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The Temporal and Geographic Distribution of Red-Filmed Florida State University Libraries Electronic Theses, Treatises and Dissertations The Graduate School 2006 The Temporal and Geographic Distribution of Red-Filmed Ceramics in Northwest Florida the Archaeological Significance of Red-Filmed Ceramics in the Lower Southeast William Gerald Lawson Brinkley Follow this and additional works at the FSU Digital Library. For more information, please contact [email protected] THE FLORIDA STATE UNIVERSITY COLLEGE OF ARTS AND SCIENCES THE TEMPORAL AND GEOGRAPHIC DISTRIBUTION OF RED-FILMED CERAMICS IN NORTHWEST FLORIDA The Archaeological Significance of Red-Filmed Ceramics in the Lower Southeast By WILLIAM GERALD LAWSON BRINKLEY A Thesis submitted to the Department of Anthropology in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science Degree Awarded: Fall Semester, 2006 The members of the Committee approve the thesis of Wm. Gerald L. Brinkley defended on August 25, 2006. ____________________________________ Glen Doran Professor Directing Thesis ____________________________________ Rochelle Marrinan Committee Member ____________________________________ Bruce Grindal Committee Member Approved: ______________________________________ Dean Falk, Chair, Department of Anthropology The Office of Graduate Studies has verified and approved the above named committee members. ii ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I should first thank Dr. Peter Waylen for allowing me into his classes at the University of Florida in 1987 so that I could earn membership in the American Meteorological Society, accomplished in 1988. Next, but perhaps foremost, Frank Keel, who taught my introductory class in archaeology and subsequently took me under his wing to work with him in professional cultural resources management. Dr. Rochelle Marrinan’s guidance through both my undergraduate and graduate field schools as well as her support of my graduate studies have been key to my progress over the past several years in my academic and professional archaeological endeavors. Dr. Glen Doran has been a dedicated advocate ever since he took me as one of his students upon my admission into graduate studies. Dr. Bruce Grindal, always interesting and a pleasure to listen to or talk with, has demonstrated that higher level studies can truly be fun. Dan Penton’s guidance as Principal Investigator and Senior Archaeologist during my tenure as an archaeological technician and CRM intern taught valuable lessons with lasting benefits, and I value his friendship as I do that of Dr. Marion Smith, the guiding force that made Florida’s Master Site File the benchmark operation that has long been. I sincerely appreciate the continuing opportunity to work closely with Chip Birdsong, successor to Marion as supervisor and administrator of FMSF and with Charly Branham. It is, however, my family and friends have made this academic venture possible. Other than my sons and daughter, my greatest supporters throughout this academic bought have been Martha Upton Smith, Bob May, Ken Brown, Jerry Gilbert, Dennis Smith, Darrell Brinkley, and Elizabeth Voorhies. Each and all, I thank you. iii TABLE OF CONTENTS List of Tables…………………………………………………………………………….vii List of Figures…………………………………………………………………………...viii Abstract………….………………………………………………………………………...x 1. The Search Begins………………………………......………………………………..1 Introduction…...…………………………………………………………………...1 Background…………...…………………………….……………………………..1 Research Design and Chapter Summaries…………………...……………………6 2. Red Ceramic Overview……………………………………………………………….8 Cultural Reflections on Red……………………………………………………….8 Literature Addressing Red Ceramics……………………………………………...9 3. Environmental and Cultural Change………………………………………………...13 The Environmental Setting…………………………...………………………….14 Cultural Indicators Associated with Sea level Change………...….……………..15 4. The Cultural Settings………………………………………………………………..17 Florida’s Cultural Traditions……………………………………………….…….17 A Cultural Overview………………………………………………………….….18 The Ceramic Revolution………………………………………………………....19 Middle Woodland…………..………………………………....................…....…23 Late Woodland…………………………………………………………….……..26 Weeden Island Contemporaries………….………………………………………26 Mississippian Influences………….……………………………………………...27 ProtohistoricTraditions................................................................................…......29 5. State,and Local Data……….…….………………………………………………….31 Ceremonial Weight………………………………………………………………31 Protohistoric Ceramics…………………………………………………………...33 Mission Red Filmed and Kasita Red…………………………………….33 Red Filmed Check Stamped and Red Film Plain Punctated………..…..35 Prehistoric Ceramics……………………………………………………………..36 Glades……………………………………………………………………36 Pasco Red Body and Pasco Red..………………………………………..37 Dunns Creek Red………………………………………………………...38 The Northwest Florida Continuum…………………………….………...40 Time Depth………………………………………………………40 Site Types..………………………………………………….……41 Major Red Ceramic Types……………………………………………….43 Mission Red Filmed……………………………………………...43 iv Dunns Creek Red………………………………………………...43 Deptford and Swift Creek………………………………………..43 Swift Creek and Weeden Island………………………………….44 Weeden Island……………………………………………………45 Weeden Island Red Filmed………………………………47 Weeden Island Interior Red Filmed……………………...47 Weeden Island Red Slip………………………………….47 Weeden Island Red……………………………………....47 Red Zoned………………………………………………..47 Weeden Island Zoned Red……………………………….48 Undifferentiated Red Ceramics…………………………………..49 UID and Plain Red.………………………………………49 Red Slip…………………………………………………..49 Red Filmed……………………………………………….50 Temporal Spans of Major Red Ceramic Types in North Florida………………...50 6. Summary and Conclusions………………………………………………………….52 APPENDIX A. FLORIDA’S CULTURAL SEQUENCES………………………….…56 APPENDIX B. GEORGIA STATE ARCHAEOLOGICAL DATA (GSAD) CERAMIC TYPES and THEIR CULTURAL/TEMPORAL ATTRIBUTIONS…………………….…...……………………………………..61 APPENDIX C. REGIONAL RED CERAMIC TYPES and THEIR TEMPORAL/CULTURAL ASSOCIATIONS………………………..………..64 APPENDIX D. FLORIDA STATE SITE DATA EXAMINED……………..……..…66 APPENDIX E. SPECIFIC AND GENERAL CULTURAL ASSOCIATIONS WITH RED CERAMICS BY GENERALIZED CULTURAL ATTRIBUTION AND REGIONALLY IN FLORIDA ..………………..…….108 APPENDIX F. SITE COUNTS BY FLORIDA COUNTY…………………………...112 APPENDIX G. RED CERAMIC PROPORTIONS IN FLORIDA’S ARCHAEOLOGICALLY MOST STATISTICALLY SIGNIFICANT COUNTIES……………………………………………………………………..115 APPENDIX H. PROPORTIONS OF RED CERAMIC ARTIFACTS IN REPRESENTATIVE WEEDEN ISLAND RED CERAMIC SITES……..……117 APPENDIX I. PROPORTIONS OF RED CERAMIC TYPES BY SITE COUNTS IN NORTH FLORIDA COUNTIES………………………………………...…119 v REFERENCES CITED…………………………………………………………………122 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCH……………………………………………………...……134 vi LIST OF TABLES 5.1 Non-exclusive site types from which red ceramics have been recorded in northern Florida……………………………………………………………….42 5.2 Temporal spans of major red ceramic types in northern Florida………………...50 vii LIST OF FIGURES 1.1. Photograph: Interior Red Filmed Tetrapodal Base………………...……………...2 1.2. Map: Red Ceramic Sites in Georgia & Northern Florida…………………………5 3.1. Chart: 7ky Sea-level Change…………………………………………………….15 3.2. Map: Florida Coastlines 10kya to current……………………………………….16 4.1. Map: Distribution of Fiber Tempered ceramics in Florida, Georgia, and southern Alabama counties……………………….…...…………………...20 4.2. Map: Distribution of Deptford ceramics in Florida, Georgia, and southern Alabama counties………………………... ………………………………..23 4.3. Map: Distribution of Swift Creek ceramics in Florida, Georgia, and southern Alabama counties……………………….…..……………………………..23 4.4. Map: Distribution of Santa Rosa ceramic varieties in Florida, Georgia, and southern Alabama counties……………………………..…………………25 4.5. Map: Distribution of Weeden Island ceramics in Florida, Georgia, and southern Alabama counties………………………... .…………………….25 4.6. Map: Distribution of Fort Walton ceramics in Florida, Georgia, and southern Alabama counties………………………... ……………………………….29 5.1. Map: Archaeologically Significant Red Counties in Florida…………………….33 5.2. Map: Mission Red Filmed Ceramics Distribution in Florida……………………34 5.3. Map: Kasita Red Ceramics Distribution in Florida……………………………...35 5.4. Map: Red Filmed Check Stamped & Plain Punctated Ceramics Distribution in Florida……………………………………………………………………………36 5.5. Map: Glades Red Ceramics in Glades Ceramics Distribution in Florida………..37 5.6. Map: Pasco Red Ceramic Distribution in St. Johns and Weeden Island Overlapping Ceramics Distributions……………………………………………..38 5.7. Map: Dunns Creek Red Ceramics Distribution in St. Johns Ceramics Distribution………………………………………………………………………39 5.8. Map: Temporal Distribution of Red Ceramics in Florida………………………..40 viii 5.9. Map: Swift Creek with Red Ceramics in Swift Creek Ceramic Distributions…..44 5.10. Map: Weeden Island Red Ceramics in Weeden Island Ceramic Distributions….45 5.11. Map: Red Zoned Ceramics Distribution in Florida……………………………...48 5.12. Map: UID Red Ceramics or Plain Red Ceramics Distribution in Florida……….49 ix ABSTRACT This study examines the general temporal, geographic, and situational distributions of prehistoric aboriginal red-filmed ceramics in northern Florida. Anticipated results were that red-filmed ceramics, most particularly those showing interior red film, would be shown to be primarily associated with burials and mounds throughout the prehistoric ceramic era. x CHAPTER ONE: THE SEARCH BEGINS Introduction Chapter One recounts archaeological field experiences and archival research that prompted interest in prehistoric red decorated ceramic material. Variations in Florida, Georgia, and Alabama data that complicate and inhibit production
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