The Temporal and Geographic Distribution of Red-Filmed
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Electronic Theses, Treatises and Dissertations The Graduate School
2006 The Temporal and Geographic Distribution of Red-Filmed Ceramics in Northwest Florida the Archaeological Significance of Red-Filmed Ceramics in the Lower Southeast William Gerald Lawson Brinkley
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COLLEGE OF ARTS AND SCIENCES
THE TEMPORAL AND GEOGRAPHIC DISTRIBUTION OF RED-FILMED CERAMICS IN NORTHWEST FLORIDA
The Archaeological Significance of Red-Filmed Ceramics in the Lower Southeast
By
WILLIAM GERALD LAWSON BRINKLEY
A Thesis submitted to the Department of Anthropology in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science
Degree Awarded: Fall Semester, 2006 The members of the Committee approve the thesis of Wm. Gerald L. Brinkley defended on August 25, 2006.
______Glen Doran Professor Directing Thesis
______Rochelle Marrinan Committee Member
______Bruce Grindal Committee Member
Approved:
______Dean Falk, Chair, Department of Anthropology
The Office of Graduate Studies has verified and approved the above named committee members.
ii ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
I should first thank Dr. Peter Waylen for allowing me into his classes at the University of Florida in 1987 so that I could earn membership in the American Meteorological Society, accomplished in 1988. Next, but perhaps foremost, Frank Keel, who taught my introductory class in archaeology and subsequently took me under his wing to work with him in professional cultural resources management. Dr. Rochelle Marrinan’s guidance through both my undergraduate and graduate field schools as well as her support of my graduate studies have been key to my progress over the past several years in my academic and professional archaeological endeavors. Dr. Glen Doran has been a dedicated advocate ever since he took me as one of his students upon my admission into graduate studies. Dr. Bruce Grindal, always interesting and a pleasure to listen to or talk with, has demonstrated that higher level studies can truly be fun. Dan Penton’s guidance as Principal Investigator and Senior Archaeologist during my tenure as an archaeological technician and CRM intern taught valuable lessons with lasting benefits, and I value his friendship as I do that of Dr. Marion Smith, the guiding force that made Florida’s Master Site File the benchmark operation that has long been. I sincerely appreciate the continuing opportunity to work closely with Chip Birdsong, successor to Marion as supervisor and administrator of FMSF and with Charly Branham. It is, however, my family and friends have made this academic venture possible. Other than my sons and daughter, my greatest supporters throughout this academic bought have been Martha Upton Smith, Bob May, Ken Brown, Jerry Gilbert, Dennis Smith, Darrell Brinkley, and Elizabeth Voorhies.
Each and all, I thank you.
iii TABLE OF CONTENTS
List of Tables…………………………………………………………………………….vii
List of Figures…………………………………………………………………………...viii
Abstract………….………………………………………………………………………...x
1. The Search Begins………………………………...... ………………………………..1 Introduction…...…………………………………………………………………...1 Background…………...…………………………….……………………………..1 Research Design and Chapter Summaries…………………...……………………6
2. Red Ceramic Overview……………………………………………………………….8 Cultural Reflections on Red……………………………………………………….8 Literature Addressing Red Ceramics……………………………………………...9
3. Environmental and Cultural Change………………………………………………...13 The Environmental Setting…………………………...………………………….14 Cultural Indicators Associated with Sea level Change………...….……………..15
4. The Cultural Settings………………………………………………………………..17 Florida’s Cultural Traditions……………………………………………….…….17 A Cultural Overview………………………………………………………….….18 The Ceramic Revolution………………………………………………………....19 Middle Woodland…………..………………………………...... …....…23 Late Woodland…………………………………………………………….……..26 Weeden Island Contemporaries………….………………………………………26 Mississippian Influences………….……………………………………………...27 ProtohistoricTraditions...... …...... 29
5. State,and Local Data……….…….………………………………………………….31 Ceremonial Weight………………………………………………………………31 Protohistoric Ceramics…………………………………………………………...33 Mission Red Filmed and Kasita Red…………………………………….33 Red Filmed Check Stamped and Red Film Plain Punctated………..…..35 Prehistoric Ceramics……………………………………………………………..36 Glades……………………………………………………………………36 Pasco Red Body and Pasco Red..………………………………………..37 Dunns Creek Red………………………………………………………...38 The Northwest Florida Continuum…………………………….………...40 Time Depth………………………………………………………40 Site Types..………………………………………………….……41 Major Red Ceramic Types……………………………………………….43 Mission Red Filmed……………………………………………...43
iv Dunns Creek Red………………………………………………...43 Deptford and Swift Creek………………………………………..43 Swift Creek and Weeden Island………………………………….44 Weeden Island……………………………………………………45 Weeden Island Red Filmed………………………………47 Weeden Island Interior Red Filmed……………………...47 Weeden Island Red Slip………………………………….47 Weeden Island Red……………………………………....47 Red Zoned………………………………………………..47 Weeden Island Zoned Red……………………………….48 Undifferentiated Red Ceramics…………………………………..49 UID and Plain Red.………………………………………49 Red Slip…………………………………………………..49 Red Filmed……………………………………………….50
Temporal Spans of Major Red Ceramic Types in North Florida………………...50
6. Summary and Conclusions………………………………………………………….52
APPENDIX A. FLORIDA’S CULTURAL SEQUENCES………………………….…56
APPENDIX B. GEORGIA STATE ARCHAEOLOGICAL DATA (GSAD) CERAMIC TYPES and THEIR CULTURAL/TEMPORAL ATTRIBUTIONS…………………….…...……………………………………..61
APPENDIX C. REGIONAL RED CERAMIC TYPES and THEIR TEMPORAL/CULTURAL ASSOCIATIONS………………………..………..64
APPENDIX D. FLORIDA STATE SITE DATA EXAMINED……………..……..…66
APPENDIX E. SPECIFIC AND GENERAL CULTURAL ASSOCIATIONS WITH RED CERAMICS BY GENERALIZED CULTURAL ATTRIBUTION AND REGIONALLY IN FLORIDA ..………………..…….108
APPENDIX F. SITE COUNTS BY FLORIDA COUNTY…………………………...112
APPENDIX G. RED CERAMIC PROPORTIONS IN FLORIDA’S ARCHAEOLOGICALLY MOST STATISTICALLY SIGNIFICANT COUNTIES……………………………………………………………………..115
APPENDIX H. PROPORTIONS OF RED CERAMIC ARTIFACTS IN REPRESENTATIVE WEEDEN ISLAND RED CERAMIC SITES……..……117
APPENDIX I. PROPORTIONS OF RED CERAMIC TYPES BY SITE COUNTS IN NORTH FLORIDA COUNTIES………………………………………...…119
v REFERENCES CITED…………………………………………………………………122
BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCH……………………………………………………...……134
vi LIST OF TABLES
5.1 Non-exclusive site types from which red ceramics have been recorded in northern Florida……………………………………………………………….42
5.2 Temporal spans of major red ceramic types in northern Florida………………...50
vii LIST OF FIGURES
1.1. Photograph: Interior Red Filmed Tetrapodal Base………………...……………...2
1.2. Map: Red Ceramic Sites in Georgia & Northern Florida…………………………5
3.1. Chart: 7ky Sea-level Change…………………………………………………….15
3.2. Map: Florida Coastlines 10kya to current……………………………………….16
4.1. Map: Distribution of Fiber Tempered ceramics in Florida, Georgia, and southern Alabama counties……………………….…...…………………...20
4.2. Map: Distribution of Deptford ceramics in Florida, Georgia, and southern Alabama counties………………………... ………………………………..23
4.3. Map: Distribution of Swift Creek ceramics in Florida, Georgia, and southern Alabama counties……………………….…..……………………………..23
4.4. Map: Distribution of Santa Rosa ceramic varieties in Florida, Georgia, and southern Alabama counties……………………………..…………………25
4.5. Map: Distribution of Weeden Island ceramics in Florida, Georgia, and southern Alabama counties………………………... .…………………….25
4.6. Map: Distribution of Fort Walton ceramics in Florida, Georgia, and southern Alabama counties………………………... ……………………………….29
5.1. Map: Archaeologically Significant Red Counties in Florida…………………….33
5.2. Map: Mission Red Filmed Ceramics Distribution in Florida……………………34
5.3. Map: Kasita Red Ceramics Distribution in Florida……………………………...35
5.4. Map: Red Filmed Check Stamped & Plain Punctated Ceramics Distribution in Florida……………………………………………………………………………36
5.5. Map: Glades Red Ceramics in Glades Ceramics Distribution in Florida………..37
5.6. Map: Pasco Red Ceramic Distribution in St. Johns and Weeden Island Overlapping Ceramics Distributions……………………………………………..38
5.7. Map: Dunns Creek Red Ceramics Distribution in St. Johns Ceramics Distribution………………………………………………………………………39
5.8. Map: Temporal Distribution of Red Ceramics in Florida………………………..40
viii 5.9. Map: Swift Creek with Red Ceramics in Swift Creek Ceramic Distributions…..44
5.10. Map: Weeden Island Red Ceramics in Weeden Island Ceramic Distributions….45
5.11. Map: Red Zoned Ceramics Distribution in Florida……………………………...48
5.12. Map: UID Red Ceramics or Plain Red Ceramics Distribution in Florida……….49
ix
ABSTRACT
This study examines the general temporal, geographic, and situational distributions of prehistoric aboriginal red-filmed ceramics in northern Florida. Anticipated results were that red-filmed ceramics, most particularly those showing interior red film, would be shown to be primarily associated with burials and mounds throughout the prehistoric ceramic era.
x CHAPTER ONE: THE SEARCH BEGINS
Introduction Chapter One recounts archaeological field experiences and archival research that prompted interest in prehistoric red decorated ceramic material. Variations in Florida, Georgia, and Alabama data that complicate and inhibit production of the uniform regional model that was originally envisioned are discussed. Florida’s cultural sequences (Appendix A), the cultural sequence in the Georgia State Archaeological Data (Appendix B) and Alabama’s, as well as Georgia’s and Florida’s, recorded prehistoric and protohistoric red ceramic types (Appendix C) are introduced, as is the chapter-by-chapter general presentation of this study. Background My interest in red-decorated ceramic pottery is based on its scarcity, persistence, and the paucity of literature directly addressing the various red-decorated minority wares. The primary concern of this study is determination of the geographic, temporal, and situational distributions of prehistoric ceramic pottery that is decorated with red coloration. Most of the diagnostic ceramic attributes specified by researchers such as Anna Shepard (1956) and Prudence Rice (1987) could not be determined from the data examined, so many specific elements of manufacture and decoration in this study of red-decorated ceramic pottery in the Lower Southeast. Differentiation between elite and utility wares is not addressed since there is no such differentiation indicated in the data examined. Capitalized ceramic descriptions or attributes, Red Filmed for example, are taken directly from the descriptions contained in the data or literature while non-capitalized descriptions, such as red-filmed, are the author’s descriptions. In addition to red filming, red decorative techniques also include “slips, floated surfaces, glazes, paints, [and] washes” (Cotkin et al. 1999), specifics that generally are not included in the data. Due to the lack of such technical specifics, this study addresses all variations of red-decorated ceramics included in the data examined equally since more detail is not specified. The tetrapodal base on Deptford-type paste with interior red film shown in Figure 1.1 recovered during Phase III data recovery at Rivercamps Midden (8BY1067) in 2002
1 is the initiating cause of this investigation into temporal, geographic, and situational distribution of prehistoric aboriginal red-decorated ceramics. Interior red-filmed aboriginal ceramic sherds were also encountered during Phase III data recovery at The Preserve (8BY50) and at Turkey Point (8FR44); similar sherds were recovered during Phase II shovel testing at the Mack Bayou Archaeological Preserve (8WL101).
Figure 1.1. Interior Red Filmed tetrapodal base recovered from excavations at 8BY1067 (From Keel 2003:38).
Red-filmed potsherds predominately attributed to the middle and late Woodland era Weeden Island cultures encountered during my tenure as an archaeological technician for Post, Buckley, Schuh, & Jernigan (PBS&J) from 1999 to 2004 piqued my interest in prehistoric red ceramics. A search of cultural resource management records for other projects conducted by PBS&J indicated that interior red-filmed ceramics had been recovered from the Broxton Cemetery site (8JA1706), an area noted in the site’s original
2 Florida Master Site File (FMSF) form in 1999 as having been “bulldozed and cleared” (FMSF 2003). A visit to the Broxton Cemetery site in 2004 revealed that the area outside the fenced historical cemetery is void of topsoil, appearing to have been used as a staging area for road or railroad construction or maintenance. Mississippian Fort Walton sherds including the Pensacola variety were observed on a scraped surface estimated to be about ten inches below the original modern surface. Other than at the sites previously noted, no distinctly aboriginal Interior Red Filmed ceramics had been encountered during approximately 100 archaeological investigations performed by archaeologists associated with PBS&J’s Tallahassee office. These records indicated, however, that Red Filmed ceramics were recovered from the Ocala Road Fraternity House site, recorded in FMSF as the Atkinson site (8LE1572), and that Red Filmed ceramic sherds were also encountered during archaeological investigations at Millstone Plantation. Other archaeological investigations through PBS&J’s Tallahassee office found Mission Red Filmed sherds during archaeological assessments of the Southwood Plantation development area that includes a possible Spanish mission site. Other than 8WL101, none of these sites from which aboriginal red-filmed ceramics had been recovered were noted as mound sites or interpreted as prehistoric aboriginal burial sites. At some sites, such as 8WL101, it was particularly difficult to differentiate some ceramics recovered that were red-filmed from those that were red-colored because of incidental manufacturing techniques or possibly because of variables in the deposition of those artifacts. A primary concern in this study is that ceramic material identified as a particular red-decorated variety is actually red-decorated and not red-colored because of some incidental aspect of its manufacture or of unrelated environmental factors. It is assumed, however, that the site data contain accurate information except where noted. In the autumn of 2003 Marion Smith provided the FMSF database, Mark Williams provided Georgia’s State Archaeological Data (GSAD), and Eugene Futato provided artifact data for many of the central and south Alabama archaeological sites with pottery. All prehistoric and protohistoric ceramic artifacts specified as “red” in the data for sites in Florida and Georgia, and Alabama counties along, west and south of the
3 Alabama River were noted, with the cultural attributions of associated ceramic materials. The Alabama data provided include site numbers as well as specific artifact types, counts, and general cultural attributions in some instances. Georgia’s data include similar information plus site locations by UTM and/or latitude-longitude, soil types, site dimensions and interpretative use, and other more comprehensive descriptive information but does not specify artifact counts. Alabama, however, accepts myriad typological nomenclature while Georgia assigns some artifacts to broad cultural definitions, such as attributing all prehistoric red-filmed ceramics to the Woodland period. Florida’s site file forms include selectable and verbatim site descriptions and reports filed by the site investigators, providing more comprehensive site information and freer interpretation than the data from Georgia and Alabama. The FMSF data examined were in datasheets. Each of the over 34,000 lines of data examined represents a site file form. Each form is an original or updated report on results of an investigation of a particular site. The site designator, site type(s), cultural attribute(s), and diagnostic artifact(s) recorded in each form are the data fields examined in this study. The site designator is the site number assigned by FMSF. Cultural attributes are determined by the investigator, based upon identification of diagnostic artifacts recovered or observed during investigation of the site. Diagnostic artifacts are not always listed and those that are listed are not always properly identified. It is obvious, from comparison of some investigations or reports of investigations to the site forms’ records of those investigations, that the listings of diagnostic artifacts are not comprehensive. Cultural attributions are usually more consistent, based on the diagnostic artifacts, than are identifications of those artifacts. Attribution of some sites to one culture although the diagnostic artifacts are all representative of some other culture(s) was noted but not in any of the sites’ forms included in essential findings from this study. The single consistent element in the data sets from the three states is the site number, requiring that comparisons within the universe of the data be on a county-by-county basis. Alabama site locations were not provided in the data except by the county designations indicated by the site codes. Georgia sites were plotted according to specified UTM coordinates or latitude-longitude. Florida sites were plotted by the UTM coordinates, Township Range Section and Quarter-section when provided, or by
4 judgmental placement relative to proximity to fresh water sources and apparent topography. Specific and judgmental placement of graphic indicators for sites yielding red filmed pottery resulted in the mapping of few distinct clusters as depicted in Figure 1.2. The most significant cluster of prehistoric red filmed ceramic sites in Florida was
Figure 1.2. Distribution of red filmed ceramics as determined by a preliminary examination of 2003 data from Georgia through central Florida.
perceived to be in the immediate vicinity of Choctawhatchee Bay, in Georgia and Alabama along the Chattahoochee River from just above the Fall Line and south, and in central Alabama along the Alabama River. The dense cluster of sites near the bottom center of Figure 1.2 predominately represents protohistoric Mission Red ceramic sites in Leon and Jefferson counties. All red-filmed or red-painted ceramics are attributed to the Woodland periods (Appendices A, B) in Georgia’s GSAD database. One Georgia site, 9NE156, is recorded as a purely Swift Creek site that includes red-filmed ceramics in a “Prehistoric Indian
5 Ceramic Scatter” in association with a “Prehistoric Indian Lithic Scatter” (GSAD 2003). The Alabama pottery data specify numerous red ceramic varieties, which are listed along with their associated attributions, in Appendix C. Alabama’s Chicot ceramics are associated with the Nachez culture that flourished primarily in southwestern Mississippi from around the transition from Middle to Late Woodland around A.D. 700 into Historic times. Another red ceramic type not noted in Florida or Georgia sites, Dead River Red Filmed, was reported in a single Alabama site (1MT128) in the data examined in this study. Although Grit Tempered, Grog Tempered, Red Filmed, Sand Tempered, Untempered, Red Painted, and Shell and Grog Tempered are descriptive attributes of ceramic pottery, such descriptions do not necessarily convey associations with any particular culture or temporal range within the ceramic era. Shell and Grog Tempered pottery, however, may be interpreted as belonging to Mississippian assemblages since shell tempering is considered to be a Mississippian ceramic attribute associated or contemporaneous with Pensacola types. Research Design and Chapter Summaries More than 900 scholarly publications and over 50,000 lines of data were examined in this study. A search of the literature was conducted to determine the extent to and manner in which prehistoric red-colored artifacts have previously been discussed. Chapter Two presents an anthropological, philosophical and historical overview of red ceramic materials relative to their archaeological implications. General environmental factors potentially relevant to migrations of people, their lifeways, or both are briefly addressed in Chapter Three. To better understand the various cultural sequences in Florida, an updated sequence for Florida’s prehistoric through early historic cultures is presented to provide the basis for the dates and date ranges referenced in this study. This tabular sequence, which includes some revisions that may significantly affect some views of Florida’s prehistory, was used as a tool in developing the overview of Florida’s prehistoric ceramic types sequence presented in Chapter Four. Data for archaeological sites in Florida, Georgia and Alabama were examined to determine the regional, statewide, and local geographic distributions of red-decorated ceramics and the various ceramic types found in associations with red-decorated ceramics. Findings from various levels of examination of the data pertinent to the geographic, temporal, and situational
6 distributions of prehistoric aboriginal red ceramics, primarily in northern Florida, are presented in Chapter Five of this paper. Chapter Six summarizes and concludes the study.
7 CHAPTER TWO: RED CERAMIC OVERVIEW
Chapter Two encourages consideration of the apparently universal recognition of red as a primary color and, as such, implications of strong continuity of any meanings associated with its use by prehistoric aboriginals throughout much of eastern North America. The review of previous researchers’ comments on red pigments, especially on red-decorated ceramics, indicate the relatively minor but persistent presence of red- decorated artifacts at least since the Middle Stone Age in the Old World and in Paleoindian through late prehistoric contexts in North America. Cultural Reflections on Red Some meaning potentially relative to the manufacture and use of red-decorated pottery in prehistoric times may be inferred from studies of general human perception of red, documentation of cultural implications of red, and the archaeological settings and contexts within which red-decorated ceramics have been found. Brent Berlin and Paul Kay (1969) reported that red is one of the four colors universally recognized in all cultures examined in their perceptual studies. Victor Turner “state[d] that … [a]mong the earliest symbols produced by man are the three colors representing products of the human body whose emission, spilling, or production is associated with a heightening of emotion” (1967:88) and that “[r]ed is universally a symbol of blood” (1967:88). The funerary use of red ochre is evident in burial contexts of Middle Stone Age people in the Old World (Turner 1967:86) and Paleoindians in the New World (Hudson 1976:44). Robert Hall cited numerous examples of New World aboriginals’ traditions involving their cultural meanings of red in An Archaeology of the Soul (1997). Hall’s writings indicate that the implications of red include references to life, liminality, blood, war, day, masculinity, and south. The Cherokee associations of red include east, success, triumph, and war (Mooney 1891), root variations of red in the language of the Cherokee appearing to be linguistically related to blood (Nicholas Hopkins personal communication 2003). . The southeastern Creek, however, associated the color red with conflict, war, fear, disunity, and danger (Hudson 1979:235). The Cherokee and the Creek peoples utilized red ochre in devination rituals, and red crystals and red beads also were used for similar purposes by the Creek (Hudson 1976).
8 Similarities between tools and other artifacts found in Florida and non-Florida sites, the presence in Florida of exotic stone and copper artifacts that clearly were brought from more northerly places, and the presence of Gulf coast marine shells in middle and late Archaic sites in Tennessee and Kentucky (and as far away as Minnesota) provide evidence that pre-Columbian Florida was not isolated. Contact among the native groups of the southeastern United States, including Florida, must have been ongoing throughout their histories [Milanich 1994:107].
The work of Mary Haas (1941, 1946, 1947, 1949, 1950, e.g.), James Crawford (1978, e.g.) and Emmanuel Drechsel (1983, 1994, and 1997, e.g.) demonstrate linguistic evidence of continuing cultural contact and exchange from much of the Mississippi River drainage throughout eastern North America. Alice Fletcher and Francis La Flesche’s (1972) documentation of the Plains Indians’ Morning Star Ceremony relates mythological and philosophical aspects of red that originated by the time the Hopewellian-influenced Swift Creek culture developed in the study area, if artifacts that were recovered at Spiro in Oklahoma do indeed depict elements of the Morning Star Ceremony, as is indicated. Influences among cultures along the Red River through the lower Mississippi Valley and those in the study area are evidenced by the similar copper plates recovered from Spiro and from Mount Royal (Milanich 1994:355), similarities between associated artifacts at those sites, Lake Jackson, and Etowah, similarities between Weeden Island and French Fork ceramics (Willey and Woodbury 1942; Willey 1998 [1949]), and the earlier similarities between Marksville and Santa Rosa ceramics (e.g., Willey and Woodbury 1942; Willey 1998 [1949]; Tesar 1980; Anderson 1998). Archaeological Literature Addressing Red-Colored Ceramics Red-filmed or red-painted artifacts have been recovered from relatively few prehistoric archaeological sites, and rarely evidence interior red coloration. The use of red pigments, however, precedes the introduction of ceramics, as evidenced by the funerary associations of red ocher during the Paleoindian (Hudson 1976:44) and the Archaic (Bense 1994; Ford and Willey 1941:332; Hudson 1976:55; Willey and Phillips 1955:741). The earliest known red-decorated ceramics in the New World were recovered from sites near the Pacific coasts of Ecuador and Colombia (Ford 1966). These ceramics
9 are fiber tempered vessels presumably utilized as salt pans. Those with red-colored bottoms represent approximately ten percent of the fiber tempered artifact count (Ford 1966). The use of red paint or red film on the bottoms of fiber tempered salt pans in the St Johns region, one of the earliest areas in North America where fiber tempered ceramics are noted subsequent to their appearance in South America, is apparent on only about two percent of those vessels (Ford 1966). Clarence B. Moore’s documentation of materials recovered from Pierce Mound (8FR14) at Apalachicola includes description of a vessel “with decorations of incised lines, and crimson paint in places”(1902:221) that is reminiscent of his description of similar vessels recovered during mound excavations near the St. Johns River (Moore 1894). Moore’s (1902) excavations at Yent Mound (8FR5) yielded evidence of red-filmed vessels during late Deptford to early Swift Creek cultural periods. Artifacts from his excavation of the mound at Green Point (8FR11) exemplify artifacts typical of the subsequent transition from Swift Creek into Weeden Island (Moore 1902). The Yent assemblage is also present at the Crystal River site (8CI1) near the Gulf coast in central Florida (Milanich 1994:208), a “center associated with trade routes that reached from Florida northward into the contemporaneous cultures of the midwestern United States” (Milanich 1994:218). Sears’ (1992) revision of his earlier perspective (1953) of his work at the Kolomoki complex suggests that Kolomoki material dates from at least 1600 to 1800 years ago. Like Green Point, Kolomoki Mound E was apparently constructed around the period of transition from late Swift Creek to early Weeden Island cultural periods, an approximate initiation date range supported by the radiocarbon date of A.D. 270 ±130 (Brose 1975), to around A.D. 750. The pertinent assemblage at Kolomoki includes “variants of late Hopewell” (Sears 1992:66) with “ceramic characteristics similar to Troyville” (Sears 1992:66). Willey proposed an influx of early Middle Mississippian people into central Georgia during the latter part of the Swift Creek phase, bringing with them variations of Woodville Red Filmed, Coles Creek Plain, Chase Incised, Pontchartrain Check Stamped, Troyville-Coles Creek, Marksville, and Hopewell ceramics (Willey and Woodbury 1942; Willey 1945). He sought to explain the consistency of ceramic types from the “west central Gulf coast of peninsular Florida
10 along the Gulf into Alabama … through coastal Mississippi into southern Louisiana and continuing northwest up the drainage of the Red River as far as southwestern Arkansas” (Willey 1945:243). Citing Willey (1998:319-322 [1949]), Sears (1962), and Bullen (1965a), Milanich (1994:218) noted that “ceramics from the Crystal River mound include Yent complex types” and that “pottery types from the Yent mound include Crystal River” types. “In addition a few examples of Weeden Island Plain, St. Johns Plain, and Oklawaha Incised vessels came from the [Crystal River] mound” (Milanich 1994:218). Plain ceramic sherds such as those from many vessels of the Woodland period cannot be differentiated with enough confidence to assign them to particular phases or cultures based solely on elements of manufacture (White 1998). They must be considered in light of associations with other diagnostic artifacts that are recovered from the pertinent assemblages, especially any ceramics exhibiting distinctive stamping, incision, excision, punctation, or other decorative elements. Although red-filmed ceramics attributed to Deptford were noted in the literature examined, no red-filmed ceramics on a Deptford type paste were indicated in the Florida and Georgia site file data nor in the Alabama data. Swift Creek sherds with interior, exterior, and both interior and exterior red-filming were recovered in excavations at the Block-Stern site (8LE148) on Lake Lafayette (Jones and Tesar 1996:474). Red coloration is also present on Santa Rosa-Swift Creek ceramics (Willey 1998:544 [1949]). Red paint or red film is considered to be a relatively common attribute of various Weeden Island ceramic types including plain and check stamped varieties. The fluorescence of red zonal decorations during the Weeden Island period roughly coincides temporally with the presence of red and white zonal decoration of ceramics in sites from the central Mississippi Valley (Ford and Willey 1941:354), in southwest Georgia (Sears 1953:225), and throughout the Caribbean (Alegria 1965; Bullen 1965b; Rouse 1940; Du Solier et al.1947:20). Red film or red paint on ceramic vessels continued through the agriculturally-related Fort Walton period of the Mississippian Era into protohistoric and historic times. Fort Walton cultural attributes are indicated in association with red-decorated pottery at Florida sites including 8BY23, 8BY191, 8BY716, 8CI2, 8HR48, 8JA1706, 8JE102, 8JE104B, 8JE734, 8LE4, 8LE40, 8LE1454, 8LE1461, 8LE1479, 8LE1483, 8LE1484, 8LE1486, 8LE2167, 8LE2168, 8LE2169, 8LI104, 8LI106, 8OK26,
11 8OK1507, 8SR36, 8TA157, 8WA15, 8WL9, 8WL16, 8WL30, 8WL33, 8WL85, 8WL162, and 8WL543C. Most of the prehistoric red-filmed or red-painted ceramics in Florida have been identified as Weeden Island Red, Pasco Red, Dunns Creek Red, or Glades Red. Weeden Island Red persists from its apparent origins in Swift Creek and Santa Rosa traditions through the rest of the Middle Woodland and Late Woodland periods. Pasco Red is most common during Willey’s Late Woodland Weeden Island II (1998 [1949]) which corresponds to Percy and Brose’s Weeden Island 3, 4, and 5 (1979). Dunns Creek Red ceramics are primarily associated with St. Johns I in northern Florida to the east of the Aucilla River and through St. Johns II, especially in some of Florida’s more southerly mound contexts. Glades Red (Goggin 1949; Cordell 1992) persists in relatively small quantities throughout the Woodland periods in south Florida sites. Goodland Red (Goggin 1949) is a red ceramic type noted in the literature but not listed in any site forms in FMSF. The data indicate that the practice of decorating artifacts with red pigments has deep cultural roots that extend temporally at least from the Paleolithic, when red ocher was deposited in burials, into late prehistoric eras and geographically to far beyond Florida. Some considerations that imply greater cultural exchange and human migrations at times of significant environmental change will be examined in Chapter Three.
12 CHAPTER THREE: ENVIRONMENTAL AND CULTURAL CHANGE
Sea-level rise represents the most dramatic alteration of local environments and geography of Northwestern Florida during the late-Pleistocene and Holocene times. Lateral transgression of the seas over the low slope of the continental shelf would have been pronounced even with small fluctuations of sea level and settlement patterns surely shifted in response [Faught and Carter 1998:173].
Significant changes in artifact assemblages will be shown to coincide with high sea stands, indicating that preexisting methods and practices were introduced into the Florida Panhandle coincident with or subsequent to major environmental changes. The example of an apparent fluorescence of Tchefuncte influence in Florida warrants consideration of human migrations, people in search of ecotones favoring continuation of familiar traditions. As Lake Pontchartrain’s water changed from brackish to fresh due to sea level fall that reached its nadir about 2,000 years ago, the Tchefuncte people abandoned the area for brackish water zones where Rangia and its predator fishes thrive (Shenkel 1984). This environmental discontinuity roughly coincides with the disruption of the Hopewellian Swift Creek shell trade noted by Jones and Tesar (1996:53) as well as the increase of Rangia in northwest Florida’s shell middens and the appearance of Marksville ceramic types in the area, especially in the western panhandle of Florida (Ford and Willey 1941). Willey later reclassified the northwest Florida ceramics that he had originally considered to be Marksville types as Santa Rosa ceramics, the series that appears to have strongly influenced the Weeden Island ceramic traditions including the relatively extensive application of red pigments as a ceramic decoration. This body of circumstantial evidence favoring cultural migration or exchange due to environmental causes warranted an examination of the eustatic record for further evidence of environmental factors that are likely to have influenced the conveyance of ceramic traditions, possibly including red decorative treatments, into the study area.
13
There are hints of a change, or shift, after the Early Archaic, a second shift in the Woodland period, followed by a third shift into the more agricultural and complex groups. There are also some suggestions of a further adjustment somewhere around A.D. 1200. …it may be that each represents a series of evolutionary bottlenecks which could significantly shift population features, not once but several times, over the past 7,000 years [Doran 2002:285].
The Environmental Setting The environmental setting of the study area falls entirely within the current Coastal Plain with the larger region of study extending from the modern coast to the vicinity of the Fall Line, the ecotone marking the environmental transition from the Coastal Plain to the Piedmont of the Appalachian Mountains. During the past 10,000 years what is currently the Coastal Plain has been an inland plain or plateau comparable in many ways to what is now the Piedmont, that geographic area between the current Coastal Plain to the foothills of the Appalachian Mountains. Numerous studies have produced various models of sea level change that imply associated climatological and environmental changes during the late Pleistocene and throughout the Holocene. Several of these models were incorporated into a comparative model by Balsilli and Donoghue (2004) to produce a smoother interpretation of sea-level change data than those reported by previous researchers. The previous research results incorporated into Balsilli and Donoghue’s 2004 model include those reported by Curray (1960), Shepard (1960), McFarlan (1961), Fairbridge(1961, 1974), Spackman et al. (1966), Behrens (1966), Scholl and Stuvler (1967), Schnable and Goodell (1968), Shier (1969), Smith (1969), Nelson and Bray (1970), Frazier (1974), Stapor and Tanner (1977), Tanner et al. (1989), Tanner (1991a, 1991b, 1992a, 1992b, 1993), Davies (1980), Kuehn (1980), Robbin (1980), Fairbanks (1989, 1990), Schroeder et al. (1995), Faught and Donoghue (1997), McBride (1997), Morton et al. (2000), Blum et al. (2001), Stapor and Stone (2004), Stapor et al. (1991), and Walker et al. (1995) (Balsilli and Donoghue, 2004:6). Combining compatible data from the various studies resulted in an Older data set,
14 a Younger data set A, and a Younger data set B. The Older data set is generated from marine samples that indicate sea levels from approximately 22,000 to 6,000 years ago. The Younger data set A is extrapolated from marine and immediate coastal samples from approximately 6,000 years ago to current times and Younger data set B is from the comparable time span as Younger data set A but is based on dating of inland evidence of high sea stands. Cultural Indicators Associated with Sea level Change Although the general trend for the past several thousands of years has been toward global warming, there are indications of sea-level lowering in the eustatic record that general cooling, implied by periods of sea-level fall, has also occurred. Periods of climatic cooling and the associated sea-level fall that defines the terminations of high sea stands are indicated in Figure 3.1. The effects of sea-level changes on the coast of
Years Ago Meters
Figure 3.1. Sea level change in Absolute Years BP. The duration of high sea stands are indicated by the light blue lines (from Balsilli and Donoghue 2004).
Florida as indicated in Figure 3.1 are depicted in Figure 3.2. The major cultural changes in the study area as indicated by distinctive changes in ceramic manufacture and design appear to have occurred around the times of high sea stands. The introduction of fiber tempered ceramics appears to be coincident with the high sea stand about 4,500 to 4,000 years ago, the development of sand or spicule tempered pottery with the stand roughly
15 between 2,900 and 2,300 years ago, the appearance in northwest Florida of Tchefuncte-derived Marksville-like types in the early part of the current era, and with the development of Mississippian Fort Walton types just before and during the stand indicated approximately 1,000 years ago. Environmental changes indicated by changes in sea level would have forced either cultural change upon the people living in affected areas or their relocation in order to continue familiar traditions. People practicing other cultural traditions encountered by any migrations would be influenced by the migrants’ ideas and vice versa. The use of red pigment as a decorative element on pottery and other artifacts, however, appears to have been nearly universal throughout southeastern North America. Consideration of pottery types diagnostic of Florida’s cultural sequence, as in Chapter Four, provides indications of persistent and introduced or innovative cultural practices that include red decorations on ceramics in the greater region.
Figure 3.2. Approximate changes in Florida coastlines during the past 10,000 years. From http://dhr.dos.state.fl.us/bar/hist_contexts/paleo.html accessed November 4, 2001.
16 CHAPTER FOUR: THE CULTURAL SETTINGS
Florida’s Cultural Traditions Red decorated ceramics have been recovered from contexts representative of cultures throughout the greater study region. In order to examine the relative presence and apparent use of red ceramics within the various cultures it was necessary to examine the established dated cultural sequence within the area of concern. No comprehensive sequence for dated regional cultures was found, so various reputable sources were considered to determine such a reference for Florida. A comprehensive table (Appendix A) of the temporal sequence of Florida’s aboriginal ceramic cultures incorporating dates from FMSF data, Florida Historical Commission (FHC) data from Florida Department of State Bureau of Historic Preservation online sources, Richard Shenkel (1984), and personal communications with Mike Wisenbaker (2005) and Bob Johnson (2005) was produced to show the general temporal range of cultures specified in FMSF data. Dates and date ranges suggested by Steve Dasovich’s study (1996) of radiocarbon dates reported from Florida sites were also considered. The Florida cultures examined in this overview are ordered by date range in the table included as Appendix A which also includes the FMSF abbreviations for Florida’s cultural attributions. Florida’s prehistoric (PREH) cultures as described in FMSF data include, in temporal order, Paleoindian, Archaic, Transitional, Woodland, Mississippian, and Protohistoric cultures. The Paleoindian era is subdivided into early and late phases, and some artifacts and sites may be attributed to a Paleoindian to Archaic transitional phase, but such differentiations are not evident in the FMSF data examined in this study. FMSF data subdivide the Archaic into Early Archaic, Middle Archaic, and Late Archaic subphases; various researchers have also proposed subphases of the Orange, Transitional, Woodland, Mississippian, and other periods. These and other cultural attributions and subdivisions, primarily based on the artifacts recovered from certain datable contexts, do not describe the people who utilized those artifacts but are indicators that imply particular aspects of certain peoples’ lifeways during particular time spans within geographic areas.
17 A Cultural Overview A brief chronology with a ceramic overview of the region and the associated cultural traditions’ geographic distributions are included for better understanding of the place of red ceramics and red expressed in other artifact categories. The transition from the relatively wet but environmentally stable Pleistocene to more arid Holocene conditions is marked by the extinction of megafauna by about ten thousand years ago and the apparently associated replacement of large lanceolate Paleoindian blade forms with a greater variety of smaller lithic styles that began in the Late Paleoindian and continued in Early Archaic and subsequent lithic assemblages. Exceptions to this generalization include the ground stone implements and exceptionally large blades recovered from Archaic contexts, tools that are interpreted as implications that Archaic peoples were specializing in wider ranges of botanical processing and more intense woodworking, respectively, than earlier people had done. Around 7,000 to 4,500 years ago, as “the theoretically older hunting pattern became more precarious with changing climatic conditions in the Altithermal period … this gathering culture proved to be more viable and became the basis for all future development” (Willey and Phillips 1955:741). “The drier-than-present conditions that began during the latter part of the early Archaic period continued after 5000 B.C. … becoming progressively more like modern conditions, which appeared about 3000 B.C.” (Milanich 1994:75). Judith Bense noted “ground hematite used for red pigment” in Early Archaic burials (1994:69, Figure 5.5(B), from Chapman 1985). Artifacts recovered from Brevard County, Florida’s Middle Archaic Windover Bog Burial site (8BR246) (Doran 2002) include human remains, lithics, cordage, wooden implements, and remains of a botanical/palynological nature with no indications of the use of red pigmentation. Referencing Dowd’s (1989) work on the Middle Archaic Anderson Site in Tennessee, Bense (1994:79-80) specifies that “the most frequent items found in graves there were strings of shell beads, shell pendants, chipped stone points, atlatl weights, bone pins, and red ocher”. By the Late Archaic period the deposit of red ocher in graves and application of red film or paint to human bones before burial were not rare practices (Ford and Willey 1941; Bense 1994:105).
18 The Ceramic Revolution
Traits such as boatstones, plummets of hematite and galena, conch shell containers, pierced canine teeth, stemmed projectile points, and the use of ochre with burials continued on, in conjunction with the new elements, as carry-overs from the Lower Valley Archaic (Ford and Willey 1941:335).
The fiber tempered Orange (Griffin 1945) series is Florida’s best known early ceramic pottery, generally interpreted as an influence or introduction from the Savannah River’s Stallings Island people but “some dates on early pottery from northeast and southwest Florida are comparable to the early dates from sites in Georgia and South Carolina” (Milanich 1994:86). According to Bense (1994:106), within a few hundreds of years after the appearance of fiber tempered ceramics in northern South America they are first noted in eastern North America in Georgia and South Carolina up the Savannah River from Augusta at Stallings Island about 4,500 years ago; in the St. Johns River drainage in northeast Florida at Tick Island and other Orange ceramic sites about 4,100 years ago; in northwest Florida, along the Georgia coast, along the Black Warrior River through northern Alabama, and in the lower Mississippi River Valley’s Poverty Point (Webb 1968) sites by about 3,300 years ago. After the initial appearance of Orange ceramics in northeastern and eastern Florida, other regional variations of fiber tempered ceramics are known in northwest Florida as Norwood (Phelps 1965), in southeast Georgia as Satilla (Snow 1977; Kirkland 2003), along the Georgia coast as St. Simons (Holder 1938), near Mobile Bay as Bayou La Batre (Wimberly 1953), in northern Alabama as Wheeler (Haag 1939), in the Middle Mississippi Valley as Alexander (Haag 1939), and in the Lower Mississippi Valley as Tchefuncte (Ford and Quimby 1945). The distribution of fiber tempered ceramics in the greater region of study is indicated in Figure 4.1. Gulf Transitional (Bullen 1959, 1970) assemblages often include Poverty Point cultural elements that mark the transition from the Lower Valley Late Archaic cultural characteristics to the Southeastern Woodland traditions. The Tchefuncte culture apparently developed out of Poverty Point traditions (Bense 1994:132). Although there
19 is evidence that “cultural regionalization first began to occur at least by the late Archaic period” (Milanich 1994:87), there is little evidence of cultural differentiation in Florida’s archaeological records prior to the Gulf Transitional period that began about three thousand years ago. “It is only after about 500 B.C., when distinctive styles of pottery were made in different parts of the state, that we can begin to talk about regional cultures
Figure 4.1. Distribution of Fiber Tempered ceramics in Florida, Georgia, and southern Alabama counties.
with some certainty” (Milanich 1994:xvii). This period is contemporaneous with the earliest indications of Early Woodland cultures throughout southeastern North America including the aforementioned fiber tempered varieties of northern Florida and the Glades traditions in southern Florida. These and other subsequent prehistoric cultural designations are primarily based on variations in the development and manufacture of ceramics. The Gulf Transitional phase, specified as Late Archaic or Early Woodland in Georgia’s State Archaeological Data (GSAD), is defined by elements of Elliott’s Point
20 culture and is contemporaneous with Orange in northeast Florida, Satilla in south Georgia, and Norwood in northwest Florida. Fiber tempered ceramics in northwest Florida were described as St. Simons, Orange, or other varieties prior to Phelps’ (1965) description of Norwood as a type. Bayou Labatre is a Late Archaic/Gulf Transitional/Early Woodland Mobile Bay area ceramic complex that resembles the Lower Valley Tchefuncte as well as northern Louisiana and Mississippi’s Tchula ceramics except “chiefly in the predominance of sand tempering and in decoration with scallop shell by rocker stamping or linear-impressed techniques” (Webb 1968:300). Another possible indication of long distance influences between prehistoric cultures in southeastern North America, Ford (1966:794) noted that “along the Fourche Maline River in eastern Oklahoma … all of Fourche Maline ceramic decorations … are included in Orange” ceramic styles. Site association with the Early Woodland Adena culture and Copena in the Deep Southeast is determined by certain materials present in artifact assemblages in sites in the Lower Mississippi Valley and throughout eastern North America. Examination of the data indicates that a significant difference between a Late Archaic artifact assemblage and that from an Early Woodland period Adena site or an artifact assemblage from a Southeastern Woodland Hopewellian site is the minor presence of fiber tempered ceramic pottery in the Late Archaic assemblage as opposed to the general presence of ceramic pottery in the Adena or Southeastern Woodland Hopewellian artifact assemblage. Willey and Phillips (1955:762) suggested that Deptford may be considered essentially a Late Archaic culture. Lower Mississippi Valley Tchefuncte site attributes have also been described as “ceramics in otherwise Archaic assemblage(s)” (Shenkel 1984:42). Evidence of the application of red ocher to Tchefuncte ceramics (Ford and Quimby, 1945; Shenkel 1984) demonstrates the use of red coloration as an early decorative ceramic treatment, as does the record of possibly earlier use of red coloration on fiber tempered ceramics in northeast Florida by Ford (1966), as previously noted. Quartz crystal and galena, among the marker materials for Hopewellian influence in the Southeast, recovered from pure Deptford contexts in northeastern Florida (Louis Tesar personal communication 2005), are indications of cultural continuities extending at least from the time of the Early Woodland or the Gulf Transitional period into the Hopewellian
21 phase of the Middle Woodland period.
Items of personal adornment were rare among the Deptford peoples. Several limestone or siltstone plummets and several shell beads made from Oliva shells or Busycon columella, bird-bone tubes or beads, a sandstone bead, a drilled black bear canine tooth, and two drilled hematite cones comprise the total known inventory of such everyday artifacts [Milanich 1994:128].
Franklin Plain is a ceramic ware precedent to Deptford at Carrabelle that has also been found in association with Early Swift Creek ceramics, at Bird Hammock (8WA30) for example (Penton 1970). Franklin Plain is assigned to the Early-Middle Woodland phase, but the Early Woodland phase is generally subsumed into the (Gulf) Transitional and middle Woodland phases in Florida. Willey (1998 [1949]) noted that Deptford, generally considered the earliest non-fiber-tempered ware in the Southeast, was recovered from Carrabelle contexts with St. Marks Plain, St. Simons Plain, and Alexander Incised. St. Marks Plain is a fiber tempered ware described as “similar to St. Simons Plain and Tchefuncte Plain” (Willey 1998:359 [1949]) that should be recorded as Norwood after Phelps (1965). The presence of Alexander ceramics in Florida is an indication of long distance cultural exchange since the fiber tempered Alexander varieties are Middle Mississippi Valley ceramics relatively common to northern Alabama, the example recovered at Carrabelle considered by Willey to be imported (Willey, 1998:359 [1949]). Alexander ceramics were also recovered from excavations at Block-Stern (8LE148) on Lake Lafayette (Jones and Tesar 1996). Deptford Linear Check Stamped is the oldest Deptford type in the archaeological record at Carrabelle, followed by Deptford Bold Check Stamped and then Deptford Simple Stamped with functional tetrapodal supports common on Deptford pottery (Willey and Woodbury 1942). “On the Georgia and South Carolina coasts and in northeast Florida the Deptford ceramic series lasted until about A.D. 700, much longer than it did on the Gulf coast” (Milanich 1994:115).
22 Middle Woodland Willey and Woodbury (1942) noted that the distribution of Deptford types is predominantly from coastal South Carolina to St. Simons Island, Georgia and along the northwest Florida coast from Apalache Bay to St. Andrew Bay. The more recent data examined in this study show that the distribution of Deptford ceramics ranges across virtually all of the northern two-thirds of Florida and in counties adjacent to the coasts of Georgia and Alabama as well as in counties containing or adjacent to major fresh water features, especially in significant inland riverine ecotones and drainages as indicated in Figure 4.2. Lithic artifacts of Deptford and Swift Creek are essentially the same on the Georgia coast and in northwest Florida (Willey and Woodbury 1942) and the distribution of Swift Creek ceramics closely resembles the distribution of Deptford ceramics throughout Florida, Georgia, and Alabama, as indicated in Figures 4.2 and 4.3.
Figure 4.2. Distribution of Figure 4.3. Distribution of Swift Deptford ceramics in Florida, Creek ceramics in Florida, Georgia Georgia and southern Alabama southern Alabama counties. counties.
St. Johns (SJ) and Belle Glade (BLG) are Middle Woodland cultures that began
23 prior to or about 700 B.C. and are commonly differentiated by qualitative elements of ceramic manufacture: predominately northeast and east Florida’s St. Johns ceramics are tempered with fossil sponge spicule; south Florida’s Belle Glade and Glades ceramics show much of the same developmental sequence of manufacturing techniques as does the primarily northwest Florida sequence: fiber tempering to sand tempering. Northwest Florida’s Deptford ceramics are most commonly tempered with sand or grit and exhibit a greater variety of superior decorative techniques than those of the Belle Glade pottery that is essentially nondescript until diagnostic beveled rims and scraped finish become common Belle Glade III attributes about A.D. 500 to 900 (Janus 2006). St. Johns designs include Basket Impressed, Plain, Check Stamped, Composite Simple Stamped, Fine Cord Marked, Incised, Net Impressed, Roughened, and Simple Stamped. The initiation of the St. Johns ceramic traditions is contemporaneous with those of the Hopewellian Swift Creek, as is that of Cades Pond, a tradition that may represent a progressive mingling of St. Johns with Weeden Island traditions (Steinen, 2006:1). Weeden Island and St. Johns peoples used red ochre and red painted artifacts in association with burials and mounds (Milanich 1994). Dunns Creek Red is generally associated with St. Johns I with relatively limited continuation into St. Johns II. DCR is nearly exclusively associated with SJII ceramic assemblages in its Late Woodland and Mississippian era associations in southern Florida’s late mound contexts (Ryan Wheeler personal communication 2005).
In both vessel shapes and vessel decoration the Santa Rosa-Swift Creek period was one of fusion of two rather strikingly different sets of ideas: on the one hand, the conoidal-based pots decorated with the stamping technique; and on the other, globular bowls, beakers, collared jars and unusual forms decorated with incision, punctation, rocker stamping or red zoned painting [Willey 1998:544 [1949]].
SRSC types are recorded in contexts that overlay pure Swift Creek contexts at 8SR6, 8SR8, and 8WA30 (Louis Tesar personal communication 2005) in northwest Florida and at Mandeville (9CL1) (Kellar et al. 1962) on the Chattahoochee River near the Fall Line in Georgia. The Santa Rosa-Swift Creek ceramics that appear to share
24 common traits with the lower Mississippi Valley Tchefuncte-derived ceramics, are also associated with the Crystal River series, Franklin Plain, Deptford, Swift Creek, and middle Mississippian (Willey and Woodbury 1942). Ceramic wares more directly associated with SRSC include Alligator Bayou and Crooked River Complicated Stamped ceramics. Other commonalities shared by lower valley Tchefuncte-derived ceramics and Santa Rosa-Swift Creek/Weeden Island ceramics are apparent in the Carrabelle varieties, Keith Incised, Tucker Ridge Pinched, St. Andrews, New River Complicated Stamped, and Indian Pass Incised that are all considered to be elemental to the development of the distinctive Weeden Island ceramic designs. Regional distributions of Santa Rosa and Weeden Island types, depicted in Figures 4.4 and 4.5, imply that Weeden Island ceramic traditions are strongly associated with or developed out of the Santa Rosa ceramic traditions.
Figure 4.4. Distribution of Santa Figure 4.5. Distribution of Rosa ceramic varieties in Florida, Weeden Island ceramics in Florida, Georgia and southern Alabama Georgia, and southern Alabama counties. counties.
Other fundamental and persistent influences on Swift Creek/Weeden Island
25 ceramics, specifically including the application of red pigment to ceramic wares, appear to be related to a presumed cultural sphere associated with the Crystal River complex. Milanich’s (1994:218-219) observation that “[r]elative to other Gulf sites, Crystal River must have functioned as an important center for a number of years just prior to and into the early Weeden Island period” may be extended to sites beyond Florida since traditionally and temporally, Coles Creek traditions appear to have developed out of Marksville/Troyville traditions in the Lower Mississippi Valley much as Weeden Island traditions appear to have developed out of Santa Rosa-Swift Creek traditions in the Deep Southeast (Anderson 1998). Late Woodland Weeden Island ceramic traditions are generally accepted as having been established by A.D. 450 with Weeden Island II ceramic styles dominating after about A.D. 750, the latter defining the transition from Middle Woodland to Late Woodland. Weeden Island II is defined by a lessening of incised or stamped pottery and a significant increase in check stamped ceramics, specifically of Wakulla Check Stamped pottery. The appearance of Weeden Island II ceramics is contemporaneous with the appearance of Proto-Mississippian ceramics at sites along the Apalachicola River. Variations in manufacture, decoration, and proportions of particular varieties of Weeden Island and Proto-Mississippian ceramics are the basis of Percy and Brose’s further differentiation of Weeden Island into five sub-phases, with Willey’s Weeden Island I being subdivided into Weeden Island 1 and Weeden Island 2. Willey’s Weeden Island II, subdivided by Percy and Brose into Weeden Island 3, Weeden Island 4 and Weeden Island 5, is associated with a more general implementation of agriculture, especially of maize agriculture. Weeden Island Contemporaries Pinellas Plain is a Late Woodland through post-Weeden Island ware recorded primarily in sites from central to southern Florida but Pinellas Incised is favorably compared in the literature (Sears 1977:177) to Moundville types. Biscayne Check Stamped is also contemporaneous with Weeden Island. Willey (1948:211) noted that “perhaps the greatest difference between a Weeden Island ceramic assemblage from the Manatee region and one from northwest Florida is the presence in the south of considerable quantities of the soft, temperless or chalky ware of the Biscayne series.
26 Biscayne Check Stamped and Biscayne Red are two common types.” “Large amounts of a chalky ware type, Biscayne Check Stamped, carry through” Glades III, IIIb, and IIIc (Goggin 1947:120). Biscayne Check Stamped was noted in one Gulf County site but Biscayne Red is a type not specified in FMSF data. “Biscayne Check Stamped is more widely known today as St. Johns Check Stamped” (Jones and Tesar 1996:428).
A.D. 800-900 … The vast majority of cultures of this age are typologically Late Woodland, that is, post-Hopewellian complexes characterized by granular-tempered, cord-marked ceramic jars, burial mound construction, and a variety of projectile-point types, some diminutive enough to suggest that the bow and arrow had come into use [Stoltman 1978:723].
St. Johns II in northeast and east Florida as well as north Florida’s Hickory Pond ceramic traditions are evident by A.D. 800. The fabric, cord, and cob markings on Hickory Pond ceramics are considered influences from Georgia (Steinen 2006:8). Malabar ceramic traditions of the Indian River drainage in eastern Florida are apparently the result of a blending of certain aspects of St. Johns and Glades related ceramic traditions throughout its development beginning about 3,000 years ago, evidenced, for example, by the apparent introduction of Dunns Creek Red and Belle Glade types, respectively, in Malabar I (Janus Research 2006:18-19). North central Florida’s Indian Pond ceramics are identified in sites dated to as early as A.D. 950. Mississippian Influences Weeden Island II ceramic styles continue in varying degrees through the subsequent Mississippian cultural phase and into protohistoric times. On the Apalachicola River’s “Cayson site, which at most extended … from A.D. 1000 – A.D. 1200, there appears to be a gradually increasing adoption of Mississippian forms of socio-ceremonial institutions grafted on basically late Weeden Island pattern of ecological exploration and styles of material culture” (Brose 1975:18). Glades, Englewood, and Safety Harbor ceramics are evident primarily in more southerly sites that are contemporaneous with the dominance of northwest Florida Mississippian. Safety Harbor pottery exhibits “sloppy, careless execution” (Willey and Woodbury 1942:245) of
27 a sort of Weeden Island-Mississippian hybrid. Goggin observed that the St. Johns “region exhibits the impacts of many surrounding cultural influences. This is shown by the Middle Mississippi traits and the Georgia complicated stamped and cord-marked pottery extending southward along the coast” (1947:123). Mississippian ceramic styles, Fort Walton in northwest Florida, dominate site assemblages in northwest Florida dated at about A.D. 1000 and generally continue as the dominant types until after the time of European contact. “Large, coarse grit replaces fine sand as a tempering material and shell is also used to some extent” (Goggin 1947:117) in the Fort Walton ceramics that are nearly indistinguishable from some other Mississippian ceramics such as Georgia’s Lamar types except by distributions (White 1998). “The only well-defined candidates for Early Fort Walton are those in the Apalachicola River Valley” (Brose 1975:6). The regional distribution Fort Walton ceramics, as in Figure 4.6, shows that Fort Walton types have been recorded primarily in Florida and along the lower Chattahoochee River in Georgia and southern Alabama. The Hogtown Bayou variety of Point Washington Incised is a Fort Walton-related ware that bears a remarkable resemblance to Alabama’s Moundville Incised, as does the previously noted Pinellas Incised. Lake Jackson is an Early Mississippian ware with Incised, Plain Jefferson, and Plain Tallahassee varieties noted. “Stratigraphically and typologically the shell tempered ware of the Gulf Coast belongs to the Ft. Walton period and culture” (Willey and Woodbury 1942:246). Pensacola is a shell-tempered variety of Fort Walton ceramics, sometimes decorated with red pigment, that is not found in northwest Florida’s Mississippian assemblages earlier than about A.D. 900. Other shell tempered ceramic varieties in the deep Southeast include Shell Tempered Incised, Shell Tempered Incised and Punctated, Shell Tempered Plain, Shell Tempered Punctated, Shell Tempered Red Painted, and Shell Tempered White Painted. Various Alabama River ceramic types are central Alabama’s equivalents of the Pensacola ceramics (Knight, 1984:207; Willey and Woodbury 1942:235). Fort Walton, Lamar Bold Incised, Lamar Complicated Stamped, Ocmulgee Fields Incised, Marsh Island and other Lamar series ceramics are also Late Mississippian wares.
28
Figure 4.6. Distribution of Fort Walton ceramics in Florida, Georgia, and southern Alabama counties.
Protohistoric Traditions
The pottery complex for the Leon-Jefferson period is made up of Mission Red Filmed, Miller Plain, Aucilla Incised, Ft. Walton Incised, Ocmulgee Fields Incised, Lamar-like Bold Incised, Leon Check Stamped, Jefferson ware, Gritty Plain, and Alachua Cob Marked. This pottery complex shows influences from various areas and pottery traditions: strong Lamar influence and similarities in the complicated stamped ware to Late Swift Creek [Smith 1948:316].
Leon-Jefferson and Potano ceramics represent the continuation of Fort Walton and Alachua ceramic traditions, respectively, into protohistoric times. The Alachua culture’s ceramic traditions include cob marked and plain wares that persisted in north central Florida from around A.D. 1250 into historic times. Lockloosa Punctated ceramics are diagnostic for the late Alachua tradition. Seminole and Creek ceramics such as Chattahoochee Brushed and Walnut Roughened are historic aboriginal pottery types.
29 GSAD (2003) specifies Abercrombie as Protohistoric but some researchers classify Abercrombie as an Early Mississippian through Protohistoric ware (Brose 1984:191), as its situational associations imply. Abercrombie varieties include Abercrombie Black Filmed, Abercrombie Brushed, and Abercrombie Plain. McKee Island Cord Marked is a ceramic type associated with historic aboriginals around Mobile Bay (Trickey 1958:394). Distributions of sites containing Deptford and Swift Creek pottery imply greater cultural exchange to the north along the Atlantic coast. The Santa Rosa and Weeden Island distributions imply greater cultural interactions to the west along the Gulf coast. That the distribution of Fort Walton Mississippian era pottery is primarily in the Florida Panhandle and along the lower Chattahoochee River is considered to be recorders’ bias since there is little difference in Mississippian Fort Walton, Moundville, and Pinellas ceramics, as previously mentioned. Although recorders’ typological biases are not addressed, proportionate distributions determined to overcome some survey biases are included in the more detailed examination of Florida’s site data in Chapter Five that concludes this review of geographic, temporal and situational distributions of prehistoric red pottery.
30 CHAPTER FIVE: STATE AND LOCAL DATA
The detailed examinations of state and local site data reported in Chapter Five are intended to determine the cultural, temporal and situational associations of red ceramics throughout Florida. Overall proportions of red sites to total sites within specified counties were determined in order to overcome survey bias. Proportions of burial and other ceremonial sites to habitations and other sites of common usage are referred to as ceremonial weight. The first phase of this portion of the study examines the ceremonial weight by culture and antiquity of red ceramic sites throughout the state. The second phase emphasizes the contexts within which red ceramics are recorded, primarily in northwest Florida. Ceremonial Weight An examination of Florida’s statewide data was performed that first entailed the determination of all sites whose diagnostic artifacts included specifically Red ceramic material. The resultant list of 164 judgmentally determined sites and their pertinent attributes is included as a table in Appendix D. The terminal age for each of these sites was determined and incorporated into the table in Appendix D. Site types specified in this study follow the cultural sequence in Appendix A. The more meaningful site type descriptions considered in this portion of the study include HREM, BURP, MOUN, MDBU, MIDD, MDSH, REFU, and EXTR. Although REFU is specified by FMSF as historic refuse, REFU sites are included in this examination since data impy that many researchers also attribute prehistoric concentrations of refuse as REFU. Site type descriptions considered to be of a more mundane nature such as HABI or CAMP were excluded in this portion of the study when site types were specified that included them as well as the more meaningful site types specified above. Differentiation of site types as “mound or burial sites” and “other site types” as Ceremonial and Mundane or non-ceremonial, respectively, provided the basis for calculation of a “ceremonial weight” within certain cultures and regions in Florida by determination of the proportion of ceremonial sites within the total sites on a culture-by-culture basis, the results of which are included as Appendix E.
31 Judgmental selection or elimination of sites that could be confidently assessed further reduced the number of red sites included in the study to 141 in order to determine the county-by-county proportion of red sites in each county’s recorded prehistoric ceramic sites. The results of this examination of the data are included as Appendix F. Elimination of counties with fewer than 130 sites, the minimum number of samples required in order to obtain confidently meaningful results (Peter Waylen personal communication 1987), resulted in the list of 25 counties included in Appendix G. These tests show that red ceramics are most commonly found in Florida sites attributed to Caloosa, Englewood, Glades, and Malabar traditions, the ceremonial weight of red ceramics within those cultural spheres being 83.92%. The ceremonial weight of red ceramics in Florida’s sites attributed to Orange, St. Johns, Hickory Pond, Malabar, and Alachua cultures was determined to be 46.30%. The ceremonial weight of red ceramics in Florida’s sites, primarily in the northwest region, representing the Deptford, Swift Creek, Santa Rosa-Swift Creek, Weeden Island, and Fort Walton cultural continuum was calculated to be 17.19%. An overall average of about two of 129 sites or 1.62% of Florida’s prehistoric ceramic sites yielded red ceramics. These general distributions are indicated in Figure 5.1. The statistically significant counties, those with at least 130 recorded sites, averaged about four of 235 sites yielding red ceramics, or 1.73%. Eleven counties’ red ceramic site averages equal or exceed the overall statewide average, the average in these statistically significant counties ranging from 1.85% in Jefferson County to 5.52% in Levy County. Between these extremes, in descending order, are Duval (3.85%), Walton (3.72%), Okaloosa (3.21%), Polk (2.89%), Bay (2.63%), Volusia (2.50%), Marion (2.23%), Santa Rosa (2.16%), and Brevard (1.93%) counties.
32
Figure 5.1. Archaeologically Significant Red Counties in Florida. Counties determined to have record of the most significant distributions of red ceramic sites are shaded red. The counties shaded green were determined to have considerable but less significant distributions of red ceramics. The counties shaded yellow have significant numbers of recorded sites, none of which contain record of red ceramics. Counties with fewer than 130 recorded prehistoric ceramic sites are shaded grey.
Protohistoric Ceramics Mission Red Filmed and Kasita Red. Mission Red Filmed and Kasita Red (KR) ceramics are protohistoric wares associated with the sixteenth through eighteenth century Iberian mission systems in La Florida and with the Creek Indians, respectively. Seventeen sites that contain Mission Red Filmed (MRF) ceramics are recorded in Leon, Jefferson, and St. Johns Counties. Mission Red Filmed ceramics were recorded in 14 Leon County sites, two Jefferson County sites, and in one St. John’s County site. These counties are indicated in Figure 5.2.
33
Figure 5.2. Mission Red Filmed Ceramics Distribution in Florida. The distribution of Mission Red Filmed ceramics is indicated by red shading of Leon, Jefferson, and St. Johns counties.
One site in each of these counties is recorded as a Spanish mission site. The other site types include CAMP, HABI, FARM, HOME and REFU. Artifacts recovered from the sites represent Late Archaic, Woodland, Mississippian, and Protohistoric cultures. Terminal dates of the final cultures attributed in the Mission Red Filmed site data are predominately in the mid-18th century but the St. Johns County site’s terminal date is A.D. 1699 and one Leon County site’s terminal culture is SEMI, an extant tradition. Kasita Red is a protohistoric and historic era ware primarily associated with the proto-Creek and Creek peoples in Alabama. Kasita Red was recorded in one Okaloosa County, Florida site with associated cultural attributions including TRAN, DEPT, SWF, SROS, SRSC, WE, MISS, PENS, and CREE, ceramic associations representing cultures from the Gulf Formational through Protohistoric eras throughout and beyond the Panhandle. Okaloosa County is indicated in Figure 5.3.
34
Figure 5.3. Kasita Red Ceramics Distribution in Florida. Okaloosa County, the only Florida county with record of Kasita Red, is shaded red.
Red Filmed Check Stamped and Red Film Plain Punctated. Red Filmed Check Stamped and Red Film Plain Punctated ceramics are recorded in ceramic associations representing cultures of the Orange-St. Johns traditions of north Florida to the east of the Aucilla River, and of the Middle Woodland through Protohistoric eras throughout and beyond the Panhandle. Associated cultural attributions include ORAN, DEPT, SJ, SWF, and PROTOHISTORIC. Red Film Check Stamped and Red Film Plain Punctated ceramics are recorded in association with Red Filmed Plain, various San Marcos and St. Johns ceramic types in two sites in St. Johns County. Both are MDSH sites, one with an associated SCSH, identified as 17th century Spanish sites. Johns County is indicated in Figure 5.4.
35
Figure 5.4. Red Filmed Check Stamped & Plain Punctated Ceramics Distribution in Florida. St. Johns County where Red Filmed Check Stamped and Red Film Plain Punctated ceramics are recorded, is shaded red.
Prehistoric Ceramics Glades. Glades ceramics are primarily recorded in sites in southern Florida but are also recorded in sites located in northern Florida’s lakes region, northeastern Florida, and in the Florida Panhandle as depicted in Figure 5.5. The primary consideration of Glades ceramics in this study is its apparent influence in association with St. Johns ceramic traditions in the development of Malabar ceramics along the Indian River as well as of various southern and southwestern Florida ceramic traditions, some of which appear to share attributes of St. Johns as well as of the ceramic traditions of northwest Florida. St. Johns ceramic distributions were found to encompass the entire Glades cultural area. Weeden Island ceramic distributions were found to overlap with much of the Glades cultural area, especially along the Gulf Coast and in the western portions of the peninsula.
36
Figure 5.5. Glades Red Ceramics in Glades Ceramics Distribution in Florida. Florida counties with record of sites containing Glades Red ceramics are shaded red, those containing sites with record of Glades ceramics other than red are shaded green, and those with no record of Glades ceramics are shaded grey.
Pasco. Pasco Red Body was recorded in one site designated as CAMP and REFU that includes ceramic associations representing cultures from the Late Archaic through Woodland eras in the Pasco subregion, in the St. Johns through Protohistoric eras in north Florida to the east of the Aucilla River, and throughout the Panhandle and beyond. Associated cultural attributions include PASCO, SJ, WE, HICK, and ALAC. Pasco Red is recorded in seven sites in five Florida counties: one MOUN with an associated MDBU in Polk County, three CAMP sites in Citrus, Pasco and Marion counties; the Marion County CAMP is also recorded as a REFU, as is one HABI in Sumter County and two sites of unspecified types in Sumter County. The MOUN and MDBU site is attributed to SJ1 and WEII. Three of the other six sites are attributed to WE and SAFE, one has an ARCL component with later SJ1 and SJ2 attributes, one has an ARCL component with later WEI and WEII attributes, and the other is attributed to ALAC. FMSF does not include direct association of Pasco Red or other Pasco ceramics
37 with any particular culture. However, both Saint Johns and Weeden Island ceramics are recorded in sites in counties where Pasco ceramics have been recovered. The earliest terminal date for cultures associated with these sites is A.D. 1000. The distribution of Pasco Red ceramics is shown in Figure 5.6.
Figure 5.6. Pasco Red Ceramic Distribution in St. Johns and Weeden Island Overlapping Ceramics Distributions. Red shading the counties with sites recorded as yielding Pasco Red. Counties with one or more sites recorded as both St. Johns and Weeden Island cultures are shaded green and those with each but not both St. Johns and Weeden Island sites are shaded yellow.
Dunns Creek Red. Dunns Creek Red is the red-filmed variety of St. Johns ceramics, recorded in 21 of the 55 Florida counties where St. Johns ceramics have been reported. An examination of data from Georgia through central Florida indicated Dunn’s Creek Red predominantly in a band located generally east of Cedar Key and overlapping northern portions of the Pasco Red cluster with a smaller cluster of Dunn’s Creek Red apparent in sites near the St. John’s River as indicated in Figure 1.2. An examination of Florida’s statewide data indicates that although the distribution of Dunns Creek Red is
38 most pronounced across central Florida, it has been recovered from sites in south, north, and northeastern Florida as in Figure 5.7.
Figure 5.7. Dunns Creek Red Ceramics Distribution in St. Johns Ceramics Distribution. Counties with Dunns Creek Red ceramic sites are shaded red, those with sites yielding other St. Johns ceramics are shaded green, and counties with no record of sites with St. Johns ceramics are shaded grey.
Seven MOUN sites are reported to have yielded Dunns Creek Red ceramics: three in Duval and one each in Putnam, Orange, and Okeechobee counties. Cultural attributions for the MOUN sites are predominately SJ periods with some presence of ORAN, DEPT, SWF, WE and HICK attributes. Dunns Creek Red is recorded in association with 2 BURP sites, one attributed to ALAC in an Alachua County MDBU and one to ORAN, SJ1 and SJ2 in a Volusia County MDSH. Six sites yielding Dunns Creed Red ceramics are designated as HABI sites with cultural attributes ranging from ARCL or TRAN through SJ except for the one ALAC site in Alachua County; the remaining HABIs are in Brevard, Seminole and Marion counties. Dunns Creek Red ceramics are recorded in 16 mundane sites such as HABI, CAMP, MDSH, EXTR, UNSP sites that are not recorded in association with site types such as MDBU, MOUN, MDPL,
39 or other ceremonial site types. The temporal range of the associated cultures is from over 4,000 to about 250 years ago. The earliest terminal date for cultures associated with sites yielding Dunns Creek Red ceramics is A.D. 50 for the SJ1A component at FL229. The Northwest Florida Continuum Time Depth. Examination of the data for each site recorded as yielding specifically red prehistoric ceramic material and referencing of the specified cultures’ temporal range was performed to determine the latest terminal cultural date for the site with the earliest terminal date in each county. Figure 5.8 depicts the general temporal distribution of red ceramics in Florida as determined by this phase of the study. The
Figure 5.8. Temporal Distribution of Red Ceramics in Florida. Counties with record of red ceramic sites that date at least from the Middle Woodland are shaded red, from at least the Late Woodland are shaded green and those with red ceramics no later than the Mississippian era are shaded yellow.
results of this phase of the study imply the minimum time depth of red ceramics throughout the state. Counties whose earliest red sites’ latest terminal cultural dates were determined to represent late prehistoric or protohistoric cultures (Wakulla, Collier,
40 Highlands, Indian River, Martin, Jackson, Palm Beach, Pinellas, Alachua, Charlotte, Lee, Orange, St. Johns, and Putnam counties) are not considered further since post-contact red ceramics are not of primary interest in this study. Examination of the data for the two red ceramic sites with the earliest terminal dates verified the inclusion of Dunns Creek Red material at 8FL229 and SJ1A as the terminal culture at that site. Data for the Santa Rosa County site, 8SR1251, include “DEPTFORD CERAMICSED RED” among the diagnostic artifact types recovered from contexts with cultural attributions no later than SWFE. The site file for 8SR1251 was found to contain no mention of red ceramics. Prentice Thomas and Associates, the originator of the site reports for 8SR1251, was contacted to confirm that inclusion of the specified diagnostic type appears to be a data entry error (L. Janice Campbell personal communications 2004). Elimination of 8SR1251 establishes 8FL229 as Florida’s red ceramic site of greatest antiquity, based on the data examined. A line-by-line examination of the unmodified 2003 FMSF data focusing on north Florida’s red ceramic cultural contexts was justified and performed in order to more precisely determine the contexts within which red decorated ceramic materials had been recovered. Only the St Johns and Weeden Island distributions may be judged to be statistically significant within the universe of data from FMSF that was utilized in this portion of the study. The recordation of any red ceramics in northwest Florida’s archaeological contexts, however, is the essence of this study. Judgmental selection of sites in central and northern Florida that appear to be most representative of assemblages including red ceramics associated with prehistoric cultures and examination of the data from those sites followed. This examination of the 2003 FMSF data for sites in counties generally located in the northern half of Florida was performed after elimination of sites with no cultural attributes and elimination of sites with no prehistoric aboriginal ceramics listed in the diagnostics fields of the FMSF forms. Diagnostic artifacts and cultural attributions in each of the archaeological sites’ 2003 FMSF data indicate that 107 prehistoric ceramic sites in central and northern Florida include some mention of red ceramics. Judgmental elimination of inconsequential sites’ data resulted in the determination that data for 102 of the 107 prehistoric ceramic sites containing red ceramics provide information that can be processed to provide meaningful results.
41 Site Types. FMSF records indicate that the site types from which the highest numbers of red ceramics had been recovered were habitations, shell middens, and camps, respectively. The site types noted in this phase of the examination of FMSF records are listed in Table 5.1. Red-decorated ceramics are represented in sites designated as habitations throughout the cultural sequence more persistently than any of the other site types under consideration, noted in habitation associations of ceramic types representative of all of the cultures or cultural influences indicated in this FMSF dataset. Examination of 2003 data from Florida sites containing red ceramics included in this portion of the study resulted in 671 associations being discerned in the 102 pertinent Florida sites.
Table 5.1. Non-exclusive site types from which red ceramics have been recorded in northern Florida contexts are listed in descending order. The number of associations exceeds the number of sites due to multiple forms for some sites. SITE TYPE NUMBER OF SITES HABI 192 MDSH 116 MIDD 89 FEAT 68 EXTR 38 MDBU 35 REFU 24 MOUN 20 SCSH 18 SCAR 13 FARM 12 CAMP 8 BLANK 7 MSSN 7 UNSP 7 WKER 5 OTHR 5 WCON 3 BURP 2 SCCE 2
42 Feature (FEAT) is a site type designation for sites with intact cultural features. Sites recorded as containing intact cultural features included in this study are predominately located in the Panhandle with the remainder recorded in Northeast Florida. Most sites with features are recorded as HABI, MIDD and MDSH or SCAR, respectively, with others recorded as including a REFU, SCCE, OTHR, MISS, or Surface scatter component within the site. Features are recorded in sites attributed to DEPT, SRSC, WE, WEI, WEII, FTWL, PENS, LEJE, SP1, SP17, and SP18 at representative sites in the Panhandle but to ORAN, DEPT, SWF, SJ, SJ1, SJ2, SP1, SP17, and SP18 at representative sites in Northeast Florida. Red ceramics listed in FMSF as diagnostics from these sites with features include Mission Red Filmed, Red Filmed, Kasita Red, Red Filmed Check Stamped and Red Filmed Plain. Major Red Ceramic Types Mission Red Filmed. Mission Red Filmed was recorded in ceramic associations representing cultures from the Late Archaic through Protohistoric eras in the eastern Panhandle and in the St. Johns era in north Florida to the east of the Aucilla River. Site types within which Mission Red Filmed ceramics have been recovered are presumed to be associated with Spanish Missions or the activities of the people associated with such protohistoric sites. Associated cultural attributions include ARCL, TRAN, NORW, SJ, DEPT, SWF, WE, WEII, MISS, OCMULGEE, FTWL, LAMA, LEJE, SEMI, and PROTOHISTORIC. Dunns Creek Red. Site types from which Dunns Creek Red ceramics had been recovered are predominately designated as MDSH, MIDD, and CAMP, but are also associated with one MOUN, one MDBU, and with sites designated as SCCE, EXTR, or OTHR. Dunns Creek Red is recorded in ceramic associations representing cultures from the Transitional through Protohistoric eras in the eastern Panhandle, from the Late Archaic through Historic eras in the Orange-St. Johns cultural region, and in the Pasco subregion. Associated cultural attributions include PASCO, ORAN, TRAN, DEPT, SJ, DEPT/SWF, SWF, SWFL, WE, WEII, HICK, SJ2, SUVA, ALAC, PROTOHISTORIC, and SEMI. Deptford and Swift Creek. Examination of the 2003 Florida site file data, the Georgia site file data, and the Alabama pottery site data revealed no mention of
43 red-filmed fiber tempered pottery or of red-filmed Deptford ceramics. Twelve of the 36 Florida counties with record of sites containing Swift Creek ceramics were noted in FMSF data as containing red ceramics. No FMSF data examined specified any red ceramics as being Swift Creek ceramics. Red prehistoric aboriginal ceramics were recorded from 12 sites attributed in part to Swift Creek in eight Florida counties: one in Bay, one in Duval, one in Gulf, three in Jefferson, two in Leon, one in Okaloosa, two in St. Johns, and one in Walton. The distribution of Swift Creek ceramics with and without red ceramics is shown in Figure 5.9. No Florida site file forms were noted that recorded red ceramics in pure Swift Creek contexts.
Figure 5.9. Swift Creek with Red Ceramics in Swift Creek Ceramic Distributions. Florida counties with record of red ceramics associated with Swift Creek are shaded red, those with record of Swift Creek ceramics in contexts that do not include red ceramics are shaded green, and those with no record of Swift Creek ceramics are shaded grey.
Swift Creek and Weeden Island. Within the sites from which red ceramics were recorded, Swift Creek ceramics were noted in association with Weeden Island ceramics
44 at 8BY712, 8GU111, 8JE102, 8JE104B, 8JE897, 8LE107, 8OK26, and 8WL81 while Swift Creek ceramics were noted in association with St. Johns ceramics at 8DU5609, 8JE897, 8SJ3146, and 8SJ3471. 8JE897, 8LF28, LV308, and DU5597 are recorded as containing Swift Creek, Weeden Island, and St. Johns ceramics. Although Deptford and Swift Creek are represented in red ceramic associations, Santa Rosa-Swift Creek is the latest culture with red-filmed ceramics that FMSF data specified as containing red-filmed ceramics in Northwest Florida sites with terminal dates precedent to Weeden Island. Red-filmed pottery is most commonly included in listings of FMSF diagnostic artifacts attributed to the Weeden Island ceramic traditions. Weeden Island distributions in Florida are shown in Figure 5.10.
Figure 5.10. Weeden Island Red Ceramics in Weeden Island Ceramic Distributions. Counties with recorded sites that include Weeden Island cultural attributions and Weeden Island red ceramics are shaded red, those with recorded sites that include Weeden Island cultural attributions and Weeden Island ceramics other than red are shaded green, and those with no record of Weeden Island cultural attributions are shaded grey.
Weeden Island. Weeden Island red ceramics were recorded in nine north Florida counties. The proportion of Weeden Island red ceramic artifacts to the total number of artifacts in pertinent sites ranges from 0.003% in two Leon County sites to 0.125% in one
45 Suwannee County site. Between these extremes, the presence of Weeden Island red ceramics is shown to be in sites around Choctawhatchee Bay in seven Okaloosa, 14 Walton, and two Santa Rosa County sites, in the Wacissa-Aucilla/St. Marks Rivers’ drainages in two Jefferson County sites, from two sites in Levy County, and in one Lake County site in the central Florida peninsula’s lakes region. Twenty-two of 38 Weeden Island Red sites are recorded with Weeden Island as the only specified culture, one site is specified as SRSC and Weeden Island, four sites are specified as SWF as well as Weeden Island but none are specified only as SWF and Weeden Island, and four sites have DEPT attributes as well as Weeden Island attributes. Common site types include HABI, MDSH, CAMP, EXTR, OTHR, MIDD, SCAR and Surface Scatter. No cultural attributions were specified for three MOUN sites in Jefferson County although only Weeden Island ceramics are listed as the sites’ diagnostics. The WE2 component of GU85 implies the earliest terminal date, A.D. 670, for the Weeden Island Red assemblage data examined. The Weeden Island red ceramic types included in FMSF data from sites in the seven primary counties in northwest Florida are Weeden Island Red (WER), Weeden Island Zoned (WEZ), Weeden Island Red Filmed (WERF), Weeden Island Red Slip (WE R Slip; WERS), Weeden Island Zoned Red (WEZR), and Weeden Island Plain Red Filmed (WEPRF). Other red ceramics listed in diagnostics associated with Weeden Island red ceramics are Dunns Creek Red (DCR), Red Filmed (RF), Unidentified Red Slip (UID R Slip), Modern (MOD), Deptford (DEPT), Pensacola (PNS), Lake Jackson (LJ), and Unidentified Red Filmed (UIDRF). Twelve of the 56 Florida counties reporting Weeden Island ceramic sites were specified in FMSF data as containing red ceramics. The proportions of red ceramic varieties to the total ceramic artifact counts in the most representative Weeden Island sites, located in nine of these 12 counties, are listed in Appendix H. Of the 102 sites in central and northern Florida determined to have record of pertinent red prehistoric ceramics in counties containing a total of 5,585 recorded prehistoric ceramic sites, red ceramic sites represent 1.82% of the total sites in these counties. Twenty-seven of 2,037 sites, 1.32% of the recorded sites in Alachua, Duval, Lake, Lafayette, Levy, Marion, Orange, Putnam, Seminole, Sumter, and Volusia counties, contain Dunns Creek Red.
46 Weeden Island Red ceramics were noted in 40 of 3,563 sites, 1.12% of the sites in Bay, Franklin, Gulf, Jackson, Jefferson, Leon, Lafayette, Levy, Okaloosa, Santa Rosa, Suwannee, and Walton Counties. Pasco Red ceramics were noted in four of 401 prehistoric sites, 0.99% of the sites in Marion and Sumter Counties. Weeden Island Red Filmed. Site types from which diagnostic artifacts designated as Weeden Island Red Filmed ceramics had been recovered included eight sites designated as MDSH, CAMP or MIDD, three MOUN, three HABI, three OTHR, two EXTR, and one collection station. Weeden Island Red Filmed is recorded in ceramic associations representing cultures from the Late Archaic through Protohistoric eras throughout the Panhandle and in the St. Johns I through Protohistoric eras in north Florida to the east of the Aucilla River. Associated cultural attributions include ARCL, TRAN, SJ1, DEPT, SWF, CADE, SROS, SWFL, WE, WEII, SUVA, MISS, LAMA, FTWL, PENS, LEJE, and CREE. Weeden Island Interior Red Filmed. Weeden Island Interior Red Filmed is recorded in one association with a Mississippian era Fort Walton ceramic scatter in the Panhandle. The only associated cultural attribution is FTWL. Weeden Island Red Slip. Weeden Island Red Slip was recorded in one site designated as CAMP and EXTR and in one MDBU with ceramic associations representing cultures from the Woodland eras throughout and beyond the Panhandle. Associated cultural attributions include SJ, SWF, WE, and WEII. Weeden Island Red. Weeden Island Red varieties were recorded in ceramic associations representing cultures from the Late Archaic through Protohistoric eras throughout the Panhandle, in the Orange-St. Johns through Protohistoric eras in north Florida to the east of the Aucilla River, and in the Pasco subregion. Associated cultural attributions include ORAN, PASCO, TRAN, NORW, DEPT, SJ1, SWF, SWFL, WE, WEI, WEII, MISS, LAMA, and LEJE. Red Zoned. Red Zoned ceramics are recorded in one LEJE FARM and WE, FTWL and LEJE SCAR in Leon County, one WE CAMP and MIDD in Okaloosa, one WEI, SRSC and PENS MDSH, MIDD, and MOUN in Santa Rosa County, and one culturally unspecific HABI in Union County. These counties are indicated in Figure 5.11. Specified cultures range from over 2,000 to about 200 years ago.
47
Figure 5.11. Red Zoned Ceramics Distribution in Florida. Florida counties with sites where Red Zoned ceramics are recorded are shaded red. Counties with sites where Red Zoned ceramics are not recorded are shaded grey.
Weeden Island Zoned Red. Weeden Island Zoned Red is recorded in ceramic associations representing cultures from the Gulf Formational through Protohistoric eras throughout and beyond the Panhandle. Examples of Weeden Island Zoned Red ceramic contexts include three sites in Santa Rosa and Okaloosa Counties designated as SCAR, two MIDD, two MDSH, one MOUN, one HABI, and one CAMP. The counties with record of sites yielding Weeden Island Zoned Red ceramics are shown in Figure 5.12. Associated cultural attributions include TRAN, FTWL, SWF, SROS, WE, PROBABLE WE, WEII, MISS, OCMULGEE, LEJE, and PROTOHISTORIC.
48
Figure 5.12. UID Red Ceramics or Plain Red Ceramics Distribution in Florida. Counties with record of UID Red or Plain Red ceramics are shaded red. Counties with no record of UID Red or Plain Red ceramics are shaded grey.
Undifferentiated Red Ceramics UID and Plain Red. UID or Plain Red ceramics are recorded in associations with one MDBU in Lafayette County and with two MDBUs in Levy County. The sites’ recorders specified Weeden Island cultural associations to the MDBUs although elements of one of the Levy County MDBU’s assemblage are predominately St. Johns. The remaining sites are HABI, MDSH, MIDD, CAMP, UNSP, or OTHR site types attributed to TRAN through SP17 cultures. Six of the nine sites containing Unidentified Red Filmed or other plain red ceramic varieties include Weeden Island attributes, the latest terminal culture listed for these sites. Plain Red was recorded in two sites designated as SCAR and one designated as CAMP and HABI with ceramic associations representing cultures from the Middle and Late Woodland era Weeden Island ceramics throughout and beyond the Panhandle. The only associated cultural attribution is WE. Red Slip. Red Slip was recorded in one set of MDBU ceramic associations representing cultures from the Late Archaic through Woodland eras throughout the
49 Panhandle, in the Orange-St. Johns through Protohistoric eras in north Florida to the east of the Aucilla River, and in the Pasco subregion. Associated cultural attributions include PASCO, SJ, SJ1, SWF, WE, and WEII. Red Filmed. Red Filmed was recorded in ceramic associations representing cultures from the Woodland through Protohistoric eras throughout and beyond the Panhandle and from the Orange-St. Johns through Protohistoric eras in north Florida to the east of the Aucilla River. Site types from which diagnostic artifacts specified simply as Red Filmed are similar to those from which diagnostic artifacts specified as Weeden Island Red Filmed ceramics have been recovered. Associated cultural attributions include ORAN, TRAN, DEPT, SJ, SWF, SROS, SRSC, WE, WEII, MISS, PENS, PROTOHISTORIC, and CREE. Temporal Spans of Major Red Ceramic Types in North Florida In Table 5.2 each dash represents 50 years with the numbers of years ago for the average temporal spans of ceramic types rounded to the nearest fifty year increment and ordered by earliest-to-latest terminal date:
Table 5.2. Approximate temporal spans of cultures associated with major red Ceramic types in northern Florida. Ceramic Type Years Ago (Approximate Ranges) 2500 2000 1500 1000 500 WEEDEN ISLAND RED ------KASITA RED ------DUNNS CREEK RED ------RED FILM PLAIN PUNCTATED ------MISSION RED FILMED ------RED FILMED CHECK STAMPED ------RED FILMED ------WEEDEN ISLAND RED SLIP ------WEEDEN ISLAND RED FILMED ------PLAIN RED ------WE ------WEEDEN ISLAND ZONED RED ------RED SLIP ------PASCO RED BODY ------WEEDEN ISLAND INTERIOR RED FILMED ------
50
The table included as Appendix I lists select Florida counties that contain sites with prehistoric red ceramics, the number of sites in each county that contain red ceramics, the cultural attribution of the red ceramics from that county’s site(s), the total number of prehistoric ceramic sites recorded in that county, and the proportion of red ceramic sites within that county’s recorded ceramic sites included in this portion of the study. Florida’s recorded data indicate three primary ceramic traditions. Northeast Florida’s Dunns Creek Red ceramics are recorded from the oldest confidently dated red ceramic site in the state. Northwest Florida’s Weeden Island ceramics follow temporally, with south Florida’s Glades red ceramic sites recorded with the latest terminal dates. Ceremonial weights of about 46%, 17%, and 85% were determined for the aboriginal cultural continuums primarily associated with Northeast, Northwest, and South Florida regions, respectively.
51 CHAPTER SIX: SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS
The deposit of red ocher in burials was found to have originated by or during the Middle Archaic with red ocher sometimes applied directly to human bones prior to burial. Whether applied directly or deposited in association with burials, red ocher may be considered a funerary material. Although it is a logical assumption that the application of red pigment to materials other than human bone would imbue those materials with qualities associated with beliefs directly related to deposition of the dead, there is conceptual evidence that red materials should be considered to be associated with a variety of liminalities. The assumption that red pigment is somehow analogous to blood is, most likely, a safe assumption. That implications of red are not limited to blood but include other vital aspects of life, was shown in Chapter Two. Red is a primary color differentiation so its implications, if any, should be highly resistant to change within even minimally stable cultures. Expectations that the data from Florida, Georgia, and Alabama could be combined to produce a seamless model of red ceramics within the three states’ cultures were dismissed upon close examination of data provided by supervisors of the three states’ site files. Some elements of this larger region’s analysis were presented in this manuscript, showing that more intensive work could be performed to produce a more comprehensive model to improve our perspective not only of red ceramics in the greater region but also of better estimates of the boundaries and transitional zones of the cultural areas, both temporal and geographic. The geography and climate of the study area have changed significantly during the time that red-decorated artifacts are known to have been manufactured and utilized. The most profound indicator of significant climate change is sea-level change. That the peninsula of Florida is much reduced in area due to sea-level rise implies that coastal dwellers moved to previously inland areas over time. The cited example of an apparent migration of people from the Mississippi Delta, along the Gulf coast, and up river courses through Northwest Florida is not considered to be an isolated sort of event. Although poorly understood, there does appear to be a direct association of high sea stands with evidence of cultural change. Cultural designations are convenient labels that may reflect perspectives of the
52 observer more than the lifeways of the individual(s) whom the evidence was associated with at the time of its deposition. It is therefore of tantamount importance that the observer accurately identify and record any and all findings. Florida’s cultures, like sites, represent segments of a continuum that are not discrete or isolated events. It is necessary for understanding and describing the greater whole that we examine certain of its discrete aspects. Although relative and not absolute, the cultural sequence and cultural overview presented contain names and dates of significant cultures in Florida. The cultural designations and their most accurately determined dates are essential to this study. Although the specified cultures may be considered as regionally defined variations of same or similar cultures, these variations are also considerations that aid in our understanding of temporal and physical distributions. Examination of the data indicates that the numerous cultures specified exhibit varying degrees of the blending of three major areas of cultural influence. These areas of cultural influence are South Florida, Peninsular Florida, and the Florida Panhandle. The primary cultural traditions associated with these three areas are the Glades, St. Johns, and Deptford-Swift Creek-Weeden Island continuums, respectively, following the Archaic through Early Woodland periods that are of primary concern in this study. Evidence of cultural influences between Florida peoples and those from the Georgia and Carolina’s Atlantic Coast through the Lower Mississippi Valley and Southern Plains is presented in the overview. These cultural spheres appear to encompass the whole of Eastern North America, with greater exchange apparent along the coasts and river drainages. The presence of supposedly imported Alexander ceramics at Carrabelle and Block-Stern in combination with consideration of the presence of Gulf Coastal materials in sites throughout much of Eastern North America suggests that red filming on ceramic vessels would be another element of cultural practices likely to be known throughout any cultural spheres and exchange networks. The earlier evidence of red filming noted on fiber tempered vessels from sites in the St. Johns drainage are considered the earliest examples of red decorated ceramics in the Deep Southeast, based on current findings. The use of red ocher in burials, an aboriginal practice that continued through the prehistoric periods, is often noted in Archaic burials. The application of red color to fiber tempered ceramics of the Tchefuncte series in the Lower Mississippi Valley and
53 presumably of the Orange series in northeast Florida reported by Ford (1966) is noted in the literature examined. Interior red-filmed Franklin Plain or Deptford tetrapodal pottery recovered near West Bay in Bay County, Florida as well as the distribution of Pierce and Crystal River ceramics indicates that the application of red pigments was not an uncommon practice of the Deptford and Early Swift Creek peoples. The red ceramics noted in the Deptford and Santa Rosa-Swift Creek sites near Choctawhatchee Bay and in a Swift Creek site in central Georgia that may predate the Santa Rosa-Swift Creek component of the Choctawhatchee Bay area sites demonstrate continuity of the red ceramic tradition. Dunn’s Creek Red ceramics persist through St. Johns I and II from northeast to central Florida and from southern to central Florida, respectively, and into southern Florida in various contexts usually including St. Johns ceramics. Pasco Red is primarily attributed to the Late Woodland in central Florida, consequent with the fluorescence of Weeden Island red varieties primarily in north Florida but especially in northwest Florida. The red ceramics reported by C. B. Moore and other early investigators are virtually all from burial mounds. The site file and ceramic site data examined, however, indicate that most red ceramic material has been recovered from sites associated with common usage rather than from mounds and burials. Red is presented as a sacred color, utilized equally or more in personal than in formal ceremony. The Creeks’ use of red objects for divination demonstrates a perception of red’s philosophical implications. The meanings associated with red-colored artifacts began in the distant past, continued as statistically minor decorative depictions of significant elements of life and death predominately in burials and personal quests, with spiritual connotations that were essentially lost in the cultural discontinuity of American aboriginal societies consequent with and subsequent to European contact. Form and decorative elements meant to convey symbolic meanings are poorly understood, if at all, by any persons not privy to the explicit background represented by implicit depictions. Red pigment has long been universally utilized as a decorative element of funerary goods, used in the preparation of human and other remains for burial. In Florida, red artifacts are present in formal ceremonial settings but are predominately found in mundane settings. The perceived symbolism includes blood, life, war, day, east
54 or south, warmth, and liminality. Therefore, the application of red pigment to any artifact implies association with the most vital aspects of life among the creators of those artifacts. Although many of these associations are conveyed in the relatively recent recordation of the myths of historic Indians, it should be remembered that red is one of the three universally symbolic colors. It is evident in the lexicostatistic studies by Morris Swadesh (1955), the meanings of universally fundamental words and words for universally fundamental aspects of any culture are not readily or easily changed. The literature and data examined in this study indicate that the use of red decoration on artifacts is a minor but persistently significant treatment with roots that began prior to the area’s earliest ceramic traditions. Application of red coloration to ceramic materials appears to have begun in the areas believed to have the earliest ceramics, in northeast and northwest Florida, respectively, with northeast Florida’s Dunns Creek Red being the earliest, most persistent and most influential red ceramic type in Florida. The site types within which red ceramics are recorded indicate that red ceramics are more likely to be found in common settings than in burials or mounds except in south Florida’s late prehistoric sites.
55
APPENDIX A
FLORIDA’S CULTURAL SEQUENCES
This comprehensive temporal sequence of Florida’s cultures incorporating dates from the Florida Master Site File Archaeological Codes (AR_Codes) (2003), the Florida Department of State Bureau of Historic Preservation and the Florida Historical Commission (http://www.flheritage.com/facts/reports/contexts/ accessed September 10, 2003), National Park Service (http://www.cr.nps.gov/seac/ accessed September 10, 2003), Richard Shenkel (1984), and personal communications with Mike Wisenbaker (2006) and Bob Johnson (2006) is intended to show the general temporal range of cultures specified in FMSF data. Florida cultures in this overview are ordered by date range in column 1 of the following chart. Italicized dates are those not specified in FMSF AR_Codes. Italicized subdivisions of broad date ranges for cultures were determined by simple division. Glades and Glades I date ranges, for example, are specified but the date ranges for Glades Ia and Ib were determined by simply dividing the temporal range for Glades I in half. Bracketed dates and date ranges in column 2 are those suggested or implied by Steve Dasovich’s (1996) radiocarbon study. Plain name cultures are listed in column 3, and the FMSF designation for the culture or cultural phase is in column 4.
The supplemental listing of site types specified in this study includes the common names for the site types, from the FMSF AR_CODES.
56 Date Range Dasovich Range Culture Designator 10000-8500 B.C. [11500-6400 B.C.] Paleoindian PALE 10000-9500 B.C. Paleo-Early PIE 9500-9000 B.C. Paleo-Middle PIM 9000-5000 B.C. Possible Late Paleo/Early Archaic POPI 9000-8000 B.C. Dalton DALT 8500-1000 B.C. [6620-450 B.C.] Archaic ARC 8500-5000 B.C. Early Archaic ARCE 8000-6000 B.C. Kirk AEKI 8000-6000 B.C. Big Sandy AEBS 5000-3000 B.C. [6050-2140 B.C.] Middle Archaic ARCM 4000–2000 B.C. Mt. Taylor MTTA 3000-1000 B.C. [2150-450 B.C.] Late Archaic ARCL 2000 B.C.-A.D. 200 Poverty Point POVE 2000-700 B.C. [2150 B.C.-] Orange ORAN 2000-700 B.C. Norwood NORW 1000 B.C.-A.D. 100 Early Woodland WODE 1000-700 B.C. [1050-550 B.C.] Transitional TRAN 1000-700 B.C. Elliots Point ELLI 1000 B.C.-A.D. 1700 Glades GL 1000 B.C.-A.D. 750 [500 B.C.- A.D. 750] Glades I GL1 1000 B.C.-A.D. 125 Glades Ia Glades Ia 1000 B.C.-A.D. 1585 Malabar MAL 1000 B.C.-A.D. 750 Malabar I MAL1 1000 B.C.-A.D. 1000 Woodland WOD 700-300 B.C. [650 B.C.-] Deptford DEPT 700 B.C.-A.D. 50 St. Johns Ia SJ1A 700 B.C.-A.D. 1700 Belle Glade BLG 700-100 B.C. Belle Glade I BLG1 700 B.C.-A.D. 700 [-A.D. 1050] Manasota MANA 700 B.C.-A.D. 750 Middle Woodland WODM 700 B.C.-A.D. 1500 St. Johns SJ 700 B.C.-A.D. 800 [-A.D. 900] St. Johns I SJ1 600-100 B.C. Jaketown JAKE 500 B.C.-A.D. 400 Perico Island PERI 500 B.C.-A.D. 1700 [150 B.C.-A.D. 1450] Caloosahatchee CL 500 B.C.-A.D. 500 [150 B.C.-A.D. 800] Caloosahatchee I CL1 300 B.C.-A.D. 450 Swift Creek SWF 300 B.C.-A.D. 75 Swift Creek Early SWFE 300 B.C.-A.D. 800 Cades Pond CADE 100 B.C.-A.D. 500 Belle Glade II BLG2 200 B.C.-A.D. 300 Santa Rosa-Swift Creek SRSC 125 B.C.-A.D. 750 Glades Ib GL1B 00000-A.D. 300 Santa Rosa SROS 00000-A.D. 450 Late Swift Creek SWFL
57 A.D. 50-800 St. Johns Ib SJ1B A.D. 200-765 Kolomoki KOLO A.D. 450-1000 [A.D. 350-1050] Weeden Island WE A.D. 450-750 Weeden Island I WEI A.D. 450-560 Weeden Island 1 WE1 A.D. 500-0800 Caloosahatchee IIa CL2A A.D. 500-1100 Belle Glade III BLG3 A.D. 560-670 Weeden Island 2 WE2 A.D. 750-1200 [A.D. 550-1125] Glades II GL2 A.D. 750-900 [A.D. 550-1050] Glades II a GL2A A.D. 670-780 Weeden Island 3 WE3 A.D. 725-1000 Weeden Island II WEII A.D. 750-1200 Late Woodland WODL A.D. 750-1525 Suwannee Valley SUVA A.D. 750-1585 Malabar II MAL2 A.D. 780-890 Weeden Island 4 WE4 A.D. 800-1500 [A.D. 760-1450] St. Johns II SJ2 A.D. 800-1033 St. Johns IIa SJ2A A.D. 800-1200 Caloosahatchee IIb CL2B A.D. 800-1250 Hickory Pond HICK A.D. 890-1000 Weeden Island 5 WE5 A.D. 900-1050 [A.D. 700-1100] Glades IIb GL2B A.D. 950-1525 Indian Pond INPD A.D. 900-1600 Mississippian MISS A.D. 900-1513 Englewood ENGL A.D. 1000-1500 Lamar LAMA A.D. 1000-1500 [A.D. 825-1650] Ft. Walton FTWL A.D. 1000-1500 [A.D. 950-1650] Safety Harbor SAFE A.D. 1000-1700 [A.D. 1050-1450] Glades III GL3 A.D. 1000-1233 [A.D. 1050-1650] Glades IIIa GL3A A.D. 1033-1267 St. Johns IIb SJ2B A.D. 1050-1200 Glades IIc GL2C A.D. 1100-1700 Pensacola PENS A.D. 1200-1350 Caloosahatchee III CL3 A.D. 1233-1467 Glades IIIb GL3B A.D. 1250-1600 Alachua ALAC A.D. 1267-1500 St. Johns IIc SJ2C A.D. 1350-1500 Caloosahatchee IV CL4 A.D. 1450-1700 Belle Glade IV BLG4 A.D. 1467-1700 Glades IIIc GL3C A.D. 1500-1750 Caloosahatchee V CL5 A.D. 1513-1599 16th century Spanish SP16 A.D. 1513-1599 1st Spanish SP16 A.D. 1513-1763 Spanish-1st Period SPN1 A.D. 1540-1704 Lamar LAMA
58 A.D. 1585-1750 Leon-Jefferson LEJE A.D. 1600-1700 Potano POTA A.D. 1600-1630 Potano I POT1 A.D. 1600-1699 17th century Spanish SP17 A.D. 1600-1699 1st Spanish Early SP17 A.D. 1600-1700 St. Augustine STAU A.D. 1630-1700 Potano II POT2 A.D. 1650-1850 Lower Creek CREE A.D. 1700-1763 1st Spanish Later SP18 A.D. 1700-1763 18th century Spanish SP18 A.D. 1716-present Seminole unspecified SEMI A.D. 1763-1783 British (documented sites) BRIT A.D. 1783-1821 Spanish-2nd Period SPN2 A.D. 1821-1845 American Territorial AMAC A.D. 1821-present American not specified AMER A.D. 1817-1834 Seminole 1st War to 2nd SEM1 A.D. 1750-1816 Seminole Colonization SEMC A.D. 1821-1899 19th century American 19TH A.D. 1835-1855 Seminole 2nd War to the 3rd SEM2 A.D. 1845-1860 Statehood and Antebellum STPB A.D. 1856-present Seminole 3rd War onward SEM3
59 Site Type Common Name BURP Burials-prehistoric CAMP Campsite (prehistoric) EXTR Specialized site for procurement of raw materials FARM Farmstead FEAT Subsurface features are known to be present HABI Habitation (prehistoric) HOME Homestead HREM Human remains noted at site, not specified MDBU Mound-burial MDPL Mound-platform or temple MDSH Midden-shell MIDD Midden-prehistoric MISS Mission of Spanish Colonial heritage MOUN Mound (prehistoric) OTHR Other-describe in free form or continuation field REFU Historic refuse SCAR Scatter-artifact, not further specified (avoid) SCCE Scatter of ceramic artifacts SCSH Scatter-shell UNSP Unspecified by the recorder (FMSF use only) WCON Water control structure or dam WKER Earthworks (prehistoric)
60
APPENDIX B
GEORGIA STATE ARCHAEOLOGICAL DATA (GSAD) CERAMIC TYPES AND THEIR CULTURAL/TEMPORAL ATTRIBUTIONS
61 Ceramic Type Temporal Association St. Simons Late Archaic Fiber Tempered Late Archaic Stallings Island Late Archaic Gulf Transitional Late Archaic/ Early Woodland Fabric Impressed Early Woodland Kellog Early Woodland Post Kellog Early Woodland Forsyth Early Woodland Refuge Early Woodland Thom’s Creek Early Woodland Dunlap Early Woodland Deptford Middle Woodland Cartersville Middle Woodland Pigeon Middle Woodland Swift Creek Middle Woodland Santa Rosa Middle Woodland Kelvin Middle Woodland Kolomoki Middle Woodland St. Andrews Middle Woodland Crooked River Middle Woodland Blackshear Late Woodland Wakulla Late Woodland Averrett Late Woodland Mossy Oak Late Woodland Woodstock Late Woodland Napier Late Woodland Weeden Island Late Woodland Wilmington Late Woodland Ocmulgee (Frankie Snow) Late Woodland Vining Late Woodland St. Catherine’s Late Woodland Alachua Late Woodland Net Marked Woodland Coosa Woodland Wheeler Woodland O’Neal Woodland Red Filmed Woodland St. John’s Woodland- Mississippian Creighton Island Mississippian Hiwassee Island Early Mississippian Etowah Early Mississippian Macon Plateau Early Mississippian Wilbanks Middle Mississippian Savannah Middle Mississippian
62 Savannah Fine Cord Marked Middle Mississippian Rood Middle Mississippian Irene Late Mississippian Lamar Late Mississippian Duvall Late Mississippian Dyar Late Mississippian Iron Horse Late Mississippian Stillhouse Late Mississippian Cowart’s Late Mississippian Tugalo Late Mississippian Barnett Late Mississippian Stamp Creek Late Mississippian Rembert Late Mississippian Fort Walton Incised Late Mississippian Sutherland Bluff Late Mississippian Dallas Late Mississippian Abercrombie Protohistoric Galt Historic Indian Brewster Historic Indian Chattahoochee Brushed Historic Indian Bell-Upper Oconee Historic Indian Ocmulgee Fields Historic Indian Bull Creek Historic Indian Lawson Field Historic Indian Shawnee Historic Indian Wolfskin Historic Indian Timucua Historic Indian Qualla Historic Indian San Marcos Historic Indian
63
APPENDIX C
REGIONAL RED CERAMIC TYPES and THEIR TEMPORAL/CULTURAL ASSOCIATIONS
64
Red Ceramic Pottery Type Cultural/Temporal Association Red Filmed Plain nondiagnostic Grit Tempered Red Filmed nondiagnostic Grog Tempered Red Filmed nondiagnostic Red Filmed nondiagnostic Sand Tempered Red Filmed nondiagnostic Sand Tempered Red Painted nondiagnostic Untempered Red Painted nondiagnostic UID Red Slip nondiagnostic Dunns Creek Red Early Woodland-Mississippian Glades Red Early Woodland-Mississippian Belle Glade Red Early Woodland-Middle Woodland Zoned Red Middle Woodland Weeden Island Red Filmed Middle Woodland Dead River Red Filmed Middle Woodland Pasco Red Middle Woodland Weeden Island Red Middle Woodland Autauga Red Filmed Late Woodland Weeden Island Zoned Red Late Woodland Weeden Island Interior Red Filmed Late Woodland-Mississippian Montgomery Red Filmed Late Woodland-Early Mississippian Weeden Island Red Slip Late Woodland-Mississippian Chicot Red Late Woodland-Historic Averett Red Filmed Mississippian Alabama River Red Filmed Mississippian Pensacola Red Mississippian Shell and Grog Tempered Red Filmed Mississippian Shell Tempered Red and White Painted Mississippian Shell Tempered Red Filmed Mississippian Shell Tempered Red Painted Mississippian Red Filmed Check Stamped Protohistoric-Historic Red Filmed Plain Punctated Protohistoric-Historic Mission Red Filmed Protohistoric-Historic Kasita Red Filmed Protohistoric-Historic
65
APPENDIX D
FLORIDA STATE SITE DATA EXAMINED
66 FMSF Data Terminus a quo-ad quem Site Terminus Ante Quem
AL00045 HABI ALAC A.D. 1250-1600 ALACHUA PLAIN CERAMICS DUNNS CREEK RED CERAMICS ST JOHNS CHECK STAMPED CERAMICS A.D. 1600
AL00046 BURP MDBU ALAC A.D. 1250-1600 ALACHUA PLAIN CERAMICS DUNNS CREEK RED CERAMICS HUMAN BONE ST JOHNS PLAIN CERAMICS A.D. 1600 Alachua County’s oldest pertinent terminal date is A.D. 1600, recorded in one ceremonial site and one non-ceremonial site.
BR00575 HABI TRAN 1050-550 B.C. SJ 700 B.C.-A.D. 1500 DUNNS CREEK SJ CHECK STAMP SJ PLAIN TRAN COARSE SAND A.D. 1500
BR01642 MDSH MAL1 1000 B.C.-A.D. 750 DUNN'S CREEK RED GLADES PLAIN GLADES SERIES ST JOHNS PLAIN ST JOHNS SERIES ST JOHNS SIMPLE STAMPED TOMOKA PLAIN A.D. 750
67 BR01673 MDBU MDSH SJ1 700 B.C.-A.D. 900 DUNNS CREEK RED RIM SHERD ST JOHNS PLAIN BODY SHERDS ST JOHNS PLAIN RIM SHERDS A.D. 900 Brevard County’s oldest pertinent terminal date is A.D. 750, recorded in a non- ceremonial site.
BY00712 MDSH TRAN 1050-550 B.C. SWF 300 B.C.-A.D. 450 WE A.D. 350-1050 CARABELLE PUNCTATED FRANKLIN PLAIN SWIFT CREEK COMP STAMPED WEEDEN ISL RED FILM WEEDEN ISLAND PLAIN A.D. 1050
BY00713 MDSH WE A.D. 350-1050 CARABELLE PUNCTATED WEEDEN ISL RED FILM WEEDEN ISLAND PLAIN A.D. 1050
BY00714 EXTR MDSH WE A.D. 350-1050 CARABELLE INCISED WEEDEN ISL RED FILM WEEDEN ISLAND PLAIN A.D. 1050 Bay County’s oldest pertinent terminal date is A.D. 1050, recorded in a non-ceremonial site.
68 CH00068 MDBU GL2 A.D. 550-1125 ENGL A.D. 900-1513 BELLE GLADE PLAIN DUNNS CREEK RED FORT WALTON INCISED LAKE JACKSON PLAIN PAPYS BAYOU PUNCTATED POINT WASHINGTON INCISED-LIKE SAFETY HARBOR INCISED SARASOTA INCISED ST JOHNS CHECK STAMPED A.D. 1513 Charlotte County’s oldest pertinent terminal date is A.D. 1513, recorded in a ceremonial site.
CI00439 CAMP ARCL 2150-450 B.C. WEI A.D. 450-750 WEII A.D. 725-1000 Dunns Creek Red Pasco Brushed Pasco Check Stamped Pasco Plain Pasco Red Pasco Simple Stamped Sand-tempered plain St Johns Check Stamped St Johns Plain A.D. 1000
CI00571 MIDD SJ 700 B.C.-A.D. 1500 WE A.D. 350-1050 DUNNS CREEK RED PASCO PLAIN A.D. 1500 Citrus County’s oldest pertinent terminal date is A.D. 1000, recorded in a non-ceremonial site.
69 DA05252 BURH MIDD REFU GL1 500 B.C.-A.D. 750 GLADES RED CERAMICS HUMAN CRANIAL FRAGMENTS STP CERAMICS A.D. 750 Dade County’s oldest pertinent terminal date is A.D. 750, recorded in a ceremonial site.
DU00012 MDBU MDPL DEPT 650-300 B.C. SJ2A A.D. 800-1033 DEPTFORD CHECK STMPD DUNNS CREEK RED ST JOHNS CHECK STMPD ST JOHNS PLAIN ST JOHNS SCORED A.D. 1033
DU00014 MDBU MDSH SJ1A 700 B.C.-A.D. 50 SWFL Year 0-A.D. 300 SJ1B A.D. 50-800 ALACHUA COB MARKED DEPTFORD CHECK STMPD DUNNS CREEK RED LITTLE MANATEE SHELL LITTLE MANATEE ZONED OLIVE JAR FRAGMENT PRAIRIE CORD MARKED ST JOHNS CHECK STMPD ST JOHNS INCISED ST JOHNS MAT IMPRESS ST JOHNS PLAIN ST JOHNS PUNCTATE A.D. 800
70 DU00058 MDSH MOUN SJ1 700 B.C.-A.D. 900 WE A.D. 350-1050 SJ2A A.D. 800-1033 HICK A.D. 800-1250 ALACHUA COB MARKED DUNNS CREEK RED LITTLE MANATEE ZONED LOCHLOOSA PUNCTATE PRAIRIE CORD MARKED ST JOHNS CHECK STMPD ST JOHNS COMP STMPD ST JOHNS PLAIN ST JOHNS SCORED WEEDEN ISLAND PLAIN A.D. 1250
DU00061 MDSH MOUN SJ1A 700 B.C.-A.D. 50 DEPT 650-300 B.C. SWF 300 B.C.-A.D. 450 HICK A.D. 800-1250 SJ2 A.D. 760-1450 ALACHUA COB MARKED CROOKED RIVER STMPD DEPTFORD LINEAR CHCK DUNNS CREEK RED FRANKLIN PLAIN LOCHLOOSA PUNCTATE PRAIRIE CORD MARKED SAVANNAH CHECK STMPD SAVANNAH FINE CORD ST JOHNS CHECK STMPD ST JOHNS PLAIN SWIFT CREEK COMP STP A.D. 1450
71 DU00066 MDBU MDSH ORAN 2150-700 B.C. TRAN 1050-550 B.C. SJ1A 700 B.C.-A.D. 50 DEPT 650-300 B.C. SJ2A A.D. 800-1033 HICK A.D. 800-1250 SJ2C A.D. 1267-1500 COLORINDA PLAIN DEPTFORD CHECK STMPD DEPTFORD SIMPLE STMP DUNNS CREEK RED GROG TEMP CHKED STMP GROG TEMPERED PLAIN LITTLE MANATEE ZONED LOCHLOOSA PUNCTATE ORANGE PLAIN ST JOHNS - ALL TYPES TRANSITIONAL PLAIN A.D. 1500
DU05597 MDSH TRAN 1050-550 B.C. DEPT 650-300 B.C. SWF 300 B.C.-A.D. 450 SJ1 700 B.C.-A.D. 900 SJ2 A.D. 760-1450 ALACHUA COB MARKED DEPTFORD PLAIN DUNNS CREEK RED ST JOHNS PLAIN SWIFT CREEK COMP STA TRANSITIONAL PLAIN WEEDEN ISLAND PLAIN A.D. 1450
72 DU05598 MDSH MOUN SJ1 700 B.C.-A.D. 900 SJ2 A.D. 760-1450 DUNNS CREEK RED FRANKLIN PLAIN SAVANNAH FINE CORD M ST JOHNS CHECKED STA ST JOHNS INCISED ST JOHNS PLAIN WEEDEN ISLAND PLAIN A.D. 1450
DU05599 MDSH DEPT 650-300 B.C. SJ1 700 B.C.-A.D. 900 WE A.D. 350-1050 SJ2 A.D. 760-1450 DEPTFORD CHECKED STA DUNNS CREEK RED ST JOHNS CHECKED STA ST JOHNS COB MARKED ST JOHNS PLAIN WEEDEN ISLAND PLAIN WEEDEN ISLAND RED FI A.D. 1450
73 DU05605 UNSP DEPT 650-300 B.C. SJ1 700 B.C.-A.D. 900 WE A.D. 350-1050 SJ2 A.D. 760-1450 DEPTFORD CHECK STAMP DUNNS CREEK RED SAVANNAH CORD MARKED ST JOHNS CHECK STAMP ST JOHNS PLAIN SHERD WAKULLA CHECK STAMPE WEEDEN ISLAND PLAIN ST JOHNS SCORED WEEDEN ISLAND INC LITTLE MANATEE ZONE SHELL ST ST JOHNS CORD MK A.D. 1450
DU05606 MIDD DEPT 650-300 B.C. SJ1 700 B.C.-A.D. 900 SJ2 A.D. 760-1450 DEPTFORD CHECK STAMP DUNNS CREEK RED SAVANNAH CORD MARKED ST JOHNS CHECK STAMP ST JOHNS PLAIN A.D. 1450
DU05609 UNSP SWF 300 B.C.-A.D. 450 SJ1 700 B.C.-A.D. 900 HICK A.D. 800-1250 SJ2 A.D. 760-1450 DUNNS CREEK RED FRANKLIN PLAIN PRAIRIE CORD MARKED ST JOHNS CHECK STAMP ST JOHNS FINE CORD M ST JOHNS PLAIN SWIFT CREEK COMP STA A.D. 1450
74 DU09185 EXTR MDSH SJ2 A.D. 760-1450 DUNN'S RED CREEK ORANGE RESIDUAL ST JOHNS PLAIN ST JOHNS SIMPLE STAMPED A.D. 1450 Duval County’s oldest pertinent terminal date is A.D. 800, recorded in a ceremonial site.
FL00229 MIDD SJ1A 700 B.C.-A.D. 50 Dunn's Creek Rd. Sand Tempered Plain St. Johns Plain A.D. 50 Flagler County’s oldest pertinent terminal date is A.D. 50, recorded in a non-ceremonial site.
FR00884 OTHR WE A.D. 350-1050 WAKULLA CHECK STAMPED WEEDEN ISLAND RED FILMED A.D. 1050 Franklin County’s oldest pertinent terminal date is A.D. 1050, recorded in a non- ceremonial site.
75 GU00085 MDSH WE2 A.D. 560-670 BISCAYNE CHECK STAMPED INDIAN PASS INCISED MISSISSIPPI PLAIN VARIETY UNSPECIFIED RUSKIN DENTATE STAMP WAKULLA CHECK STAMPED WEEDEN ISLAND INCISED WEEDEN ISLAND PLAIN WEEDEN ISLAND PUNCTATE WEEDEN ISLAND RED A.D. 670
GU00111 MIDD WE1 A.D. 450-560 WE2 A.D. 560-670 CARRABELLE PUNCTATED KEITH INCISED ST ANDREWS COMP STAMPED SWIFT CREEK COMPLICATED STAMPED THOMAS SIMPLE STAMPED TUCKER RIDGE PINCHED WAKULLA CHECK STAMPED WEEDEN ISLAND INCISED WEEDEN ISLAND PLAIN WEEDEN ISLAND PUNCTATED WEEDEN ISLAND RED WEST FLORIDA CORD MARKED A.D. 670
76 GU00111 HABI WEI A.D. 450-750 WEII A.D. 725-1000 CARRABELLE PUNCTATED INDIAN PASS INCISED RUSKIN DENTATE STAMPED SWIFT CREEK COMPLICATED STAMPED TUCKER RIDGE PINCHED WAKULLA CHECK STAMPED WEEDEN ISLAND INCISED WEEDEN ISLAND PLAIN WEEDEN ISLAND PUNCTATED WEEDEN ISLAND RED A.D. 1000 Gulf County’s oldest pertinent terminal date is A.D. 670, recorded in a non-ceremonial site.
HG01067 SCCE BLG 700 B.C.-A.D. 1700 BELLE GLADE PLAIN DUNNS CREEK RED A.D. 1700 Highlands County’s oldest pertinent terminal date is A.D. 1700, recorded in a non- ceremonial site.
HN00057 MIDD MOUN GL2B A.D. 700-1100 GL3 A.D. 1050-1450 GL3A A.D. 1050-1650 GL3B A.D. 1233-1467 BLG PLAIN GORDONS PASS INCISED SAND TEMPERED PLAIN A.D. 1650 Hendry County’s oldest pertinent terminal date is A.D. 1650, recorded in a ceremonial site.
77 HR00048 MDBU ORAN 2150-700 B.C. SJ 700 B.C.-A.D. 1500 WE1 A.D. 450-560 WE A.D. 350-1050 BELLE GLADE PLAIN BELLE GLADE RED DUNNS CREEK RED ORANGE PLAIN ST JOHNS CHECK STAMPED ST JOHNS PLAIN TOMOKA PLAIN A.D. 1500 Hardee County’s oldest pertinent terminal date is A.D. 1500, recorded in a ceremonial site.
JA01706 SCAR WEI A.D. 450-750 FTWL A.D. 825-1650 CHECK STAMPED COB MARKED LATE FT WALTON PLAIN WEEDEN ISLAND - INTERIOR RED FILMED A.D. 1650 Jackson County’s oldest pertinent terminal date is A.D. 1650, recorded in a non- ceremonial site.
JE00102 HABI ARCL 2150-450 B.C. TRAN 1050-550 B.C. NORW 2000-700 B.C. WEII A.D. 725-1000 FTWL A.D. 825-1650 LEJE A.D. 1585-1750 LAMAR (MACON PLATEAU) SERIES CERAMICS MISSION RED FILMED CERAMIC NORWOOD CERAMICS WEEDEN ISLAND CERAMICS A.D. 1750
78 JE00104 HABI OTHR WE A.D. 350-1050 WEI A.D. 450-750 CARABELLE PUNCTUATED WAKULLA LINEAR CHECK STAMPED SHERD WEEDEN ISLAND INCISED WEEDEN ISLAND RED WEEDEN ISLAND UNDECORATED, TYPE UNSP A.D. 1050
JE00104B CAMP TRAN 1050-550 B.C. SWF 300 B.C.-A.D. 450 WEII A.D. 725-1000 FTWL A.D. 825-1650 SEMI A.D. 1716-present CARABELLE PUNCTATED SWIFT CREEK (LATE) WEEDEN ISLAND PLAIN WEEDEN RED A.D. 2006
JE00897 HABI WE A.D. 350-1050 MISS A.D. 900-1600 LATE MISSISSIPPIAN LAKE JACKSON PLAIN CERAMIC LAMAR COMP STAMPED LEON CHECK STAMPED OCMULGEE FIELD INCISED/MARSH ISLAND PASCO CHECK STAMPED ST ANDREWS COMP STAMPED ST JOHN'S CHECK STAMPED SWIFT CREEK COMP STAMPED WEEDEN ISLAND INCISED WEEDEN ISLAND PLAIN WEEDEN ISLAND RED A.D. 1600
79 JE01485 MIDD MISS LEJE A.D. 1585-1750 SPN1 A.D. 1513-1763 LAKE JACKSON PLAIN LAMAR BOLD INCISED LAMAR COMP STAMPED MARSH ISLAND INCISED MISSION RED FILMED OCMULGEE INCISED SAN MARCOS STAMPED A.D. 1763
JE01519 MOUN [BLANK] ST. ANDREWS WAKULLA CHECK STAMPED WEEDEN ISLAND RED FILM
JE01520 MOUN [BLANK] OYSTER SHELL WAKULLA CHECK STAMPED WEEDEN ISLAND RED FILM
JE01521 MOUN [BLANK] WAKULLA CHECK STAMPED WEEDEN ISLAND RED FILM Jefferson County’s oldest pertinent terminal date is A.D. 1050, recorded in a non- ceremonial site.
80 LA01848 [site type not specified by recorder] ORAN 2150-700 B.C. SJ1 700 B.C.-A.D. 900 SJ2 A.D. 760-1450 DUNNS CREEK RED ST JOHNS CHECK ST JOHNS INCISED ST JOHNS PLAIN TOMOKA PLAIN A.D. 1450 Lake County’s oldest pertinent terminal date is A.D. 1450, recorded in a site of unspecified type.
LE00107 EXTR MDSH ARCL 2150-450 B.C. NORW 2000-700 B.C. DEPT 650-300 B.C. SWFL Year 0-A.D. 300 WE A.D. 350-1050 WEI A.D. 450-750 WEII A.D. 725-1000 CARABELLE PUNCTATE DEPTFORD CHECK STAMPED INDIAN PASS INCISED KEITH INCISED SWIFT CREEK LATE VARIETY WAKULLA CHECK STAMPED WEEDEN ISLAND INCISED WEEDEN ISLAND PUNCTATED WEEDEN ISLAND RED A.D. 1050
81 LE01454 FARM SCAR FTWL A.D. 825-1650 LEJE A.D. 1585-1750 CARRABELLE PUNCTATED COB MARKEDINCISED FT WALTON INCISED LAKE JACKSON INCISED LAMAR BOLD INCISED LAMAR COMP STAMPED LEON CHECK STAMPED MISSION RED FILMED A.D. 1750
LE01461 HABI ARCL 2150-450 B.C. NORW 2000-700 B.C. DEPT 650-300 B.C. WE A.D. 350-1050 FTWL A.D. 825-1650 LEJE A.D. 1585-1750 SEMI A.D. 1716-present CARRABELLE PUNCTATED CHATTAHOOCHEE BRUSHED DEPT CHECK STAMPED DEPTFORD CS STAMPED DEPTFORD SIMPLE STAMPED FT WALTON INCISED LAMAR COMPICATED STAMP LEON CHECK STAMPED MISSION RED FILMED OCMULGEE FIELDS INCISED WAKULLA CHECK STAMPED A.D. 2006
82 LE01479 HABI HOME FTWL A.D. 825-1650 LEJE A.D. 1585-1750 SP17 A.D. 1600-1699 ENGLEWOOD INCISED FT WALTON INCISED LAMAR COMPLICATED LEON CHECK STAMPED MISSION RED FILMED OCMULGEE FIELDS INCISED A.D. 1750
LE01483 FARM SCAR WE A.D. 350-1050 FTWL A.D. 825-1650 LEJE A.D. 1585-1750 CARRABELLE PUNCTATED COB MARKED FT WALTON INCISED INDIAN PASS INCISED LAMAR COMP STAMPED LEON CHECK STAMPED OCMULGEE FIELDS IN WEEDEN ISLAND INCISED WEEDEN ISLAND Z RED A.D. 1750
LE01484 HABI WE A.D. 350-1050 FTWL A.D. 825-1650 LEJE A.D. 1585-1750 CARRABELLE PUNCTATED FT WALTON INCISED LAMAR COMPLICATED STAMP LEON CHECK STAMP MISSION RED FILMED WAKULLA CHECK STAMPED A.D. 1750
83 LE01486 HABI FTWL A.D. 825-1650 LEJE A.D. 1585-1750 FT WALTON INCISED LAMAR COMLICATED STAMPED LEON CHECK STAMPEDSTAMP MISSION RED FILMED OCMULGEE FIELD INCISED A.D. 1750
LE01708 HABI MISS LEJE A.D. 1585-1750 AUCILLA MOUND LAKE JACKSON PLAIN MISSION RED FILMED A.D. 1750
LE02105 CAMP TRAN 1050-550 B.C. WEII A.D. 725-1000 NORWOOD SHERDS ORANGE SHERDS WAKULLA CHECK STAMPED WEEDEN ISLAND INCISED WEEDEN ISLAND PLAIN WEEDEN ISLAND RED A.D. 1000
LE02148 OTHR LEJE A.D. 1585-1750 MISSION FILMED RED A.D. 1750
84 LE02167 HABI HOME ARCL 2150-450 B.C. NORW 2000-700 B.C. DEPT 650-300 B.C. SWF 300 B.C.-A.D. 450 WEEDEN ISLAND A.D. 350-1050 FTWL A.D. 825-1650 LEJE A.D. 1585-1750 SP17 A.D. 1600-1699 DEPTFORD CHK STM DEPTFORD SIMP STM FT WALTON INC GULF CHK STMPD LAMAR COMP STMPD LEON CHK STMPD MISSION RED FILM SOAPSTONE VES FRAG WAKULLA CHECK STMPD A.D. 1750
LE02168 HABI HOME FTWL A.D. 825-1650 LEJE A.D. 1585-1750 MISSION RED-FILMED A.D. 1750
LE02169 HABI FTWL A.D. 825-1650 LEJE A.D. 1585-1750 SP17 A.D. 1600-1699 CARRABELLE PUNCT COLONWARE SHERDS FT WALTON INC LAMAR COMP STMP LEON CHK STMPD MISSION RED-FILMED OCMULGEE FLDS INC SEED BEADS A.D. 1750
85 LE02169 HABI FTWL A.D. 825-1650 LEJE A.D. 1585-1750 SP17 A.D. 1600-1699 AUCILLA INCISED BLUE BEAD COLONOWARE SHERDS LEON-JEFFERSON SHERDS LEON-JEFFERSON STAMPED MISSION RED-FILMED A.D. 1750
LE02177 HABI LEJE A.D. 1585-1750 LAMAR COMPLICATED LEON JEFFERSON RIM MISSION RED FILMED A.D. 1750
LE02182 HABI HOME LEJE A.D. 1585-1750 SP17 A.D. 1600-1699 BURNED DAUB PIECES LEON JEFFERSON RIM SHERDS LEON JEFFERSON SHERDS MISSION RED FILMED A.D. 1750
LE04158 REFU LEJE A.D. 1585-1750 JEFFERSON COMPLICATED STAMPED JEFFERSON INCISED JEFFERSON PLAIN JEFFERSON WARE LAKE JACKSON PLAIN LEON CHECK STAMPED MISSION RED FILMED MISSISSIPPI PLAIN A.D. 1750 Leon County’s oldest pertinent terminal date is A.D. 1000, recorded in a non-ceremonial site.
86 LF00028 MDBU DEPT 650-300 B.C. SJ 700 B.C.-A.D. 1500 WEI A.D. 450-750 DEPTFORD PLAIN DUNNS CR. RED HUMAN BONE FRAG. LATE SWIFT CR. COMP. STAMPED ST. JOHNS PLAIN UNID. COMP. STAMPED UNID. SAND TEMPERED RED FILMED WEEDEN IS. PLAIN WEEDEN IS. RED FILMED A.D. 1500
LF00032 HABI CADE 300 B.C.-A.D. 800 LATE SWIFT CREEK COM LOCKLOOSA PUNCTATED WEEDEN ISLAND PLAIN WEEDEN ISLAND RED-FI A.D. 800
LF00043 HABI WEI A.D. 450-750 ST. JOHNS CK. STAMPED WEEDEN IS. RED FILMED A.D. 750 Lafayette County’s oldest pertinent terminal date is A.D. 750, recorded in a non- ceremonial site.
87 LL00004 MOUN OTHR CL 150 B.C.-A.D. 1450 BELLE GLADE PLAIN CORNALINE D'ALLEPO GLASS BEAD GLADES PLAIN GLADES RED GLADES TOOLED-LIKE MISC BEADS ST. JOHNS CHECKSTAMPED A.D. 1450 Lee County’s oldest pertinent terminal date is A.D. 1450, recorded in a ceremonial site.
LV00250 MDBU WEI A.D. 450-750 DUNNS CREEK RED ST JOHNS PLAIN A.D. 750
LV00273 HABI [-] SAND TEMPERED PL-RED
LV00284 MDBU MDSH WE A.D. 350-1050 DUNNS CRK SPICULE GRIT TEMPERED COB MARKED GRIT TEMPERED LIN-CK PASCO PLAIN SAND TEMPERED CURV-COM SAND TEMPERED DETANTE SAND TEMPERED FABRIC MARKED SAND TEMPERED PLAIN SAND TEMPERED WEEDEN ISLAND INCISED SAND TEMPERED WEEDEN ISLAND PLAIN SAND TEMPERED WEEDEN ISLAND PUNCTATED SAND TEMPERED WEEDEN ISLAND RED A.D. 1050
88 LV00308 MDBU WE A.D. 350-1050 ST JOHNS PLAIN SWIFT CREEK COMP STA UID RED SLIP WEEDEN ISLAND INCISE WEEDEN ISLAND PLAIN WEEDEN ISLAND PUNCTA WEEDEN ISLAND RED SL A.D. 1050
LV00469 MDBU WE A.D. 350-1050 DUNNS CREEK RED PASCO PLAIN SAND TEMPERED PLAIN ST JOHNS CHECK STAMP ST JOHNS PLAIN UID RED SLIP WEEDEN ISLAND PUNCTUATED A.D. 1050 Levy County’s oldest pertinent terminal date is A.D. 750, recorded in a ceremonial site.
MR02063 SCLI SJ1 700 B.C.-A.D. 900 DUNNS CREEK RED A.D. 900
MR02104 HABI TRAN 1050-550 B.C. CADE 300 B.C.-A.D. 800 WE A.D. 350-1050 DUNN'S CREEK RED CER FIBER TEMPERED PL CE ORANGE INCISED CERAM SAND TEMPERED PL CER ST JOHNS PL CERAMICS WEEDEN ISLAND KEITH A.D. 1050
89 MR02301 HABI SJ 700 B.C.-A.D. 1500 BURNT BONE DUNNS CREEK RED ST JOHNS CHECK ST JOHNS PLAIN TOMOKA PLAIN A.D. 1500
MR02438 ORAN 2150-700 B.C. ARCL 2150-450 B.C. TRAN 1050-550 B.C. SJ 700 B.C.-A.D. 1500 WE A.D. 350-1050 SUVA A.D. 750-1525 SAFE A.D. 950-1650 ALAC A.D. 1250-1600 ALACHUA COB MARKED DUNN'S CREEK RED LOCHLOOSA PUNCTATED ORANGE FIBER TEMPERED PASCO PLAIN SAND TEMPERED PLAIN ST JOHNS (PLAIN AND CHECK STAMPED) WAKULLA CHECK STAMPED A.D. 1650
MR02760 REFU ARCL 2150-450 B.C. SJ1 700 B.C.-A.D. 900 SJ2 A.D. 760-1450 ALACHUA PLAIN SHERD ORANGE INCISED SHERD PASCO PLAIN SHERDS PASCO RED BODY SHERD POSSIBLE CARRABELLE INCISED PRAIRIE CORD MARKED SHERD ST JOHNS CHECK STAMPED ST JOHNS INCISED BODY SHERD WEEDEN ISLAND PLAIN SHERDS A.D. 1450 Marion County’s oldest pertinent terminal date is A.D. 900, recorded in a non-ceremonial site.
90 OB00027 MOUN SJ1A 700 B.C.-A.D. 50 SJ1B A.D. 50-800 DUNNS CREEK RED A.D. 800 Okeechobee County’s oldest pertinent terminal date is A.D. 800, recorded in a ceremonial site.
OK01507 MDSH DEPT 650-300 B.C. SRSC 200 B.C.-A.D. 300 WEI A.D. 450-750 WEII A.D. 725-1000 FTWL A.D. 825-1650 PENS A.D. 1100-1700 Creek, Lower Deptford Santa Rosa-Swift Creek Weeden Island Mississippian Chattahoochee Brushed Kasita Red A.D. 1700
OK00026 OTHR SWF 300 B.C.-A.D. 450 WE A.D. 350-1050 FTWL A.D. 825-1650 CARABELLE PUNCTATE CARRABELLE INCISED FORT WALTON INCISED LAKE JACKSON SWIFT CREEK COMP STAMP WAKULLA CHECK STAMP WEEDEN ISLAND INCISED WEEDEN ISLAND PLAIN WEEDEN ISLAND PUNCTATE WEEDEN ISLAND RED FILM A.D. 1650
91 OK00135 EXTR WE A.D. 350-1050 WEEDEN ISLAND PUNCTATE WEEDEN ISLAND RED SLIP A.D. 1050
OK00174 MIDD WE A.D. 350-1050 WAKULLA CHECK STAMPED WEEDEN ISLAND PLAIN WEEDEN ISLAND ZONED RED A.D. 1050
OK00784 MDSH WE A.D. 350-1050 CARABELLE INCISED SWIFT CREEK STAMPED THOMAS SIMPLE STAMPED WAKULLA CHECK STAMPED WEEDEN ISLAND PLAIN WEEDEN ISLAND RED FILMED A.D. 1050
OK01014 OTHR WE A.D. 350-1050 RUSKIN DENTATE STAMPED WEEDEN ISLAND PLAIN WEEDEN ISLAND PUNCTATED WEEDEN ISLAND RED FILMED A.D. 1050
OK01206 CAMP WE A.D. 350-1050 BASIN BAYOU INCISED CARRABELLE INCISED WAKULLA CHECK STAMPED WEEDEN ISLAND INCISED WEEDEN ISLAND RED FILMED A.D. 1050
92 OK01230 OTHR WE A.D. 350-1050 WEEDEN I. RED FILM A.D. 1050
OK01507 MDSH DEPT 650-300 B.C. SRSC 200 B.C.-A.D. 300 FTWL A.D. 825-1650 PENS A.D. 1100-1700 ALLIGATOR BAYOU CROOKED RIVER COMPLICATED STAMPED DEPTFORD SERIES GULF CHECK STAMPED MARKSVILLE TYPES PENSACOLA INCISED RED FILMED SANTA ROSA TYPES SWIFT CREEK COMPLICATED STAMPED A.D. 1700 Okaloosa County’s oldest pertinent terminal date is A.D. 1050, recorded in a non- ceremonial site.
OR02186 MDBU MOUN SJ1 700 B.C.-A.D. 900 SJ2 A.D. 760-1450 DUNNS CREEK RED LIMESTONE-TEMP COMP LIMESTONE-TEMPERED P SAND-TEMPERED PLAIN ST. JOHNS CHECK STAM ST. JOHNS INCISED ST. JOHNS PLAIN A.D. 1450 Orange County’s oldest pertinent terminal date is A.D. 1450, recorded in a ceremonial site.
93
PA00666 CAMP WEII A.D. 725-1000 SAFE A.D. 950-1650 PASCO PLAIN PASCO RED ST JOHNS PLAIN STP A.D. 1650 Pasco County’s oldest pertinent terminal date is A.D. 1650, recorded in a non-ceremonial site.
PB10354 MIDD BLG 700 B.C.-A.D. 1700 BELLE GLADE PLAIN SHERDS BONE BEAD BONE PIN DUNNS CREEK RED SHERD GLADES RED SHERDS PROBABLE HUMAN TOOTH SAND TEMPERED PLAIN SHERDS SANDY ST JOHNS PLAIN SHERD ST JOHNS CHECK STAMPED SHERDS ST JOHNS PLAIN SHERDS ST JOHNS SIMPLE STAMPED SHERDS SURFSIDE INCISED SHERD A.D. 1700 Palm Beach County’s oldest pertinent terminal date is A.D. 1700, recorded in a non- ceremonial site.
PO04137 MOUN WEII A.D. 725-1000 DUNNS CREEK RED PASCO PLAIN PASCO RED REMAINING STP AND UNIDENTIFIED A.D. 1000
94 PO04137 MDBU SJ1 700 B.C.-A.D. 900 WEII A.D. 725-1000 DUNN'S CREEK RED PASCO PLAIN PASCO RED SANDY ST JOHNS/BELLE GLADE ST JOHNS A.D. 1000
PO05380 EXTR SJ1 700 B.C.-A.D. 900 <2CM ST. JOHNS SHERD BUSYCON SHELL FRAGMENT DUNNS CREEK RED SHERD GRIT-TEMPERED PLAIN SHERD GRIT-TEMPERED RESIDUAL SHERD SAND-TEMPERED PLAIN SHERD ST. JOHNS PLAIN SHERD ST. JOHNS RESIDUAL SHERD A.D. 900
PO06167 EXTR BLG 700 B.C.-A.D. 1700 GLADES RED SAND TEMPERED PLAIN A.D. 1700
PO06178 CAMP OTHR SJ2 A.D. 760-1450 GLADES RED SAND TEMPERED PLAIN ST JOHNS SHERD SCR ST JOHNS PLAIN WAKULLA CHECK STAMPED A.D. 1450
95 PO06492 ABOB UNKN DUNN'S CREEK RED ST JOHNS PLAIN
Polk County’s oldest pertinent terminal date is A.D. 900, recorded in a non-ceremonial site.
PU00035 MDBU MOUN MIDD ORAN 2150-700 B.C. SJ2B A.D. 1033-1267 SJ2 A.D. 760-1450 SJ2C A.D. 1267-1500 COPPER OR COPPER-COVERED ARTIFACTS DUNNS CREEK RED GALENA MARINE SHELL DIPPERS & BEADS OLIVE JAR & MAJOLICA PEARLS ST. JOHNS CHECK STAMPED ST. JOHNS PLAIN A.D. 1500
PU00723 MDSH ORAN 2150-700 B.C. SJ1 700 B.C.-A.D. 900 SJ2 A.D. 760-1450 DUNNS CREEK RED ORANGE ORANGE INCISED ST. JOHNS CHECK STAMPED ST. JOHNS PLAIN A.D. 1450
PU00745 EXTR MDSH SJ 700 B.C.-A.D. 1500 DUNNS CREEK RED SHER A.D. 1500
96 PU00838 MDSH SJ2B A.D. 1033-1267 SJ2C A.D. 1267-1500 SP16 A.D. 1513-1599 DUNNS CREEK RED ST. JOHNS CHECK STAMPED ST. JOHNS PLAIN A.D. 1599 Putnam County’s oldest pertinent terminal date is A.D. 1450, recorded in a non- ceremonial site.
SE00026 CAMP SJ1 700 B.C.-A.D. 900 SEMI DUNNS CREEK RED POTTERY FIBER TEMPERED PLAIN POTTERY ST JOHNS NET IMPRESSED ST JOHNS PLAIN POTTERY A.D. 900
SE01230 HABI ARCL 2150-450 B.C. SJ2A A.D. 800-1033 DUNNS CREEK RED ST JOHNS CHECK STAMPED ST JOHNS INCISED ST JOHNS PLAIN ST JOHNS ROUGHENED A.D. 1033
97 SE01231 HABI ARCL 2150-450 B.C. TRAN 1050-550 B.C. SJ2A A.D. 800-1033 SJ2 A.D. 760-1450 DUNNS CREEK RED FIBER TEMPERED SHERDS ST JOHNS CHECK STAMPED ST JOHNS PLAIN A.D. 1450 Seminole County’s oldest pertinent terminal date is A.D. 900, recorded in a non- ceremonial site.
SJ03146 MDSH SP17 A.D. 1600-1699 RED FILMED CHECK STAMPED RED FILMED PLAIN SAN MARCOS BURNISHED SAN MARCOS CHECK STAMPED SAN MARCOS COMPLICATED STAMPED SAN MARCOS PLAIN SAND MARCOS SIMPLE STAMPED ST JOHNS PLAIN ST JOHNS SIMPLE STAMPED A.D. 1699 SJ03471 MDSH SP17 A.D. 1600-1699 RED FILM CHECK STAMPED RED FILM PLAIN PUNCTATED SAN MARCOS BURNISHED SAN MARCOS COMPLICATED STAMPED SAN MARCOS PLAIN SAN MARCOS SIMPLE STAMPED ST JOHNS BASKET IMPRESSED ST JOHNS CHECK STAMPED ST JOHNS PLAIN ST JOHNS SIMPLE STAMPED A.D. 1699
98 SJ04767 HABI HOME MISS ORAN 2150-700 B.C. SJ1 700 B.C.-A.D. 900 SJ2 A.D. 760-1450 SP17 A.D. 1600-1699 Colonoware Miller plain Mission red filmed San Marcos stamped St. Johns plain and checkstamped A.D. 1699 St. Johns County’s oldest pertinent terminal date is A.D. 1699, recorded in a non- ceremonial site.
SL00003 MDBU MIDD MAL1 1000 B.C.-A.D. 750 MAL2 A.D. 750-1585 GLADES RED SAND TEMPERED PLAIN ST JOHNS CHECK STAMPED ST. JOHNS PLAIN A.D. 1585
SL01167 EXTR MDSH MAL1 1000 B.C.-A.D. 750 GLADES RED SAND-TEMPERED PLAIN ST. JOHNS PLAIN A.D. 750
99 SL01173 MIDD SJ 700 B.C.-A.D. 1500 GL2A A.D. 550-1050 BELLE GLADE PLAIN DUNNS CREEK RED SAND-TEMPERED PLAIN ST. JOHNS PLAIN A.D. 1500 St. Lucie County’s oldest pertinent terminal date is A.D. 750, recorded in a non- ceremonial site.
SM00004 MDSH REFU SJ 700 B.C.-A.D. 1500 WE A.D. 350-1050 BUSYCON CONTRARIUM CUTTING EDGED TOOL DUNNS CREEK RED PASCO PLAIN BODY PASCO PLAIN RIM ST. JOHNS CHECK STAMPED WAKULLA CHECK STAMPED, RIM, MEND HOLE A.D. 1500
SM00088 HABI WE A.D. 350-1050 SAFE A.D. 950-1650 PASCO INCISED PASCO PLAIN PASCO RED ST JOHNS CHECK STAMPED ST JOHNS PLAIN A.D. 1650
100 SM00099 [BLANK] WE A.D. 350-1050 SAFE A.D. 950-1650 PASCO PLAIN PASCO RED PRAIRIE CORD MARKED SANDY ST JOHNS PLAIN ST JOHNS CHECKED ST JOHNS COMPOSITE SIMPLE STAMPED ST JOHNS SIMPLE STAMPED WEEDEN ISLAND WARES A.D. 1650
SM00230 CAMP TRAN 1050-550 B.C. DEPT 650-300 B.C. SJ1 700 B.C.-A.D. 900 WE A.D. 350-1050 SJ2 A.D. 760-1450 SAFE A.D. 950-1650 CARRABELLE PUNCTATE DEPTFORD SIMPLE-STAMP DUNN'S CREEK RED SEMI-FIBER-TEMPERED ST JOHNS CHECK-STAMP ST JOHNS PLAIN WEEDEN ISLAND PLAIN A.D. 1650
SM00248 [BLANK] ALAC A.D. 1250-1600 PASCO PLAIN PASCO RED SANDY ST JOHNS PLAIN ST JOHNS CHECKSTAMPED ST JOHNS PLAIN WEEDEN ISLAND PLAIN A.D. 1600 Sumter County’s oldest pertinent terminal date is A.D. 1500, recorded in a non- ceremonial site.
101 SR00001 MDSH MOUN WEI A.D. 450-750 SRSC 200 B.C.-A.D. 300 PENS A.D. 1100-1700 CARABELLE INCISED FRANKLIN PLAIN MISSISSIPPI PLAIN SANTA ROSA STAMPED SWIFT CREEK COMPLICATED STAMP TUCKER RIDGE PINCHED WAKULLA CHECK STAMPED WEEDEN ISLAND PLAIN WEEDEN ISLAND ZONED RED A.D. 1700
SR00992 SCAR WE A.D. 350-1050 WAKULLA CHECK STAMPE WEEDEN ISLAND RED FI A.D. 1050 Santa Rosa County’s oldest pertinent terminal date is A.D. 1050, recorded in a non- ceremonial site.
SU00261 EXTR MIDD WE A.D. 350-1050 LOCKLOOSA PUNCTATE SWIFT CREEK COMP STA WEEDEN ISLAND INCISE WEEDEN ISLAND PLAIN WEEDEN ISLAND PUNCTA WEEDEN ISLAND RED FI A.D. 1050 Suwannee County’s oldest pertinent terminal date is A.D. 1050, recorded in a non- ceremonial site.
102 UN00124 SCCE [-] ZONED RED SHERD
Neither cultural attributes nor site type is specified for Union County’s only pertinent site.
VO00082 BURP MDSH ORAN 2150-700 B.C. SJ1 700 B.C.-A.D. 900 SJ2 A.D. 760-1450 DUNNS CREEK RED SANDY PASTE SHERDS, PLAIN SURFACES ST. JOHNS BODY SHERDS W/PLAIN SURFACES ST. JOHNS CHECK-STAMPED ST. JOHNS PLAIN A.D. 1450
VO01704 EXTR MDSH SJ1 700 B.C.-A.D. 900 SJ2 A.D. 760-1450 DUNNES CREEK RED ST JOHNS CHECKED STA ST JOHNS PLAIN A.D. 1450
VO01705 MDSH SJ1 700 B.C.-A.D. 900 DUNNES CREEK RED ST JOHNS PLAIN A.D. 900
103 VO07145 EXTR MDSH SJ1A 700 B.C.-A.D. 50 SJ1 700 B.C.-A.D. 900 DUNNS CREEK RED ST JOHNS PLAIN A.D. 900
VO07194 EXTR MDSH SJ1A 700 B.C.-A.D. 50 SJ 700 B.C.-A.D. 1500 SJ1B A.D. 50-800 MICA (EXOTIC) DUNNS CREEK RED ST JOHNS PLAIN A.D. 1500 Volusia County’s oldest pertinent terminal date is A.D. 900, recorded in a non- ceremonial site.
WL00081 HABI WEII A.D. 725-1000 WEEDEN ISLAND 4 A.D. 780-890 CARRABELLE PUNCTATED KEITH INCISED WAKULLA CHECK STAMPED WEEDEN ISLAND INCISED WEEDEN ISLAND PLAIN WEEDEN ISLAND PUNCTATED WEEDEN ISLAND RED A.D. 1000
104 WL00162 MDSH DEPT 650-300 B.C. FTWL A.D. 825-1650 WE A.D. 350-1050 DEPTFORD BOLD CHECK ST DEPTFORD LINEAR CHECK ST FORT WALTON INCISED MOUNDVILLE INCISED PT WASHINGTON INCISED STEATITE VESSEL SWIFT CREEK COMPLICATED ST WEEDEN ISLAND RED FILM A.D. 1650
WL00521 SURFACE SCATTER WE A.D. 350-1050 MIDDLE WEEDEN ISLAND WAKULLA CHECK STAMPED WEEDEN ISL/RESIDUAL SAND TEM WEEDEN ISLAND PUNCTATE WEEDEN ISLAND RED FILMED A.D. 1050
WL00543C EXTR MDSH NORW 2000-700 B.C. WE A.D. 350-1050 FTWL A.D. 825-1650 CHATTAHOOCHEE BRUSHED COLUMBIA INCISED FORT WALTON INCISED LAKE JACKSON INCISED LAKE JACKSON PLAIN LAMAR BOLD INCISED PANSACOLA PLAIN WAKULLA CHECK STAMPED WEEDEN ISLAND WEEDEN ISLAND PLAIN WEEDEN ISLAND RED FILMED A.D. 1650
105 WL01085 CAMP WE A.D. 350-1050 CARRABELLE INCISED SATILLO FABRIC MARKED WEEDEN ISLAND INSCISED WEEDEN ISLAND PLAIN WEEDEN ISLAND RED FILMED A.D. 1050
WL01175 HABI WE A.D. 350-1050 PLAIN RED FILMED WAKULLA CHECK STAMPED WEEDEN ISLAND PLAIN A.D. 1050
WL01546 CAMP WE A.D. 350-1050 CARRABELLE INCISED CARRABELLE PUNCTATED WEEDEN ISLAND PLAIN WEEDEN ISLAND PUNCTATE WEEDEN ISLAND RED FILMED A.D. 1050
WL01697 MDSH WE A.D. 350-1050 CARRABELLE PUNCTATED ST. PETE INCISED WAKULLA CHECK STAMPED WEEDEN ISLAND PLAIN WEEDEN ISLAND RED FILM A.D. 1050
106 WL01699 MDSH WE A.D. 350-1050 CARRABELLE INCISED CARRABELLE PUNCTATED ST. PETE INCISED WAKULLA CHECK STAMPED WEEDEN ISLAND INCISED WEEDEN ISLAND PUNCTATED WEEDEN ISLAND RED FILM A.D. 1050
WL01752 MDSH DEPT 650-300 B.C. WE A.D. 350-1050 CARABELLE SERIES DEPTFORD SERIES LAKE JACKSON PLAIN WAKULLA CHECKSTAMPED WEEDEN ISLAND RED FILMED A.D. 1050
WL01753 MDSH SRSC 200 B.C.-A.D. 300 WE A.D. 350-1050 CARABELLE SERIES RUSKIN DENTATE STAMPED WAKULLA CHECKSTAMPED WEEDEN ISLAND RED FILMED A.D. 1050
WL01803 UNSP DEPT 650-300 B.C. SRSC 200 B.C.-A.D. 300 WE A.D. 350-1050 BASIN BAYOU INCISED DEPTFORD CHECK STAMPED SWIFT CREEK COMPLICATED STAMPED UNIDENTIFIED RED FILMED WEEDEN ISLAND PUNCTATED A.D. 1050 Walton County’s oldest pertinent terminal date is A.D. 1000, recorded in a non- ceremonial site.
107
APPENDIX E
SPECIFIC AND GENERAL CULTURAL ASSOCIATIONS WITH RED CERAMICS BY GENERALIZED CULTURAL ATTRIBUTION AND REGIONALLY IN FLORIDA
108 Specific Culture Ceremonial Sites Mundane Sites Ceremonial Weight ARCL 9 ORAN 4 4 50% NORW 5 TRAN 11 MAL1 1 2 33.33% DEPT 4 13 23.52% BLG 4 SJ 2 8 20% SJ1 6 16 27.27% SJ1A 4 3 57.14% GL1 1 100% CADE 2 CL 1 100% SWF 1 6 14.28% SRSC 1 4 20% SWFL 1 1 50% SJ1B 2 1 66.66% WEI 3 7 30% WE 5 40 11.11% WE1 1 1 50% WE2 2 GL2 1 100% GL2A 1 WEII 2 9 18.18% MAL2 1 100% SUVA 1 WE4 1 SJ2A 3 2 60% HICK 3 1 75% SJ2 5 14 23.8% GL2B 1 100% FTWL 18 ENGL 1 100% MISS 1 GL3 1 100% SAFE 5 SJ2B 1 1 50% GL3A 1 100% PENS 1 2 33.33% GL3B 1 100% ALAC 1 3 25% SJ2C 2 1 66.66% SPN1 2 SP16 1 LEJE 17
109 SP17 8 SEMI 3
[Total 62 230 21.23%]
General Culture Ceremonial Sites Mundane Sites Ceremonial Weight Late Archaic 9 Orange 4 4 50% Norwood 5 Transitional 11 Deptford 4 13 23.52% Belle Glade 4 Malabar 2 2 50% St. Johns 25 46 35.21% Glades 6 1 85.71% Cades Pond 2 Caloosa 1 100% Swift Creek 2 7 22.22% Santa Rosa-Swift Creek 1 4 20% Weeden Island 11 60 15.49% Suwannee Valley 1 Hickory Pond 3 1 75% Fort Walton 1 20 4.76% Englewood 1 100% Mississippian 1 Safety Harbor 5 Alachua 1 3 25% Leon-Jefferson 17 Spanish 11 Seminole 3
Sorted by Ceremonial Weight:
Caloosa 1 100% Englewood 1 100% Glades 6 1 85.71% Hickory Pond 3 1 75% Orange 4 4 50% Malabar 2 2 50% St. Johns 25 46 35.21% Alachua 1 3 25% Deptford 4 13 23.52% Swift Creek 2 7 22.22% Santa Rosa-Swift Creek 1 4 20% Weeden Island 11 60 15.49%
110 Fort Walton 1 20 4.76% Late Archaic 9 Norwood 5 Transitional 11 Belle Glade 4 Cades Pond 2 Suwannee Valley 1 Mississippian 1 Safety Harbor 5 Leon-Jefferson 17 Spanish 11 Seminole 3
Regional Ceremonial Weight:
Caloosa 1 100% Englewood 1 100% Glades 6 1 85.71% Malabar 2 2 50% Southern Florida Regional average 83.92%
Orange 4 4 50% St. Johns 25 46 35.21% Hickory Pond 3 1 75% Alachua 1 3 25% Northeast Florida Regional average 46.30%
Deptford 4 13 23.52% Swift Creek 2 7 22.22% Santa Rosa-Swift Creek 1 4 20% Weeden Island 11 60 15.49% Fort Walton 1 20 4.76% Northwest Florida Regional average 17.19%
111
APPENDIX F
SITE COUNTS BY FLORIDA COUNTY
112 County AR prehistoric ceramic red ceramic red/prehistoric ceramic
AL 758 623 249 3 0.0120481 BA 280 202 25 0 ------BD 267 227 119 0 ------BF 72 63 9 0 ------BR 389 332 207 4 0.0193236 BY 379 335 266 7 0.0263157 CA 157 143 40 0 ------CH 147 119 78 1 0.0128205 CI 529 449 176 2 0.0113636 CL 214 151 54 0 ------CO 485 384 47 0 ------CR 660 544 393 1 0.0025445 DA 546 355 297 1 0.0033670 DE 82 57 8 0 ------DI 219 151 78 0 ------DU 524 432 311 12 0.0385852 ES 600 260 133 0 ------FL 94 63 43 1 0.0232558 FR 222 155 106 1 0.0094339 GD 234 182 81 0 ------GI 55 33 8 0 ------GL 283 258 98 0 ------GU 103 79 48 2 0.0416666 HA 164 147 46 0 ------HE 290 157 37 0 ------HG 222 197 109 2 0.0183486 HI 1005 897 148 0 ------HN 118 99 65 1 0.0153846 HO 179 147 49 0 ------HR 178 154 21 2 0.0952380 IR 118 82 47 1 0.0212765 JA 713 643 207 1 0.0048309 JE 755 621 269 5 0.0185873 LA 544 384 153 1 0.0065359 LE 1333 1095 698 3 0.0042979 LF 41 31 13 3 0.2307692 LI 438 346 138 0 ------LL 324 258 134 1 0.0074626 LV 411 355 163 9 0.0552147 MA 414 347 78 0 ------MD 105 87 42 0 ------MO 458 227 184 0 ------MR 1086 768 224 5 0.0223214 MT 126 111 47 1 0.0212765
113 NA 156 121 70 0 ------OB 53 37 29 1 0.0344827 OK 1091 834 373 12 0.0321715 OR 325 246 118 1 0.0084745 OS 289 221 70 0 ------PA 709 662 91 2 0.0219780 PB 177 144 109 1 0.0091743 PI 361 325 91 1 0.0109890 PO 747 639 173 5 0.0289017 PU 279 211 79 4 0.0506329 SE 182 152 97 3 0.0309278 SJ 381 228 157 2 0.0127388 SL 90 59 36 4 0.1111111 SM 239 216 46 5 0.1086956 SO 234 283 71 0 ------SR 786 496 231 5 0.0216450 SU 273 232 54 1 0.0185185 TA 301 275 96 0 ------UN 194 163 15 1 0.0666666 VO 484 348 200 5 0.0250000 WA 586 474 189 1 0.0052910 WL 1334 1140 456 17 0.0372807 WS 260 215 67 0 ------25,852 8,665 141 0.0162723 average/county 129.3283582 2.1044776 0.0162723
114
APPENDIX G
RED CERAMIC PROPORTIONS IN FLORIDA’S ARCHAEOLOGICALLY MOST STATISTICALLY SIGNIFICANT COUNTIES
115 County AR Prehistoric Ceramic Red Ceramic Red Fraction
LV 411 355 163 9 0.0552147 DU 524 432 311 12 0.0385852 WL 1334 1140 456 17 0.0372807 OK 1091 834 373 12 0.0321715 PO 747 639 173 5 0.0289017 BY 379 335 266 7 0.0263157 VO 484 348 200 5 0.0250000 MR 1086 768 224 5 0.0223214 SR 786 496 231 5 0.0216450 BR 389 332 207 4 0.0193236 JE 755 621 269 5 0.0185873 SJ 381 228 157 2 0.0127388 AL 758 623 249 3 0.0120481 CI 529 449 176 2 0.0113636 LL 324 258 134 1 0.0074626 LA 544 384 153 1 0.0065359 WA 586 474 189 1 0.0052910 JA 713 643 207 1 0.0048309 LE 1333 1095 698 3 0.0042979 DA 546 355 297 1 0.0033670 CR 660 544 393 1 0.0025445 ES 600 260 133 0 ------HI 1005 897 148 0 ------LI 438 346 138 0 ------MO 458 227 184 0 ------25,852 5,889 102 0.0162723 average/county 129.3283582 2.1044776 0.0162723
116
APPENDIX H
PROPORTIONS OF RED CERAMIC ARTIFACTS IN REPRESENTATIVE WEEDEN ISLAND RED CERAMIC SITES
117 ____A R T I F A C T S____ SITE TYPE Red Total Red/Total 8JE104 WER 200 4931 0.0405 8JE897 WER 3 60 0.0500 8LA2196 WER 3 43 0.0697 8LE1483 WEZ 1 65 0.0153 8LE2105 WER 1 459 0.0021 8LF28 DCR 3 108 0.0277 RF 1 0.0092 WERF 1 0.0092 8LF32 WERF 1 4 0.2500 8LF43 WERF 1 2 0.5000 8LV284 WER 2 152 0.0131 8LV308 UID R SLIP 43 244 0.1762 WE R SLIP 14 0.0537 RED TOTAL 57 0.2336 8OK26 WERF 5 37 0.1351 8OK135 WERS 1 2 0.5000 8OK174 WEZR 1 38 0.0263 8OK784 WEZR 1 9 0.1111 8OK1014 WERF 1 4 0.2500 8OK1206 WERF 2 8 0.2500 8OK1230 WERF 3 3 1.0000 8SR1 WEZR 4 137 0.0291 8SR992 WERF 2 3 0.6666 8SU261 WERF 1 8 0.1250 8WL81 WER 53 698 0.0759 8WL162 WERF 1 12 0.0833 8WL521 WERF 2 4 0.5000 8WL543C WERF 6 89 0.0674 8WL1085 WERF 1 7 0.1428 8WL1175 WEPRF 2 4 0.5000 8WL1546 WERF 1 8 0.1250 8WL1697 WERF 3 56 0.0535 8WL1699 WERF 1 54 0.0185 8WL1752 WERF 3 47 0.0638 8WL1753 WERF 2 51 0.0392 8WL1803 UIDRF 1 9 0.1111
118
APPENDIX I
PROPORTIONS OF RED CERAMIC TYPES BY SITE COUNTS IN NORTH FLORIDA COUNTIES
119 The following table lists data examined from judgmentally limited FMSF 2003 records from north Florida’s counties that contain sites with prehistoric red ceramics, the number of sites in each county that contain red ceramics, the cultural attribution of the red ceramics from that county’s site(s), the total number of prehistoric ceramic sites recorded in that county, and the proportion of red ceramic sites within that county’s universe of prehistoric ceramic sites.
County Red Sites Type Total Sites Red Type Fraction
AL 1 DCR 359 0.0027 BY 3 WERF 291 0.0103 DU 1 DCR 316 0.0031 FR 1 WERF 114 0.0087 GU 2 WER 49 0.0408 JA 1 WEIRF 323 0.0030 JE 2 MRF 493 0.0040 2 WER 0.0040 3 WERF 0.0060 LA 1 DCR 181 0.0055 LE 2 WER 844 0.0023 13 MRF 0.0154 1 WEZR 0.0011 LF 1 DCR 17 0.0588 1 STRF 0.0588 3 WERF 0.1764 LV 1 DCR 183 0.0054 2 STR 0.0109 2 PRS 0.0109 1 DCS 0.0054 1 WER 0.0054 2 RSlip 0.0109 1 WERSlip 0.0054 1 DCR 0.0054 MR 4 DCR 326 0.0122 1 PascoR 0.0030 OK 1 WERF 392 0.0025 1 WERS 0.0025 1 WEZR 0.0025 4 WERF 0.0102 1 RF 0.0025 1 KR 0.0025 OR 1 DCR 126 0.0079 PU 4 DCR 106 0.0377 SE 3 DCR 110 0.0272 SJ 2 RFCS 169 0.0118 1 RFPlain 0.0059
120 1 RFPunctate 0.0059 1 MRF 0.0059 SM 2 DCR 75 0.0266 3 PascoR 0.0400 SR 1 WEZR 248 0.0040 1 WERF 0.0040 SU 1 WERF 83 0.0120 UN 1 ZR 16 0.0625 VO 5 DCR 238 0.0210 WL 1 WER 526 0.0019 9 WERF 0.0171 1 PlainRF 0.0019 1 RF 0.0019
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133 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCH
After a long career in radio and television broadcasting I returned to school in 1997 to satisfy my lifelong passion for the archaeology of south Georgia and north Florida. Following completion of my undergraduate field school at Florida State University in 1999 I was employed as an archaeological technician for Post, Buckley, Schuh, & Jernigan in more than 75 projects over an approximately five-year period while continuing my education at Florida State University; the final two of those years I was also a paid Cultural Resources Management (CRM) intern involved in all aspects of CRM research, fieldwork, and report production. After earning my BA in anthropology in 2000 I began graduate studies in 2001 to earn an MS in anthropology and recognition as a professional archaeologist. Since 2004 I have been employed by the Florida Department of State, Division of Historical Resources, Bureau of Historic Preservation in the Florida Master Site File.
134