Association News

PS, Vol. 18, No. 4. (Autumn, 1985), pp. 797-832+834-838+840-848.

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http://www.jstor.org Wed Feb 13 10:12:46 2008 Association News

Reports on the Annual Meeting

Annual Meeting TABLE 2 In New Orleans 1985 Annual Meeting APSA Organized Section Panels Well Attended Number A total of 2,842 people attended APSA's Section of Panels annual meeting in New Orleans, August 29-September 1, despite a hurricane Conflict Processes threat and a few cancelled airplane Federalism and Intergovern- flights. This figure compares well with mental Relations the 1983 meeting in and is more Law, Courts and Judicial than 500 above the 1973 New Orleans Process meeting, as shown in Table 1. Legislative Studies Pol~cyStudles Joseph Cooper of Rice University chaired Political Organizations and the Program Committee for the 1985 Parties conference which was responsible for Presidency Research Public Administration organizing 267 of the over 450 panels at Representation and Electoral the meeting. APSA's nine Organized Sec- Systems tions assembled 69 panels, an increase Total

TABLE 1 over 1984 by one-third due to the Annual Meeting Registration, growth in the number of Organized Sec- 1967-85* tions since last year. The average attendance at panels 1967 2473 (Chicago) organized by the Program Committee 1968 3723 (Washington, D.C.) 1969 4142 (New York) was 20. The Sections with the highest 1970 2397 (Los Angeles) average attendance were Electoral 1971 2732 (Chicago) Behavior and Popular Control (whose 1972 3380 (Washington. D.C.) average attendance was 31); Legislative 1973 231 2 (New Orleans) Processes and (30); Political 1 974 2773 (Chicago) Thought and Philosophy: Historical Ap- 1975 2478 (San Francisco) proaches (27); the Practice of Political 1976 2295 (Chicago) Science (27); and Political Executives 1977 2624 (Washington, D.C.) and the Presidency (26). 1978 2373 (New York) 1979 2687 (Washington, D.C.) Among the Organized Sections the 1980 2745 (Washington, D.C.) groups with the highest average atten- 1981 2887 (New York) dance was Political Organizations and 1982 2205 (Denver) Parties (28) which fielded only two 1983 2859 (Chicago) panels; Law, Courts and Judicial Process 1984 3391 (Washington, D.C.) 1985 2842 (New Orleans) (27); and Conflict Processes (23). The average attendance at Organized Section * 1972-85 figures include exhibitors regis- panels was 18. There was a negative tered at the meeting, since their fee for booth correlation between the number of rental includes the cost of their reglstratlon. panels offered by an Organized Section Association News and the average attendance at that Sec- Prospects for Arms Control tion's panels. Carol Nechemias Pennsylvania State University, Capitol Campus Best Attended Panels I. M. Destler, a Senior Fellow at the Insti- The best attended day-time panel at the tute of International and convention was Political Knowledge for moderator for the plenary session on What? Two New Books on the State of "Arms Control: Problems and Pros- the Discipline, with 1 16 people in atten- pects," described the panel participants dance. The Roundtable on the Reagan as "doers and thinkers," individuals with Presidency was the next most popular high-level governmental experience who with 93 in attendance, followed by the now are actively engaged in the enter- Presidential Election of 1984 with an prise of analyzing current arms control audience of 76. dilemmas. The speakers were indeed The fourth best-attended panel with 67 illustrious. They included Robert S. was the Roundtable on Area Studies and McNamara, Secretary of Defense under Theory Building, followed by the Round- Presidents Kennedy and Johnson and table on In Search of France (66) and the President of the World Bank from Roundtable on Congressional Committee 1968-81; James R. Schlesinger, who Research to honor Richard F. Fenno, Jr. has held such diverse positions as Chair of the Atomic Energy Commission (65). (1971 -73), Director of the Central Intel- ligence Agency ( 1 9731, Secretary of Defense (1973.751, and Secretary of the Plenary Sessions Department of Energy (1977-79); and Lt. General Brent Scowcroft (USAF, ret.), The three plenary sessions, held on each a former assistant to the President for of the three evenings of the conference, national security affairs ( 1 975-1977), drew large audiences. At the first plenary member of the President's General session Program Chair Cooper presided Advisory Committee on Arms Control as APSA's awards were presented to (1977.801, and, more recently, chair of a outstanding scholars, and Richard F. commission established by President Fenno, Jr. delivered the Presidential Reagan on the MX issue. Address, which will appear in an up- All three panelists painted a gloomy pic- coming issue of the American Political ture of the prospects for arms control. Science Review. It was estimated that Schlesinger argued that public expecta- 375 people attended this session. tions about what arms control can ac- Fred I. Greenstein of Princeton University complish are exaggerated. In his view chaired the second plenary session on arms negotiations do not lead to cuts in Reform of the American Political System defense expenditures, except in a mar- with approximately 175 people in atten- ginal way, or eliminate the threat of dance. On the third evening I. M. Destler nuclear devastation. Moreover, the of the Institute for International Eco- public seems to believe that the United nomics presided over a packed house States alone can, if it wants, achieve (350 people) to hear Robert S. Mc- progress in managing the arms race; but Namara, James R. Schlesinger and Brent negotiations involve dialogue between Scowcroft discuss the problems of and two sovereign powers, the codification prospects for arms control. of decisions made by independent powers. Ed~tor'sNote: FUN reports of the plenary What, then, would successful arms talks sessions, Reform of the American Politi- entail? For Schlesinger, realistic goals cal System and Arms Control: Problems consist of stabilizing the military balance 7 - and Prospects, appear below. i between the two superpowers and in-

798 PS Fall 1985 President Richard F. Fenno, Jr. (right) at the annual meeting with Executive Director Thomas Mann (left) and Michael Preston, Chair of the Committee on the Status of Blacks in the Profession. creasing the probability that worthless volves the Reagan administration's reluc- weapons systems would not be deployed tance to accept American vulnerability as -goals that may fall short of public inevitable. The administration does not expectations. want U.S. survival to depend on Soviet But major obstacles block the achieve- forbearance. Schlesinger noted that ment of even these more modest aims. Western European countries, as well as Schlesinger singled out several impedi- the USSR, believe in their own vulnerabil- ments, including a lack of simultaneity in ity; only the American historical experi- the degree of interest in arms control ence generates this seeming inability to exhibited by the USA and the USSR in come to terms with this unpleasant the past 40 years. In the 1970s, for reality. example, the was prepared Unable to accept such vulnerability for to accept a stand-off under the rubric of the U.S., President Reagan hopes to detente but the USSR deployed large force the USSR to settle with us by numbers of missiles with heavy throw- engaging in an arms race that the USSR weight. American willingness to accept cannot afford to run. But Schlesinger dis- restraint was not reciprocated. In the missed this approach as an illusion, argu- 1980s, on the other hand, the Soviet ing that Congress has reached the "end side may be prepared to exercise re- of the road" with respect to defense straint but the United States appears un- spending; cuts in defense expenditures prepared for this at the moment. The indicate that we are in no position to run moods of the two superpowers simply do a strategic arms race. Indeed, by drawing not coincide. down expenditures on conventional Another barrier to arms negotiations in- weapons the United States is losing part Association News

Robert S. McNamara, former Secretary of Defense, addresses the plenary session on arms control.

of its deterrent. In Schlesinger's view, into a conflict in which they have no role the fond belief on the right that America and the fear of abandonment by the can remake the Soviet defense posture in United States. With respect to the latter our preferred image- is an illusion. issue, Schlesinner compared SDI to the For Schlesinger, the acceptance of French ~a~inotline,which sent a signal mutual vulnerability constitutes a pre- that France had no interest in Eastern requisite for arms control, the bedrock for Europe. In addition, SDI might undermine the arms talks that took place in the the British and French independent 1970s. The former Defense Secretary strategic deterrents. These two countries argued that Star Wars, the Strategic have an interest in keeping defensive Defense Initiative (SDI) has shaken that systems at low levels so that their rela- foundation. SDI reflects a characteristic tively small independent nuclear forces American attitude that there must be a would retain effectiveness. In Schles- technocratic solution to our vulnerability, inger's view, European governments sim- but Schlesinner saw a number of danners- ply will not support deployment. inherent in tiis approach. He also pointed out that SDI undermines Although the Reagan administration now existing strategy, which calls for selec- advertises and defends SDI as a research tive nuclear strikes if the Soviets move effort, largely in response to the reac- westward, an option that becomes im- tions of our European allies, Schlesinger possible if the USSR and the USA have characterized this approach as "mighty SDI. Ironically, only a massive strike odd" since it reverses the normal process could penetrate the shield of strategic of conducting technological research and defenses; and we arrive back where we then choosing weapons systems. Policy started-with mutual assured destruc- has preceded technology. tion (MAD). Moreover, SDI has the unique capacity to The return to Geneva is, in Schlesinger's evoke seemingly conflicting fears in our words, "an unalloyed blessing for the European allies: the fear of cooptation Soviet Union." After two years of Soviet

800 PS Fall 1985 difficulties in the foreign policy realm, "bolt from the blue scenario," the prob- with the downing of the Korean airliner, lem is that with such weapons a crisis the walkout at Geneva, heavy-handed could develop rapidly and make a first involvement in Western European poli- strike more plausible. tics, and questions raised about a Soviet Scowcroft criticized the freeze move- role in the attempted assassination of the ment for its "simplistic" assumption that pope, the USSR now faces the oppor- all change in strategic forces is bad and tunity either to restrain American tech- charged that both liberals and conserva- nology or, more likely, to exploit allied tives question the continued utility of reservations over strategic defense. deterrence. In Scowcroft's judgment, there are no single, simple solutions to Schlesinger argued that arms control; but there are strategic force public expectations about structures that would offer less military incentive to attack than the current struc- what arms control can ac- ture of forces. complish are exaggerated. With respect to SDI, McNamara said that except for the president and perhaps the secretary of defense no one in govern- Schlesinger sees little hope of a serious, substantial arms agreement. One possi- ment believed the SDI could eliminate our ble scenario would involve using SDI as a strategic vulnerability. Other SDI advo- bargaining chip. While a high price could cates had very different notions of its purpose. in fact, Scowcroft wondered be extracted from the Soviets, the what it was, noting that at least five ver- administration would have to give up slons of SDI with different goals in mind hope of American invulnerability. In- have received attention from the Reagan stead, the United States goes to Geneva administration. Scowcroft thought that with the administration unwilling to use the adm~nistrationhad not yet sorted out SDI as a carrot and the Congress unwill- where it is going; and, while he recog- ing to use MX as a stick. As a conse- nized that a combination of weak offen- quence, the Soviet Un~onhas no incen- sive systems and strong defensive sys- tive to compromise. tems would be stable, he questioned, as Schlesinger argued that the SDI proposal had Schlesinger, whether there was as put forth by the administration fails to "any way to get there from here." address a central contradiction: how of- fensive weapons can first be drawn down and then SDI deployed, since SDI In (Schlesinger 's] view increases the premium on the numbers negotiations do not lead and throw-weight of offensive weapons. In other words, if the Soviet Union to cuts in defense expen- believes that we are turning toward a ditures . . . or eliminate generic defense, they will counter that the threat of nuclear step with a build-up of offensive weapons. devastation. Scowcroft, like Schlesinger, placed con- siderable emphasis on the problem of in- But Scowcroft disagreed with Schles- flated public expectations concerning inger about the meaning of the ABM what we can expect to accomplish treaty, arguing that it had not enshrined through arms talks. In his view, the pri- mutual vulnerability as a principle, but, mary aim of negotiations is to "reduce instead, had represented a tactical deci- chances that characteristics of the sion that the defensive systems that weapons systems will help transform could be developed at that time were not crisis into conflict.'' What Scowcroft worth deploying. But Soviet research has termed "strategic crisis stability" is not stopped in this area, and Scowcroft undermined by the increasing accuracy suggested that the Soviet Union has of missiles and the known location of exhibited considerable enthusiasm for major targets. While neither side wants a strategic defensive activities-that their Association News public comments on this subject do not All three panel participants had advice to reflect their true views. tender to President Reagan. At Geneva, McNamara would use SDI as an oppor- tunity to reduce and reshape strategic [Onel barrier to arms forces: the numbers of accurate Soviet negotiations involves the land-based missiles to our Minuteman Reagan administra tion's silos would be cut; and the United States would adjust the numbers of D-5 forces reluctance to accept yet to be deployed. SDI would be clearly American vulnerability as established as a research program, w~th inevitable. development prohibited, pending discus- sion of its strategic implications. In McNamara's view, this approach would McNamara emphasized that both the allow both sides to emerge as winners. United States and the USSR are driven by Schlesinger similarly called on President deep-seated fears that the other side Reagan to use SDI as a bargaining chip. seeks to achieve a first-strike capacity. The Soviet Union would need to provide The majority of American experts envi- us with restraint on offense; in return, sion a scenario that calls for the Soviet the United States would exercise re- Union launching an attack that would straint on defense. In exchange for rough eliminate our Minuteman missiles; the equality, the United States would reaf- only viable American response, retalia- firm the ABM Treaty. There would be no tion against Soviet cities, would not be visible development and deployment of carried out; and the result would be SDI. capitulation to Soviet demands. Scowcroft took a somewhat different According to McNamara, this analysis view. While basically echoing the posi- assumes that Soviet leaders are detached tions of the other speakers with respect from reality. Their actions would be to the need to restructure strategic predicated on two shaky premises: (1) forces, he was not so pessimistic about that the United States would not launch the prospects for defensive systems, its missiles when an attack is detected; arguing that the way the administration and (2)that a well-coordinated and mas- has proposed moving toward SDI will not sive Soviet attack would work, despite work; but that other ways of "getting the uncertainties attached to this essen- there from here" might be devised. tially "untested" enterprise. In Scowcroft suggested the introduction of McNamara's words, "only a madman limited defense for certain areas in order would opt for such a gamble, and what- to build up confidence between the two ever you think of the Soviets they aren't superpowers and perhaps pave the way mad." for the adoption of further measures in Nonetheless, McNamara noted that all the future. arms negotiations must be based on the assumption that the other side seeks to achieve a first-strike capacity. Each side McNamara emphasized does engage in the vigorous deployment that both the United of new weapons systems that threaten States and the USSR are the other side's land-based missiles. In driven by deep-seated the American case, the D-5s now being deployed on our new submarines can fears that the other side destroy Soviet missile silos. seeks to achieve a first- McNamara particularly stressed his con- s trike capacity. cern over SDl's implications, contend~ng that it would st~mulatean offensive arms buildup and lead to an American abroga- McNamara noted a peculiar mirror image tion of the ABM Treaty, an important between the present bargaining situation symbol of detente, within the decade. at Geneva and discussions between

802 PS Fall 1985 Premier Aleksei Kosygin and President Lyndon Johnson in 1967. At that time the Soviet Union was deploying an ABM system around Moscow and the United States did not know whether Soviet intentions involved deployment across the USSR. In June of 1967, when Kosygin and Johnson met at Glassboro, NJ, Johnson warned the Soviets that America would respond with more of- fense in order to penetrate Soviet defenses and to maintain deterrence. Thomas Cronin of Colorado College responds Kosygin grew angry at the American to a question from the audience at the plenary objections, asserting that defense is session on political reform. moral and offense is immoral. Now the United States is using Kosygin's argu- "Reform of the American Political Sys- ments. tem" brought together a panel of experts well suited to tackling this issue. The speakers included Lloyd N. Cutler, a All three panel partici- member of the Washington, D.C. bar pants had advice to tender since 1946 and former counsel to Presi- to President Reagan. dent Carter; Barber B. Conable, a former member of the House of Representatives, who served with distinction on the Ways Finally, the subject of nuclear prolifera- and Means Committee and as Chair of tion was raised. Schlesinger predicted the House Republican Policy Committee; that if nuclear weapons are used in the and Colorado College Professor Thomas next 50 to 100 years, the most likely Cronin, a noted specialist on the Amer- place will be the third world; hardly a ican presidency. Presidential scholar Fred happy prospect, but not the end of I. Greenstein of Princeton University human survival. McNamara commented served as moderator. that although nuclear proliferation has been slowed, it cannot be stopped and that the United States and the Soviet Union must discuss how they would react to the use of nuclear weapons by a third party. Scowcroft added that the two superpowers largely agree on atti- tudes toward nuclear proliferation. Cl

Reforming the American Political System

Carol Nechemias Pennsylvania State University, Capitol Campus

Is change needed in American political structures? The plenary session on

Former Member of the House Barber Conable Carol Nechemias reports regularly for PS on (R-NY) warns reform advocates that under- the plenary sessions of APSA's annual lying realities make party government in the meetings. U.S. highly improbable. Association News

While all of the participants acknowl- that lacks coherence and purposefulness. edged that American history, beginning Cutler attributed these failures in policy- with the debate over the creation of the making to the decline in party cohesion at Constitution itself, has witnessed the all levels. Contending that candidates are continuous emergence of reform issues, more independent from party support there was sharp disagreement concern- and party discipline than at any time in ing the need for a current restructuring of American history, Cutler depicted elec- the American political system. toral politicians as pulled and hauled by interest groups upon which they depend for money and votes. Members of Con- Con tending that candi- gress running for reelection enjoy stun- dates are more indepen- ningly high success rates. With the sharp dent from party support upswing in the occurrence of split-ticket and party discipline than voting, it has become less and less com- mon, especially since World War II, for at any time in American one party to secure the White House and history, Cutler depicted both houses of Congress. The result, as electoral ooliticians as Cutler noted, is that Benjamin Franklin's quote that "We must all hang together or pulled and' hauled by in- we shall hang separately" does not apply terest groups upon which to Congress. they depend for money For Cutler, single-party control of key and votes. policyrnaklng inst~tutions(Congress and the presidency) is essential for the proper functioning of government. The rise of Cutler set the stage for the debate by divided-party control undermines a presi- asserting that the reform issue of the dent's chances for success in securing 1980s centers on government deadlock the passage of legislative programs. or paralysis, as well as difficulties of hold- Cutler asserted that steps to enhance ing government accountable. In Cutler's party cohesion would represent a return view American government is failing to to the first 150 years of our history perform its most basic functions-formu- rather than a shift to a parliamentary sys- lation of the budget and national security. tem; he claimed to be calling for change To illustrate these points, Cutler focused at the margins rather than for fundamen- on the mounting budget def~citsand U.S. tal changes in the separation of powers. policy toward Nicaragua. Citing the assessment of the former head of the Office of Management and Budget Would, for example, (OMB), David Stockman, Cutler empha- young conservatives in sized that attempts to resolve the prob- Congress favor the line- lem of huge government deficits are vir- tually impossible due to the condition item veto if Walter Mon- that surrounds it: in Stockman's terms, dale were in the White an "outbreak of government paralysis." House handling the de- Although convinced that the deficit prob- lem will lead to economic ruin, Stock- fense budget? man, faced with the diffusion of power, could only ask, "where will the political To refute the charges often leveled at the consensus and political will come from?" party government model, Cutler sug- With respect to American policy toward gested that Congress would retain, as it Nicaragua, Cutler contended that the did in the Teapot Dome scandal, the United States has embraced two distinct capacity to check presidential power. He approaches-the "Titoizing" posture of emphasized that the dread results that Congress and the interventionist position people predict today if we went to a of the Reagan Administration. The result party government system have not oc- is a policy that is neither fish nor fowl, curred in those American states and par-

804 PS Fall 1985 liamentary democracies where the model same even when faced with well-tuned currently holds sway; nor did disaster institutions. ensue in the first 150 years of American 1, examining reform proposals, Conable history, when, according to Cutler, the suggested that advocates ask whether United States had party government. they would be in favor of the reforms if the conditions were different. Would, for changes do occur in example, young conservatives in Con- gress favor the line-item veto if Walter Our politica1 'ystem, with Mondale were in the White House han- executive leadership and dling the defense budget? impending crises playing Conable listed a number of alleged flaws an important role in gener- of the American political structure: the at;ng act;on, accord;ng to inability to replace a failed president; the fragmentation of the legislative process Conable. and the development of iron triangles; the problems associated with fixed elec- tions; the weakening of political parties; Conable responded by emphasizing the and the overglorification of the people as barriers and impediments to reform omniscient. He questioned whether effi- which are the underlying realities that ciency should be the highest goal of may prove insurmountable to party gov- democratic government and whether ernment advocates. He took a critical deadlock and paralysis in fact reign. view of proposals to lengthen the terms of House members, noting that holding Even so, policy changes do occur in our fewer elections would not narrow the political system, with executive leader- gap between officials and the electorate. ship and impending crises playing an im- Moreover, he stressed that the "Senate portant role in generating action, accord- will never vote for an amendment that ing to Conable. In his view, any alter- would allow . . . [House members1 to run native from the diffusion of power so against them without jeopardizing their characteristic of the American political seats." Nor would any reforms that re- structure would generate greater polari- quire small states to give up their advan- zation. tages in the electoral system secure pas- sage. From Conable's perspective, party Overall, Conable charac- government advocates "can't get there from here." terized the American peo- ple as a conservative peo- Nor was Conable convinced that sub- ple with a great deal to stantial reforms are desirable or neces- sary. He noted that some changes prob- conserve, a people who ably will be adopted to "save ourselves prefer the current system. from ourselves." Congress would prefer to work out certain proposals itself, for example, a balanced budget amendment, Conable further noted that advocates of than open the way for what Conable party government fail to mention that the termed a "devil's workshop"-a Consti- parliamentary system is not without its tutional convention, where it's "hard to flaws: the manipulation of election tim- identify the Jeffersons and Madisons ing; leaving people with a modest waiting to come." Overall, however, amount of time for electoral campaigns Conable argued that structural changes, (Conable expressed satisfaction with our like those flowing from the Budget long campaign periods); the development Reform Act, zero-base budgeting, or sun- of even stronger bureaucracies in par- set laws, are less important than effec- liamentary settings where experts cannot tive leadership. In his view skilled leaders be drawn into the executive; and the will secure positive results from a flawed downgrading of the people's role to the structure, but poor leaders cannot do the sole task of creating a majority. With Association News respect to this last issue, Conable sees cies existed in the Carter administration the people-not just interest groups-as stemmed more from a backlash to Water- a continuing presence in the lives of gate and from the president's lack of members of Congress. political experience and skills than from flaws in the American political system. Conable summarized his position by sug- Carter, after all, was able to work with gesting that the American people prefer Congress and, even though the times personal accountability to party account- were tough for a president, accomplish ability. Nor are they drawn to ideology: some major objectives, such as the party dialogue is accommodative, with Panama Canal Treaty, the establishment our system designed to moderation. of formal relations with , and the Overall, Conable characterized the Amer- Camp David accords. ican people as a conservative people with a great deal to conserve, a people who prefer the current system. Reagan has opted for cur- Although noting that previous genera- rent popularity over a tions of reformers have contributed much place in history by choos- to what this country stands for, including the Bill of Rights and women's suffrage, ing not to exercise his Cronin nonetheless pronounced himself power- his capacity for generally opposed to the reforms associ- leadership-on the issue ated with Cutler and the Committee on the Constitutional System (CCS) which of deficit spending during Cutler heads. He attacked the basic the past year. premises of the CCS reforms, asserting that the idea that "The party is no longer the instrument that selects our presi- Cronin did favor certain reforms: same- dents" is overstated. And he wondered day registration; modification of the elec- what was so terrible about a president toral college; changes in franking privi- settling for a half loaf. leges for members of Congress; a two- day period for voting; and free prime time Cronin especially took issue with the on television for political parties. But he notion that the president must speak for dismissed the line-item veto as a diver- us all in foreign policy, because other sion and the six-year term for a president countries judge our resolve by the degree as a major mistake, for it "would give us to which the country backs up presiden- two more years of an ineffective presi- tial policies. Indeed, Cronin expressed his dent and two less of an effective presi- gratitude that we have internal debate on dent." Central America and South Africa, "that what Ronald Reagan says is not the end Another CCS reform, having members of all and be all of American foreign policy." Congress serve in the cabinet, was viewed as unnecessary, since informal practice already allows for this, with "What Ronald Reagan Senators Laxalt and Baker closer to Ronald Reagan than Donovan and other says is not the end all and cabinet officials. As far as ending split- be' all of American foreign ticket voting and forcing the election of a

policy. " -Tom Cronin team ticket goes, Cronin contended that this approach would divide the nation into chunks, with some single-party In addition, Cronin defended delay, sug- areas disenfranchised. gesting that a leadership that is sure of Cutler responded to these critiques by what it wants to do must educate the reiterating his position that it is virtually rest of us. The Constitution works well, impossible to work with the present sys- allowing a Franklin Roosevelt to enact the tem, that everyone in Congress has a New Deal but blocking his attempt to plan to tackle the deficit but no one has pack the Supreme Court, he said. the job to agree on any of them. He com- According to Cronin, whatever deficien- pared the situation to a group of doctors 806 PS Fall 1985 in a terrible argument about what to do Discussion also centered on the advisa- while the patient sits by, unhelped. He bility of establishing limits on the terms of argued that the goal of creating a more representatives and senators. Conable efficient and more powerful government supported the idea, while Cutler argued led to the Constitutional convention and that members of Congress get better, that restoring some of the patterns of more able to resist interest groups, the party government and party cohesion longer they are in office. Cutler further that existed most of the time up to World suggested that the presidential election War II hardly constitutes a call for radical be held two-to-four weeks ahead of the restructuring of the political system. congressional election, so the public A dialogue between members of the could weigh whether to respond to a audience and the panel generated a num- presidential appeal for support. Cronin, ber of interesting points. James however, responded that the public is MacGregor Burns of Williams College likely to vote the other way, given pop- drew a distinction between the constitu- ular cynicism toward politicians and the tional restructuring called for by Cutler desire to establish informal checks. and the minor reforms suggested by Greenstein probably echoed the musings Cronin. Larry Berman of the University of of many political scientists interested in California, Davis, asked how President reform issues, when he noted that "the Reagan could be expected to govern with Almighty should have cloned the political a liberal-moderate Democratic House and system so we could run experlments." I 1 a moderate Republican Senate. Forty- nine states may have sent Reagan to the White House, but who should the Ameri- can public hold accountable? Editor's note: The following five reports on roundtables held at the annual meet- James David Barber of Duke University ing were written by the chairpersons of argued in agreement with Cronin and each panel at the request of PS so that Conable that Reagan has opted for cur- non-specialists in these particular subject rent popularity over a place in history by areas can get a glimpse of developments choosing not to exercise his power- h~s in parts of the discipline other than their capacity for leadership-on the issue of own. In addition, we are attempting to deficit spending during the past year. cover more of the substance of the an- Cronin similarly argued that Reagan has nual meeting especially in those panels the power, that he could veto appropria- where no papers were presented and tions bills or send a balanced budget to where there is otherwise no lasting Congress; but that he prefers to live with record of the ideas discussed. PS is grate- the deficits, satisfied with having won ful to the five scholars who accepted the victories in other areas, like the weaken- invitation to report on their roundtables, ing of environmental and job safety regu- especially given the time constraints lation and the lowering of taxes. posed by an insistent deadline. Conable also agreed that the deficit prob- lem could be solved, but thinks that ac- tion will be postponed until the govern- ment becomes crisis-activated. The 1984 presidential election, after all, The North-South Roundtable involved a president who had submitted increasingly unbalanced budgets; the Robert L. Rothstein American people simply remain uncon- Colgate University vinced that the deficit is a problem right now. Cutler, however, argued that the Not much more than a decade ago the deficits represent a growing cancer and North-South relationship was widely that any of the plans under consideration heralded as a major competitor, or at would be better than no plan. From his least a strong supplement, of the East- perspective, by the time the deficit issue West relationship as the "relationship of is perceived as a crlsis-laden situat~on, major tenslon" in the international sys- the problem will be incurable. tem. Disagreement with this argument by Association News

Columbia, Jeffrey Hart of Indiana, James Rosenau of Southern California, and Ann Tickner of Holy Cross. That the panel ended inconclusively and without consensus on the questions to be asked, the concepts to employ, or the policies to advocate should not be sur- prising. The field is vast, perspectives vary, and instructions from the panel chairman about what to focus on were deliberately loose and indicative. Never- theless, even with these constraints, it must be said that the lack of agreement among the panelists was quite striking. This was especially true not only in the sense that there was conflict over certain Annual Meeting Program Chair Joseph Cooper concepts and ideas (for example, the of Rice University presides at the Thursday meaning of "structural change") but also evening plenary session. in the sense that the panelists frequently seemed to be in entirely different disci- plines. In short, one panelist's statement realists, conservatives, and a few others of the problem (or problematique) could was generally dismissed as shortsighted very well seem to another as not merely or "ideological." In addition, initially wrong but also irrelevant or a misreading there was a good deal of optimism that of what our panel was "really" about. new concepts or approaches (for exam- One might also note that for this ple, interdependence or political econ- observer, who found all of the presenta- omy research) would facilitate under- tions interesting if disconnected, what standing and explanation of what was not said was as interesting as what seemed to be or might be a major shift in was said. the configuration of power-and perhaps Rosenau's comments (and a paper that even wealth. he provided) focused on what he de- One hardly needs to note that both hopes scribed as a global authority crisis, an have been badly disappointed. For a vari- empirical concept reflecting degrees of ety of reasons, the North-South relation- compliance with authoritative directives. ship did not reflect or generate a power This attempt to move away from the shift, its significance did not come to rival nation-state perspective and to place the the East-West divide, and the prevailing problems of the North and the South- or emerging concepts and approaches in and North-South-within a common and international relations did not provide very general conceptual framework was much understanding of what happened. interesting and provocative. Even if one Indeed, there is now some feeling that disagreed with the argument, there was the North-South relationship is not only some virtue in being forced to explain moribund because of current economic why. Thus it seemed to me that, apart difficulties and ideological hostilities but from the inevitable ambiguities in at- also is or was a passing aberration of a tempting to define and apply so macro- unique and transitory set of develop- scopic a perspective, Rosenau had ments. In any case, these arguments and missed two key developments within uncertainties suggested the need for a North-South: first, increasing differentia- period of stocktaking and reconsideration tion within the South, which implicitly for those concerned with North-South suggests the need to explain variations in relations. A distinguished panel was behavior rather than commonalities; asked to comment about what had hap- second, while many or most authority pened either in terms of the failed power structures may be eroding, it is also clear shift or the failed conceptual apparatus. that some such structures-for example, The panelists were David Baldwin of the authority of International Monetary

808 PS Fall 1985 Fund (IMF) policy packages or the pres- in fact increased coherence-if with sures from the United States and the some unfortunate effects. World Bank to adopt an export orienta- Tickner concentrated on the revival of tion-are becoming more powerful and Realism in the international system, at- more salient for poor and weak states. tributing it to the Reagan Administration, rising levels of conflict, and the failure of The lack of agreement Southern demands. She also argued that, among the panelists was if Realism were indeed a "real" theory, it should be applicable to North-South rela- quite striking. tions. She then indicated various ways in which Realism failed as an explanation and interpretation of the North-South Baldwin in his comments did not attempt arena-despite the somewhat contradic- to provide a new conceptualization of the tory fact that it was becoming more North-South relationship but he did pro- fashionable in Third World foreign policy vide a provocative and controversial behavior. This is an interesting argument, analysis of the conceptual and cognit~ve although it raises a number of difficult "half-truths" (his term) of the past. questions. One very important question Some of his points seemed debatable or is whether Realism is indeed an accurate doubtful to me (for example, about how description of Third World policymaking much leverage the debt problem gives to behavior since such behavior has been the Third World; in fact only a limited largely determined by internal factors and number can really exercise the power of in some cases merely reflects sauve qui weakness), but other points were impor- peut policies by desperate elites. Still, tant. Thus his emphasis on the ambigui- while the argument that Realism is an in- ties of the idea of structural change was creasingly inappropriate conceptual well taken, especially because it has model has been made before, Tickner's become so fashionable to use the term discussion of it in current terms was for even conventional shifts in the inter- interesting and provocative-eliciting national division of labor. In addition, much controversy in the ensuing dis- Baldwin quite rightly emphasized the cussion. extent to which normative predisposi- tions have affected interpretations of the North-South arena-a point that was evi- The international system dent in the panel discussions. It has also is offering developing been evident, unfortunately, in a reluc- tance to criticize the Third World or some countries fewer and more of the Third World's proposals in the New complex alternatives. . . . International Economic Order (NIEO), Dealing with this en viron- although this is both patronizing and counterproductive. ment will require much greater domestic policy Hart in his presentation largely discussed problems of North-North trade, on the skills. assumption that we can learn from this arena something about the problems of North-South relations. In subsequent The panel covered a wide range of issues remarks he criticized the normative impli- from a wide variety of perspectives. In cations of the application of neo-Realism this sense it reflected the uncertainties to the North-South relationship (especial- and tensions that currently trouble the ly the notion that the distribution of North-South relationship. To this power favors the North and should con- observer, however, there seemed to be tinue to do so). He also disagreed with several important issues that were either Rosenau's argument that authority struc- ignored or discussed only in passing. For tures had disintegrated, arguing that the example, one might argue that insuffi- disappearance of the NIEO and the domi- cient attention was paid to the domestic nance of the world capitalist system had dimensions of North-South relations. Association News

North-South obviously involves some- state of the field of . thing more than the structure of the inter- In the more general debate, one position national system. It seems especially im- argues that comparative politics is a field portant to emphasize this issue at this in a state of stagnancy. According to this time, if only because the international argument, the field would seem to have system is offering developing countries lost much of the excitement and momen- fewer and more complex alternatives: tum that marked its heyday in the 1960s less aid, more restrictive access to capital and early 1970s. Important methodo- and trading markets, a more constraining logical and theoretical work has ground ideological environment. Dealing with to a halt. The other position challenges this environment will require much this interpretation by indicating that com- greater domestic policy skills and would parative politics is now in the position of of course also diminish the weight of the institutionalizing its contributions and criticism that problems are primarily due that new and sophisticated methods and to deficient domestic policy choices. approaches continue to be introduced. More attention might also have been Closely intertwined with this debate is devoted by the panel to the changes oc- one that focuses upon the role of area curring within the Third World coalition studies within the field of comparative that make unity in the future so prob- theory-building, One side of this contro- lematic. What are the conditions for suc- versy has argued that area studies are cess of a coalition of the weak? Can they descriptive, monocontextual, and, as ever be met? Tentative answers might such, have seriously inhibited theory- have provided some insight into the ques- building. The other position states that tion of whether the Third World challenge area studies are an essential ingredient of was merely premature, and thus likely to the theory-building process since it is reemerge again, or whether the challenge here where the reservoir of data about was a misguided attempt, reflecting the politics is in fact found. The panelists at transitory turbulence of adjusting to the the roundtable were selected on the basis OPEC "shock" and its aftermath, that is both of their area experience and their unlikely to recur. If the latter, North- sensitivity to methodology and empirical South will persist in the decades ahead, theory-building. They were also chosen but it will likely be a very different kind of to provide a broad geographic expertise North-South relationship. Finally, it might with scholars of Europe, Latin America, have been useful to speculate about the Africa, Southeast Asia, the Middle East, evolution of the international political and the United States serving as panel- economy and its implications for domes- ists. The six discussants collectively tic development choices. Put differently, represented over 65 research trips to 45 the dialectic between external and inter- different countries during careers that nal policy choices is entering a new phase spanned an average of 25 years. and how to deal with these interacting of changes is unclear but crucial. CJ set the tone for the roundtable by pre- senting a general overview of where comparative political analysis had come during the past few decades. He ana- lyzed the capacity of concepts to travel Area Studies and Theory- across areas and the importance of their Building in Comparative formulation and reformulation as they en- counter different cultural and political Politics: A Stocktaking contexts. He used as examples what he termed the interest group, patron-client, James A. Bill and -political participation University of Texas at Austin models. Almond argued that much impor- tant theoretical work takes place in the I introduced the roundtable by summariz- "groping and grubbing" that goes on in ing two interrelated debates that current- the early stages of theory-building, In ly mark much of the discourse about the conclusion, he stated that the field of

810 PS Fall 1985 comparative politics is very much alive and issues that cut across national boun- today and that it is marked by increasing daries. He cited as a case in point the sophistication and rigor. Professor issue of the peasantry in politics. Impor- Almond sharply questioned the position tant problems transcend geographical that comparative politics is in a state of regions and serve to relate the work of malaise. area specialists and comparative theo- James Malloy of the University of Pitts- reticians. Scott argued that an important burgh discussed the special importance reason for the advances made by Latin of the field of Latin America within the Americanists rested in the existence of a general field of comparative politics. He community of discourse in that part of indicated that Latin America was perhaps the world. In Southeast Asia, on the the most productive area in generating other hand, such a community is absent. concepts and theoretical approaches. In Eight different major language groups his terms, Latin American scholarship has and quite distinct historical experiences not only been consuming theory but it have hindered such study. As a result, has been producing theory as well. As concepts developed for the analysis of evidence, he used the dependencia litera- Southeast Asian systems did not travel ture, the role of the state and corpora- very well. Scott indicated that the con- tism, and, most recently, the work being cept "legitimacy" had little relevance in done on regime types and the return to Southeast Asia where the state is usually the basic infrastructure of politics. Malloy seen as predatory and the locus for made the important point that one major "legalized banditry." Part of the essence reason for this success was the role of studying comparative politics in played by Latin American political scien- Southeast Asia, therefore, requires tists themselves who over the years have analysis of society's capacity to resist made critically important contributions the will of the state. The repertoire of both to our understanding of Latin resistance of the peoples of Southeast American political processes and to the Asia to their governments is a rich and introduction of new conceptual frame- subtle one. works and theoretical approaches to the field more generally. Many of the theoreticians Victor LeVine of Washington University have lost the capacity to stressed the high hopes that had marked early studies of African political systems. bring in to focus the impor- Africanists emphasized studies focusing tant fine-grained detail on the state and state-building. Two while some area special- decades later, accompanied by the death of optimism surrounding the African ists only seem to have the political experience, political scientists capacity to focus narrow- shifted their emphasis away from the ly and myopically upon state and toward problems of political crises and conflict. Studies of state- that detail, building shifted to the analysis of political disintegration. Today, the field of the Lee Sigelman of the University of Ken- comparative politics of Africa is placing tucky reported that an in-depth survey of more emphasis upon politics at the local material produced in journals of compara- level and upon the need to understand tive politics indicated that much of the "the tree from the roots up." Concern same work being done in the 1940s and about the processes of "deinstitutionali- 1950s is still being done today. Paro- zation" and "departicipation" has slowly chialism, for example, is still prevalent in moved to one about local politics where the field. Some excitement seems to the basic building blocks of the political have been lost. On the other hand, impor- future of Africa seem to be embedded. tant new work is being done, and there is James Scott of began his little doubt that today's comparative presentation by calling attention to the political analysts are much more rigorous increasing need to emphasize problems and scientifically sophisticated than their Association News earlier counterparts. The basic problem is Internal vs. External Factors that many of the theoreticians have lost in Political Development: the capacity to bring into focus the im- portant fine-grained detail while some An Evaluation of Recent area specialists only seem to have the Historical Research capacity to focus narrowly and myopical- ly upon that detail. The future seems to Ronald Rogowski require the development of approaches University of California, Los Angeles which proceed coherently and rigorously with the comparison of limited numbers Has recent historical research left any of political systems. In the process, the role for domestic causation in political American political system must be seen development? That subversive question as an important and integral case within was addressed, and answered, rather dif- the laboratory of study of comparativists. ferently by David Abraham of Princeton In the end, the consensus of the partici- University, Gabriel Almond of Stanford pants (and audience) attending this University, David Collier of the University roundtable was that comparative politics of California, Berkeley, and Peter Katzen- is alive and well. Led by those who study stein of Cornell University in a Saturday Latin America, new concepts and ap- morning roundtable. The historiography at issue, I suggested The consensus of the par- at the outset, seemed to fall into three broad categories: (a) the dependency ticipants (and audience) debate and its echoes (including world- attending this roundtable systems theory and the bureaucratic- was that comparative authoritarian model); (b) investigations of politics is alive and well. the rise, form, and strength of the modern nation-states, including those by Tilly, North and Thomas, Skocpol, Ander- proaches are constantly being born. The son, and now Rasler and Thompson; and revolution that marked the field in the (c) work on the impact of trade, which 1950s and 1960s has quietly institution- comprises not only the contributions of alized itself. An important reason for the Keohane, Krasner, Cameron, Gourevitch, relatively negative image of comparative and Katzenstein, but of a small army of politics in the discipline in recent years recent historians of Imperial and Weimar rests in the self-criticism engaged in by Germany: Wehler, Winkler, Boehme, scholars of comparative politics them- Feldman, Eley, Maier, and Abraham. selves. This self-criticism is in fact a Within these literatures, moreover, the healthy sign and one that promises con- question of external influence in five tinuing breakthroughs and transforma- broad areas of development has emerged tions in the field in the years ahead. as crucial: (1) state strength; (2) (geo- graphical) state size; the strength and Area studies and comparative political (3) intransigence of Right; styles of social analysis are inextricably intertwined with (4) and political decision; and (5) suscepti- one another. The experiences of nation- bility to authoritarianism. states across the world provide the material and substance for analysis. Almond, summarizing the draft of a large Methodological tools and theoretical ap- review essay that he had circulated well proaches must have data to organize and in advance of the session, denied that the interpret. This is the stuff of the area new work represented any radical depar- specialist. Increasingly, the tools of the ture. Such earlier historians and social area specialist and the theoretician are scientists as Seeley, Hintze, Gerschenk- found in the kits of the leading scholars of son, Hirschman, Rosenau, Eckstein, and comparative politics. And these scholars Lijphart - not to mention Almond, Flana- must be in continuing communication gan, and Mundt had amply recognized with one another across countries, cul- the importance of external factors, often tures, areas, and methodological ap- in a clearer and more convincing way .~. proaches. '-! (and here Hintze's work deserved par- ticular praise) than in some of more Why, for example, had a "Red-Green" recent contributions. At the same time, coalition proven impossible in Germany, one must allow that the recent efforts- particularly in the 1930~7That had to do e.g., those of Tilly, Gourevitch, Katzen- with workers' having historically defined stein, Tony Smith, Kahler, and Gereffi- themselves as consumers, with the represent "a record of substantial unions' links to progressive capital, with accomplishment, and even greater the continuing strength of the Right and promise." with the Right's dominance of agricul- Collier maintained that the popularity of ture; yet none of those factors hadreally external explanation has peaked, at least been determined by external events. so far as Latin American research was (Even the strength of the Right, we now concerned. It has now been demon- see, was no automatic consequence of strated, for example, that the tendency the tariff decision of 1879.) Similarly, toward "populist" regimes antedated, the implacable hostility of the German the trade crisis and the growth of import- petite bourgeoisie to labor was crucial, substituting industry in the 1930s. but crucially affected by the split be- Dependency theory can hardly explain tween SPD and KPD and by the strength U.S. development, with its escape from of in Germany-again, dependency. Whatever inclination something that no student has been able toward monocausal external causation to tie convincingly even to structural might previously have prevailed-and he variables, let alone to international emphasized that O'Donnell's work in par- factors. ticular had been far subtler than that-it has now yielded to a more nuanced ap- proach, in which external factors are The students of the state seen as intervening variables of uncertain are "not a school but a weight. church. " To Katzenstein, the answer to the aues- tion of "internal vs. external causa;ionu Finally, was Weimar Germany's external was obvious: "It is both." International situation so very different from that vulnerability, or more accurately leaders' painted by Katzenstein for the smaller perceptions of vulnerability, is a variable European states in the 1920s? Surely that can not be ignored; but demon- Weimar's leaders all saw the Republic as strably states' responses to those per- vulnerable internationally; and the econ- ceptions has differed, depending on such omy depended extremely on trade, ex- internal factors as the strength of the porting fully one-third of industrial pro- traditional Right and the quality of duction. Why then had the outcome dif- domestic leadership. To him this issue is fered so tragically? part of a much larger one, namely that of determinism vs. voluntarism. In the course of these discussions two important subsidiary issues surfaced. Abraham proposed to confine himself to Almond doubted the wisdom of (in Skoc- a single, if plainly central, issue of the pol's phrase) "bringing the state back debate: whether the liberal, capitalist, in." Surely a major service of the newer democratic form of rule can survive only historiography has been to disaggregate in a congenial international environment. the "black box" of the state, to see its Recent historiography on Imperial and actions as products of external and inter- Weimar Germany suggested overwhelm- nal factors. Why did some adherents of ingly that the answer was "yes," but the newer school want now to re-intro- Abraham has increasingly enterta~ned duce this "opaque, almost metaphysical doubts. Some of the crucial intervening entity"? Katzenstein responded that the factors can be linked only tenuously to students of the state are "not a school the international environment; and it is but a church," albeit quite a broad one; hard to distinguish Weimar conv~nc~ngly state-centric analysis is only "a way of from the small state cases that Peter framing a question." Katzenstein had studied in the same period Katzenstein and Abraham both ad-

81 3 Association News

dressed political scientists' use of his- use of the E. E. Schattschneider tradition tory. For Katzenstein, the lessons of his of examining nonelectoral forms of politi- own research were frankly (a) to bas- cal activism and protest, in more recent tardize history recklessly, even as years sociology has generated a richer Gerschenkron confessedly did; and (b) at and more extensive literature concerning all costs to avoid the "dirty work" of the protest movements. As I noted in two historians, especially archival investiga- preliminary memos to interested col- tion, and to rely on secondary sources. leagues and as several panel members Abraham found precisely this "bastardi- reiterated at the session, the scholarly zation" problematic; he saw in Katzen- literatures in the two disciplines have to stein's new book a functionalism that date developed in relative isolation from might be difficult to reconcile with the each other, broader European evidence. The New Orleans roundtable opened with University of Missouri sociologist J. Craig Dependency theory is Jenkins providing an excellent overview of the theoretical and conceptual devel- "dead in the water." opments that have occurred in sociol- ogy's social movements literature since the early 1970s. A new paradigm, gen- Richard Sklar of the University of Cali- erally known as "resource mobilization" fornia, Los Angeles, from the floor, won- theory, was introduced in 1973 through dered where all of this left us. Depen- the works of Anthony Oberschall and dency theory is "dead in the water"; but John McCarthy and Mayer Zald. Re- what remained? What precise connec- source mobilization challenged the pre- tions between the external and the inter- viously prevailing assumption that pro- nal can be specified? I pushed the ques- test movements could be explained sim- tion further; can anything still be ply by reference to the psychological assigned unambiguously to domestic needs and "discontent" of mass partici- causes? Almond, responding, largely pants. Instead, "RM" theory presumed concurred in the negative assessment of that protesters were rational rather than dependency theory. That he did not irrational actors, and focused upon the regard internal causation as unimportant organizations and resources available to can be inferred from other sections of his potential protest participants. In suc- paper in which he discussed recent work ceeding years, "RM" theory increasingly on the domestic sources of foreign split into two competing perspectives, policy. But the precise weights to be one of which maintained an organiza- assigned to internal and external forces tional focus and the other developing are a matter for further historical, and what is sometimes called a "political above all for comparative, inquiry. D process" emphasis. The first approach increasingly focused on the appearance of "professional social movement organi- zations," or "SMOs," groups that had fulltime, paid staffs, cultivated "con- Social Protest Movements: science constituencies," possessed What Sociology Can Teach Us largely "paper" memberships, and con- centrated upon manipulating the mass David J. Garrow media so as to influence public opinion City University of New York and hopefully generate elite responses and policy changes. The social protest movements roundtable Jenkins, author of the newly published provided an opportunity for a cross- Politics of Insurgency (Columbia Univer- disciplinary exchange between political sity Press), explained that the "political scientists and sociologists sharing similar process" approach has given primacy to research interests. Although the political indigenous protest mobilization while science literature of the 1968-1978 also acknowledging the importance of period witnessed a lively and productive reactive external support from movement

814 PS Fall 1985 patrons, and said that increasing atten- ness equal to any recent developments. tion now is being paid to the presence or He contended that political science has absence of national political coalitions been a more evaluative discipline than supportive of movement goals. He sociology, with a greater interest in stressed that "professional SMOs" analyzing the distribution of power in deserve more intense study, especially society and the differential policy re- with regard to how this institutionalized sponses to citizen participation. The con- social movement industry, like other ditions for responsiveness, as distinct interest groups, may be fundamentally from the conditions for citizen mobiliza- weakening the roles of political parties. tion, have more productively been the Jenkins also noted that the potential province of political science, Schumaker social control effects of external argued. patronage from ostensible movement supporters such as foundations also will receive increased attention from inter- While sociology has dis- ested sociologists. played far too little inter- University of Washington sociologist est in the social roles of Paul Burstein, author of the newly pub- lished Discrimination, Jobs, and Politics: traditional political institu- The Struggle for Equal Employment Op- tions, political science has portunity in the U.S. Since the New Deal been equally remiss in fail- ( Press), described ing to devote sufficient how his studies of congressional con- sideration of equal employment legisla- attention to grass roots tion had highlighted the importance of political activism and non- multiple components within the Ameri- traditional forms of par- can civil rights movement. While direct action protests were essential to con- ticipa tion and mobiliza- vincing the American public that anti- tion. discrimination laws were an important issue, passage of such legislation de- pended upon the prior crafting of draft University of Michigan political scientist statutes and the expertise of the move- Jack L. Walker described how over the ment's Washington lobbyists. Burstein past two decades the study of social emphasized that public opinion data indi- movements and race relations topics in- cate that the cumulative effect of the creasingly has belonged to sociology civil rights movement was not to make rather than political science. Walker the American public any more liberal on noted how rare it was for relevant, major policy questions involving race, rather articles in one discipline, such as his own that the movement succeeded in con- earlier work with Joel Aberbach, to be vincing the country that long-standing cited by scholars in the other discipline, problems had to be moved to the front of and how political science in recent years the political agenda and acted upon in has had far fewer young scholars inter- some fashion. ested in such subjects than has sociol- Political scientist Paul Schumaker of the ogy. Walker expressed regret that politi- University of Kansas took polite issue cal scientists generally "have a very with the suggestions from Jenkins and static view of the world" and "don't me that sociology in recent years had understand change well," or "the roots generated more and better scholarship on of change" either. The discipline has suf- social protest movements than had politi- fered from too heavy a focus on institu- cal science. Schumaker noted the recent tions alone and from generally looking at work of Clarence Stone and Rufus too few variables. Political science and Browning, Dale Rogers Marshall, and sociologv "need each other desperately" David Tabb, and argued that the long for analytical progress and improvement, tradition of "community power" studies and ought greatly to increase their cross- offered a theoretical and conceptual rich- disciplinary dialogue, Walker stressed. Association News

Political scientist James Button of the have gone on for another hour or more, University of Florida agreed with Walker represented a valuable opportunity for that political science has lagged behind just the sort of cross-disciplinary ex- sociology with regard to developing theo- change of views that all would like to in- retical frameworks that can be used for crease. Several participants expressed analyzing the development of protest particular hope that further similar ses- movements and especially for studying sions could be arranged in the future, and the impact and outcomes of such move- interest was expressed in seeking the ments. Button's research on community- funds and institutional support necessary level changes in small Southern towns for convening a special multi-disciplinary has contrasted the effects of traditional conference on social protest movements and nontraditional strategies of political at which several dozen or so scholars participation, and he indicated he had would be able to expand upon the dia- found better theoretical insights in recent logue that was begun in New Orleans. Z social movements studies by sociologists than in the existing political science literature. Audience members suggested that politi- The Future of the cal science's best recent work on protest had taken place in the comparative field Congressional Budget Process rather than in the American politics litera- ture, but both Button and Walker re- James A. Thurber sponded that even in that broader con- American University text, political science had concentrated its energy too narrowly on studying tradi- Are we better off today than we were tional but not less traditional political before passage of the Budget and Im- action, and had focused too exclusively poundment Control Act of 19747 How on studying some forms of participation do we judge success and failure of the -e.g., voting-while neglecting the budget process? What can ten years of study of nonparticipation, even non- budgeting under the act tell us about the voting. Panel members noted that the future of the congressional budget Schattschneider tradition, like much process? Each of the roundtable par- sociological literature but unlike much ticipants on "The Future of the Congres- political science, focused more on con- sional Budget Process," John Ellwood of flict than on consensus, and sociologist Dartmouth College. Louis Fisher of the Jenkins pointed out that many scholars Library of Congress Congressional Re- of social movements in his discipline do search Service, Allen Schick of the not accept the liberal democratic ideal American Enterprise Institute and the that many see as a pervasive presence in University of Maryland, College Park, and much political science scholarship. Paul of the University of Burstein noted that sociologists generally California at Berkeley offered varying per- disdain the study of political institutions, spectives on these questions. such as Congress, and Jenkins agreed, Ten years after the Budget Act's imple- noting the widespread lack of interest in mentation, few of its original objectives that discipline with the role of political have been met. Budget and appropria- parties. Roundtable participants all tions deadlines have been missed. Con- agreed that while sociology has displayed tinuing resolutions and supplemental ap- far too little interest in the social roles of propriations are commonplace. There is traditional political institutions, political little control over budget deficits with the science has been equally remiss in failing country facing a $200billion federal defi- to devote sufficient attention to grass- cit and pushing a $2 trillion debt limit in roots political activism and nontraditional the next fiscal year. Spending has risen forms of participation and mobilization. to an all-time high percentage of the Both audience members and the round- Gross National Product. There is more table participants agreed that the ses- "backdoor" spending (spending that sion, which easily and productively could skirts the Appropriat~ons committees)

816 PS Fall 1985 today than a decade ago. The budget more effectively with the president and process seems to be too complex and to executive branch in the budget arena. It dominate the congressional calendar to is hard to claim that the process has been the detriment of author~zationsand over- a total success using these objectives as sight. In ten years of implementation, no measures of success. However, Ellwood two years of the process created by the suggested that we judge success and Congressional Budget and Impoundment failure of the act using three more realis- Control Act of 1974 have been the same. tic and neutral measures: (1! has it allowed or even helped the Congress Taking all of this evidence into account, work its will?; (2) does it provide public Louis Fisher argued that the Budget Act officials with enough information so that "has been an abject failure." John Ell- they know the probable consequences of wood, Allen Schick, and Aaron Wildav- their decisions?; and does it provide sky presented arguments to the contrary. (3) citizens with enough information so that Even given the record of missed dead- lines, large deficits, backdoors, deadlock, they can hold their representatives ac- continuing resolutions and so on, they countable should they choose to do so? asserted that the Budget Act has suc- Ellwood and Schick answered yes to all ceeded, although not as the authors of three questions. the Act had envisioned. A good budget process should allow Congress to con- trol, manage, and plan public spending Ten years after the Budget and taxation, should it want to do so, and Act's implementation, according to Ellwood and Schick it has. few of its original objec- Fisher questioned the defenders of the tives have been met. Budget Act and argued to "let us avoid defending a statute without reference to its benefits and record of performance." The provisions of the Budget Act have Fisher asserted that it is not necessary, or not prevented the Congress from work- possible, to place the whole blame on the ing its will, although it has not always Budget Act. Nor is it necessary to ab- worked as originally designed. According solve the Budget Act of all responsibility. to Ellwood, "the Act's 'elastic clause' The Budget Act did make a difference. has allowed the process to meet new Initially it did speed up appropriations situations and demands. Thus, when bills. Absolving the Budget Act leads to Congress sought to reduce domestic contradictory results, according to spending it became obvious that a mech- Fisher. Some try to have it both ways: anism for each chamber to gain control arguing (1) that the Budget Act is not over committees with jurisdiction over responsible for the deficits, late appro- entitlements, appropriated entitlements, priations, and other problems because and permanents would be required. The those consequences flow from forces 'elastic clause' facilitated the shift of the outside the Budget Act, and (2) do not reconciliation process from the second to repeal or change the Budget Act because the first resolution to take care of this that will jeopardize the single best hope problem." for budget control. All of the roundtable participants agreed The authors and promoters of the Budget that the Act provides good information. Act had a vast number of goals: to com- A major virtue of the Act was that it plete appropriations and budget deci- created the Congressional Budget Office, sions in a timely fashion, to control the Budget Committees, and procedures budget deficits, to limit the growth of that provide decisionmakers with enough federal spending, to improve the way information so that they know the conse- priorities get set among different types of quences of their actions. For example, spending, to set congressional fiscal the requirement that members vote on policy, to improve the information and budget spending and revenue aggre- knowledge for budget decisions, to gates, five-year cost estimates and tax establish a procedure to overcome presi- expenditures, and other multl-year pro- dential impoundments, and to compete lectlons all contribute to better knowl- 817 Association News

edge about the probable consequences two of you. That is all a budget process of their decisions. The process also pro- is." Schick declared that, "nothing has vides information for voters. "If voters to stop, if the budget process stops. If a have not reacted to this information by budget resolution is not enacted, Con- throwing the rascals out," according to gress can still proceed forward with Ellwood, "it could be because, wh~le taxes, authorizations, and spending objecting to deficits in principal, they bills." Schick suggested that the budget support existing and even increased process has been different each of its ten fund~nglevels on a program basis so long years of implementation because Con- as their taxes do not have to be rased. gress has a self-correcting capacity. Moreover they appear willing to live with "Next year we will have a different ver- $200 billion deficits as long as they can sion of the process and the year after not associate those deficits with a poor another, and another after that. Self- economic performance in the short run." correction means that we are not at the end of the line for the Congressional "I think the public wants Budget and Impoundment Control Act." He urged political scientists to study con- results, not procedures gressional self-correction in the budget and mechanisms that ob- process. scure accountability. " Have we learned something from the -Louis Fisher past ten years so that future years will be better? Fisher answered with a question, "How many years can we continue say- Fisher addressed the question of the ing: Well, the results this year are not potential consequences of the failure to acceptable, but we'll tackle things in a pass a budget resolution, "members fear big way next year. Next year never that a failure to pass a budget resolution comes. By sustaining $200 billion defi- would be interpreted by the public as an cits in relatively good times, what will we abdication of congressional responsibility do in an economic slowdown or down- and control. I think this wildly overstates turn? Raise taxes? Cut social welfare pro- the public's knowledge of or interest in grams? We are exhausting our options the passage of budget resolutions-and for countercyclical policy." by that I mean the 'elite' public. I think the public wants results, not procedures "A budget process is a and mechanisms that obscure account- ability." way of organizing work. It Schick argued that the Budget Act has does not lead to any par- responded remarkably to the major ticular decisions. " changes in the congressional environ- -Allen Schick ment since 1974. The Act has not been amended since 1974, but Schick asserted that in practice, "the Budget The roundtable participants questioned Act has been amended, reamended, and the quick fixes to the budget process. reamended in every year since 1975." Fisher argued that, "as we continue to He suggested that "a budget process is a play make-believe about the virtues of way of organizing work. It does not lead the Budget Act, it will be more and more to any particular decisions. When you tempting to adopt 'reforms' that I think have a summit conference with your most of us would regard as offering little spouse and you decide to have a budget relief: biennial budgeting, balanced- process, you are simply establishing a budget requirements, and the item veto." way of running something called a house- Wildavsky questioned the utility of the hold or establishing a relationship Item veto, "in European social democ- between the two of you. If you get racies the executive has much stronger divorced, the budget process will re- weapons than the item veto. Today spond to that trauma in your household they spend more than we do. All the and the new relationshir, between the Item veto will do is raise the size of

818 PS Fall 1985 the logroll. If you have a spending presi- American politics as a whole that is the dent, he will use the item veto to increase major challenge to the future of the Con- spending. If you have a cutting president, gressional Budget and Impoundment Congress will simply increase the size of Control Act, not flaws in the Act itself. the roll to overcome the veto." Wildav- sky supported balanced budget spending limits as a way to decrease the deficit R. Taylor Cole Honored and presented a defense of President Reagan's ability to bring about funda- on 80th Birthday mental change in the budget. Colleagues and former students gathered - - at a dinner honoring R. Taylor Cole, Presi- "All the item veto will do dent of the Association in 1959, on the is raise the size of the log- occasion of his 80th birthday, on Friday evening during the annual meeting in roll. '' -Aaron Wildavsky New Orleans. Allan Kornberg, chair of the political sci- Fisher concluded that we cannot begin to ence department at Duke University, which sponsored the dinner, presided discover a solution to the problems of the over the dinner ceremonies. Among budget process until we admit it has those attending were Gabriel Almond failed. "While it does no good to say that (APSA President in 1966), Samuel the problem is the problem, admitting Barnes, , and Emmette S. Red- that the present solution is not a solution ford (APSA President in 1961). is a necessary first step in developing better controls," Fisher noted. Is it Thomas E. Mann, Executive Director of irresponsible to criticize the existing proc- APSA, read a resolution of recognition ess without having an alternative in that was unanimously passed by the mind? Fisher suggested that, "we did not APSA Council: think that way in the late 1960s and early 1970s. The system existing at that Message to Professor R. Taylor Cole time was considered fundamentally flawed and in need of change. We did not Dear Taylor: look for excuses, justifications, or ration- The officers and Council of the American alizations. which has been our habit in Political Science Association send you our recent years." The roundtable closed with a brief dis- cussion about whether we are better off going back to the pre-I 974 decentralized budgeting process. Most of the partici- pants argued that we are better off with the Act. Wildavsky reminded the audi- ence that "to agree on everything is going to cause delay, heartburn, hostility, anger, contempt and all the other things that are written about in today's papers about the budget process. My under- standing is this: in the. past quarter of a century and with increasing speed, we have witnessed the polarization of politi- cal elites in this country and to a lesser degree, a polarization of political atti- tudes in the country as a whole." This polarization causes disruption and delay in the budgetary process. The roundtable concluded with the fact that it is the R. Taylor Cole at the dinner in his honor at the fundamental change in Congress and in annual meeting.

819 Association News warmest congratulations on the occasion of your 80th birthday. Your active participation in the life of the Association, particularly as editor of the Review and as our 54th presi- dent, helped steer us through a critical time of transition and expansion in the 1950s. You took bold steps to establish peer review as editorial policy for the APSR, and to initiate thoughtful discussions of methodology and research in its pages. You were the first Association president elected from a southern university. We salute you for these and other milestones in your distinguished career as scholar, educator, and colleague. We thank you for strengthening the profes- sion of political science as well as its national Association. And we wish you a happy Jewel L. Prestage of Southern University con- evening among the many friends who have gratulates Twiley W. Barker, Jr., of the Uni- gathered to honor you here in New Orleans. versity of Illinois, Chicago, as Charles 0. Jones looks on. Barker was honored by the Sincerely, Committee on the Status of Blacks for his Richard F. Fenno contributions to the discipline. President Thomas E. Mann Executive Director Twiley Barker and Wally Miles Honored by APSA Committee

Twiley W. Barker, Jr. of the University of Illinois, Chicago, and E. Wally Miles of San Diego State University were honored by the APSA Committee on the Status of Blacks in the Profession at the APSA's Annual Meeting in New Orleans. Plaques were bestowed on these two scholars at a reception on Friday, August 30, at the New Orleans Hilton. Barker and Miles were recognized for their contributions to the discipline of political science and their efforts to im- prove the status of black Americans in the profession. The committee began honoring political scientists seven years ago. The purpose of this honor is to com- mend those who have advanced the interests of black political scientists and have distinguished themselves as schol- ars and teachers. Michael Preston, Uni- versity of Illinois, is the present chair of the Committee. Twiley Barker is a professor of political science at the University of Illinois, Chicago. He received his Ph.D. from the University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign in 1955. He has also taught at the Uni- E. Wally Miles of San Diego State University versity of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, was honored by the Committee on the Status and Southern University. of Blacks in the Profession at the annual meeting. Barker was a member of the Council of

820 PS Fall 1985 the APSA from 1982-84, as well as a on law-related subjects; and has done member of the Administrative Commit- research in the areas of federal court tee during that time. Other APSA activi- staffing and civil rights at the Lyndon ties include: member of the Program Baines Johnson Library in Aust~n,Texas. Committee (Public Law & Judiciary Sec- Miles is currently Board Chairman of the tion); member of the first Committee on San Diego Urban League. Under his lead- the Status of Blacks in the Profession; ership, the San Diego Urban League and member of the Edward S. Corwin recently opened a multi-million-dollar Awards Committee. He has also served computer training facility in its continuing on a number of panels at annual effort to improve employment opportunl- meetings. ties for disadvantaged minorities and Barker's published books include Free- poor people of all races. doms, Courts, Politics: Studies in Civil This year's honorees will join the ranks of Liberties and Civil Liberties and the Con- other prominent political scientists recog- stitution: Cases and Commentaries, both nized by the Committee on the Status of co-authored with Lucius J. Barker. Arti- Blacks in the Profession: Charles V. cles he has published have appeared in Hamilton, Columbia University; Jewel L. PS, National Civic Review, lllinois Derno- Prestage, Southern University; Samuel cratic Forum, and The Quarterly Review Cook, Dillard University; Charles Harris, of Higher Education Among Negroes, to Howard University; Robert Martin, name just a few. Howard University; Clarence Mitchell, Barker's awards and honors include: the former chief lobbyist for the NAACP; General Education Board Fellowship, the Evron Kirkpatrick, former APSA Execu- Silver Circle Award for Teaching Excel- tive Director; , Washington lence, and the Danforth Prize for Excel- University; , University of ; and Earl M. Lewis, Trinity lence in Undergraduate Teaching. -- University. I E. Wally Miles, the other honoree, is cur- rently a professor of political science at San Diego State University. After earning his Ph.D. in government from Indiana University in 1962, Miles continued his F. Chris Garcia Commended studies at the University of North Caro- at Annual Meeting lina, Chapel Hill, where he focused on the behavioral approach to the study of law F. Chris Garcia of the University of New and politics. Mexico was noted by the APSA Commit- Miles' involvement in the profession has tee on the Status of Chicanos in the Pro- been extensive. He has served on the fession at the APSA's Annual Meeting in APSA Executive Council and several of New Orleans. He received a plaque at a the Association's standing and special reception on Thursday, August 29, at the committees. APSA committee assign- New Orleans Hilton. Garcia was honored ments have included the following: Ad- for his contributions to the discipline of ministrative, Executive Director Search, political science and for his efforts to im- Task Force on the Future of the Profes- prove the status of Chicanos in the pro- sion, and two terms as chair of the Com- fession. The purpose of this honor is to mittee on the Status of Blacks in the Pro- commend persons who have advanced fession. Miles has also been a member of the interests of Chicano political scien- the editorial board of the Journal of tists and have distinguished themselves Politics and the Western Political Quar- as scholars and teachers. terly, and served as Public Law and Presently, in addition to being Dean of Judicial Politics Chair for the 1984 APSA the College of Arts and Sciences, Garcia meeting. is also a professor of political science at Miles co-authored Vital Issues of the the University of New Mexico. He re- Constitution and has contributed sec- ceived his Ph.D. from the University of tions to other books. He has also written California, Davis, in 1972. He has also a number of scholarly papers and articles taught at California State University, Association News

nal, the American Political Science Review, the Journal of Teacher Educa- tion, and the Journal of Politics. Garcia's awards and honors include: the New Mexico Humanities Council Newspaper Project Award, the Outstanding Alumni Award from Valley High School in Albu- querque and the Ford Foundation Disser- tation Fellowship. This is the first year that the Committee on the Status of Chicanos in the Profes- sion has honored an outstanding col- league. However, according to the chair of the committee, this will become a yearly activity at the annual meeting. lsidro Ortiz, University of California- Santa Barbara, is the present chair of the committee.

Wolin, Sundquist, Wood Receive APSA Awards F. Chris Garcia received special commen- dation at the annual meeting from the Com- mittee on the Status of Chicanos in the Sheldon Wolin of Princeton University, Profession. James L. Sundquist of the Brookings Institution, Robert C. Wood of Wesleyan University, and Jim Lehrer and Robert Indiana University, and the University of MacNeil of the MacNeilILehrer Newshour California, Davis. were among those honored at APSA's 8 1st annual meeting. Garcia is presently serving on the APSA Executive Council. He has also been a Wolin received the Benjamin E. Lippincott member of the Committee on Pre-Collegi- Award for his Politics and Vision. The ate Education and a member of the Com- Lippincott Award was established to mittee on the Status of Chicanos in the Profession. He has served as Vice-Presi- dent and President of the Western Politi- cal Science Association. Garcia is also a member of the International Political Science Association, Phi Kappa Phi, Pi Sigma Alpha, and the Council of Colleges of Arts and Sciences (where he serves on the Board of Directors and was chair of the Recruitment and Membership Com- mittee from 1983-85). Garcia's published books include: New Mexico Government with co-editor Paul Hain, and The Chicano Political Experi- Barry R. Posen of Princeton University is con- ence with co-author Rudolph de la Garza. gratulated by Barbara Hinckley of the Univer- In addition he has published many articles sity of Wisconsin, Madison, as he receives the Foundation Award for the and book reviews, which have appeared best book pyblished in the U.S. during 1984 in the New Mexico Historical Review, on government, politics or international Electoral Studies: An lnternational Jour- affairs.

822 PS Fall 1985 Alan Rosenthal of the Eagleton lnstitute of Politics presents the Hubert H. Humphrey Award for notable public service by a political Fred R. Dallmayr of the University of Notre scientist to Robert C. Wood (left) of Wesleyan Dame presents the Benjamin E. Lippincott University. Award to Sheldon Wolin (right) of Princeton University for his book Politics and Vision. Award to James Sundquist "whose pub- lished work and career represents a sig- recognize a work of exceptional quality nificant contribution to the art of govern- by a living political theorist that is "still ment through the application of social considered significant after a time span science research." On behalf of the of at least fifteen years since the original selection committee Gray said that Sund- date of publication." In reading the cita- quist "exemplifies the hope of Charles tion on behalf of the selection commit- Merriam that we combine the scientific tee, Fred R. Dallmayr of the University of study of politics with a prudent concern Notre Dame said that Wolin is an for public policy and the practice of "epical" theorist. His book, said democratic government." Dallmayr, "offered a beacon of light to The Hubert H. Humphrey Award was pre- students of politics disaffected with the sented to Robert Wood in recognition of scientism of modernity, yet unwilling or "notable public service by a political unable to abandon modern aspirations in scientist." Alan Rosenthal of the Eagle- favor of a celebration of antiquity." ton lnstitute of Politics of Rutgers Univer- Virginia Gray of the University of Min- sity in presenting the award noted that nesota presented the Charles E. Merriam "not only does Robert Wood richly

James L. Sundquist (right) of the Brookings Dale Rogers Marshall of the University of Institution is awarded the Charles E. Merriam California, Davis, and David H. Tabb (center) Award by Virginia Gray of the University of and Rufus P. Browning of San Francisco State Minnesota for his significant contribution to University were awarded both the Gladys M. the art of government through the application Kammerer Award and the Ralph J. Bunche of social science research. Award for their book Protest Is Not Enough. For the first time two APSA awards were accorded to the same scholars. Rufus P. Browning and David H. Tabb of San Fran- cisco State University and Dale Rogers Marshall of the University of California, Davis, were given the Ralph J. Bunche Award and the Gladys M. Kammerer Award for their book Protest Is Not Enough: The Struggle of Blacks and His- panics for Equality in Urban Politics (Uni- versity of California Press). The Kam- merer Award recognized the best political Jim Lehrer (left) and Robert MacNeil received science publication in 1984 in the field of the Carey McWilliams Award, which is pre- U.S. national policy, while the Bunche sented each year to honor a major journalistic Award identified the best scholarly work contribution to our understanding of politics. in political science published in 1983 or 1984 "which explores the phenomenon of ethnic and cultural pluralism." deserve this award, but his career serves as an example for all of us." Rosenthal Other award winners were: said that Wood "has a keen sense" of Barry R. Posen, Princeton University, what the public interest is and "a real was accorded the Woodrow Wilson feeling for what it requires." Foundation Award, for the best book Jim Lehrer and Robert MacNeil were published in the U.S. during 1984 on honored for their MacNeilILehrer News- government, politics or international hour with the Carey McWilliams Award, affairs, for The Sources of Military which is presented each year to honor "a Doctrine: France, Britain, and Germany major journalistic contribution to our between the World Wars, Cornell Uni- understanding of politics." Michael versity Press. Malbin of the American Enterprise Jack L. Walker, University of Michigan, Institute read the citation on behalf of the and Michael Wallerstein, University of committee, noting that "MacNeil and California, Los Angeles, shared the Lehrer have transformed our ideas about Franklin L. Burdette Pi Sigma Alpha what good journalism can do, enriching Award, for the best paper presented at . . . our understanding of the political the 1984 Annual Meeting. Walker won world around us." For political scientists for his paper "Three Modes of Political "watching the show is like taking a daily Mobilization" and Wallerstein for "The field trip." Micro-Foundations of Corporatism: For- mal Theory and Comparative Analysis." Other dissertation award winners were: David Pion-Berlin, State University. the Gabriel A. Almond Award, for the best doctoral dissertation completed and accepted during 1983 or 1984 in the field of comparative politics, for Ideas as Predictors: A Comparative Study of Coercion in Peru and Argentina, submit- ted by the University of Denver; disserta- tion chair, John F. McCamant. Bruce W. Jentleson of the University of ~i~ L~~~ scheppele, universityof California, Davis, chats with his dissertation Michigan, the Edward S, Corwin Award, advisor Peter Katzenstein of Cornell Univer- sity at the annual meeting where Jentleson for the best doctoral dissertation com- was awarded the Harold 0. Lasswell Award pleted and accepted during 983 and for the best dissertation in 1983 or 1984 in 1984 in the field of public law, for Legal the field of policy studies. Secrets: Common-Law Rules and the

824 PS Fall 1985 Social Distribution of Knowledge, sub- Bert Rockman Wins mitted by the University of Chicago; dis- Neustadt Book Award sertation chair, James Coleman. Bruce W. Jentleson, University of Bert A. Rockman is the winner of the Chicago, Davis, the Harold D. Lasswell Presidency Research Section's first Award, for the best doctoral dissertation Richard E. Neustadt Book Award. Rock- completed and accepted during 1983 man was honored at the section's busi- and 1984 in the field of policy studies, ness meeting at APSA's annual meeting for Pipeline Politics: The Alliance and for his work, The Leadership Question: Domestic Politics of Arnerican Economic The Presidency and the American Sys- Coercion Against the Soviet Union, sub- tem (Praeger, 1984). mitted by Cornell University; dissertation The Neustadt Book Award Committee chair, Peter Katzenstein. was composed of Martha J. Kumar of Wayne A. Edisis, the Helen Dwight Reid Towson State University, Norman C. Award, for the best doctoral dissertation Thomas of the University of Cincinnati, completed and accepted during 1983 and Thomas E. Cronin (Chair) of Colorado and 1984 in the field of international rela- College. In selecting Rockman's work as tions, law and politics, for The Hidden the best book about the American presi- Agenda: Negotiations for the Generalized dency published in 1984, the committee System of Preferences, submitted by surveyed over 30 works written on the Brandeis University; dissertation chair, presidency and unanimously agreed that Robert 0. Keohane. Rockman's was the superior contribu- John Zaller, Princeton University, the E. tion. 0 E. Schattschneider Award, for the best doctoral dissertation completed and accepted during 1983 and 1984 in the field of American government, for The Role of Elites in Shaping Public Opinion, submitted by the University of California, Berkeley; dissertation chair, Nelson W. Job Picture Polsby. Brightest in Ruth Grant, University of Chicago, and Ten Years Ian Shapiro, Yale University, the Leo Strauss Award, for the best doctoral dis- The ratio of the number of jobs listed at sertation completed and accepted during the annual meeting placement service to 1983 and 1984 in the field of political the number of applicants seeking posi- philosophy. Grant won for her thesis tions was the highest in a decade. There John Lockers Liberalism, submitted by were 179 jobs listed at the annual meet- the University of Chicago; dissertation ing and 300 applications for positions chair, Joseph Cropsey. Shapiro won for (see Table 1 1. Individual Rights in Modern Liberal In contrast, in 1977, the low point of the Thought: A Realist Account, submitted decade, there were only 142 openings by Yale University, dissertation chair, for 570 applicants. Thus, one's chances Douglas W. Rae. of obtaining a position in 1985 were Donald W. Chisholm, University of Cali- almost three times greater than in 1977. fornia, Berkeley, the Leonard D. White Because the placement service caters Award, for the best doctoral dissertation primarily to new Ph.D.s and listings are completed and accepted during 1983 mainly for junior appointments, these and 1984 in the field of public admin- figures reflect the job prospects primarily istration, including broadly related prob- for those entering the profession. Sixty- lems of policy formation and administra- four percent of the job classifications tive theory, for Informal Organization and were for assistant professors, 20% for the Problem of Coordination, submitted associate professors, 5% for professors, by the University of California, Berkeley; 4% for instructors, 1% for chairs and dissertation chair, Martin Landau. C- 6% for non-teaching jobs. Association News

TABLE 1 Annual Meeting Job Placement Service Number of Applications, Employers and Jobs, 19751985

No. of No. of No. of Year Location Applications Employers Jobs 1985 New Orleans, LA 300 179 1984 Washington, DC 465 127 1983 Chicago, IL 350 120 1982 Denver, CO 229 121 1981 New York, NY 340 131 1980 Washington, DC 326 112 1979 Washington, DC 427 134 1978 New York, NY 450 124 1977 Washington, DC 570 142 1976 Ch~cago,1L 518 154 1975 San Francisco, CA 5 12 142

TABLE 2 Demand and Supply of Applicants and Jobs, by Percent and by Category

Applicants Categories Jobs American Government and Politics Public Policy Public Administration and Organizational Behavior Methodology Political Theory International Relations Comparative Politics Non-teaching (jobs only)

Table 2 shows that there was a fairly change for women was not, however, even match between applicants and jobs one for the better at this year's political by field with certain notable exceptions. science convention. Though there was a For example, whereas 17% of the jobs record number and percentage of women listed were in the field of public admin- as section heads, the rates of female istration, only 7% of the applicants listed chairpersons, papergivers and discus- that field. In the political theory field, on sants all declined (Table 1 ). the other hand, there were 14% appli- cants and only 4% of jobs listed in that As usual, when women served as section field. heads or chairpersons, other women were more likely to be selected as pro- gram participants. However, this was not always true. Nor was it always the case Participation by Women that male gatekeepers passed over Dropped in 1985 women for participation roles. The sec- tion on Political Thought: Analytical and Martin Gruberg Critical Approaches, for example, headed Universitv of Wisconsin-Oshkosh by a male, had one of the best male- female ratios. Another year, another convention, one As indicated in my 1984 report, my having a theme of political change. The annual assessments will have to include

826 PS Fall 1985 TABLE 1

Total Women Total Women O/O

Section Heads Chairpersons

Paper Givers Discussants 966 149 3 20 52 804 142 294 58 730 120 557 109 520 98 453 99

from now on, not only the sections the Committee on the Status of Women, organized by the Program Committee, the latter sets of panels, all organized by but also the panels sponsored by the males, had fewer female participants APSA organized sections and commit- than did the Program Committee's panels tees. Except for the panels sponsored by (Table 2).

TABLE 2

Total Women %

Chairpersons Organized Sections and Comm~ttees 1984 1985 Grand Total 1984 1985

Paper Givers Organized Sections

Committees

Grand Total

Discussants Organ~zedSections 1984 1985 Committees 1984 1985 Grand Total 1984 1985 Association News

The eight sections organized by women Scientists; Formal Models of War; Execu- had women as 34.1 % of the chair- tive Branch Influences and Constraints persons (30 of 88), 17.4% of the paper Upon the Federal Courts; Marketplace givers (58 of 3341, and 15.O0io of the Strategies in Public Policy; Environmental discussants (21 of 140). (That is, and Energy Policy Problems; Intergovern- 38.9% of the women paper givers in the mental Relations and Public Policy; and Convention's Program-committee-organ- Urban Political Culture Under Fiscal ized panels were found in the sections Austerity. (The latter had a female chair organized by women as were 40.4% of but seven male paper givers and two the female discussants. In women- male dtscussants.) chaired panels were to be found 37.096 Panels overwhelmingly female included of the female paper givers at the meeting Political Participation of Women in the and 19.2% of the female discussants. Third World; State Theories, Develop- Women-chaired panels had 29.0% ment and Women; Gender and Political female paper givers and 16.4% female Ortentations; The Interdependence of discussants.) Gender, Race and Class in American Poli- There were no women on the panels of tics; A Global Look at the Political and the two evening plenary sessions. The Economic Roles of Women; Reconsider- six speakers and both chairs were males. ing Some Myths of Public Administration; The sections with the strongest female and Subtle and Not So Subtle Discrimina~ representation were: Political Thought: tion Against Women in Academic In- Historical Approaches; Polltical Thought: stitutions. Analytical and Critical Approaches; I recommend that the Association's Public Opinion and Political ; Committee on the Status of Women in Political Participation, Political Power, the Profession undertake a study of why and the Politics of Disadvantaged the partic~pationrate for women at the Groups; Public Administration and New Orleans meeting declined from that Organization Theory; Policy Studies; manifested in recent vears. Legislative Studies; and the Status of Women in the Professton. The sections with the weakest female representation were those on Pos~tive Political Theory; Empirical Theory and Research Methods; Electoral ~ehavior Council Reaffirms and Popular Control; Legislative Process and Politics; International Relations: Con- Commitment to flict Analysis and National Security; Inter- Sullivan Principles national Relations: Hierarchy and Depen- dence in the International System; The At its August 28 meeting APSA's gov- Practice of Political Science; Conflict erning body reaffirmed its commitment Processes; and Law, Courts, and Judicial to the Sullivan principles. APSA's policy Process. is not to invest in any company doing 1985's lopsided stag panels included business in South Africa unless that com- those on Approval Voting; Macro and pany adheres to the Sullivan principles. Micro Perspectives; Political Crises, Vio- Under these principles companies must lence and Terrorism; Party Realignment not engage in racial discrimination in their and Partisan Change; Processes of Par- employment practices and must work to tisan Transformation; Political Ambition end apartheid in South Africa. and Electoral Politics; the Roundtable on The question arose at the Council meet- Social Protest Movements; the Round- ing during a review of APSA investments table in Honor of Charles Hyneman; that include mutual funds whose port- Studies in the Institutionalized Presi- folios may include companies that do dency; the Roundtable on the Reagan business in South Africa. Samuel P. Hun- Presidency; the Roundtable on Humani- tington, Nannerl Keohane and Donna E. ties Teaching and Research by Political Shalala prepared the following resolution,

828 PS Fall 1985 which was approved unanimously by the at , has been elected Council: to serve as president-elect of APSA for 1985-86 and will assume the office of The APSA Council deplores the apart- heid politics of the government of president in 1986-87. South Africa, and requests the Board of Huntington was elected by acclamation Trustees of the Trust and Development at the Annual Business Meeting on Fund as a matter of urgency to review August 3 1 in New Orleans along with the the investment policies of our currently other nominees selected by the Nominat- held mutual funds. ing Committee for APSA offices and In light of the long-standing APSA Council positions. policy concerning the Sullivan Prin- ciples we recommend that this review Theodore J. Lowi, Cornell University, be carried forward with an eye towards Dale Rogers Marshall, University of Cali- moving out of any fund that includes In fornia, Davis, and Donald I?. Matthews, its portfolio companies that do not University of Washington, were elected adhere to these Principles, or firms that vice-presidents of APSA for 1985-86. do business d~rectlywith the govern- , Institute ment of South Africa. We urge the of Technology, was elected secretary for Board to seek out alternative high- performance funds that meet these 1985-86 and Helen Ingram, University criteria. of Arizona, was elected treasurer for the two-year term, 1985-87. Small Grant Program The eight new members of the 16- member Council elected to serve a two- In other action the Council increased the year term (1985-87) are: John W. King- annual budget of the Small Grant Pro- don, University of Michigan; Stephen D. gram to $12,000 from $10,000 and Krasner, Stanford University; Paula D. added an additional representative from a McClain, Arizona State University; Karen small college to the Research Support O'Connor, Emory University; Carole Committee which distributes the grants. Pateman, University of Sydney; G. Bing- President-elect Aaron Wildavsky an- ham Powell, Jr., University of Rochester; nounced that his appointee would be Kenneth Shepsle, Washington Univer- Huey Perry of Southern Univers~ty. sity; and Nancy H. Zingale, College of St. Under the program grants up to $1,500 Thomas. il are awarded to APSA members from non-Ph.D.-grantinginstitutions as well as to those not affiliated with an academic institution for the purpose of assisting Nominating Committee research. Fundable activities include Seeks Suggestions such activities as travel to archives or to conduct interviews, purchase of data- The Nominating Committee, headed by sets, and administration and coding of Nelson W. Polsby of the University of interviews. In 1985, the first year of the California, Berkeley, seeks suggestions program, a total of ten grants were made. for nominees to APSA offices. (See PS, Summer 1985, pp. 623-624.) The Committee will make nominations for eight Council positions, as well as the Editor's Note: See the Appendix of th~s offices of secretary, vice presidents issue of PS for complete Counc~l (three positions) and president-elect. mmutes. 11 The members of the nominating commit- tee are: Samuel Huntington James A. Caporaso, Graduate School of Elected President-Elect International Studies, University of Denver, Denver, CO 80209. Samuel P. Huntington, Eaton Professor Charles Hamilton, Department of Political of the Science of Government and direc- Science, Columbia University, 420 West tor of the Center for International Affairs 118th Street, New York, NY 10027. Association News

John Kessel, Department of Political Sci- Salisbury is Sydney W. Souers Professor ence, Ohio State University, Columbus, of American Government at Washington OH 4321 0. University in St. Louis where he has Kathleen McGinnis, DBpartment of spent most of his career and has served Political Science, Trinity College, Wash- as chairman of the Department of Politi- ington, DC 2001 7. cal Science and director of the Center for the Study of Public Affairs. He has been a Nelson W. Polsby, Center for Advanced visiting lecturer at 27 universities in the Study in the Behavioral Sciences, 202 United States and abroad. Junipero Serra Blvd., Stanford, CA 94305. In addition to the eight books he has pub- lished, Salisbury has written numerous Barbara Sinclair, Department of Political articles for the major journals in the pro- Science, University of California, River- fession. His most recent publication for side, Riverside, CA 92521. • the March 1984 issue of APSR, "lnter- est Representation: The Dominance of Institutions," extended his path breaking Journal Discounts work on interest groups. He has also written on the politics of education, Offered to APSA Members urban politics, public policy analysis, governmental reorganization, elections, Members of APSA should watch the political parties, and Congress. mails for their listing of journals offered at discounted rates. The listing, with sub- Salisbury is a former vice president of scription coupons, will be mailed to all APSA and has served on its Council. He individual members in late September. has been both president and program chair of the Midwest Political Science Association. He has served on the editorial board of the American Journalof Political Science and the American Poli- Salisbury Named tics Quarterly. Book Review Editor Active in civic affairs, Salisbury has been of the APSR a consultant for the Office of Economic Opportunity, the U.S. Office of Educa- Samuel C. Patterson, incoming managing tion, and the U.S. Conference of Mayors. editor of the American Political Science He has also served as a member of the Review, has named Robert H. Salisbury St. Louis County Charter Commission book review editor. and the Missouri Commission on Local Government. PS asked Salisbury to comment on his plans for the book review section of the Review, and his response, intended as an open letter to the discipline, follows: As book review editor of the APSR, building on the splendid work of my predecessors, I hope to do several things. First, I want to make the review section as interesting and provocative to read as possible so that political scientists will find intellectual stimula- tion there as well as information and evaluation of newly published work. Whenever appropriate I will commis- sion essays from established scholars and ask them to review substantive Robert Salisbury of Washington University in areas of inquiry and traditions of St. Louis is new book review editor of the scholarship as well as to assess the A PSR. current book or books under review. At

830 PS Fall 1985 the same time, I expect to publish a procedures for approaching the Commit- considerable number of quite brief tee on Professional Ethics, Rights and review notes so that readers may be as Freedoms, advisory opinions to date of fully aware as possible of what is the Committee on Professional Ethics available. and APSA guidelines for employment I would like to include for review and opportunities, a statement of principles commentary some books that are out- on academic freedom and tenure, and side the normal range of political scien- regulations governing research on human tists' vision but that nevertheless seem subjects. to me of relevance to the work we do. I hope to review books in history and The booklet costs $3, lnclud~ngpostage, other social sciences and, whenever I bulk rates are also ava~lable To order, can obtain good advice concerning send request and check to APSA Publlca worthwhile material, in other fields as tlons, 1527 New Hampsh~reAvenue, well. In this regard I would urge every- NW, Washington, DC 20036. one to recommend to me books that you believe the readers of APSR should know about. Publishers will not routine- ly send us books that appear to lie out- Corrections for side a rather narrow definition of our 1985 Membership Directory discipline, so it will take a sustained collective effort to enlarge our The following corrections have been coverage. requested for the 1985 APSA Member- The number of books published annual- ship Directory. The office regrets the ly which potentially come within the errors. For information on obtaining the purview of political scientists is enor- Directory, see the order form at the back mous. The daily tasks involved in managing the immense flow of paper of this issue of PS. generated by the review process will The corrections are as follows: take such energy that experiments will be limited. There will surely be mis- GATi, CHARLES: His primary affiliation is takes of omission and commission. My Professor, Department of Political Sci- judgments will often be flawed. I do ence, Union College, Schenectady, NY hope and expect to hear from APSA 12308. Phone: (518) 370-6224. members with suggestions and criti- cisms, and I will try to be both respon- MITTELMAN, JAMES H.: The following sive and flexible. Certainly, I will be information should be deleted from his enormously dependent on the help and listing-the street address, Convent Ave. counsel of the profession. at 138th St. and the initial "C." after his -Robert H. Salisbury name.

RIEGER, FRANK. HIS address should read -Am Schwarzen Berge 33c, 3300 APSA Publishes Braunschwelg, Lower Saxony, West Ger- Code of Ethics many Am Govt Pol should be added to h~sfields of Interest. I A Guide to Professional Ethics in Political Science has been published by the Asso- ciation's Committee on Professional Global Understanding Project Ethics, Rights and Freedoms to provide a Offers Instructional Units statement of ethical principles for politi- cal scientists. The political science curriculum offers The booklet contains the 1968 code of distinct courses for American, compara- professional standards written by the tive and international pol~tics.The largest Committee on Professional Standards proportion of students majoring in politi- and Responsibilities, the statement of cal science concentrate in American poli- professional ethics written by the Ameri- tics. And, an American politics course is can Association of University Professors often the only political science offering and endorsed by APSA, the grievance for a majority of undergraduates who are Association News not our majors. How can these students The audio cassette was prepared spe- be introduced to a comparative or inter- cifically for this project by National Public national perspective on political institu- Radio and is of broadcast quality. tions and policy questions? The topics of the units and the authors of A few years ago, the AnnenbergiCPB the monographs were selected on the Project supported the Global Understand- basis of discussions at a series of regional ing Project to address this question. The meetings with political scientists and the Global Understanding Project, conducted NPR project staff. The meetings were by National Public Radio, produced two attended by the following faculty: audioiprint courses in comparative poli- /n : Robert Art, Walter Burn- tics and also a series of instructional units ham, Ethel Klein, Robert Putnam, designed specifically for courses in Amer- Harvey Sapolsky. ican politics and public policy. The boxed insert that accompanies this notice de- /n San Francisco: John Chubb, Harry scribes components of the comparative Harding, Kay Lawson, , politics courses, entitled: Contemporary Raymond Wolfinger. Western Europe and The Challenge of In Washington, D.C.: Karl Cerny, Mil- China and Japan. ton Cummings, Jr., Hugh Heclo, Neil The instructional units designed as Kerwin, George Questor. special course supplements have print In Chicago: Lee Anderson, Doris and audio components, Each unit pro- Graber, Lloyd Rudolph, John Sullivan. vides a comparative or international per- spective on a topic taught in American The American Political Science Associa- politics or public policy courses. A unit tion is publishing and distributing the can be used singly or in combinat~onwith units. The units are $4.50 each. When other units. The units are suitable for the 20 or more units are ordered for use in a introductory American politics course or course, the instructor receives the audio for specialized upper division courses in cassette at no additional charge. The public policy or political processes. units can be ordered directly from APSA.

The mint comDonent of the unit IS a com- pact monograph. The title and author(s) of power of each monograph are: organization To Be Program Theme for The Administrative State in lndustrial- ized Democracies bv Joel D. Aber- 1986 Meeting bach, University of ~'ichi~an,and Bert The function of the annual meeting is, A, Rockman, . among other things, to allow colleagues Coordinating International Economic to put on display, for collegial advice, Strategy by Stephen Cohen and John criticism, and instruction, the varied Zysman, University of California, forms of research and writing that, in our Berkeley. highly individualistic discipline, we take Comparative Political Parties by seriously. The 1986 meeting will serve William Crotty, Northwestern Uni- that function fully. APSA programs can versity. never be turned into Procrustean beds. But colleagues are particularly encour- The Welfare State in Hard Times by aged to consider how their work may be Hugh Heclo, Harvard University. related seriously to the 1986 program Preserving Peace: The Difficult Choice theme, "The Organization of Power," of International Security by George H. predicated on the view that there is a fun- Quester, University of Maryland. damental coherence in the political phe- The monograph is complemented by an nomenon and a potential intellectual audio cassette that dramatizes issues coherence in the analysis of the political and the analvses of institutions. The phenomenon. audio magazine features interviews with "Politics" as a fundamental human activ- political leaders, scholars and citizens. ity, to adapt language from Walton

832 PS Fail 1985 Association News

1986 Dissertation Awards

Department chairs are invited to nominate outstanding dissertations that have been completed and accepted during the 1984 or 1985 calendar years. The award categories and a list of the 1985 winners are listed in this issue of PS. Departments may nominate only one person for each award. An engraved cer- tificate and a cash award of $250 will be presented to the winners at the 1986 Annual Meeting in Washington, D.C. Dissertations will be returned to the department following the Meeting. Nomination letters from the department chair and a copy of the dissertation should be sent by January 15, 1986 to: Dissertation Awards, American Political Science Association, 1527 New Hampshire Avenue, N.W., Washington, D.C. 20036.

L

Hamilton, "is not [simply] the televised power and authority in non-governmental soapbox or the [search] for votes, but [in entities, here designated "social organi- the] Aristotelian tradition . . . the usages zations" or "private governments." Sec- and traditions, the arrangements and tion 18 (Politics and Economics) gives a policies, by which [the human species1 is more express intellectual recognition of governed, and through which [human be- what John Maurice Clark once called ings]-usurping the function of the gods "the interpenetration of politics and -attempt to shape destiny." In a quite economics." Section 19 (see Hamilton, different intellectual tradition, Masao below) provides a vehicle for special Maruyama expresses politics as "the attention to the welfare state. organization of control by man over man." If human beings seek to shape The section chairs have, and will exer- destiny, they must seek to control the cise, wide latitude to interpret the collectivities in which they operate, lest specific relevance of the program theme divergent actions vitiate that which they to their sections and to decide when to adopt a different approach altogether. seek. We will all try our best to be fair and to be Therefore, the theme of the organization seen as such. But we do not promise to of power not only refers to formal struc- be inert. The program chair may also tures (see Loomis and lngraham below on exercise the discretion, in consultation the power of organization in that sense), with section chairs, to create a very small but to an active process. Human striving number of panels or workshops on mat- to achieve, stabilize and exercise power ters of major interest that cannot easily implies the counter-efforts of other be accommodated within a single sec- human beings to undermine, evade, over- tion. The program chair would be particu- throw or insulate themselves from exist- larly interested in proposals regarding: ing or potential arrangements of power. (This drives us to consider, among other (a) reconsideration of the relevance of things, the micro-political level-the in- political studies occurring in anthro- dividual-and the connection to the for- pology, sociology, and history- which mal structure, including values about appear to have less place on our agendas authority (cf. Eckstein below) and the now than they did 20 years ago; acquisition and holding of political beliefs (b) studies in literature and politics, if (some of which are referred to in the Sigel conceived on a broad integrative basis, note below).) with a deep foundation in literature and in The program design is, in form, essen- politics; tially parallel to that which has been used (c) studies in the "popular cultures," for several years. Section 6 (Eckstein, rather than in the "high cultures," as ex- below) provides for new attention to pressions of ideas of authority, rebellion,

834 PS Fall 1985 etc. and their consequences for political they intend to initiate; (b) to show clearly systems; whether the problem is a new problem in political science or whether there is a line (d) relevance of archaeological and other evidence about ancient societies, notably of implicit or explicit theory bearing on it; Greece and Rome, for the reconstruction (c) to show whether the problem requires of our knowledge of their politics, and of data or merely the most careful thought the relevance of their politics to contem- possible; (dl to show, if data are required, whether the data needed are qualitative porary ideas of empirical theory; or quantitative and that the best effort (e) conceptualization, and notably em- has been expended; and (el to show that pirical examination, of the fundamental the problem, as stated, deserves to be resources of control in society, e.g., regarded as significant from the view- force, money, information; point that the maker of the proposal will (f) the application of concepts and sustain. Such preliminary drafts should theories from modern political science to be in a state capable of completion before major historical experience or to prob- July of 1986 and should include prior for- lems that arise mainly in other disciplines, mulations of the problem in political sci- e.g., (1) the decision to initiate the ence as a discipline, command of the Columbian expeditions as a forum for relevant literatures, sources of data, etc. testing ideas about political decision- The Program Chair particularly invites making and policy innovation; (2) the suggestions as to the impact, if any, of political element in the making of rules the defense-oriented environment since about property that are fundamental to 1945 upon the domestic politics of the "the market"; or (3) the imaginary treat- United States, and/or other countries, ment that would have been entailed if particularly as it may suggest any re- cost-benefit analysis had been applied to examination of the Lasswellian concept the problem of whether to adopt the of the ''garrison state." Kansas-Nebraska Act; (g) consideration of the relationship be- Policies and Deadlines tween changes in analytical technique and the capacity to answer a question, as Paper proposals and offers to appear as manifest in particular fields of political d~scussantsor panel chairpersons should analysis over the course of modern politi- be submitted as early as possible. The cal science; deadline for receipt of submissions is (h) methodological work referring to the December I, 1985. Proposals for whole problems of discovering and identifying panels are welcome, but persons with research questions worthy of the time suggestions for panels should get their and intellectual attention of grown men requests in early. and women, in contrast to the already- Please write directly to the appropriate recognized-as-important issues of verifi- section chairperson listed below. More cation, and other problems in the meth- general inquiries or suggestions may be odology of "soft" research; and addressed to: (i) the anticipation or forecasting, on the Matthew Holden, Jr., Department of basis of carefully ordered thought and Government and Foreign Affairs, 232 data, of major scientific or technological Cabell Hall, , developments, e.g., human gene ther- Charlottesville, VA 22905; (804) apy, space colonization, etc. 924-3422. If there are such panels or workshops, Norinne Hessman, Convention Coor- they will be very few and must be dinator, APSA, 1527 New Hampshire screened more severely than if they were Avenue, N.W., Washington, DC proposed for the regular sections. Pro- 20036; (202) 483-2512. posals will be the more welcome if their makers are able (a) to provide preliminary Prospective participants should be aware drafts, of fairly short length, based upon of two APSA Council policies which will work in progress, rather than work that be enforced by the Association: (1) ac- Association News ceptance of a proposal by the Program retical foundations of the field, the Committee obligates you to preregister effects of dynamic or over-time con- (with appropriate fee) prior to June 1, siderations on the models, and applica- 1986. If you fail to preregister, you will tions of the models to normative theory. I not be listed in the final program; (2) you also expect to see panels on the formal may serve on no more than two panels of analysis of institutions, groups, elec- the official program. However, you may tions, and preference formation. serve as a paper author on only one panel of the official program. This rule applies Section 2. Empirical Theory and Re- only to participation on the panels search Methods. Steven J. Rosenstone, organized by the Program Committee and Department of Political Science, Yale does not affect participation on panels University, 3532 Yale Station, New organized by "unaffiliated groups." Haven, CT 06520. You may offer to participate in panels in Panels in this section will be concerned several sections. However, if you receive with the development and use of innova- invitations for more than one paper pre- tive methodological techniques to ad- sentation, you may only accept one of dress substantive political problems. I am them. You may not appear on more than particularly interested in the following two official panels, irrespective of the topics: (1) models and methods of survey nature of the participation. If you do measurement (including question word- apply to several sections, please inform ing and order, measurement error, non- each section chairperson that this is a response, scale effects, instrument ef- multiple application. Also, in that case, fects, and survey design); (2) ecological please notify the other section chair- inference and the analysis of historical persons as soon as you have accepted data; (3) the analysis of data sets built an invitation for participation in another from pooling cross-sectional survey data section. gathered at different moments in time; (4) problems that arise in practice when Section 1. Positive Political Theory. employing simultaneous equations meth- Russell M. Hardin, Committee on Public ods; (5) simulation and artificial intelli- Policy, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL gence; and (6) new software. I will wel- 60637. come paper proposals and suggestions Positive Political Theory uses formal for panels in any of these and related- models to explain political outcomes and areas. I will be most receptive to papers to analyze normative constraints on that will be reporting innovative meth- political action. The models are most odological work rather than applying commonly set theoretic, game theoretic, existing techniques. or microeconomic equilibrium models that are generally based on the assump- Section 3. Political Thought and Philos- tion of narrow rationality, or self interest. ophy: Historical Approaches. Alan Gil- Much of the work in the field has had sur- bert, Graduate School of International prising, often negative, implications for Studies, University of Denver, Denver, our understanding of politics. Major in- CO 80208. sights in the field include the difficulties The 1986 program theme, "The Organi- of aggregating individual into collective zation of Power." will be used to provide choices and of motivating individuals to for a broad representation of current collective action. Such results have work in political theory. The selection of remade both our positive and our norma- papers will not, by any means, be gov- tive views of political activity. erned by that theme alone. The present Panels in the Positive Political Theory design is to emphasize three main sorts Section will be diverse in their sub- of panels, whether cast within that stantive and theoretical focuses. While theme or within other conceptions the final structure of panels will depend deemed significant to political theorists, on the best submitted papers, I expect to that would include reinterpretations of, arrange panels on recent experimental or controversies about, how to interpret work, critical assessments of the theo- major past and contemporary theorists. 836 PS Fall 1985 (1) The first sort of proposals would be concern with the crisis of authority raises for panels and papers involving philo- serious questions as to how adequately sophical arguments, recapitulating or the relationship between formal and ef- modifying those of leading theorists, that fective power, between regimes and the have relevance for debates about the societies they govern, is understood. nature of democracy, political participa- Critical theorists have raised these same tion and individuality. (For instance, questions in rather different terms for an papers along these lines might provide even longer time. insight into the challenges to the subjec- Panels and papers that help to clarify and tion of women and their impact on con- sharpen discourse on power as a con- ceptions of the self and political cept, an analytical device, or a tool of deliberation.) social criticism will be especially appro- (2) 1 would be interested in proposals priate to the overall theme of the pro- which clarify the classes of liberals and gram. The many indirect problems of Marxians. Such proposals might, for substance and method that result from a example, reassess arguments about the focus on power are equally appropriate effects of war and revolution on regime topics. The general program theme structure and human well-being or ap- should be viewed as an opportunity for praise modern claims about basic his- analytical and critical theorists presenting torical change, moral advance and decay. their work to share a common point of departure, not as an unduly restrictive (3) 1 would also look for panels suggest- limitation on the diversity of concerns ing new or resuscitated ways in which to be considered or approaches to be modern arguments and debates might be employed. seen in comparison to those of the ancients. Section 5. The Practice of Political Lively, pointed discussion is more likely if Science. Jewel L. Prestage, Dean, panels remain small and papers focus on School of Public Policy and Urban Affairs, the same or closely linked issues. I prefer Southern University, Southern Branch panels composed of two papers and one Post Office, Baton Rouge, LA 70813. discussant or roundtables among schol- The panels in this section will be directed ars who have previously written on a toward issues, problems, concerns and subject to larger, more loosely defined patterns in the growth and development panels. (I also want to provide oppor- of the profession and the discipline as tunity for newer voices in the discipline, well as the contemporary state of the possibly including advanced graduate profession and the discipline. In addition, students.) Such arrangements will, I work focusing on the future of the pro- hope, encourage audience participation. fession is being solicited. The aim is to in- Section 4. Analytical and Critical clude the broadest possible range of scholarly endeavors which address the Theory. Scarlett G. Graham, Institute for general area of "the practice of political Public Policy Studies, Vanderbilt Univer- oro- sity, 1208 18th Avenue-South, Nash- science" within the context of the gram theme, "The Organization of ville, TN 37212. Power." The organization of power has for cen- Among other things, proposals will be turies provided the principal framework considered for: for sorting and classifying political regimes. Modern explorations of the (1) Examination of the social structure origins of power have linked society and of political science as a discipline, and the government into still other frameworks of evidence as to whether the structure of analysis, going beyond the notion of for- the discipline inhibits either opportunities mal power to that of effective power. for some members of the profession Power relationships important for politi- more than others or the examination of cal analysis have been found in property, some social status questions more than class structure, and even language and others. Clearly, this involves a set of the structure of communication. Recent questions now under some discussion, Association News both as to the status of women and as to science, what should it contain? If an the status of several ethnic minorities, adult education course were designed for among them Afro-Americans, Hispanics, political scientists, reflecting what con- and Native Americans. temporary journalists and elective politi- cians know, what should it contain? (2) The various ways in which education in political science is absorbed in profes- These are provisional questions subject sional activity in government or the to refinement. The section chair will wel- private sector, outside the academic sys- come proposals for papers and volun- tem, and the extent to which habits of teers to act as commentators or panel mind or bodies of knowledge and skills chairs. The section chair will also wel- acquired in the graduate world of political come additional proposals, beyond the science serve well or ill. The section chair range of the items mentioned above, pro- will particularly be interested in proposals vided they are submitted on a timely and comments from colleagues who, basis. having undertaken careers in the private sector, nonetheless, retain an active in- tellectual connection with the discipline. Section 6. Power, Authority, and Pri- vate Governments. Harry Eckstein, (3) Active political participation as a School of Social Sciences, University of learning experience that yields a sys- California-lrvine, Irvine, CA 92717. tematic or substantial re-interpretation of political science and politics, e.g., when Panels in this section will be concerned political scientists have been deeply with the nature, determinants, and con- engaged in activities and responsibilities sequences of governance in social outside the political science setting, what organizations and institutions, such as have they deemed themselves to learn? families, schools and universities, work- Political scientists are recurrently in- places, trade unions, and political parties. volved in activities as various as street- Examples of pertinent issues are: (1) level community organizing, political whether such organizations and institu- campaign management, campaigning for tions can, through their internal authority and being elected to a variety of offices relations, form participatory attitudes from local school board to the Senate, and behavior; (2) whether the internal etc. What has their experienced-based structures and processes of political par- learning (a variety of participant-observa- ties (or other organizations) can provide tion, so to speak) had to do with the effective training in political leadership; reformulation of ideas in scholarship? (3) whether problems of maintaining (4) Are there "continuing education" order and discipline in formative organi- models for use in the study of politics, by zations (e.g., schools) tend to prevent political scientists, and in the mastery of effective attainment of their goals (edu- pedagogy? Is there a staleness problem cation). Many other issues are appropri- inherent in our work, as there may be in ate, as are papers on whether the gov- many other lines of work, and what are ernance of "private" organizations in constructive means, free of self-flagella- fact has significant consequences for tion, that we may use to help overcome political life; and on general organization the staleness problem? theory. Also appropriate are papers that mainly describe the governance of "pri- (5) What are the significant changes vate organizations." taking place in the demography, eco- nomics, politics, and administration of The papers may be case studies, com- higher education that significantly affect parative research, largely speculative (a)our capacity for effective teaching, (b) essays, or critical analyses of existing our capacity for research and publication literature on governance in the institu- of findings, and (c) our occupational tions and organizations listed above. prospects? (6) If an adult education course were Section 7. Comparative Politics: Public designed for elective politicians and jour- Policies and Policy Making. Arnold J. nalists, reflecting contemporary political Heidenheimer, Department of Political

838 PS Fall 1985 Association News

Science, Washington University, St. University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA Louis, MO 63130. 15260; (412) 624-3725. Papers given in these panels might com- This section is well suited to a wide- pare policies across national political ranging exploration of the organization of boundaries, or across policy fields, or power in diverse societies. Proposals for both. Papers comparing policy or policy papers or panels that relate the structure implementation in subnational units will and behavior of mass publics, diverse be welcome if they also meet one of the types of public and quasi-public elites, above criteria. Papers which emphasize and a wide variety of institutions- and the temporal dimension as a distinct especially the linkages between variable are also solicited if they overlap them-to the organization of power at with the basic criteria. The panels will of both the national and subnational level course reflect the diverse methodologies will be given priority. which are employed, but I would favor Proposals which integrate two or three of their having a primary geo-political and the section's themes are particularly policy area focus, i.e., a panel on U.S.- desirable, such as studies of elite-mass West European economic policy compari- linkages, the structuring of conventional sons, one on comparing environment and unconventional participation, inter- policies in developing countries, etc. actions between mass publics and elites, A focus on conceptual problems encoun- institutional responses, links between in- tered in the identification, classification stitutions and elite composition or trans- and analysis of policies across national formation, and studies of elite recruit- institutions and policy fields might be an ment and institutional stability. Also wel- effective way to explore how the organi- come are proposals concerned with link- zation of power creates both problems ages between national and subnational and opportunities for research in this elites and institutions. Both historical and field. Are decisions in similar policy fields contemporary cases are acceptable. handled differently in more "corporatist" I prefer proposals which provide explicit or "pluralist" systems, in those with comparisons between nations or across stronger or weaker bureaucracies? How levels and time periods. If they do not fall is policy conceptualization developing in in that category, they should deal with other countries and languages, does this issues of broad theoretical concern. lead to somewhat different priorities as While papers focusing exclusively on the to selection of research topics? Is one United States are inappropriate, papers observer's policy another's non-policy, which include the United States in a com- and how do they explain their reasons? parative study are suitable. Finally, pro- Some varieties of policy comparisons posals for a panel that would synthesize which might be especially welcome and evaluate the status of what we know because we have seen rather few of about the links between publics, leaders, them are: (1) policy comparisons be- and institutions would be extremely tween American states and smaller welcome. developed countries; (2) comparisons of taxation, transport and agriculture poli- cies; (3)analyses and critiques of the Section 9. Comparative Politics: Proc- comparative policy implementation litera- ess of Development and Change in ture; (4) international agencies and their Contemporary Societies. Edmund J. influence on convergence or divergence Keller, Department of Political Science, in national policies; (5) organized profes- University of California, Santa Barbara, sions and public policies; (6) the impact CA 93106. of social program cutbacks; (7)attempts The panels in this section will focus on to measure degrees of policy impact, the organization, location, and execution success or failure. of political power in contemporary socie- ties. While participants are encouraged to Section 8. Comparative Politics: Pub- be comparative in their analyses, rigor- lics, Leaders, and Institutions. Alberta ously analytic case studies are also ap- Sbragia, Department of Political Science, propriate. Panels are not restricted to any

840 PS Fall 1985 particular area of the world or any dice, alienation, etc. and their relation to specific type of regime. Presenters are personality). strongly encouraged to engage in cross- Panel topics will be selected on the basis national and cross-regional comparisons, of importance to research in the area, but this is not obligatory. especially those which point to new Political economists, who have recently directions in substance andior methodol- rediscovered the importance of the ogy. Panel organizers should bend every "State" in politics and public policy in effort to select papers that lend coher- both post-industrial and Third World ence to each panel. countries, have raised some interesting questions about the nature of power in contemporary societies; about the rela- Section 11. Political Parties and Elec- tive power of different groups or classes tions. William Crotty, Department of in certain situations; and about the con- Political Science, Northwestern Univer- sequences which grow out of the uses sity, Evanston, IL 60201. and abuses of political power. I am sure there are many other questions relating The theme of the 1986 APSA annual to this theme which shed light on the meeting is the organization of power. I general issue of "Development and am particularly interested in theoretical Change in Contemporary Societies." and conceptual approaches to the organi- Volunteers for chairing panels or acting zation of political and social power as it as discussants, as well as for presenting relates to intermediary institutions of papers, are welcome. political representation and mobilization. I would be interested in, in addition to Section 10. Public Opinion and Political longitudinal, cross-national or cross-sec- Psychology. Roberta S. Sigel, Depart- tional comparative works; empirical data- ment of Political Science, Rutgers Univer- based studies; and innovative research sity, New Brunswick, NJ 08903. approaches. I would like to see studies relating to organization of power for the Priority will be given to panels and papers politically less well-off and, secondly, as that relate topics of public opinion andlor it relates to areas that are just beginning to the 1986 APSA to receive extended academic conceptual theme, "The Organization of Power." and empirical development. Among these Panels on public opinion consequently I would include: PACs and political should strive to explore questions which finance and its impact; organization of relate perceptions of power, authority minority, women and gay political groups and conceptions of legitimacy to the and the distribution of political rewards; structure and expression of public organization and political change; the opinion while panels on political psychol- redefinition of political coalitions; the ogy might stress the origins of such atti- mass media and its import on political tudes as well as their overt manifesta- organization and political expression; the tions. Emphasis on change-either secu- institutionalization of power in mass and lar or individual-in the mass public's legislative parties and the redefinition of orientations are particularly welcome, So their roles; and the value of party and are papers reporting on new or "resur- campaign management as they affect the rected" methodologies for investigating organization of power and the distribu- the topics. tion of influence at all levels. All serious Among potential topics could be: Public academic proposals for papers, round- Opinions (including mass media, agenda tables and panels which fall within these setting, schema and structures of public bounds will be given consideration. In opinions, manipulation of it, including general, I would like to see papers that propaganda); Political Socialization reconceptualize approaches to the more (especially changes over the life course, traditional areas of concern; that help gender-related attitudes, etc.); and Politi- develop or reach out to new areas; andlor cal Psychology (including the develop- that add something of substance to our ment of attitudes, such as trust, preju- cumulative understanding, There should Association News be a sense of intellectual excitement to roundtables or other panel formats would our efforts. be appreciated.

Section 12. Interests, Groups, and Section 13. Public Law and Judicial Social Movements. Burdett Loomis, Politics. Harold J. Spaeth, Department Department of Political Science, 504 of Political Science, Michigan State Uni- Blake Hall, The University of Kansas, versity, East Lansing, MI 48824. Lawrence, KS 66045. The theme of the 1986 program, the "The Organization of Power" is a theme organization of power, suggests that that cuts close to the quick in the study panels and papers that deal with subjects of political interests and social move- such as the following would be especially ments. First, in a Bentleyesque world, in- appropriate. (1) Formal and informal rela- terest group activities constituted all we tionships among judges on a given court, needed to know about how power was within a judicial system, or between organized. To an extent, the pluralistic judges and other participants in the implications of these ideas continue to judicial process (attorneys, clerks, admin- hold sway in the study of American istrative agencies and officials, police, politics. prosecutors, jurors, etc.). (2) Formal and informal relationships between courts or From a second, more contemporary per- administrative tribunals. (3)Analyses of spective, we see the organization of in- the impact of judicial activity on litigants, creasing numbers of interests, ranging other courts, administrative agencies, or from political action committees to neigh- affected publics. (4) Court management borhood groups to corporate "public af- studies. (5) Judicial administration: fairs" divisions. In addition, loosely- structure, personnel, processing cases, structured, but often potent, social proposals for reform. (6) Various aspects movements frequently emerge as power- of administrative law. These subjects ful forces. stress endogenous andlor exogenous Paper proposals and panel topics will be linkages between or among courts, welcomed across the breadth of scholar- judges, participants in the judicial proc- ship on interests, groups, and social ess on the one hand and the environment movements. The program theme sug- in which they function on the other. gests two general categories as possible A roundtable or two which focuses on an guides in framing these submissions. aspect of judicial management or admin- First, I would encourage research and istration about which there is much dis- writing that examine the impact of cussion and debate may prove to be at- organizedpower. Studies of PACs, activ- tractive: e.g., the litigation explosion: ist movements, corporate actions, or can courts cope? Are the justices really foreign lobbying are only a few examples overworked? Any suggestions in this of the kinds of work that might be done. regard will be appreciated. The scope of such research could vary from the smallest governmental units to I recognize that the foregoing matters en- the broadest comparative frameworks. compass a relatively limited portion of the subfield-a portion, moreover, in Second, 1 would prevail upon scholars to which niost judicial scholars do little, if make proposals that emphasize the any research. Although preference will power of organization (or the lack be accorded proposals compatible with thereof). Given the richness of incentive the theme of the 1986 program, I shall theories and social mobilization perspec- adopt a catholic approach and will there- tives, we could profit from a series of fore welcome papers and proposals on all papers, panels, and roundtables that dis- other topics as well. cuss this central element in harnessing the political strength of societal forces. Section 14. Legislative Process and Although most papers and topics would Politics. Bruce I. Oppenheimer, Depart- fall into one of these broad categories, I ment of Political Science, University of welcome as wide a range of submissions Houston, University Park, Houston, TX as possible. In particular, suggestions for 77004. 842 PS Fall 1985 Certainly the organization of power has their political stature and satisfy the psy- been a significant focus of research, if chological dimensions of their office? not a major one, in the study of legislative 2. What is the impact of different forms process and politics. This is especially and modes of organizing power? How true in the study of the internal workings does the organization of power affect its of legislative institutions-committees, exercise? Has institutional tinkering, leadership, and party organizations and in public and congressional liaison, political the study of Congress. rhetoric. andlor svmbolic actions en- Less systematic attention has been given hanced 'the executive's ability to achieve to the organization of power between objectives? Have such actions merely legislative institutions and other competi- satisfied and extended performance ex- tors for policy influence, e.g., executives, pectations? Has the organization of courts, bureaucracies. Similarly, less sys- power in previous administrations in- tematic attention has been paid to the fluenced transition planning start-up variety of ways in which state legisla- structures and strategies, and the cycling tures organize power. Accordingly, I of policy goals in the current admin- would encourage papers and panels istrat~on? which address these aspects of the 3. What prescriptions for organizing problem. power do those who have held office of- This does not mean that I intend to fer? If practitioners had to do it all over neglect areas in which a substantial again, what changes would they make research base addressing the 1986 and why? Why, for instance, do ex-presi- theme already exists. Such a substantial dents seem recently to have supported base exists with regard to legislative the idea of a six-year, non-renewable elections, decision making, committees, term, to the nearly-unanimous opposition leadership, representation, and reform. In of political scientists? Discussions with these aspects, it seems strategic to urge past and present executive officials that proposals on these topics which might shed light on this question as well. stress historical analysis of the organiza- Proposals for papers, panels, round- tion of power, rather than being limited to tables, and workshops on these and examining the topic within a narrow time related topics are welcome. Please let me frame. know if you wish to write a panel, chair and organize a panel, or be a discussant. Graduate students and recent Ph.D.s in Section 15. Political Executives. particular are encouraged to participate. i Stephen J. Wayne, Department of Politi- would also welcome comparativists and cal Science, George Washington Univer- students of public administration to help sity, Washington, DC 20052. us broaden our understanding of how Consistent with the theme, the organiza- political executives organize and exercise tion of power, 1 would like to encourage power. the section on political executives to focus on consensus--building and con- Section 16. Organizations and Admin- flict-minimization by and within the istration. Patricia W. Ingraham, The executive. Specifically, I invite proposals Maxwell School, Syracuse University, on three major groups of questions. Syracuse, NY 132 10. 1. How do political executives build ex- This section will discuss not only the ternal support to achieve their principal meeting's major theme, "The Organiza- objectives? How do they structure their tion of Power," but also its corollary, the own advisory systems and internal deci- power of organization. Thus, the primary sion-making and action-forcing proc- focus of this section will be on those esses to formulate, coordinate, articu- organizational processes that relate to late, and implement public policy? How the creation, acquisition, and use of do they use their public visibility, their public bureaucratic power. In that con- symbolic and ceremonial functions, and text many topics and types of analyses their media-related activities to enhance will be appropriate, but proposals will be Association News most welcome in three areas: (1) pat- statement of the topic they will be in- terns of bureaucratic influence and vestigating, preliminary hypotheses power in public policy processes and out- tested, units of analysis, and the theo- comes; (2) bureaucratic power within the retical and methodological approaches. context of democratic theory; and (3)the Discussant volunteers should include a relationships between the organization description of their research interests and and use of bureaucratic power and the qualifications. definition and pursuit of the public interest. Section 18. Politics and Economics. Proposals reflecting important empirical Stephen Elkin, Department of Govern- research are encouraged; agency andlor ment and Politics, University of Mary- land, College Park, MD 20742. policy specific case studies will also be useful provided they are presented in a The study of political economy is built on framework that permits wider discussion the premise that economy and polity are and application. powerfully interconnected. The proper To allow for coherent presentations, as understanding and evaluation of political well as audience discussion at the annual life cannot proceed without similar study meeting, panel organizers should limit the of economic life. (Correlatively, there are number of papers proposed for each at least some who maintain that the panel to three. The use of multiple dis- proper understanding and evaluation of cussants will be discouraged. economic life cannot be achieved with- out a deeper understanding of political Section 17. Federalism and Subnational life.) Political economy then takes as its Politics. Thad L. Beyle. Department of underlying purpose the study of whole Political Science, University of North regimes, how they work and how they Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 2751 4. may be made to work better. In its con- templation of reform, political economy This section will focus the conference joins hands with political philosophy. theme, "The Organization of Power," on questions relating to federalism and sub- In keeping with the preceding remarks national politics. Panels will be selected and with the program theme of "The that explore a variety of analyses and Organization of Power," I am particularly viewpoints on how power is or is not anxious to receive proposals for panels organized in the states and their substate and papers that have both empirical and units and what this can mean for the normative elements. Proposals which changing ioles of the levels of govern- consider present and past interconnec- ment and politics in our federal system. tions between polity and economy are welcome, but especially encouraged are Possible subjects for panels and papers those that combine such empirical analy- can range from the constitutional (sep- ses with how the interconnections be- aration of powers and home rule); to the tween economy and polity ought to be institutional (governors vs, legislators organized. In this vein, proposals that and mayors vs. councils); to the political consider the manner in which a market (culture, interest groups, PACs and par- society impedes or enhances popular ties); to processes (redistricting, budget- control of authority will be particularly ing and planning); to policies (taxation, welcome. I also want to encourage pro- regulation, education). Also of interest posals by those interested in the political are possible panels on the role of political economy of the good society. More spe- money, the media, and intergovernmen- cific topics might include: the political tal relations and organizations. role of the business corporation in demo- Suggestions for panel topics as well as cratic political orders; the political busi- roundtables or workshops should be jus- ness cycle and its consequences of pop- tified in terms of their theoretical impor- ular control of authority; the relation tance, relationship to ongoing research in between economic and political democ- the field, and the overall conference racy; the interconnections between pop- theme, "The Organization of Power." ular control of authority and a country's Paper volunteers should include a clear competitive position in the international

844 PS Fall 1985 balance of trade; and the long-term pros- The panels in this section will be selected pects of the mixed regime of market with an eye to representing the most in- capitalism and popular control. novative work in the policy analysis area. In particular, I invite proposals which Section 19. The Future of the Social focus on the policy process, theoretical (Welfare) State. Charles V. Hamilton, considerations, and specific substantive Department of Political Science, Colum- areas of policy. bia University, New York, NY 10027. I would like to encourage panel participa- The panels in this section will be con- tion by academics, researchers from cerned with the will and the power of policy research organizations, and states and societies in providing social political scientists who are actively in- protection benefits for their constituents. volved in the making and implementation In the process of examining the causes of policy. With regard to the substan- and consequences of "welfare-state" tively oriented panels, I would find it par- developments in different societies, at- ticularly attractive to have panels which tention will be given to current and pro- focus on current and future policy issues. jected trends and to the implications for In this connection, I would like to encour- public policy. Most industrial nations are age papers which carry the substantive struggling to meet the ~eedsof their peo- analyses to the point where particular ple while facing increasing limitations on policy recommendations are made. their resources. Neither budget-cutting Please include as a part of your proposal nor program tinkering satisfactorily ad- a brief narrative statement of the goals of dresses the long-term problems confront- the panel and how the panel relates to ing the United States and other "welfare work going on within the policy analysis states." People across the political spec- field. trum believe we need to reexamine the basic premises of current social programs and then fashion an equitable and man- ageable system of social protection for Section 21. International Relations: Na- future generations. tional Security and Conflict Analysis. Consideration of these issues would call Catherine M. Kelleher, National Security for panels addressing (1) underlying Concentration, School of Public Affairs, values of democracy in relation to the University of Maryland, College Park, MD question: who should be helped? (2) 20742; Janice Gross Stein, University of issues of programmatic substance and Toronto. administrative structures in responding Panels in this section will emphasize the to: what sort of assistance- delivered by significance of the ways in which power whom-ought to be provided; as well as has been organized, applied, and con- (3) economic concerns in terms of how strained in the postwar search for secur- to pay for the social protection benefits. ity. Of particular interest will be papers Clearly, the role of the private sector has examining the dynamics of conventional to be considered. and nuclear deterrence; the relationship Within these three broad categories, of military, economic, and diplomatic panels are encouraged to address the power to specific conflict outcomes; the topic in a variety of ways: historically, predominant patterns in resource alloca- comparatively, demographically, but, tion in hot peace and cold conflict; and hopefully, always focusing on long-term the role of perceptual and process vari- future policy options. In addition, papers ables in the effective organizationlre- that deal with the impact of international straint of power. Proposals may cross economic developments on domestic system levels or time, and should deal social policy are welcome. with questions of enduring theoretical or policy interest. To ensure critical inter- Section 20. Public Policy Analysis. Don change, panels will be kept small, and E. Kash, Science and Public Policy Pro- panelists encouraged to adhere strictly to gram, University of Oklahoma, Norman, the schedule for submission of finished OK 73019. papers prior to the Washington meeting. Association News

Section 22. lnternational Relations: one crucial question has always been Global Political Economy. Jeffrey A. that of protectionism. Will there continue Hart, Office of Technology Assessment, to be reductions in trade barriers through U.S. Congress, Washington, DC 20510 multilateral trade diplomacy, or does the (until 511 186); 3305 Camalier Drive, current trend toward increased use of Chevy Chase, MD 2081 5 (511186- nontariff barriers presage a return to a 711 186); Department of Political Science, less open world economy? The focus of Indiana University, Bloomington, IN international economic diplomacy in- 47405 (after 711 186). creasingly has been on domestic mea- sures not considered to be under the pur- Recent work on global political economy view of multilateral agreements: e.g., tax has focused on three areas: (1) describ- incentives, preferential credit arrange- ing international challenges to state- ments public procurement policies, R and society relations within the nation-state, D subsidies, antitrustlcompetition regu- (2) comparing and explaining differences lation, and corporatistic bargaining ar- in foreign economic policies across rangements. The United States claims nation-states, and (3)describing and ex- that its major trade partners engage in plaining changes in international eco- "targeting" and "industrial policies" pre- nomic regimes. In all three areas, the ex- judicial to U.S. firms. The other indus- planatory significance of the organization trialized countries accuse the United and distribution of power in the inter- States of engaging in unilateralism and national system has been raised as a cen- extraterritoriality in recent trade dis- tral theoretical question. A thorough putes. Since 1986 is likely to be the year reexamination of the role of power in in which new multilateral trade talks are global political economy should be a begun, it would be appropriate to have at major theme of this year's meeting. least one panel devoted to a review of the One very important question, stated international economic policies of the most directly in a recent article in lnter- major trading countries, the newly indus- national Organization by Bruce Russett, trializing, and the other developing coun- is the accuracy of the oft-asserted propo- tries. The relation of the global trade sition that U.S. political and economic regime to the pursuit of New Interna- hegemony began to erode in the early tional Economic Order goals should also 1970s (and continues to do so). be examined. Another key question is the impact of in- Finally, many scholars and practitioners creased competition in world markets on seem to believe that the international national defenselsecurity policies and financial system is in a potential state of vice versa. To what extent has competi- crisis due to the debt repayment prob- tion increased because of declining lems of several large debtors (both in the hegemony? Are there other possible ex- form of developing countries like Brazil planations for increased competition? and Mexico, but also in the form of large Several scholars have pointed out the but unprofitable enterprises). Bank crises tendency of the United States and a few and failures can undermine confidence in other countries to react to increased the world financial system. What are the competition by raising defense spending, origins of this situation and what are the especially in areas likely to benefit prospects of change? specific industries (and especially high In the interest of making panels more in- technology industries). Will the U.S. be teresting, I would like to see a few pro- able to reassert its military and economic posals for roundtables (discussions with- hegemony by these means? There is also out papers) and for panels in which there a growing literature on the use of defense is a decidedly dialectical flavor (papers spending to increase overall investment and counterpapers, or critical discussions and growth. A critical survey of the of a single scholarly work). growing literature on "military Keynesianism" might be another theme Section 23. lnternational Relations: for this year's meeting. Interdependence, Organization and In the area of foreign economic policy, Power in the lnternational Year of

846 PS Fall 1985 Peace. Lawrence S. Finkelstein, Political must know at least two pieces of infor- Science Department, Northern Illinois mation: actors' intentions and actors' University, DeKalb, IL 601 1 5. capabilities. Panels in this section of the international relations program will pre- The section will depart from the fact that sent research concerned with these two 1986 has been designated "the inter- areas. national year of peace" to explore the contributions of emergent scholarship to We are interested in new ideas, and esti- understanding the roles of international mating procedures that will help illumine institutions in ordering relations among the way actors' intentions are translated states in varied conditions of autonomy into foreign policy decisions are made. and interdependence. We are particularly interested in attempts to model this process. Forty years experience with international institutions since World War II has re- Our second focus will be on the study of sulted in the coptemporary paradox that the capabilities of national systems. the relations of states with and in inter- Panels wi!l focus on issues arising from national organizations have never been the distributions of nuclear and non- more turbulent while scholarly interest in nuclear power that undergird the opera- these phenomena seems resurgent. In tion of systems in both Communist and the domain of scholarship there prevails a non-Communist international orders. The pluralism which may appear healthy to panels will seek to present up-to-date some and chaotic to others. Explanations conceptions of estimating these distribu- are sought in approaches which, how- tion changes that should be expected, ever labelled, emphasize hierarchical and the effects of changes in the working power and leadership, power as authori- of the international order. tative allocation of values, interest aggre- In regard to the non-nuclear component gation, communication and "learning" of national capabilities, research on processes. Focus wavers between sub- changes in the capabilities of the mem- stantive consequences and procedural bers of the system will be of particular behaviors. The intellectual structure and interest. Such changes may be due to: the empirical equipment for evaluation remain underdeveloped. 1. Shifts in the capacity of political sys- tems to mobilize resources. There would The section, therefore, will seek to elicit be interest in research that deals with comparative evaluations of the roles of changes in the capacity of political sys- international institutions in the organiza- tems to mobilize resources. tion of power to effect desired outcomes. Scope is thus allowed for comparisons 2. The increase in the capacities of a of: the analytical rationales, contribu- country increased through resource tions and limitations for competing schol- transfers from another country. This sec- ars or approaches; global and less than tion will present research that addresses global institutional responses to inter- the issue of the role of aid in international national problems; empirically supported affairs. How effective are economic or evaluations of organization achievements military or other transfers in improving in dealing with different functions, or the the recipient's capabilities? Again, what same functions in different ways; organi- effects does the transfer of resources zations and procedures; influence of and have on the preferences of the recipi- upon actors. Permutations on the theme ents? How can one model the effects of are invited. the transfer of resources? 3. Changes in alignments and alliances Section 24. International Politics: Dis- due to members' "switches." How does tributions of lnternational Power. A. F. that process come about? How do coun- K. Organski, Center for Political Studies, tries "change their minds"? What best Institute of Social Research, University of ways are there to model the process? Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48106. On the nuclear side we are interested in To answer the most important questions exploring distributions of nuclear power in the field of international politics one and the effects that expected changes in Association News the distribution will have on the stability ly established, on the present structure of and operation of the systems they help international power (e.g., how will NATO support. Panels in this portion of the pro- be affected? How will U.S.-Chinese rela- gram should address such questions as: tions be affected, etc.). In the fray over the patterns of nuclear proliferation, the the program this very important question effects of the Strategic Defense Initiative has been largely overlooked. of the U.S. government on the operation The suggestions above are only illustra- of the nuclear order, etc. In the case of tive and are not meant to exclude other the latter, it is hoped to present new ideas and research on the structure of work not only on the evaluations of the international power, changes in that operation of that program on the position structure and the effect of changes on of the superpowers, but, also, and very the stability and operation of the sys- important, on what will be the effects of . ~ tem. "mutual assured defense" if successful-

? Nominations Sought for 1986 APSA Awards

Nominations are invited for the APSA awards to be presented at the 1986 annual meeting in Washington, DC. Dissertations must be nominated by depart- ments and sent to the Assoc~ationoffice by January 15, 1986. Books must be nominated by the publisher and copies sent by February 1,1986 to the national office and to members of the award committees. Members of the Association are invited to nominate individuals for the career awards. Further details may be obtained by writing to the national office.

848 PS Fall 1985