people and Court, without adjudicating title to such The bill takes utterly no account of the under a system that certainly cannot be said lands in the Government, held that in the changes in national population problems to be a failure. • * • I shall work and absence of "congressional surrender of title that have occurred since the formula first vote to protect tb.3 great mass of the citizens or interest" and because of the paramount was enacted of basing Immigration quotas of this country in having something to say rights the Government has to defend and on our 1920 census of national origins. about the conditions, and under whose be­ protect such property, it has also the "full It extends quotas to Asiatic and Pacific hest hundreds of thousands and possibly mil­ dominion" over such lands and "full do­ Island races formerly excluded, which is a lions of the flower of our youth shall be minion over the resources of the soil"; and laudable concession to the principle of thrown around the world, and I shall vote Whereas we feel that the Government's racial equality. However, these conces­ against UMT because I am not goin^- to de­ recognized paramount interest in such mar­ sions are made at the expense of existing part from an American tradition that is more ginal belt lands, as well as in the lands quotas, with the net effect of actually cur­ compelling to me than the whims and desires under navigable Inland waters, may be exer­ tailing future immigration from troubled of the big brass who would regiment this cised completely without the necessity of Europe. Nation on a road of destruction." depriving the respective States of ownership In other respects the bill rather consistent­ To which we can only add "Amen." rights, so long recognized; and ly errs on the side of harshness. Kansas, along with other freedom-loving Whereas the new concept that the Federal It is hard to defend such provisions as citizens of America, can be Justly proud of Government has the paramount right to those providing in many cases for arbitrary Senator ANDY SCHOEPPEL and his consistent take property without compensation because deportations without opportunity for judi­ record of voting to keep the Government in it may need that property in discharging its cial or even administrative review. the hands of the people. duty to defend the country and conduct its The general tone and character of the legis­ So long as men of his caliber remain In foreign relations can have no logical end lation is further Indicated by Its 'deportation Congress the flaming hopes of our forefathers except that the Federal Government may of aliens who after Immigration become vic­ have an excellent chance of becoming a take over all property, public and private, tims of mental disease or are otherwise In­ reality. and under this theory the Federal Govern­ capacitated. In their administration such, ment could nationalize all of the natural provisions are clearly capable of inexcusable resources of the country without paying the cruelty. owners therefor, wholly In disregard of the The Tidelands Issue In over-all effect the bill is crabbedly fifth amendment; and nationalistic, ill conforming with American ' Whereas It has been the sense of the Amer­ pretentious of sympathy for other peoples, EXTENSION OP REMARKS ican Bar Association since 1945, as expressly victims of totalitarian oppression. OF set out in 1945 and In 1948 by the resolutions Despite the consideration already given adopted by this association, and by reports It, its 165 printed pages plainly need more HON. WALLACE F. BENNETT of its various committees and special com­ attention, for which purpose the Senate OF UTAH mittees, that legislation confirming owner­ should send it back to committee. ship by the States of these lands should be IN THE SENATE OP THE UNITED STATES enacted Into the law of the land; and Wednesday, May 21, 1952 Whereas the Senate and the House of Rep­ resentatives recently have passed the so- Mr. BENNETT. Mr. President, on called tidelands bill, Senate Joint Resolution Miss Geneva Harrison, Teacher of Blind April 1, during the Senate consideration 20 (the Holland bill), by a substantial ma­ Children of Senate Joint Resolution 20, dealing jority in both Houses of the Congress: Now, with the so-called tidelands question, I therefore, In harmony with the continuous was pleased to point out to the Senate at policy of the American Bar Association since EXTENSION OF REMARKS 1945: Be it OF pages 3244 to 3247 of the RECORD, that Resolved, That the American Bar Associa­ the fundamental question involved was tion urges the National Congress to take Im­ HON. HERBERT R. O'CONOR one of States' rights. I inserted in the mediate action to confirm to the respective OF MARYLAND RECORD an analysis of the various law States their historic ownership of these sub­ IN THE SENATE OF THE UNITED STATES review articles written on the tidelands merged lands by enacting Into law the so- cases, demonstrating that the majority called tidelands bill, Senate Joint Resolution Wednesday, May 21, 1952 of considered legal opinion is that the 20, and In the event of a Presidential veto Mr. O'CONOR. Mr. President, one of tidelands decisions changed the previ­ that same be passed over a Presidential veto. the most heartening stories that has ously understood law as to legal owner- come to my attention recently is that of Ship of the offshore lands. It was also the blind Howard University coed who noted during the debate on that bill that for 7 months has been the recipient of the oil companies were not concerned as Comments on the Immigration Bill by the volunteer extracurricular reading by to whether ownership was in the Federal Detroit News professors and students of the university or State Government, as these companies to help her to attain her degree. would get the drilling contracts in either EXTENSION OF REMARKS According to the story in the Washing­ event. OF ton Post, the coed, Miss Geneva Harri­ The American Bar Association has son, of Miami, Pla., plans to return to again expressed its views -on the tide- HON. BLA1R MOODY the Florida city as a .teacher of blind lands issue. In its most recent resolu­ OF MICHIGAN children when she has completed her tion, it indicated that both right and IN THE SENATE OF THE UNITED STATES course in Washington. law justified the recent action of Con­ When she appealed last fall to profes­ gress in voting the quitclaim bill. I Wednesday, May 21, 1952 sors for volunteer readers to aid her. ask unanimous consent that the resolu­ Mr. MOODY. Mr. President, I ask study of her various textbooks, both tion be printed in the RECORD. unanimous consent to have printed in students and professors offered their There being no objection, the resolu­ the Appendix of the RECORD an editorial services and extraordinary efforts were tion was ordered to be printed in the entitled "Not Yet Perfected," published put forth by many among her costudents RECORD, as follows: in the Detroit News of Saturday, May 10. to give her help in all phases of her Whereas since the formation of the Onion 1952. campus life and studies. the States have claimed and exercised do­ There being no objection, the editorial It is a story that contrasts so com­ minion and control over the lands under was ordered to be printed in the RECORD, their navigable waters, both inland and off­ pletely with ideologies that prevail in shore, upon the coasts, and such titles of the as follows: other sections of the world, and refutes States have been recognized and upheld by NOT YET PERFECTED so thoroughly the many slanders circu­ the courts and by the executive departments The McCarran Immigration bill, whose de­ lated by our Communist enemies re­ of the Government for 150 years; and feat In the Senate has been asked by Detroit garding conditions in the United States, CONGRESSIONAL RECORD — APPENDIX A3525 Veto Message on the Tidelands essary to feel a sense of bondage or limita­ plant at Niagara Falls. New York and Fed­ Measure tion. It is not necessary to resort to an eral Government leaders refuse to grant the unnatural twisting of facts and traditions to necessary permission. Those leaders insist EXTENSION OP REMARKS secure new resources and revenues. that the plant be built with public funds. OF "Robbery in broad daylight" and on a In one case, whichever government finances supercolossal scale is perpetuated by the the enterprise would receive absolutely noth­ HON. THOR C. TOLLEFSON administration when Antarctic lands right-­ ing in taxes. In the other, several million OF WASHINGTON fully belonging to the United States citizens dollars a year would be paid by the owners are not protected for these citizens, but of private built plant Into a public treas­ IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES rather are tentatively offered to the United ury. The claim made in favor of public Monday, June 2, 1952 Nations or to a condominium administra­ ownership is that it would protect the users tion (see State Department press release No. of electric energy generated by the plant Mr. TOLLEFSON. Mr. Speaker, a tax­ 689 Of August 28, 1948). from being robbed by a power monopoly. payer of this community. Miss E. A. Moreover, we have before us during the This despite the fact that utility charges Kendall, has some very interesting com­ same week as the veto, the Bonn peace treaty are fixed by public-service agencies of State ments to make about the President's veto with Germany. Our Nation has given lives and Federal Governments. It Is Just an­ message on the so-called tidelands oil and money to humble an aggressor twice in other phase of the unceasing fight between measure. I hereby insert it in the Ap­ a generation, yet when an agreement which advocates of a socialistic system of govern­ is to all intents and purposes the peace ment and the proponents of private enter­ pendix of the RECORD for the benefit of treaty is signed with the only responsible prise. the Members of Congress who are inter­ political body of that conquered country, ested in the matter: the United States permits said country to The theme of the veto message on the so- retain rights to a great tract of Antarctic ter­ called tidelands measure is that the whole ritory upon which the flags and emblems of Nation will lose valuable resources and reve­ the conquered nation rest today, so that Korean Sink Hole: There Will Be No nue If the Individual States retain rights to with returning sovereignty the conquered Victory in This Political War underwater resources. This whole argument nation has full permission apparently to amazes me as a taxpayer for the simple pursue her Antarctic interests. (Not having reason that the whole Nation stands to lose a copy of this deeply hidden text I am rely­ EXTENSION OP REMARKS far more extensive and probably richer re­ ing on the digest available May 26. 1952.) OF sources and revenues in another way and So, with respect to the tidelands veto, it may very few persons in the Government are giv­ be asked, How can that veto be based sin­ HON. LAWRENCE H. SMITH ing heed to this point at all. cerely on a desire for revenues for the United The veto message refutes Itself, as it were, States citizens as a whole when these same OF WISCONSIN when full light is thrown upon Federal in­ citizens see a nation they have twice con­ IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES difference to Antarctic resources that should quered receive on a silver platter a huge Monday, June 9,1952 belong to the United States citizens. It is tract potentially rich in resources?—not that clearly against the national interest to main­ that particular tract would otherwise belong Mr. SMITH of Wisconsin. Mr. tain apathy in regard to Antarctic resources to United States citizens, but its disposition Speaker under leave to extend my re­ and possibilities; yet instead of looking after and future revenues from it might well be marks, I am including an article by an this, the Federal Government would reach arranged to the advantage of United States Into the pockets of the States and seize re­ citizens In lifting the heavy burden of foreign outstanding journalist, Mr. John S. sources from them. That is not only highly aid. But, no, that has not been done and Knight, editor of the Chicago Daily Irregular, it is quite unnecessary. the Federal Government persists in reaching News, and which appeared in his paper The tidelands measure was vetoed because for the States' treasures "in the national on May 31. Mr. Knight analyzes the sit­ it makes a free gift of Immensely valuable interest." uation clearly and I recommend it to the resources, which belong to the entire Nation, The veto message says that the offshore attention of all Members of this House: to the States which happen to be located lands are enormously valuable and a KOREAN WAR DRAGS ON WITHOUT HOPE OF nearest to them. However, as far as this priceless national heritage and that there VICTORY citizen knows, there was no United States seems "no good reason for the Federal Gov­ official protest when on May 22 and 23 this ernment to make an outright gift, for the On Friday, most of our 48 States observed year Peron in Argentina said that Argentina benefit of a few coastal States, of property Memorial Day, a day set aside to honor the and Chile are the only countries having worth billions of dollars—property Interests memory of those war veterans who gave their rights in Antarctica, his contention presum­ which belong to 155 million people." lives that the Nation might live. ably being on the basis of contiguity or This Is substantially the argument that In modern times. Memorial Day, or Deco­ being located nearest to them—that is, near­ should be used for pressing United States ration Day as it is Inappropriately called, has est to the riches of the Antarctic. Why does claims to her rightful Antarctic territory. become a sports holiday rather than a period the Federal Government, the administration, By not doing so, this Nation is making an of sober reflection. think location of resources does not relate outright gift to foreign nations of property The true purpose of the day has been en­ to possession In the one case and make no interests worth billions of dollars which gulfed in waves of pleasure and commercial­ protest in the other case? Both are of im­ belong to all the people of the United States. ism. portance to the United States taxpayer's Stewardship Is in truth a function of the We like to believe that our sons have not pocketbook. Federal Government, but the performance died In vain, that their heroism in the wars Again, the Canadian Almanac and Direc­ needs redirection. of the Republic has preserved and strength­ tory, 1950, says the main portion of Antarc­ Miss E. A. KENDALL, ened our national heritage. tica, is under the authority of the Common­ Still, as we recall such slogans as "making wealth of Australia. Yet, while Australia is the world safe for democracy" and "saving closer to Antarctica than the United States the free world against communism," the and can base some claim on that point, why sonorous cliches of our holiday orators re­ does the administration not protest that Should Let Them Go Ahead sound emptily from a thousand micro­ that is no reason for Australian claims to phones. Antarctic resources, if the administration Their messages reveal little of the reso­ believes nearness to the resources In North EXTENSION OP REMARKS lute courage for which Americans have long America on the part of certain States is no OF been noted. They tend, instead, to represent reason for possession? a mass apologia for expediency and indeci­ (The above points are not meant to pro­ HON. WILLIAM E. MILLER sion as exemplified by our faltering and mote Argentina or any other claims, but OF NEW YORK bungling course of action in Korea. merely to spotlight the old argument in the IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES veto message.) FAB EASTERN POLICY GUIDED BY EXPEDIENCY Maybe the United States refrains from Monday, June 9,1952 The Korean war is nearlng its second anni­ claiming her rightful Antarctic resources be­ Mr. MILLER of New York. Mr. versary. cause she Is distant, yet it is held that her It has been an epic of death and destruc­ own States shall not claim their offshore Speaker, under leave to extend my re­ tion Invited by the failure of our statesman­ resources because they are located nearest marks in the RECORD, I would like to call ship and written in the blood of 108,977 to them. There is something all wrong to the attention of the House of Repre­ American casualties. with the thinking here. There seems to be sentatives an editorial as it appeared in The records show that the failure of Ameri­ a turning in upon Itself of a great Nation, the Morning Gazette, Billings, Mont.. can policy in the Far East must be attributed rather than an expanding, a natural growth, March 24, 1952. The editorial follows: to expediency rather than ignorance. The a courageous development of new resources Russian design for world conquest has al­ available to it under its own rightful heri­ SHOULD LET THEM Go AHEAD ways included China, Korea, Japan, and In­ tage through the work of Its own explorers. Private utility Interests are ready and will­ dia with utilization of their manpower and There are vast new frontiers. It Is not nec­ ing to Invest (350,000,000 in a hydroelectric raw materials. A3604 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD — APPENDIX residential areas. The other four served will be delivered the same day if the special provide a good postal service In the face of business districts where the delivery service delivery fee is paid. all of these problems. was not affected by the readjustments of Again, it has been stated tlv 1 the postal However much we may do and however service. The ages of these carriers ranged service in London, England, is iar superior great our problems may be, we must not takp of the deaths to the postal service In the United States. the attitude that the postal service does from 36 to 59 years. The causes or had no relationship to their occupation. It might not be amiss to quote verbatim not need to be improved or that little The article in the weekly magazine con­ from a statement made by Assistant Post­ nothing can be done about it. General Gammons of the Eaglish The public is conscious of the fact when tains the statement, "And Donaldson, dis­ master postage agreeing with the Hoover Commission find­ postal system before the House in March ever they are required to pay more 1952 in connection with the bill to pro­ but they are not conscious of the fact that ings, insists that his operation is Just about of or action taken by as efficient as his funds permit." This state­ vide the money required for operating Great through legislative action In Britain's postal service: regulatory bodies outside the postal service ment, as well as many others occurring the service has greatly the press, indicate that the Post Office De­ "Many honorable members wonder whether the cost of operating the recom­ shall ever again get back the penny post increased. Therefore, in the face of all of this partment has done nothing about we ever be alert to the things mendations made by the Hoover Commission. and the prewar midnight collections of let­ criticism, we must London. The answer to both of these that can be done within the limit of the ap­ As a matter of fact, I received a letter Just ters In to provide a good postal service the other day in which the writer stated: Is 'No.' The penny post is gone with the pre­ propriation purchasing power of the pound. As to Let me commend each and everyone of "What are you doing about the Hoover Com­ war you for your loyalty and your application to mission reforms, particularly with reference midnight collections of letters in London and very late collections in other districts, duty and the good Job you are doing under to a business-type accounting system?" the most adverse conditions. There has been a complete absence of facts they were based upon standards of working In the dissemination of Information concern- on the part of postal officers which I do not Ing the action taken by the Post Office De­ believe either side of the House would accept partment on the Hoover Commission recom­ today. * * * To restore deliveries and mendations. The writer Just referred to ap­ collections to the prewar scale and still main­ Tidelands Veto parently does not know that a new account­ tain the present-day standards of working ing system was put into effect through legis­ would require an additional 10,000 men. It EXTENSION OF REMARKS lative action in line with the Hoover Com­ Is quite clear that the country could not OF mission recommendations on November 15, afford that today." 1950. Many statements had been made to The United States postal system produces HON. JOHN D. DINGELL percent as much revenue as the combined the effect that If a new modernized account- 60 MICHIGAN Ing system were instituted In the postal revenue of all other postal administrations OF service, as much as $250,000,000 a year could and the United States postal system handles IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES be saved. You can well see how ridiculous more pieces of mail than all of the other Wednesday, June 11,1952 this statement is in the fact that at no time postal administrations of the world. did our accounting system cost in excess of Now, let us take a look at the problems Mr. DINGELL. Mr. Speaker, under $25,000,000 a year. How can you substitute encountered In the management of this vast leave to extend my remarks in the REC­ for a system that costs less than $25,000,000 postal service. Our postal service is beset ORD I include the following editorial a year, a new system which would save with more paramount problems than at any from the Washington Post of June 10, $250,000,000 a year? time in my connection with the service, 1952: The report of the so-called Hoover Com­ which extends over more than four decades. VETO but some of TIDELANDS mission contained nine recommendations. They are not insurmountable tidelands Five of these recommendations have been them are most difficult to solve. The postal The very title of the so-called terms of revenue has doubled in oil bill Is a fraud. It purports to be a Joint put into effect through reorganization under business in the titles the President's Reorganization Plan No. 3 of 10 years and quadrupled in 30 years. In fact, resolution to confirm and establish I entered the postal service, the busi­ of the States to lands beneath navigable 1949, one other recommendation Is pending since to the before the Congress under the President's ness has increased ten-fold. We do have waters within State boundaries and pains. The amount of low revenue natural resources within such lands and Reorganization Plan No. 2 of 1952, and two growing adopted which require legislation are pending In the producing mail, largely bulk mailings of pub- waters * • •. But the resolution most of the It utlons and parcel post, has greatly taxed by Congress, and vetoed a fortnight ago by Congress. As a matter of fact, in point of recommendations made by the task force for the facilities of the postal service. There the President, has nothing to do, has been no Federal building program since fact, with lands within States boundaries. the Hoover Commission and the Commission inland Itself were In line with suggestions made by 1939 and there is a woeful lack of space in It has nothing whatever to do with Office Department. the postal buildings of all large centers. waters or with tidelands—a term which is officials of the Post to the narrow strip of Most of the criticism appearing In the There Is also a shortage of terminal facilities properly applied only of in every large center. During the past 25 land lying between high tide and low tide. press Is general and not specific. Some lying seaward of It does relate to specific Instances of delay years there has been a 65 percent withdrawal It deals, rather, with land of passenger trains which formerly carried the tidelands, beyond the Inland waters and in the handling of mall. We do not object State boundaries—the strip to constructive criticism and we will try to mall. This has required the Department to wholly outside at­ look to other forms of transportation such between the low-tide mark and the 3-mile correct all "errors that are called to our marginal sea. tention. However, the public must be mind­ as the highway post office, short haul of mail, limit properly called the and extension of star route service. There­ Now, it is impossible for Congress to con­ ful that our postal people are human beings of the States to and in handling the billions of pieces of fore, we have plenty of problems with respect firm • * * the titles mall, some errors will creep in, some pieces to volume, space, and transportation. these lands for the simple reason that the Most of you are familiar with our person­ States, as component parts of the Federal of mall will be mishandled. That was true to them. 20 years ago, It was true 15 years ago, it nel problems Incident to the so-called Whit- Union, have never had any titles has always been true In the operation of ten rider and regulations promulgated by Our authority for this assertion is the Su­ the postal service. The greater the volume, the Civil Service Commission whereby we preme Court of the United States—a body the greater the possibility for a larger num­ have been prohibited from making perma­ created by the Constitution for the express ber of errors. We may expect to receive a nent appointments in the postal service since purpose of settling controversies of this sort. complaint from the mishandling of one let­ December 1, 1950. At the present time we The Supreme Court, although it has held ter; yet, at the same time we seldom receive have more than 87,000 temporary employees repeatedly that the States do Indeed have any praise for the correct and prompt han­ in the field postal service who, without se­ title to their inland waters, ruled unequivo­ of pieces of mail daily. curity, could hardly be expected to develop cally in the California case of 1947 that Cali­ dling of millions marginal sea and Some of the criticism is made In compar­ the required amount of ambition, energy, fornia had no title to the service with the service of and application to duty that would be de­ that paramount rights in and full domain ing our postal over the area rested in the United States as foreign postal administrations. The state­ veloped under permanent appointments. enjoyed such has been made that a letter mailed at bring about an exception a sovereign nation. Texas ment We are .trying to rights and dominion during the decade of her the general post office at Paris, France, as to the field postal service so that permanent them upon noon, or 30 minutes after noon, will independence but relinquished late as appointments can be made up to the level relinquishing her national sovereignty when be delivered anywhere in Paris the same day. of authorized positions on September 1, 1950, They say this Is not true in the United she Joined the United States. which would permit the filling of all vacan­ What Congress attempted to do, there­ States postal service. In making this state­ cies in the regular force that existed at that ment they do not tell you that the letter fore, in its tidelands resolution was to give for time or that have occurred since that time. away to three coastal States, California, mailed in Paris must contain postage these prob­ special delivery, and neither do they tell You postmasters must live with Texas, and Louisiana, lands and mineral re­ we deliver lems day in and day out and I want to ex­ sources which belong to the people of trie you that in our postal service Truman special delivery mall from 7 a. m. to 11 p. m., press my heartfelt appreciation for the whole American Union. President splendid cooperation you have given to the sent this-resolution back to Congress w«n and that a letter mailed in a general post W- office In the United States as late as 8 p. m. Dspartment and your continued efforts to a forceful and compelling veto message CONGRESSIONAL RECORD — APPENDIX A3605 cause, he said, "I do not believe such an "Because," Frankie replied pleasantly, "I'm was included in the President's budget. The action would be in the national Interest, and gonna be at your office bright and early to­ House Committee on Armed Services unani­ I do not see how any President could fall morrow morning and tell you how to run your mously approved the request. to oppose It." For our part, we do not see business." Less than 3 weeks later, however, the ad­ how any Congress acting as a legislature of It is easy to sit on the sidelines and com­ mirals were blinking with astonishment. the United States could fall to sustain a veto plain. But it is far more important to get The Appropriations Committee had sliced on these grounds. In the thick of things and correct the evils. the carrier out of the budget and the House A strange sort of frenzy seems, however, No sphere of influence can ever be any better had passed the defense appropriation hill— to have taken hold of the officials of a great than the people in it—just as no team can without providing for the carrier, of course. many interior States of the Union which be any better than the players. The only Meanwhile, the Navy had been trying to have nothing to gain and everything to lose way to Improve the vital fields of Govern­ get the Appropriations Committee to change from quitclaim legislation. They have ment, education, labor relations, and com­ its mind. The admirals had pleaded that allowed themselves to be bamboozled Into a munications is to get people with a high other ships be dropped to equal the cost of belief that somehow or other the Supreme sense of purpose to go into them on a career the carrier, but, for the "luvva" Pete, to Court's ruling in the California, Texas, and basis. leave the new carrier where it belonged, at Louisiana cases has cast doubt on the status "Endeavor to be patient in supporting the the top of the priority list. of lands beneath their navigable Inland defects and Infirmities of others of what The Appropriations Committee had replied waters. The fear is, of course, an altogether kind soever; because thou also hast many by chopping six items from the bottom of groundless one. Its groundlessness was things which others must bear withal." the Navy's priority list—and once again made abundantly clear by the President (Imitation of Christ XVI:2). knocking the carrier off the top. when he declared In his veto message, "If O Lord, help me to do something more than That's the way the situation stands today, the Congress wishes to enact legislation con- Just find fault. with the Navy still hoping to get the carrier firming the States in the ownership of what restored when the Senate takes action on Is already theirs—that is, the lands and re­ the appropriation. sources under navigable Inland waters and The big carriers that played their part in the tldelands—I shall, of course, be glad to World War II belonged to the Essex class, de-: approve It. But such legislation Is com- The Case of the Missing Carrier signed in 1940. We built 24 of those ships, pletely unnecessary, and .bears no relation and we still have them all, 9 with the active whatever to the question of what should be EXTENFION OF REMARKS fleet and 15 In moth balls. done with lands which the States do not now OF The Essex class has been modernized to own—that is, the lands under an open sea." some extent, of course. But from here on Apart from the constitutional Issues In­ HON. JOHN W. McCORMACK the 1940 hull cannot be changed enough to volved, the President pointed out in his veto handle the 1953 airplanes. message the importance of keeping the oil OF MASSACHUSETTS Three Midway class carriers, much bigger of the marginal sea under Federal manage­ IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES than the Essex class, were built after World ment In order to conserve it for national- Wednesday, June 11,1952 War II, but their design dates back to 1943. defense purposes. He pointed out, too, the When modernized, these can handle the • tremendous benefits that could accrue to the Mr. McCORMACK. Mr. Speaker, un­ planes of today, but they'll be out of date Nation as a whole by devoting the revenue der leave to extend my remarks in the tomorrow. to be derived from exploitation of trie mar­ RECORD, I include the following editorial Action on a program of the Forrestal class ginal sea to a program of Federal aid to edu­ from the Boston Traveler of Saturday, -would give the Navy what it needs for han­ cation In the manner proposed not long ago dling modern planes at sea, and would not 'by Senator HILL. These ought to be com­ June 7, 1952: in any way cost any of the other services a pelling considerations to Members of Con­ THE CASE OF THE MISSING CARRIER dime. gress whose business it Is to serve national, Something akin to the weird nonsense of This Is strictly an issue between the Navy •not merely local or sectional, Interests. The Alice in Wonderland is threatening national and Congress, and has no effect on the prog­ Senate will be tested as a national body when security today. ress of other military arms. The Air Force It votes this week on a motion to override It lies in the fact that the House of Rep­ budget and the Army budget would not be the President's veto. We hope .that the veto resentatives stubbornly refuses to allow the altered one way or another, even if the Navy will be sustained. Navy to build aircraft carriers big enough won an okay to put every nickel It gets into and strong enough to handle modern planes. Forrestal carriers. No Congressman with half a brain would Admiral Fechteler summed up the facts at try to put 4 gallons of gasoline into a 3-gal- a speech before the Bond Club of New York Three Minutes a Day lon container. Nor would he try to launch earlier this spring, when he said: a Viking rocket from the rear seat of a model "Modern carrier aircraft are heavier and T Ford. Nor would he expect the Air Force larger In size than their predecessors. EXTENSION OP REMARKS to carry its 1952 bomb loads in 1940 medium "Being Jets, they consume more fuel. OF bombers. Their landing speeds are greater. The effec­ Yet none of those things is any more ridic­ tiveness of Jet fighters depends upon their HON, GORDON CANFIELD ulous than what the House of Representa­ being catapulted rather than flown from the OF NEW JERSEY tives has done to the Navy. It has blocked flight deck. the modern carrier-building program, setting IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES "Their bomb load is greater than the older up a situation whereby ships that were de­ planes. They require a bigger ship to serv­ Wednesday, June 11,1952 signed 12 years ago are supposed to handle ice and operate them. the. planes being designed today. "There are seven major reasons why we Mr. CANFIELD. Mr. speaker, under They Just won't fit, that's all. in the REC­ must build these large modern aircraft car­ leave to extend my remarks The Navy admittedly is bewildered by this riers: ORD, I include the following article by attitude. It keeps trying to locate the con­ "First, Increased weight of aircraft. Rev. 'James Keller, from the Paterson gressional blind spot, In order to clear up the "Second, need for Increased fuel capacity. (N. J.) Evening News: view. It hasn't had much luck up to now. "Third, need for more catapults for THREE MINUTES A DAT Navy Secretary Dan Kimball has tried. Admiral William M. Fechteler, Chief of Naval launching. (By Rev. James Keller) Operations, has tried. John F. Floberg, As­ "Fourth, need for more aviation ordnance When baseball's colorful Frankle Frisch sistant Secretary for Air, has tried. They've space. was piloting the Pittsburgh Pirates, he was discovered they might as well be talking to "Fifth, increased dimensions of modern often the recipient of grandstand advice. the cornerstone of the Washington Monu­ aircraft. . One particular Sunday afternoon Frankle ment. "Sixth, increase in aircraft landing speeds. found himself hounded and heckled by a man Congress apparently was beginning to see "Seventh, need for better protection directly in back of home plate. All afternoon the light 1 year ago when it authorized the against torpedoes, bombs, and other weapons. the loud-voiced patron found fault with 60,000-ton carrier Forrestal, now under con­ "To deny the Navy this type of ship is to Frankle's decisions. He denounced his every struction. Then its vision grew fuzzy. deny the Navy the use( In a very few years, move and shouted Instructions as to how the Secretary Kimball has said we should have of the best plane industry can build for game should be played. at least four of this Forrestal class "under purposes of carrier attack. When It was all over Frisch walked over to construction right now" and that what we "It is as sensible to prohibit the length­ the amateur with pencil and paper in hand, really need is one such carrier each year for ening of runways on shore • • * as it is and asked him his name and business the next 10 years. to deny the Navy a carrier sufficient to han­ address. A second carrier was sought this year when dle the planes now available." Proud and flattered, the customer answered the Navy made a list of its requirements. The Navy does not claim that the aircraft Frankle, and then asked why he wanted the The Secretary of Defense and the President carrier is the win-all weapon of modern war- Information. O. K.'d the funds to build the ship, and It fare. It doesn't claim this any more than CONGRESSIONAL RECORD — APPENDIX A3641 Is only one way to do anything or any son with General Van Fleet, but responsible World War II; who died in the air raids; job, and that is to do it right and not to directly to General Clark Ln Tokyo. Such, a whose planes crashed on the English coun­ lay down on the job until it is completed command would relieve General Van Fleet tryside. of the Job of supervising many functions not Gleaming white marble crosses mark these and it is done right. directly connected with the fighting. It graves, and 468 other graves of Americans in Recently, Brig. Gen. Hayden L. Boat- also should help assure the kind of super-, a little cemetery at Brookwood, England. ner was named commandant of the POW vision that would avoid a repetition of the In North Africa, at Tunis, and ancient camp on Koje Island. General Boatner fiasco at Koje. Carthage, 2,830 Americans rest, after giving was formerly a commandant of the cadet their lives fighting the enemy in the bloody Corps at A. and M. and more recently as­ battles of the Kasserine Pass and El Alamein. sistant division commander of the Sec­ Anzio Beach, Italy, was drenched with the ond Infantry Division in Korea. I visit­ Veterans' Administration Should Change blood of the brave Americans who fell there. There are 7,859 of them resting in a ceme­ ed with him during my recent sojourn on Ruling tery beside the beach—4,500 more of them In the front lines in Korea, and in my short a cemetery outside Florence. White marble stay concluded that he was as fine a crosses trace gently curving rows where they leader of men in combat as he was at EXTENSION OP REMARKS lie. Among them are 12 American girls, A. and M. in Texas. Today, he is cur­ OF WAC's who also died in the service of their rently carrying out the philosophies of country. the teachings at A. and M. on Koje Is­ HON. VICTOR WICKERSHAM And in France thousands more of our boys land as is evidenced by the fine editorial OF OKLAHOMA and men rest in cemeteries In many parts of ' IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES that nation, resting in honored glory beside which appeared in the Washington Post their buddies and their allies. of June 11 following, these remarks: Wednesday, June 11,1952 And their resting places are marked with BIGHT VSj|Y AT KOJE ' Mr. WICKERSHAM. Mr. Speaker, marble crosses which gleam softly over their Army troops under Generals Boatner and graves—over the graves of more than 100,000 Trapnell showed extraordinary finesse in many home-seeking veterans and build­ Americans who will never come home; who cleaning up the prisoner mess at Koje Island. ers have complained to me about the rest eternally thousands of miles from the It is of course a sorry commentary on past recent ruling of the Veterans' Admin­ land for whose liberty they died. inattention to conditions at Koje that an istration which instructed its field offi­ In the Punchbowl Memorial Cemetery in airborne regiment had to be sent in to break cers not to act upon loans for veterans' Hawaii, 14,000 Americans are buried; those up the prisoner compounds into smaller homes located within 4 miles of any air­ who were killed while fighting their way groups. But General Boatner, with a firm­ port. The Veterans' Administration has ashore on the many bloody islands of the ness backed by force, has gone a long way requested that all applications for homes Pacific during World War II. toward atoning for the foolishness of Gen­ to be built closer to airports than 4 miles From all parts of America they came; from erals Dodd and Carlson. Kansas and Illinois, from Florida and Massa­ Perhaps the most remarkable thing about be sent to Washington for final approval chusetts, from Alaska and Hawaii and Idaho the dispersion is that It was accomplished or rejection. A spokesman for the VA and the Virgin Islands. And now they lie without firing a single shot. Despite the has stated that this action came about peacefully in the Punchbowl on Hawaii's ambitious plans of the Communists and the following a series of crashes in New "hill of sacrifice," overlooking the blue Pa­ variety of crude weapons they had accumu­ Jersey. cific, with Honolulu on one side of them and lated, they seem to have folded up meekly It is a well-known fact that the air­ Pearl Harbor on the other. enough when their leaders were captured. ports in Oklahoma are not crowded and No crosses here. No white marble crosses No doubt the Communist propagandists will for the Christians, no white marble stars of Indulge in an orgy of distortion, partic­ in congested residential areas as they are David for the Jews. There were white ularly in view of the full press and picture in New Jersey. I flew back from Okla­ wooden crosses there last Memorial Day, but coverage of the Koje affair. Nonetheless, we homa today not only to vote for the these are gone now. Rooted up by the Army. think General Clark v/as right in recogniz­ abolition of regulation X but also to urge Too expensive to maintain, the Army ex­ ing that the public interest called for par­ that the Veterans' Administration re­ plained. Economy, says the Army. ticipation of the press. move this ban on building within a 4- So on this flat plain, with no monuments The capable handling of the situation mile limit of airports as it applies to the except the flat grave markers, with no memo­ ought also to reassure our allies who previ­ State of Oklahoma. : rials, no symbols of their faith, sleep 14,000 ously were disturbed by what the Manchester Americans in the soft beauty of Hawaii. Guardian termed "scandal without repre-! The people of Hawaii are putting 50,000 sentatlon." Actually, the Canadian protest flower lets on the graves today. Sweet- to the United States about the dispatch scented circlets of ginger blooms, orchids and of Canadian troops to Koje without prior In Most Places We Honor Our Dead jasmine and hibiscus and the many, many approval from Ottawa was more than a lovely flowers that grow in profusion in Ha­ trifle silly. The request reportedly was EXTENSION OP REMARKS waii. cleared with the .British Commonwealth Last Memorial Day the 50,000 lilies were commander In Korea who seemingly neg­ OF draped gently and lovingly on the gleaming lected to Inform Ottawa. It would be rldlc1 white crosses. Today they are lying flat UIOUB,. of course, if a field commander had HON. JOSEPH R. FARRINGTON on the fiat graves in the Punchbowl. to seek governmental approval for every tac­ DELEGATE FHOM HAWAII Gleaming white marble crosses for Ameri­ tical disposition of troops. Either Cana­ IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES can war dead all over the world, but not. dian troops are part of a U. N. army or they even wooden crosses for those in the Punch­ are not. If they are, then the principle of Wednesday, June 11,1952 bowl. Too expensive, says the Army. Econ­ International command must apply Just as omy, says the Army. it applies to other troops in Korea. Mr. FARRINGTON. Mr. Speaker, un­ What the Koje affair does Illustrate is the der leave to extend my remarks in the need for a rearrangement of behind-the-lines RECORD, I present herewith a column by r- ———— responsibilities. It is too much of a burden Arnold Burnett in the Peoria Journal, of on General Van Fleet as a fighting leader to Peoria, 111.: I Correspondence Between Hon. Joseph C. expect him to worry about such things as IN MOST PLACES WE HONOR OTJB WAR DEAD control of prisoner-of-war camps. In the • O'Mahoney, of Wyoming, and Secre­ war in Europe, support operations of this (By Arnold Burnett) tary Chapman With Relation To Leasing sort were the responsibility of a separate Memorial Day, and in all parts of the communications zone commander heading world, as well as here at home, Americans of Oil and Gas.Deposits in the Conti­ up to the supreme commander. In Korea will pause to pay tribute to those who gave nental Shelf such activities are under Brigadier General their lives for their country on the battle­ Yount—who, despite his reprimand for what fields of the world. happened at Koje, is accounted a fine offi­ In national cemeteries throughout this EXTENSION OP REMARKS cer—but General Yount reports to General Nation, from big Arlington, across the river OF Van Fleet. The top responsibility has re­ from Washington, where 73,166 are burled, mained with the Eighth Army because of to the tiny Custer battlefield cemetery, where HON. JOSEPH C. O'MAHONEY the guerrilla activity in rear areas and the 265 lie at rest near the Little Big Horn in fear until recently that rear areas could again Wyoming, graves will be visited and deco­ OF WYOMING become a battle gone. rated. IN THE SENATE OF THE UNITED STATES Now, however, the situation appears to bo Atop a green hill in the quiet country­ Thursday, June 12,1952 sufficiently stabilized to permit the estab­ side at Maddlngley, near Cambridge, Eng­ lishment of a separate communications zone, land, 3,800 Americans sleep—Americans who Mr. O'MAHONEY. Mr. President, I with the commander maintaining close liai­ helped defend Britain in those dark days of am in. receipt of a letter from Secretary A3642 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD — APPENDIX of the Interior Oscar L. Chapman, letter dated June 7, 1952, regarding the pos­ has an interest, then the related legal ques­ sibility of inaugurating under the Federal tion arises as to whether such property has which makes it clear that no effort will Property and Administrative Services Act of been expressly excepted by the Congress from be made to use the Federal Property and 1949 a program for the leasing of the oil the provisions of the Federal Property and Administrative Services Act for the leas­ and gas deposits in the submerged lands of Administrative Services Act of 1949. In par­ ing of oil and gas deposits in the Con­ the Continental Shelf. ticular, the problem here Is whether the lands tinental Shelf. The Secretary advises I am In complete agreement with you that of the Continental Shelf and their mineral me that he has recommended to the the inauguration of such a program would deposits are included within the public do­ President that no further consideration be inconsistent with the statement In Execu­ main exception prescribed by the Congress. be given to this possibility and that the tive Order 9633 that the resources of the With respect to the problem mentioned in subsoil and sea bed of the Continental Shelf the preceding paragraph, it has long been President has concurred in this judg­ are "reserved, set aside, * * * pending held by the Supreme Court that the term ment. This means that the Executive the enactment of legislation In regard there­ "public domain" or "public lands," when order of September 28, 1945, by which to." Throughout the consideration by this used in Federal provisions of law relating to the President committed the submerged Department, over an extended period, of the the disposition of land, does not include land area to the custody of the Department possibility of utilizing the provisions of the lying seaward of the line of high tide along of the Interior pending legislative ac­ Federal Property and Administrative Serv­ the coast. Mann v. Tacoma Land Co. (153 tion by the Congress will not be changed. ices Act of 1949 for the purpose of leasing the U. S. 273, 284 (1894)). This holding was not to have oil and gas deposits in the Continental Shelf, overruled by the decision of the Supreme I ask unanimous consent It has always been understood by the De­ Court In the case of Hynes v. Grimes Packing printed in the Appendix of the RECORD partment that the possibility depended, Co. (33" U. S. 86 (1949)). That case In­ Secretary Chapman's letter to me of among other things, upon securing the prior' volved, among other things, the interpreta­ June 11, as well as his letter to me of approval of the President, evidenced by a tion of section 2 of the act of May 1, 1938 June 9, both in response to my letter of revision of Executive order 9633. As of the (49 Stat. 1250; 48 U. S.-C., 1946 ed., sec. 358a), June 7, which was printed in the body present time, the President has not given his which authorized the Secretary of the In­ of the RECORD of June 10, 1952. approval for the Inauguration of a program terior to designate as an Indian reservation There being no objection, the cor­ looking toward the leasing of the oil and any "public lands which are actually occupied gas deposits In the Continental Shelf under by Indians or Eskimos" within the Territory respondence was ordered to be printed in the Federal Property and Administrative of Alaska (as well as other lands specified in the RECORD, as follows: Services Act of 1949; and the Department .the section). Under the authority of this UNITED STATES has not presented to the President any pro­ section, the Secretary issued an order which DEPARTMENT OP THE INTERIOR, posal for the revision of Executive Order established the Karluk Indian Reservation OFFICE OF THE SECRETARY, 9633. (The Department, in connection with on Kodlak Island and, where the reservation Washington. D. C., June 11,1952. Its consideration of this problem In 1951, fronted on Shelikof Strait, placed within the Hon. JOSEPH C. O'MAHONEY, prepared In rough-draft form a proposed boundaries of the reservation coastal waters Chairman, Committee on Interior and amendatory Executive order along that line, to a distance of 3,000 feet from the shore line Insular Affairs, United States Senate. but the rough draft was never transmitted at mean low tide. The Court held that the DEAR JOE: I am writing to you further with outside the Department.) statutory phrase previously quoted author­ reference to the possibility of undertaking If at some future time the President ized the Secretary to Include the coastal area a program under the Federal Property and should revise Executive Order 9633 so as to within the boundaries of the reservation. Administrative Services Act of 1949 for the remove the inhibition contained in the pres­ The Court expressed the view that an inter­ leasing of the oil and gas deposits In the Con­ ent language of the order with respect to pretation of the statutory language so as tinental Shelf. the development of the resources of the sub­ "to describe only land above mean low tide is As you know, this is not a new proposal. soil and sea bed of the Continental Shelf, too restrictive in view of the history and On the contrary, the exploration of this pos­ the legal question as to whether the Federal habits of Alaska natives and the course of sibility was begun more than a year ago. Property and Administrative Services Act of administration of Indian affairs in that terri­ The fact that the Department was consider­ 1949 could properly be applied to the oil tory" (pp. 110-111). The Court stressed that ing the Federal Property and Administrative and gas in the Continental Shelf would then section 2 of the 1936 act "gives no power to Services Act of 1949 In this connection waa become real rather than academic, as it Is the Secretary to dispose finally of Federal publicized by the press rather widely in 1951. at the present time. lands" or "to convey any permanent title or and Members of Congress who made Inquiry With regard to this legal question, I am right to the Indians in the lands or waters of were Informed that the Department was ex­ advised by the Solicitor of the Department Karluk Reservation" (p. 102); and the Court ploring the possibility of utilizing the pro­ that the primary problem is whether the oil Indicated that it was the temporary char­ visions of existing legislation for the leasing and gas in the Continental Shelf come within, acter of the reservation, and the circum­ of the oil and gas deposits in the Continental the meaning of the term "property" as used stance that the governing statutory pro­ Shelf. However, as I stated In my letter to In the Federal Property and Administrative vision was part of a series of legislative en­ you dated June 9, 1952, the proposal never Services Act of 1949; and that Congress has actments designed to improve the economic progressed beyond the tentative stage. defined the term "property" in that act (sec. condition of Alaskan natives, that distin­ In view of the public controversy that has 3 (d)) as meaning "any interest In property guished the Hynes case from other cases arisen over the possibility of leasing the oil of any kind," with the exception of certain holding that the term "public lands" does and gas deposits In the Continental Shell categories of property which have been ex­ not include lands below the high watermark under the provisions of the Federal Property pressly removed by Congress from the scope along the coast (pp. 115-116). and Administrative Services Act of 1949, it of the act, such as the public domain, na­ If the oil and gas in the Continental Shell seems reasonable to assume that, even If such tional forests, national parks, etc. are property In which the United States has a program were to be undertaken, the exist­ The Solicitor adheres to the view that he an Interest, and if they are not within the ing controversy would adversely affect the expressed in the memorandum dated Septem­ scope of the public domain exception pre­ bidding for, and the development under, ber 10, 1951, to the effect that the oil and scribed by Congress in the Federal Property such leases. Consequently, I have recom­ gas in the Continental Shelf constitute prop­ and Administrate Services Act of 1949, then mended to the President, and he has con­ erty in which the United States has an In­ the problem concerning the possibility of dis­ curred, that no further consideration be terest. In support of his view, he refers to posing of such oil and gas under that act given by the executive branch to the possibil­ the fact that the majority opinion of the would become one (assuming a previous re­ ity of inaugurating such a leasing program. Supreme Court in the case of United States vision of Executive Order 9633 by the Presi­ It is expected, therefore, that the oil and V. Texas (339 U. S. 707 (1950)), makes it plain dent) of determining, first, whether such oil gas in the- Continental Shelf will continue to that the United States has both imperlum, and gas could properly be declared to be be reserved and set aside, as stated in Exe­ (governmental powers of regulation and con­ excess property, and, second, whether such cutive Order 9633, pending the enactment of trol) and dominium (ownership or proprie­ oil and gas could properly be declared to specific legislation to govern the development tary rights) In the lands and minerals of the be surplus property. These would be ad­ of these resources. portion of the Continental Shelf underlying ministrative problems, because the Congress Sincerely yours, the marginal sea; and that the clear im­ has defined the term "excess property" to OSCAR, plication in the Texas decision, as well as in mean "any property under the control of any Secretary of the Interior. the Supreme Court's decision In the case of Federal agency which is not required for Its United States V. Louisiana (339 U. S. 699 needs and the discharge of its responsibili­ UNITED STATES (1950)), is to the effect that the United ties, as determined by the head thereof" (sec. DEPARTMEKT OF THE INTERIOR, States has the same rights In the lands and 3 (a)); and the Congress has defined the OFFICE OF THE SECRETARY, minerals of the Continental Shelf lying sea­ term "surplus property" to mean "any ex­ Washington, D. C., June 9, 1952. ward of the marginal sea as it has in the cess property not required for the needs and Hon. JOSEPH C. O'MAHONEY, lands and minerals of the Continental Shelf the discharge of the responsibilities of all Chairman, Committee on Interior and underlying the marginal sea. Federal agencies, as determined by the Ad­ Insular Affairs, United States Senate. If the Solicitor Is correct in his view that ministrator" of General Services or his dele­ DEAR JOE: I appreciate the time and effort the oil and gas In the Continental Shelf con­ gate (sees. 3 (g), 205 (d)). Thus, the de­ that you devoted to the preparation of your stitute property in which the United States termination as to whether oil or gas in the CONGRESSIONAL RECORD — APPENDIX A3643 Continental Shelf could properly be regarded distinction in the fields of education, of well-being of people everywhere, of what­ as "excess property," as that term Is denned diplomacy, and of mediation. ever race, religion, or culture, will prove In the act, would bo made by the Secretary by far to be our most effective weapon. ol'the Interior as the head of the Federal Under leave to extend my remarks, Indeed, the conflict between West and agency having control of such oil and gas I include herewith excerpts of Dr. East Is nurtured and sharpened by the stark under Executive Order 9633: and, If the Bunche's address to the graduating class fact that substantially more than half of the Secretary's determination on this point were of St. Louis University on June 3 as world's people for long have lived and still In the affirmative as to any of the oil or gas printed in the St. Louis Post-Dispatch of live under miserable conditions. In varying In the Continental Shelf, then the deter­ June 8: degree, poverty, hunger, squalor, disease, ig­ mination as to whether such excess oil or It Is truly said that the United Nations Is norance, and oppression comprise their typ­ gas could properly be regarded as "surplus the world's best hope for a peaceful, free, ical way of life. But they are now awakened property," as that term Is denned In the act, and secure world. But lt t is equally true and aroused and clamorously demand a would be made by the Administrator of Gen­ that the United Nations cannot finally suc­ much better life. eral Services (or his delegate) after consulta­ In Asia, the Middle East, and much of tion with the heads of other Federal agencies. ceed In building firm foundations for world Africa, there Is vigorous ferment—not over In particular, It would be necessary to consult peace and stability, nor can any international Ideologies, not over the relative merits of with the Secretary of Defense In connection mechanism or diplomacy, unless and until free versus authoritarian systems of govern­ with any proposal to declare that oil or gas there Is a sound moral foundation for Its ment and economy, but simply over Intol­ In the Continental Shelf was "not required effort. erable conditions of life. This is the out­ for the needs and the discharge of the respon­ This foundation, acutely lacking today, standing phenomenon of our times, over­ sibilities of all Federal agencies." There has can be found only among the peoples of shadowing in Its ultimate significance even been no consultation thus far with repre­ the world—In their minds and hearts. Man's conflict with communism. sentatives of the Department of Defense, or greatest challenge, therefore, is posed in Indeed, these peoples may prove to be the with representatives of other Government human attitudes and relations. decisive factor in the ultimate outcome of agencies, on this point. Preparing the world for a peaceful exist­ that conflict. They can be won to the cause As you will see from the foregoing discus­ ence is a mammoth educational process. of peace and freedom if there is understand­ sion, the argument as to whether the pro­ Peoples who long for peace—and I believe ing and sympathy with their aspirations and visions of the Federal Property and Admin­ that there are no peoples In the world who If the true hand of equality and fellowship istrative Services Act of 1949 could be applied do not, whatever the motivations and policies Is extended to them along with the technical to oil and gas In the Continental Shelf la of some governments may be—must learn and material assistance they require. academic, because the President has not Indi­ and apply the elemental lessons which are The United Nations well understands this cated that he would revise Executive Order Indispensable to peaceful relations among and seeks greater social justice, larger free­ 9633 so as to remove the present Inhibition men. In this regard, every community, every dom, and a better life for all peoples. against the development of the resources of Institution, every individual has a serious in­ In this regard, I might most appropriately the subsoil aad sea bed of the Continental ternational responsibility. quote from the statement made by the Dele­ Shelf pending the enactment of legislation For example, we in this democratic society gate of the Holy See to the United States on on this subject, and because there has been are accustomed to responsible and responsive May 21, on the occasion of his first visit to no consultation thus far with the Depart­ government. It is fundamental to the ef­ the United Nations Headquarters in New ment of Defense or other Federal agencies fective operation of our system of govern­ York for the purpose of signing the Conven­ concerning the question whether any of the ment that the people shall be alert find well- tion relative to the Statute of Refugees. Af­ oil or gas In the Continental Shelf is "not informed on the Issues and problems con­ firming that the Supreme Pontiff, His Holi­ required for the needs and the discharge of fronting the society and its government. ness, Pope Pius XII "has not ceased to point the responsibilities of ail Federal agencies." The new role of leadership in international out to the peoples of the world the way to I agree with you that the Congress ought affairs now assumed by the American Gov­ lasting peace and social restoration by to furnish adequate guidance for the execu­ ernment, marking a radical departure from mutual cooperation and by recognition of tive branch by legislating expressly with Its traditional policy of aloofness, Involves the supreme moral values," Archbishop Cl- •respect to the administration of the sub- new burdens and responsibilities for the American citizen. It Is essential that the cognani went on to say: . merged lands of the Continental Shelf and American citizen be equally as well-informed "With ardent hope the world turns to the their mineral resources. and capable of formulating his views and ex­ United Nations and anxiously follows the If you or your committee should desire pressing his wishes on International as on struggle of its distinguished leaders to over­ further information or clarification on any domestic Issues. As never before in our his­ come tremendous obstacles and to restore phase of the question discussed above, or on tory, his well-being, present and future, is to forsaken people peace, home, employment, any other matter pertaining to the admin­ directly involved in the foreign policy of his and justice." istration of the submerged lands of the Con­ Government. The crisis now confronting mankind la a tinental Shelf, I should be glad" to appear The representatives of the Government who world-wide crisis in human relations. It is with Solicitor White for the purpose of sit in the organs of the United Nations, in the the menacing culmination of centuries of attempting to furnish the desired Informa­ specialized agencies and other international human greed and callousness. It cannot be tion or clarification. bodies, are acting on behalf of the American, resolved by guns and bombs. It can be re­ Sincerely yours, -- people. They regularly take positions and solved without guns by understanding gen­ OSCAB, vote on a wide variety of questions which, erosity and firm espousal of the right of all Secretary of the relating vitally to the establishment of a people to freedom, equality, dignity, and the peaceful, just, and stable world order, are enjoyment of at least those minimum stand­ of utmost concern to the American citizenry. ards of living to which all human beings are They are, in effect, our representatives in the entitled. Address of Dr. Ralph J. Bunche International parliament, and they need the In this connection, let us also, as Ameri­ guidance of the people's will. cans, never forget that in our own society we The Imperative horizon of the American have a grave problem of human relations, as EXTENSION OF REMARKS citizen has thus vastly widened within the yet unresolved despite the great progress past few years. His knowledge and active that has been recorded. It is today a more OP interest, his understanding of other peoples, serious and costly problem than ever before. must expand correspondingly if our demo­ In the contemporary world, democracy as HON. CLAUDE I. BAKEWELL cratic structure Is to continue strong and we conceive of it, our way of life. Is being OF MISSOURI effective. severely challenged. We believe, and rightly In assessing the prospects for peace or war so, that democracy, insuring the freedom, IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES nowadays, one inevitably thinks primarily in equality, dignity, and Initiative of the indi­ Thursday, June 12,1952 terms of the possibility of resolving—or at vidual, is the best blueprint for living ever least easing—the conflict between west and devised for self-respecting men. Mr. BAKEWELL. Mr. Speaker, my east. This conflict Is much more than the It is vital not only to our own future, but traditional struggles for military, political, to the cause of freedom throughout the alma mater, St. Louis University, was world, that we afford a convincing dem­ founded In 1818 and was the first college and economic power. onstration of the virility of democracy as established In the great Southwest area It is also an ideological conflict, involving a way of life for all people, irrespective of of the country. Within the past week the necessity of winning men's hearts and color or creed. We must practice democracy at its annual commencement the grad­ minds as well as physical control over them. as vigorously as we profess it. uating class of St. Louis University was People are the major stakes at Issue. Its Surely nothing could be fairer or simpler outcome cannot be determined solely on than that all Americans should be accepted addressed by Dr. Ralph J. Bunche, Direc­ battlefields. Ideas cannot be fought deci­ and appraised as individuals on the basis tor of the United Nations Trustee De­ sively with guns, nor can minds and hearts of their individual merit. Democracy, th» partment, former professor at Harvard be won with them. spirit of brotherhood, and Christian ethics University, and winner of the Nobel In this momentous struggle, earnest, ac­ demand no more than this; nor does the Peace Prize. Dr. Bunche has attained tive concern for human progress and the Negro. A3732 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD — APPENDIX ported the omnibus Immigration bills, and of its culture and Its population from the to quitclaim tremendously valuable property he referred to certain provisions of the pro­ Old World. It would be tragic to forsake Its beneath the marginal seas that the Supreme posed legislation as a milestone In American great traditions for the spurious protection­ Court says is under dominion of the Federal history. Again, in a letter to Senator Mc- ism of a McCarran wall. Government in order to assure the States CARRAN, dated May 8, 1952, Mr. Mohler virtu­ that the Federal Government has no design ally states that the NCWC has supported the on property beneath Inland waters or on legislation. State-owned water-front developments. In my opinion, Mr. Mohler's statement and The Offshore Oil Bill No; the real issue is whether the Federal his letter do not represent the considered Government or the States will control this thinking of the bishops of the United States. great offshore reservoir containing one of They are certainly at variance with the atti­ EXTENSION OP REMARKS the Nation's most valuable natural resources. tudes expressed by representatives of-Cath­ The exploitation will be carried on by private olic organizations at a meeting held on March OF companies in either case. If the quitclaim 3, 1952, to discuss policies of Immigration bill stands each of the coastal States lucky legislation. It Is hard to understand why HON. LISTER HILL enough to find oil beneath Its marginal sea the statement was made or the letter written. OF ALABAMA will develop the oil In its own way, and a The legislation proposed by Senator Mo- multi-billion-dollar asset will be used prin­ CARRAN deserves no such support. IN THE SENATE OF THE UNITED STATES cipally for the btneflt of the people of three, Monday, June 16, 1952 or perhaps half a dozen, States. If the quit­ EXCLUSION BILL claim bill can be beaten back, and the Con­ Despite the superficial tldylng-up done In Mr. HILL. Mr. President, I ask unani­ gress can be persuaded to pass the O'Mahoney conference, the McCarran-Walter bill codi­ mous consent to have printed in the bill allowing the Government to supervise fying and revising the country's immigra­ Appendix of the RECORD excellent edi­ the oil reserves under one nationally con­ tion and naturalization statutes remains a torials from the New York Times of May sistent policy, we think that the major bene­ profoundly disappointing and dangerous fit would go where it should go, to the people 20, 1952, and the Washington Post of of all of the 48 States. measure. It makes numerous changes In June 10, 1952, with reference to the so- the unpatlsfactory existing laws dealing with called tidelands oil joint resolution which aliens. But It retains and Intensifies the was recently vetoed by the President. [From the Washington Post of June 10, 1952] underlying exclusionlst philosophy which VETO characterized the Immigration Act of 1924. There being no objection, the editorials TIDELANDS Moreover, It authorizes harsh and summary were ordered to be printed in the RECORD, The very title of the so-called tidelands proceedings In the treatment of aliens—pro• oil bill is a fraud. It purports to be a Joint as follows: resolution to confirm and establish the titles ceedings altogether Inconsistent with Amer­ [From the New York Times of May 20, 1952] ican Institutions. In general the bill is no of the States to lands beneath navigable better, and in some respects It Is worse, THE OFFSHORE OIL BILL waters within State boundaries and to the than existing law. We urge the President The offshore oil bill, nullifying three Su­ natural resources within such lands and to veto it. preme Court decisions which held that the waters. But the resolution adopted by Con­ As we see It, there are three major defects Federal Government has paramount rights gress, and vetoed a fortnight ago by the In the McCarran-Walter bill. First of all, over the lands beneath the marginal seas, President, has nothing to do, In point of fact, It transforms naturalization Into an un­ has now passed both Houses of Congress. with lands within State boundaries. It has certain and Inferior class of citizenship. The President has vetoed similar legislation nothing whatever to do with inland waters Under its terms, If, within 5 years of his once before and we hope and expect that or with "tidelands," a term which is properly naturalization, a citizen Joins any organiza­ he will do as much again. applied only to the narrow strip of land tion which the Attorney General considers a The pending measure, known as the Hol­ lying between high tide and low tide. It Communist-front, the mere act of Joining, land bill, would definitely grant to the coastal deals, rather, with land lying seaward of the regardless of the motive or Intent, may be States title to underwater lands out to their tidelands, beyond the Inland waters and taken as prlma facie evidence of fraud in historic boundaries—3 miles In most cases wholly outside State boundaries, the strip obtaining citizenship and may be penalized but up to 10V4 miles in others. The Issue between the low-tide mark and the 3-mlle by deneturallzatlon. It also provides that of Federal versus State control became acute limit properly called the marginal sea. a naturalized citizen may lose his citizenship only after the discovery and development Now, It is impossible for Congress "to con­ If, within 10 years of obtaining it, he should of huge oil deposits under the marginal seas firm * • • the titles of the States" to refuse to testify before a congressional com­ off the coasts of California, Texas, and Louisi­ these lands for the simple reason that the mittee investigating subversive activities. ana, and it is the fight over this estimated States, as component parts of the Federal Neither of these punitive provisions applies reserve of 15,000,000,000 barrels of oil that Union, have never had any titles to them. to native-born citizens; a naturalized citizen gives this Interesting legal battle an Im­ Our authority for this assertion is .the Su­ would be less free than one who was native- mense practical importance. The States preme Court of the -United States, a body born. The effect is not only to make nat­ claim that they always had owned the areas created by the Constitution for the express uralized citizenship uncertain but also to in dispute; but the precise question had purpose of . ettling controversies of this frighten and Intimidate and thus restrict the never been adjudicated by the Supreme Court sort. The Supreme Court, although it has rights of naturalized citizens. We think the until 1947, when a decision was rendered held repeatedly that the States do indeed distinction between classes of citizenship In favor of the Federal Government, a de­ have title to their inland waters, ruled un­ profoundly un-American. cision twice repeated in 1950. equivocally in the California case of 1947 that Second, the bill would In some Instances One of the most widely employed argu­ California had no title to the marginal sea harshly limit the discretion of the Attorney ments for overturning the decision of the and that paramount rights in and full do­ General to temper Justice with mercy in deal- highest court is this: To grant the Federal main over the area rested in the United Ing with aliens and in other instances would Government paramount rights in the off­ States as a sovereign Nation. Texas enjoyed put into his hands—or into the hands of shore oil lands is to threaten State owner­ such rights and dominion during the decade consuls and immigration officers—arbitrary ship of all navigable waters, Including the of her independence but relinquished them power to exclude or deport aliens, with in­ land underlying all bays and harbors, all upon relinquishing her national sovereignty adequate opportunities for appeal to the navigable rivers and lakes, as Commissioner when she Joined the United States. courts. The United States ought to deal Moses puts it. We do not think for a mo­ What Congress attempted to do, therefore, with aliens no less Justly than with citizens; ment that this Is what the Supreme Court in its tidelands resolution was to give away and Judicial review, we have learned. Is a decisions Imply, and the Federal Govern­ to three coastal States, California, Texas, necessary means of assuring Justice. ment throughout the long history of this and Louisiana, lands and mineral resourcss Finally, the bill is animated by xenophobia. litigation has never remotely advanced such which belong to the people of the whole It treats immigration as an evil and a lia­ a far-fetched claim. In fact, its spokes­ American Union. President Truman sent bility rather than as an asset and . source of men have repeatedly disavowed it. this resolution back to Congress with a strength, as it has been In the past. It not But even if the historic background to the forceful and compelling veto message, be­ only sets up numerous new grounds for ex­ dispute be ignored there is and for years has cause, he said, "I do not believe such an ac­ clusion and for deportation—even abolishing been an entirely adequate legislative remedy tion would be in the national interest, and statutes of limitation in deportation cases— at hand. Administration bills have repeat­ I do not see how any President could fall to but It restricts immigration to the trickle of edly and vainly been Introduced explicitly oppose it." For our part, we do not see how the past couple of decades. The number of to grant to the States title to underwater any Congress acting as a legislature of the aliens admissible under the proposed law land shoreward of low-water mark, for the United States could fail to sustain a veto on would be virtually Identical with those ad­ express purpose of removing once and for all these grounds. missible under the present law. This Is ac­ this irrelevant argument from the flght over A strange sort of frenzy seems, however, complished by basing quota provisions, as In offshore oil, which is properly a fight over to have taken hold of the officials of a great the past, upon the 1920 census. They ought ownership of land seaward of low-water many Interior States of the Union which to be based upon current census figures and mark. have nothing to gain and everything to lose they ought to be liberalized. This Nation A similar provision Is In the Holland bill; from quitclaim legislation. They have al­ has grown to greatness through enrichment but It surely Is not necessary for Congress lowed themselves to be bamboozled Into a CONGRESSIONAL RECORD ^- APPENDIX A3733 •-belief that .somehow or other the Supreme Forces Day luncheon of the Seattle percent of the plants are located inside the • Court's ruling In the California, Texas, and Chamber of Commerce be printed in the central cities of Industrial metropolitan •Louisiana cases has cast doubt on the sta­ areas. tus of lands beneath their navigable Inland RECORD. If we look at the Investment value of .waters. The fear Is, of course, an altogether There being no objection, the ad­ these plants, the dispersion picture Is even •groundless- one. Its groundlessness was dress was ordered to be printed in the better. made abundantly clear by the President RECORD, as follows: Dollarwise, out of 900 plants with a total .when he declared in his veto message, "If AMERICA'S SECURITY RESOURCES Investment of $7,750,000,000, only 12 per­ .the Congress wishes to enact legislation con­ It Is a privilege to Join with the Seattle cent are going inside the central cities of firming the States in the ownership of what Chamber of Commerce In observing Armed industrial metropolitan areas. Forty-two Is already there—that is, the lands and re­ Forces Day. percent of the investment is going into the sources under navigable Inland waters and No region of America has given more mean- suburban areas and the remaining 46 percent the tldelands—I shall, of course, be glad to Ing to Armed Forces Day than has the is located in the outlying sections. approve it. But such legislation is com­ Pacific Northwest. Actually, under the national industrial pletely unnecessary, and bears no relation We salute the men and women of the dispersion standards, most of the plants in whatever to the question of what should be military services—our land, sea, and air the suburban areas are dispersed. Many of done with lands which the States do not now forces. Observances such as this demon­ the metropolitan areas, as designated by the own—that is, the lands under an open sea." strate the unity of American civilians with Census Bureau, include several counties sur­ Apart .from the constitutional issue in­ those who are under arms In these critical rounding a central city. There is plenty volved, the President pointed out In his veto times. of room in most of these metropolitan areas message the importance of Keeping the oil More than 3 years In Washlngton-on-the- for new Industrial facilities to locate—and of the marginal sea under Federal manage­ Potomac has Impressed me that Seattle is still be 10 miles or more from any congested ment in order to conserve it for national de­ perhaps more aware of these critical times section. fense purposes. He pointed. out, too, the than many metropolitan centers In the Na­ Does this mean there is no need for fur­ tremendous benefits that could accrue to the tion. ther dispersion? Nation as a whole by devoting the revenue To those of us with national security re­ Not at all. There still are 19 central to be derived from exploitation of the mar­ sources planning responsibility, Seattle has cities which contain more than half of the ginal sea to a program of Federal aid to edu­ been of tremendous help. I do not think Nation's defense production capacity. We cation In the manner proposed not long ago you will have difficulty in recalling the shock still have certain Industries of which far too by Senator HILL. These ought to he com­ 3 years ago, when the question was raised great a proportion Is located in one or two pelling considerations to Members of. Con­ as to whether the Pacific Northwest was safe .cities. The Defense Production Adminis­ gress whose business it Is to serve national, as an Industrial location. With the help of tration still is receiving new applications for not merely local or sectional. Interests. The your civic-minded leaders, a plan was de­ tax amortization certificates at the rate of a Senate will be tested as a national body when veloped to answer this question. hundred or more per week. It votes this week on a motion to override I refer to the accomplishment of the In­ There Is a very vital need for continuing the President's veto. We hope that the veto dustrial dispersion task force sponsored by . our efforts to encourage the location of will be sustained. even more new plants in places which will the Seattle Chamber of Commerce. The Se­ not enhance the attractiveness of our cities attle plan led to the establishment of a na­ as targets for enemy attack. tional industrial dispersion policy by Presi- That Is the Job which Is being done by • dent Truman. Dp to now, 57 of the most Im­ these local-Industrial dispersion committees. America's Security Resources portant .metropolitan areas which produce There Is another side to the results of our the bulk of our defense needs have commit­ survey. It proves that the trend toward tees operating under this plan.- Many more EXTENSION OF REMARKS dispersed locations Is economically sound. are in various stages of organization. It proves that this program, which you in OF The important work of these committees Seattle developed in conjunction with the te now really under way. Just last week, the National Security Resources Board Is fair HON. WARREN G. MAGNUSON Defense Production Administration adopted and practicable, as well as In the best In­ OP WASHINGTON . a new procedure—developed after months of terests of national defense. IN THE SENATE OP THE UNITED STATES careful consideration. It requires each per­ This is a Federal program in which the son applying for a certificate of necessity for major responsibility has been handed to the Monday, June 16, 1952 rapid tax amortization to submit a state­ people of the communities themselves. Mr, MAGNUSON. Mr. President, last ment from the local Industrial dispersion Geographically, the Pacific Northwest Is Friday in Seattle, Wash., the chairman committee as to whether the plant site con- closer to the Soviet Union than any other of the National Security Resources ' forms to national dispersion standards. region of the United States. Within the What DPA Is asking for is advice—advice boundaries of Washington and Oregon Is a Board, Mr. Jack Oorrie, made what I be­ from the local committee. If the committee multi-billion dollar national stake In mili­ lieve to be a significant report to the can say "we have checked the location of this tary bases, posts, and Installations, in ship­ country on the state of America's secu­ plant and find that it Is adequately dispersed yards, hydroelectric power houses, dams, rity resources. It is a report which I with respect to the national standards," DPA atomic energy plants, aluminum and mag­ think could well be read by every Sena­ will accept the committee's word for It. nesium works, the production and processing tor and Representative. If, however, the plant site happens to be of food, lumber, plywood and other wood . Of particular importance Is Mr. Gor- within a concentrated area, or too close to It, products. there may be a good and necessary reason for Speaking as a native son, when we in the rie's report on the trend toward selec­ that. In such cases, the local industrial dis­ Pacific Northwest Industrialized In earnest, tion of dispersed sites for new American persion committee may advise DPA of the we experienced one of the greatest economic industrial facilities. This is true be­ Justification for granting an exception to the booms In recent national history. When cause our national industrial dispersion dispersion standards. Then the officials In prophets of doom, predicted the collapse of policy is based on voluntary site selec­ Washington who have the responsibility for our industry with the end of World War II, * tion by the businessman who wants to carrying out this program can make an in­ we confounded them by adapting ourselves build a new plant, and upon community telligent decision—based, on local advlce-ras to new conditions, and continued with our cooperation in the designation of dis­ to whether the site should be approved or the boom. We are still Industrializing, and we applicant advised to seek another location. know that materials will be made In our persed industrial areas. We have been getting a great deal of dis­ own Industrial plants. By the same token, As an advisory body to the President, persion in the location of new defense plants we are pressing for completion of new power the National Security Resources Board since the Korean conflict began—and we projects in the Columbia River Basin, so is necessarily a comparatively anony­ have had this dlsperson without any co­ that we won't again be faced with a brown­ mous organization. Nevertheless, this ercive action whatever on the part of the out threat, as we were a little less than a report of the Board's Chairman shows Federal Government. year ago. how broadly and how clearly it covers its Results of a survey of the exact location All of this means, of .course, that this of plants in the 48 States have been most region offers prime targets for an aggressor. statutory assignment of advising the gratifying. Is such an attack really possible? Pz-esident on the coordination of mili­ It Is true that some Important plants Let us examine the nature of the only tary and civilian mobilization programs. have gone into some of the more congested state from which an unprovoked attack is Jack Gorrie has performed an excellent areas. In many cases, that was unavoid­ to be feared. We know that the Korean'ag­ service in rebuilding the Board staff and able. gression is only one salient in the Kremlin bringing its work up to the stature in­ But our survey shows that 49 percent of offensive toward world domination. The the defense expansions costing $1,000,000 Soviets will strike with political or military tended for it When Congress passed the or more were located outside the Industrial weapons, wherever they think they have the National Security Act of 1947. metropolitan areas (those having 40,000 or capability to win. We know that their stra­ Mr. President, I ask that the address more workers). Just 33 percent are in the tegic objectives remain the same even, .of 'Mr. Jack Gorrie before the Armed suburban metropolitan areas. And only 18 though their tactics and the settings may