Pdf; Last Accessed August 10, 2012

Notes

Chapter 1

1. There are, of course, many “Americas.” Here, I use the word “America” interchangeably with the “United States.” I also use the words “work” and “labor” interchangeably throughout this book. This is a self-conscious decision in spite of the distinction Hannah Arendt draws between work and labor. See Hannah Arendt, The Human Condition (Chicago: Univer- sity of Chicago Press, 1998). 2. To be sure, the occurrence of the word “dream” in these speeches may or may not refer to the American Dream as such. Yet, a close reading of the texts yields the conclusion that it most often does. These speeches are available at the University of California, Santa Barbara’s “American Presidency Project” website. Available at http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/; last accessed August 5, 2012. The numbers cited here reflect the follow- ing methodological considerations: (a) I have only taken into account the first of a series of six State of the Union addresses by Richard Nixon (1973); (b) I have excluded Reagan’s (1981), Bush’s (1989), Clinton’s (1993), Bush’s (2001), and Obama’s (2009) addresses before joint sessions of Congress because these were not technically State of the Union messages; and (c) the word “undreamed” has been counted as an occurrence of the word “dream.” 3. See, especially, figure 2.1. More generally, see chapters 3 and 6. 4. Jennifer L. Hochschild, Facing Up to the American Dream: Race, Class, and the Soul of the Nation (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1995), xvii. 5. National League of Cities, “The American Dream in 2004: A Sur- vey of the American People” (Washington D.C., 2004). Available at http://usgovinfo.about.com/od/moneymatters/a/baddream.htm; last accessed August 10, 2012. 6. Janny Scott and David Leonhardt, “Shadowy Lines That Still Divide,” The New York Times, May 15, 2005. 7. Yvonne Abraham, “American Dream is Alive Here, Poll Finds,” Boston Globe, October 25, 2006. 8. Chris Good, “American Dream in Decline?” The Atlantic, March 15, 2010. 174 NOTES

9. Xavier University Institute for Politics and the American Dream, “The American Dream Survey” (2010). Available at http://www.xavier.edu/ americandream//documents/American-Dream-Press-Release.pdf; last accessed August 10, 2012. 10. While I cannot say that the study of politics is somehow hermetically sealed from the study of society and culture, the research presented here is ﬁnally about politics. Wherever necessary, I have referred to broad cultural patterns and social values. But the purpose of these references is always to point out something about how these values inform the practice of American politics. 11. W. B. Gallie, “Essentially Contested Concepts,” Proceedings of the Aristotelian Society, 56 (1956): 167–198. Also see, John Gerring, “What Makes a Concept Good? A Criterial Framework for Understanding Con- cept Formation in the Social Sciences,” Polity, 31(3) (1999); Giovanni Sartori, “Guidelines for Concept Analysis,” in Giovanni Sartori, ed., Social Science Concepts: A Systematic Analysis (Beverly Hills, CA: Sage, 1984); David Collier, Fernando Daniel Hidalgo, and Andra Olivia Maciuceanu, “Essentially Contested Concepts: Debates and Applications,” Journal of Political Ideologies, 11(3) (2006). 12. On “deep structures,” see Fred M. Frohock, “The Structure of ‘Politics,’ ” The American Political Science Review, 72(3) (1978). 13. Samuel P. Huntington. “The Hispanic Challenge,” Foreign Policy, March/April (2004a); Samuel P. Huntington, Who Are We?: The Chal- lenges to America’s National Identity (New York: Simon and Schuster, 2004b). 14. I owe this turn of phrase to an anonymous reviewer of an earlier draft of this manuscript. 15. Alexis de Tocqueville, Democracy in America, ed.PhillipsBradley,trans. Henry Reeves (New York: Vintage, 1945), 104–105. 16. See, for instance, Hochschild, Facing Up to the American Dream;Jim Cullen, The American Dream: A Short History of an Idea that Shaped a Nation (New York: Oxford, 2003); Calvin Jillson, Pursuing the American Dream: Opportunity and Exclusion over Four Centuries (Lawrence, KS: Kansas University Press, 2004). 17. Lee Artz and Bren Ortega Murphy, Cultural Hegemony in the United States (Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage, 2000). 18. Cullen, American Dream. 19. Jillson, Pursuing the American Dream. 20. Jillson, Pursuing the American Dream,xi. 21. Ludwig Wittgenstein, Philosophical Investigations, 3rd edition (Upper Sad- dle River, NJ: Prentice Hall, 1973). 22. Samuel P. Huntington, American Politics: The Promise of Disharmony (Cambridge, MA: Belknap Press, 1981), 11–12. NOTES 175

23. See John Locke, “Essay Concerning Human Understanding,” in The Works of John Locke (London: Thomas Tegg, 1963a), Book II, passim. 24. See Robert N. Bellah, “Civil Religion in America,” Daedalus: Religion in America, 96(1) (1967): 1–21; Joshua Foa Dienstag, “Serving God and Mammon: The Lockean Sympathy in Early American Political Thought,” The American Political Science Review, 90(3) (1996): 497–511. 25. Bellah, “Civil Religion.” 26. Bellah, “Civil Religion.” 27. Stephen Macedo, “Transformative Constitutionalism and the Case of Reli- gion: Defending the Moderate Hegemony of Liberalism,” Political Theory, 26(1) (1998): 56–80. 28. Stephen Prothero, Religious Literacy: What Every American Needs to Know—And Doesn’t (New York: HarperOne, 2007); Susan Jacoby, “Blind Faith: Americans Believe in Religion—but Know Little about It,” Washington Post, March 4, 2007. Also see Clyde Wilcox and Carin Larson, Onward Christian Soldiers?: The Religious Right in American Politics (Boul- der, CO: Westview, 2006). 29. Michael D. Tanner, “Faith-Based Charities on the Federal Dole?” Cato Institute (2001). Available at http://www.cato.org/pub_display.php?pub_ id= 4384; last accessed March 1, 2006. 30. Neela Banerjee, “Polls Find a Fluid Religious Life in the U.S.,” The New York Times, February 26, 2008. 31. Bellah, “Civil Religion.” 32. Rogan Kersh, Dreams of a More Perfect Union (Ithaca, NY: Cornell Univer- sity Press, 2001). 33. For more on intra-state heterogeneity, see Morris Fiorina, Samuel J. Abrams, and Jeremy Pope, Culture War? The Myth of a Polarized America, 3rd edition (London: Longman, 2010). 34. Benedict Anderson, Imagined Communities: Reﬂections on the Origin and Spread of Nationalism (New York: Verso, 1983). 35. Germany (particularly until 2000), with its jus sanguinis immigration policies that stipulated that one could only be German if one was related to other Germans by blood, is a case in point. 36. Partha Chatterjee, Nationalist Thought and the Colonial World: A Deriva- tive Discourse? (New Delhi: Oxford University Press, 1999); Sunil Khilnani, TheIdeaofIndia(New York: Penguin, 1997). 37. See, for instance, Huntington, American Politics;SeymourMartin Lipset, American Exceptionalism: A Double-Edged Sword (New York: W.W. Norton, 1996); Gunnar Myrdal, An American Dilemma: The Negro Problem and Modern Democracy (Piscataway, NJ: Transaction, 1995). 38. Rogers Smith, Stories of Peoplehood (New York: Cambridge University Press, 2003). 176 NOTES

39. Christophe Jaffrelot, ed., Hindu Nationalism: A Reader (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2007); Khilnani, TheIdeaofIndia. 40. See, for instance, Elizabeth F. Cohen, Semi-Citizenship in Democratic Politics (New York: Cambridge University Press, 2009). 41. Huntington (“Who Are We?”) tries to draw a distinction between immigrants and settlers, but as I demonstrate in other parts of this book, the distinction is spurious. 42. Once, a particularly intractable attendee at a research workshop proposed to me, with great solemnity, that “politicians lie.” He then proceeded to ask me: Why should we waste our time studying these lies? I respond to this “critique” of my work in Chapter 3, Section 3.5. 43. Gallie, “Essentially Contested Concepts.” Also see, Gerring, “What Makes a Concept Good?”; Sartori, “Guidelines for Concept Analysis”; Collier et al., “Essentially Contested Concepts”; Raymond Williams, Keywords: A Vocab- ulary of Culture and Society (New York: Oxford University Press, 1976); Ter r y Eag leton, Ideology: An Introduction (London: Verso Books, 1991); John Plamenatz, Ideology (New York: Macmillan, 1971). 44. Eagleton, Ideology. 45. Williams, Keywords. 46. For more on this, see Karl Marx, “On the Jewish Question,” in D. McLellan, ed., Karl Marx: Selected Writings (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1977); Karl Marx, “Manifesto of the Communist Party,” in R. C. Tucker, ed., The Marx-Engels Reader (New York: Norton, 1978); Stuart Hall, ‘The Problem of Ideology: Marxism without Guarantees, in B. Matthews, ed., Marx: 100 Years and On (London: Lawrence and Wishart, 1983); Andrew Feenberg, Lukács, Marx, and the Sources of Critical Theory (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1986); John Merrington, “Theory and Prac- tice in Gramsci’s Marxism,” in New Left Review,ed.,Western Marxism: ACriticalReader(London: Verso, 1977); Bertell Ollman, Dialectical Inves- tigations (New York: Routledge, 1993); Perry Anderson, “The Antinomies of Antonio Gramsci,” New Left Review, 100 (1976): 5–78; Christine Buci- Glucksmann, “Hegemony and Consent: A Political Strategy,” in Anne Showstack Sassoon, ed., Approaches to Gramsci (New York: Writers & Readers/Norton, 1982); Anne Showstack Sassoon, “Hegemony, War of Position and Political Intervention,” in Anne Showstack Sassoon, ed., Approaches to Gramsci (New York: Writers & Readers/Norton, 1982). 47. Hochschild, Facing Up to the American Dream. 48. Also see Ann Swidler, “Culture in Action: Symbols and Strategies,” American Sociological Review, 51(2) (1986): 273–286. 49. Hochschild, Facing Up To The American Dream,6. 50. See, for example, Jennifer L. Hochschild and Nathan Scovronick, The American Dream and the Public Schools (New York: Oxford University Press, 2003). NOTES 177

51. Hochschild, Facing Up to the American Dream. 52. I owe this insight to Ira J. Cohen. There are many possible variants, of course. But these two are the most prominent tropes. 53. Lee Artz and Bren Ortega Murphy, Cultural Hegemony in the United States (Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage, 2000); New York Times, Class Mat- ters (New York: Henry Holt and Company, 2005); Paul Krugman, “For Richer,” The New York Times, October 20, 2002; Joe Soss, Jacob Hacker, and Suzanne Mettler, Remaking America (New York: Russell Sage Foundation, 2010). 54. Robert Samuelson, The Good Life and Its Discontents: The American Dream in the Age of Entitlement: 1945–1995 (New York: Random House, 1997); Artz and Ortega Murphy, Cultural Hegemony. 55. Hochschild, Facing Up to the American Dream. 56. Hochschild, Facing Up to the American Dream;Hochschildand Scovronick, The American Dream and the Public Schools. 57. In 2009, there were 50.7 million people who had no health insurance. "U.S. Census," 2010. Available at http://www.census.gov/prod/2010pubs/ p60–238.pdf; last accessed April 1, 2011. 58. A useful and elaborate discussion on contemporary American inequality has been published by the Task Force on Inequality and American Democracy, American Political Science Association (2004). Available at http://www.apsanet.org/imgtest/ taskforcereport.pdf; last accessed April 1, 2006. Also see Soss et al. Remaking America; Christopher Jencks, “Does Inequality Matter?” Daedalus Winter (2002): 49–65; Tim Smeeding, “Public Policy and Economic Inequality: The United States in Compara- tive Perspective,” Inequality and American Democracy, paper presented at the Campbell Public Affairs Institute, Syracuse University, Syracuse, New York, February 20, 2004. 59. Peter Gottschalk, “Inequality, Income Growth, and Mobility: The Basic Facts,” Journal of Economic Perspectives, 11(2) (1997): 21–40. 60. Joseph Stiglitz, Making Globalization Work (London: Allen Lane, 2006), 45. 61. Barbara Ehrenreich, Nickel and Dimed: On (Not) Getting By in America (New York: Metropolitan, 2001). 62. Hochschild, Facing Up to the American Dream;DaltonConley,Being Black, Living in the Red: Race, Wealth and Social Policy in America (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1999); New York Times, Class Matters; US Census 2010; Max Fraad-Wolff, “Squeezed,” Hufﬁngton Post, January 24, 2011. Available at http://www.hufﬁngtonpost.com/max-fraad- wolff/squeezed_b_812611.html; last accessed April 1, 2011; Max Fraad- Wolff, “America Got Poorer in 2009,” Truthout, September 28, 2010. Available at http://www.truth-out.org/census-data-america-got-poorer- 200963661; last accessed April 1, 2011. 178 NOTES

63. Alan B. Krueger, “The Apple Falls Close to the Tree,” The New York Times, November 14, 2002. 64. Scott and Leonhardt, “Shadowy Lines.” 65. Ian Shapiro, “Problems, Methods, and Theories in the Study of Politics, or: What’s Wrong with Political Science and What to do about it,” Political Theory, 30(4) (2002): 588–611. 66. Giovanni Sartori, “Guidelines for Concept Analysis”; John Gerring, “What Makes a Concept Good?” 67. Bryan Mcgee, Philosophy in the Real World: An Introduction to Karl Popper (Chicago, IL: Open Court, 1985); Edward Hallett Carr, What Is History? (New York: Vintage, 1961). 68. Hochschild, Facing Up to the American Dream. 69. John Austin, How to Do Things with Words (Oxford: Clarendon, 1960); John Searle, Speech Acts: An Essay in the Philosophy of Lan- guage (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1969); Kent Bach and Robert M. Harnish, Linguistic Communication: A Schema for Speech Acts (Cambridge, MA: Massachusetts Institute of Technology Press, 1980); H. Paul Grice, Studies in the Way of Words (Cambridge, MA: Harvard Uni- versity Press, 1989); Nicholas G. Onuf, “Constructivism: A User’s Manual,” in Vendulka Kubalkova, Nicholas Onuf, and Paul Kowert, eds, Interna- tional Relations in a Constructed World (New York: M.E. Sharpe, 1998); Jacob L. Mey, Pragmatics: An Introduction, 2nd edition (Oxford: Blackwell, 2001). 70. Romila Thapar, Early India: From the Origins to A.D. 1300 (New York: Penguin, 2002), xix. 71. Thomas A. Schwandt, 2000. “Three Epistemological Stances for Qualita- tive Inquiry: Interpretivism, Hermeneutics, and Social Constructionism,” in N.K. Denzin and Y.S. Lincoln, eds., Handbook of Qualitative Research (Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage, 2000); Clifford Geertz, The Interpretation of Cultures: Selected Essays (New York: Basic, 1973). Also see John C. Mallery, Roger Hurwitz, and Gavan Duffy, “Hermeneutics,” in Stuart Shapiro, ed., The Encyclopedia of Artiﬁcial Intelligence (New York: John Wiley & Sons, 1987). 72. Stephen Skowronek, Building a New American State: The Expansion of National Administrative Capacities, 1877–1920 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1982); Theda Skocpol, Protecting Soldiers and Mothers: The Political Origins of Social Policy in the United States (Cambridge, MA: Belknap, 1992); J. David Greenstone, The Lincoln Persuasion: Remaking American Liberalism (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1993); Victoria Hattam, “History, Agency, and Political Change,” Polity, 32(3) (2000): 333–338; Karren Orren and Stephen Skowronek, The Search for American Political Development (New York: Cambridge, 2004); Kersh, Dreams; Thomas M. Keck, The Most Activist Supreme Court in History: The Road to Modern Judicial Conservatism (Chicago: University of Chicago NOTES 179

Press, 2004); Ira Katznelson and John S. Lapinski, “At the Crossroads: Congress and American Political Development,” Perspectives on Politics, 4(2) (2006): 243–260; Paul Pierson, “APD’s Faustian Bargain,” Clio 14 (2004): 46–47. 73. Karlyn Kohrs Campbell and Kathleen Hall Jamieson, Deeds Done in Words: Presidential Rhetoric and the Genres of Governance (Chicago: University Of Chicago Press, 1990); Vanessa Beasley, You, the People: American National Identity in Presidential Rhetoric (College Station, TX: Texas A & M University Press, 2004). 74. Theodore J. Lowi, The End of Liberalism: The Second Republic of the United States, 2nd edition (New York: W.W. Norton and Company, 1979); Michael J. Sandel, Democracy’s Discontent: America in Search of a Pub- lic Philosophy (Cambridge, MA: Belknap, 1996); Walter Lippmann, The Public Philosophy (Piscataway, NJ: Transaction, 1989). 75. Campbell and Jamieson, Deeds Done in Words. 76. Beasley, You, the People.

Chapter 2

1. W. B. Gallie, “Essentially Contested Concepts,” Proceedings of the Aristotelian Society, 56 (1956): 167–98. Also see, John Gerring, “What Makes a Concept Good? A Criterial Framework for Understanding Con- cept Formation in the Social Sciences,” Polity, 31(3) (1999); Giovanni Sartori, “Guidelines for Concept Analysis,” in Giovanni Sartori, ed., Social Science Concepts: A Systematic Analysis (Beverly Hills, CA: Sage, 1984); David Collier, Fernando Daniel Hidalgo, and Andra Olivia Maciuceanu, “Essentially Contested Concepts: Debates and Applications,” Journal of Political Ideologies, 11(3) (2006). 2. Gerring, “What Makes a Concept Good?,” 359. 3. Gallie, “Essentially Contested Concepts,” 168. 4. Steven Lukes, Individualism (Oxford: Blackwell, 1973a). 5. Elizabeth F. Cohen, Semi-Citizenship in Democratic Politics (New York: Cambridge University Press, 2009), 57. 6. Thus, “ideology” can be described as: a material process of production of ideas, beliefs, and values; ideas and beliefs (whether true or false) that sym- bolize the conditions and life-experiences of a specific, socially significant group or class; the promotion and legitimation of the interests of social groups in the face of opposing interests; a dominant social power’s promotion and legitimation of sectoral interests; ideas and beliefs that help to legitimate the interests of a ruling group or class specifically by dis- tortion and dissimulation; and, finally, a false or deceptive set of beliefs that arises from the material structure of society. Terry Eagleton, Ideology: An Introduction (London: Verso Books, 1991), 28–30. 180 NOTES

7. Fred M. Frohock, “The Structure of ‘Politics,’ ” American Political Science Review, 72(3) (1978): 859. 8. Ludwig Wittgenstein, Philosophical Investigations, 3rd edition (Upper Sad- dle River, NJ: Prentice Hall, 1973). 9. Frohock, “The Structure of ‘Politics.’ ” Also see Fred M. Frohock, “Word and Things,” in Fred Frohock, Bounded Divinities (New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2006). 10. Although I speciﬁcally examine presidential inaugurals, State of the Union messages, and Democratic and Republican party platforms in the content- analysis presented here, this claim is arguably true, generally, of American political discourse. 11. Daniel J. Boorstin, The Image: Or, What Happened to the American Dream (New York: Atheneum, 1962), 239–240. 12. James Truslow Adams, The Epic of America (Boston: Little, Brown & Co., 1931); Lee Artz and Bren Ortega Murphy, Cultural Hegemony in the United States (Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage, 2000); Charles A. Beard, “The Myth of American Rugged Individualism,” Harper’s Magazine (1931): 13–22; Boorstin, The Image; Keith J. Bybee and Cyril Ghosh, “Legalizing Public Reason, the American Dream, Same-Sex Marriage and Manag- ing Radical Disputes,” Studies in Law, Politics, and Society, 49 (2009): 125–156; Jim Cullen, The American Dream: A Short History of an Idea that Shaped a Nation (New York: Oxford, 2003); Jennifer L. Hochschild, Facing Up to the American Dream: Race, Class, and the Soul of the Nation (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1995); Jennifer L. Hochschild and Nathan Scovronick, The American Dream and the Public Schools (New York: Oxford University Press, 2003); Calvin Jillson, Pursuing the American Dream: Opportunity and Exclusion over Four Centuries (Lawrence, KS: Kansas University Press, 2004); Christopher Lasch, The Culture of Narcissism—American Life in an Age of Diminishing Expectations (New York: W.W. Norton, 1978); Carol Nackenoff, The Fictional Republic: Horatio Alger and American Political Discourse (New York: Oxford, 1994); Robert Samuelson, The Good Life and Its Discontents: The American Dream in the Age of Entitlement: 1945–1995 (New York: Random House, 1997); Janny Scott and David Leonhardt, “Shadowy Lines That Still Divide,” The New York Times, May 15, 2005; John W. Tebbel, From Rags to Riches: Horatio Alger, Jr., and the American Dream (New York: Macmillan, 1963). 13. Lasch, The Culture of Narcissism; Nackenoff, The Fictional Republic;Tebbel, From Rags to Riches;MaxWeber,The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Cap- italism (New York: Penguin, 2002). Also see, Russell Muirhead, Just Work (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2004). 14. Oxford English Dictionary (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2003); Samuelson, The Good Life and Its Discontents;Cullen,The American Dream. NOTES 181

15. Jillson, Pursuing the American Dream,6. 16. Library of Congress, “What is the American Dream?” Available at http:// www.loc.gov/teachers/classroommaterials/lessons/american-dream/ students/thedream.html; last accessed January 31, 2011. 17. Adams, The Epic of America. 18. Adams, The Epic of America, Preface. 19. Adams, The Epic of America, 404. 20. Adams, The Epic of America, 405–406. 21. Adams, The Epic of America, 411. 22. Tebbel, From Rags to Riches, 9. 23. Meghan O’Rourke, “Nancy Drew’s Father: The Fiction Factory of Edward Stratemeyer,” The New Yorker, November 8, 2004. I address the concept of luck in greater detail in Section 2.3.2 and in Chapter 4. 24. Nackenoff, The Fictional Republic, 263. 25. Lasch, The Culture of Narcissism, 53. Also see, Adams, The Epic of America, 405–406 and Muirhead, Just Work, passim. 26. Lasch, The Culture of Narcissism, 53. Also see Dalton Conley, Elsewhere, U.S.A. (New York: Pantheon, 2009). Conley agrees that the Protestant ethic lost most of its moorings by the middle of the twentieth-century. But this was replaced by a different social ethic—that of the “organization man.” It is only during the turn of the twenty-first century that this social ethic, too, has eroded into an ethic of “weisure”—where the boundaries between work and leisure have significantly blurred, thus leading to a situation where we might be constantly pursuing both work and leisure, often by tapping away at our blackberries. 27. See, for example, the discussions in Cullen, The American Dream; Samuelson, The Good Life and Its Discontents;andMuirhead,Just Work. 28. Samuelson, The Good Life and Its Discontents, 6. 29. Wittgenstein, Philosophical Investigations. 30. Walter Lippmann, The Public Philosophy (Piscataway, NJ: Transac- tion, 1989); Theodore J. Lowi, “The Public Philosophy: Interest Group Liberalism,” American Political Science Review, 61(1) (1967); Michael J. Sandel, Democracy’s Discontent: America in Search of a Public Philosophy (Cambridge, MA: Belknap, 1996). 31. Seymour Martin Lipset, American Exceptionalism: A Double-edged Sword (New York: W.W. Norton, 1996). 32. Rogers Smith, Stories of Peoplehood (New York: Cambridge University Press, 2003). 33. Rogers Smith, “Beyond Tocqueville, Myrdal, and Hartz: The Multiple Traditions in America,” American Political Science Review, 87(3) (1993); Rogers Smith, Civic Ideals: Conflicting Visions of Citizenship in U.S. History (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1997). 182 NOTES

34. Samuel P. Huntington, American Politics: The Promise of Disharmony (Cambridge, MA: Belknap Press, 1981); Arthur M. Schlesinger, The Disuniting of America: Reflections on a Multicultural Society (New York: W.W. Norton, 1998). 35.Ihavealsoproposedthisdefinitionelsewhere.SeeBybeeandGhosh, “Legalizing Public Reason.” 36. The American Dream Downpayment Initiative (ADDI) was signed into law on December 16, 2003. According to the Housing and Urban Devel- opment website, the act “aims to increase the homeownership rate, especially among lower income and minority households, and to revital- ize and stabilize communities.” Available at http://www.hud.gov/offices/ cpd/affordablehousing/programs/home/addi/; last accessed April 1, 2011. Also see William M. Rohe and Harry L. Watson, eds, Chasing the American Dream: New Perspectives on Affordable Homeownership (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 2007). 37. Cullen, The American Dream, especially Chapter 6. 38. Wittgenstein, Philosophical Investigations. 39. Wittgenstein, Philosophical Investigations; also see J. David Greenstone, The Lincoln Persuasion: Remaking American Liberalism (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1993). 40. Smith, Stories of Peoplehood. 41. Lippmann, The Public Philosophy; also see Ralph H. Gabriel, “Philoso- phy and Religion,” Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, 302 (1955): 181–182. 42. Lowi, “The Public Philosophy: Interest Group Liberalism,” 5. 43. Mark Tushnet, “A Public Philosophy for the Professional-Managerial Class,” Yale Law Journal, 106(5) (1997): 1572. 44. Sandel, Democracy’s Discontent. 45. Lipset, American Exceptionalism; Michael Lind, “The American Creed: Does It Matter? Should It Change?,” Foreign Affairs (1996) March/April. 46. Lipset, American Exceptionalism. 47. Huntington, American Politics; Gunnar Myrdal, An American Dilemma: The Negro Problem and Modern Democracy (Piscataway, NJ: Transaction, 1995). 48. Smith, Civic Ideals, 6. 49. Rogers Smith, “Beyond Tocqueville, Myrdal, and Hartz: The Multi- ple Traditions in America,” American Political Science Review, 87(3) (1993): 549. 50. Cohen, Semi-Citizenship in Democratic Politics. 51. Benedict Anderson, Imagined Communities: Reflections on the Origin and Spread of Nationalism (New York: Verso, 1983). 52.JackCitrin,E.B.Haas,C.Muste,andB.Reingold,“IsAmericanNation- alism Changing? Implications for Foreign Policy,” International Studies NOTES 183

Quarterly, 38(1) (1994): 1–31; Sandra L. Hanson and John Zogby, “Atti- tudes about the American Dream,” Public Opinion Quarterly, 74(3) (2010): 570–584; Samuel P. Huntington, WhoAreWe?:TheChallengestoAmerica’s National Identity (New York: Simon and Schuster, 2004). 53. Huntington, American Politics, 10–11. 54. Leaders might use other kinds of speech acts to refer to the Dream but, for heuristic purposes, I tracked only specific locutions about the “American Dream” or “dream” (the latter in order to capture articulations like “dream of homeownership,” “dream of equal opportunity,” etc.). 55. Available at http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/entertainment/film/3131155.stm; last accessed April 30, 2007. 56. Ross Douthat, “Tim Pawlenty and the American Dream,” The New York Times, May 25, 2011. 57. William J. Clinton, “The Living Room Candidate: Presidential Cam- paign Commercials: 1952–2004.” American Museum of the Moving Image (1992). Available at http://www.livingroomcandidate.org/commercials/ 1992; last accessed April 1, 2005. 58. Hanson and Zogby, “Attitudes about the American Dream.” 59. Xavier University Institute for Politics and the American Dream, “The American Dream Survey” (2010). Available at http://www.xavier.edu/ americandream//documents/American-Dream-Press-Release.pdf; last accessed August 10, 2012. 60. Katharine Q. Seelye, “What Happens to the American Dream in a Reces- sion?,” The New York Times, May 7, 2009. My own definition is also in circulation. See, for instance, Bybee and Ghosh, “Legalizing Public Reason.” 61. Scott and Leonhardt, “Shadowy Lines That Still Divide.” 62. National League of Cities, “The American Dream in 2004: A Survey of the American People” (Washington D.C., 2004). Available at http://usgovinfo. about.com/od/moneymatters/a/baddream.htm; last accessed August 10, 2012. 63. Hochschild, Facing Up to the American Dream. 64. Citrin, Haas, Muste, and Reingold, “Is American Nationalism Changing?,” 14. 65. Bybee and Ghosh, “Legalizing Public Reason”; Hanson and Zogby, “Attitudes about the American Dream”; Seelye, “What Happens to the American Dream in a Recession?” 66. Samuel P. Huntington, “The Hispanic Challenge,” Foreign Policy, March/April (2004a); Huntington, Who Are We? 67. My thanks to Elizabeth F. Cohen for pointing this out to me. For more on the is/ought fallacy, see: http://www.iep.utm.edu/fallacy/#Is-Ought. 68. See, for instance, J. Citrin, A. Lerman, M. Murakami, and K. Pearson, “Test- ing Huntington: Is Hispanic Immigration a Threat to American Identity?,” 184 NOTES

Perspectives on Politics, 5(1) (2007), 31–48; Deborah J. Schildkraut, “Defining American Identity in the Twenty-first Century: How Much ‘There’ is There?,” The Journal of Politics, 69(3) (2007), 597–615; Amitai Etzioni, “Will Hispanic and Asian Immigrants Save America?,” in Carol Swain, ed., Debating Immigration (New York: Cambridge, 2007). 69. Etzioni, “Hispanic and Asian Immigrants.” 70. Schildkraut, “Defining American Identity”; also see Smith, Civic Ideals. 71. Huntington, Who Are We? 72. Huntington, Who Are We?, 40–41. 73. Huntington, Who Are We?, 180. 74. Huntington, Who Are We?, 183. 75. Huntington, Who Are We?, 212. 76. Huntington, American Politics. 77. Etzioni, “Hispanic and Asian Immigrants.” 78. In Chapter 3, I supply further details on these specific data points.

Chapter 3

1. See David Mayhew, Congress: The Electoral Connection (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1974). 2. Keith J. Bybee and Cyril Ghosh, “Legalizing Public Reason, the American Dream, Same-Sex Marriage and Managing Radical Disputes,” Studies in Law, Politics, and Society, 49 (2009): 125–156. 3. I am indebted to Nancy Fraser for identifying these models of minority inclusion. See Nancy Fraser, “From Redistribution to Recognition: Dilemma of Justice in a ‘Postsocialist’ Age,” New Left Review, I/212 (1995). Also see Nancy Fraser, Justice Interruptus: Critical Reﬂections on the “Postsocialist” Condition (New York: Routledge, 1997). 4. Aristotle, The Art of Rhetoric, trans. Hugh Lawson-Tancred (New York: Penguin, 1992); also see Nicholas Rescher, Dialectics: A Controversy- Oriented Approach to the Theory of Knowledge (Albany, NY: State Uni- versity of New York Press, 1977). 5. Plato, “Apology,” in Harold Tarrant, ed., The Last Days of Socrates: Euthyphro; The Apology; Crito; Phaedo (New York: Penguin, 1993). 6. J. Judd Owen, Religion and the Demise of Liberal Rationalism: The Foundational Crisis of the Separation of Church and State (Chicago: University of Chicago, 2001), 111–112. 7. E. M. Cope, An Introduction to Aristotle’s Rhetoric (London: Macmillan, [1867] 1996), 136. 8. Drew Westen, “What Happened to Obama?” The New York Times, August 6, 2011. NOTES 185

9. George Lakoff, Moral Politics: How Liberals and Conservatives Think (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2002). 10. Westen, “What Happened to Obama?” 11. Kent Bach and Robert M. Harnish, Linguistic Communication: A Schema for Speech Acts (Cambridge, MA: Massachusetts Institute of Technology Press, 1980). 12. Karlyn Kohrs Campbell and Kathleen Hall Jamieson, Deeds Done in Words: Presidential Rhetoric and the Genres of Governance (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1990). 13. William K. Muir, Jr. “The Bully Pulpit: The Bully Pulpit and the Reagan Presidency,” Presidential Studies Quarterly, 25 (1995): 25: 13–17; David Mervin, “The Bully Pulpit II: The Bully Pulpit and the Reagan Presi- dency,” Presidential Studies Quarterly, 25 (1995): 19–23. 14. Ryan L. Teten, “Evolution of the Modern Rhetorical Presidency: Presi- dential Presentation and Development of the State of the Union Address,” Presidential Studies Quarterly, 33(2) (2003): 336 15. James N. Druckman and Justin W. Holmes, “Does Presidential Rhetoric Matter? Priming and Presidential Approval,” Presidential Studies Quar- terly, 34(4) (2004). 16. Campbell and Jamieson, Deeds Done in Words. 17. Muir, Jr. “The Bully Pulpit.” 18. Vanessa Beasley, You, the People: American National Identity in Presi- dential Rhetoric (College Station, TX: Texas A & M University Press, 2004), 10. 19. R. E. Goodin, “Inclusion and Exclusion,” Archives of European Sociol- ogy, 37(2) (1996): 343–371; Christina Wolbrecht and Rodney E. Hero, The Politics of Democratic Inclusion (Philadelphia, PA: Temple University Press, 2005); Jeffrey Prager, “Moral Integration and Political Inclusion: A Comparison of Durkheim’s and Weber’s Theories of Democracy,” Social Forces (Special Issue), 59(4) (1981): 918–950. 20. Goodin, “Inclusion and Exclusion,” 349. 21. Elizabeth F. Cohen, Semi-Citizenship in Democratic Politics (New York: Cambridge University Press, 2009). 22. On disenfranchisement, see Christopher Uggen and Jeff Manza, “Demo- cratic Contraction: Political Consequences of Felon Disenfranchisement in the United States,” American Sociological Review, 67 (2002): 777–803; also see Cohen, Semi-Citizenship. 23. Fraser, “From Redistribution to Recognition,” 74. 24. Iris Marion Young, Justice and the Politics of Difference (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1990). 25. Charles Taylor, “The Politics of Recognition,” in Multiculturalism and the Politics of Recognition: An Essay by Charles Taylor (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1992). 186 NOTES

26. Prager, “Moral Integration and Political Inclusion.” 27. Max Weber, “Political Communities,” in Guenther Roth and Claus Wittich, eds, Economy and Society: An Outline of Interpretive Sociology (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1978); Prager, “Moral Integra- tion and Political Inclusion,” 920–921; Manuel Castells, “A Powerless State?,” in Manuel Castells, ed., The Power of Identity—The Information Age: Economy, Society, and Culture: Volume 2 (Oxford: Blackwell, 1997); H. Ferguson and Richard W. Mansbach, Remapping Global Politics: His- tory’s Revenge and Future Shock (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2004); Christopher Rudolph, “Sovereignty and Territorial Borders in a Global Age,” International Studies Review, 7 (2005): 1–20. 28. Prager, “Moral Integration and Political Inclusion,” 920. 29. Emile Durkheim, “Individualism and the Intellectuals,” in Robert N. Bellah, ed., On Morality and Society: Selected Writings, (Chicago: Uni- versity of Chicago Press, 1973); Emile Durkheim, “Individuality and Autonomy,” in Mustafa Emirbayer, ed., Emile Durkheim: Sociologist of Modernity (Oxford: Blackwell, 2003), 271. Also see, Steven Lukes, Emile Durkheim: His Life and Work: A Historical and Critical Study (New York: Penguin, 1973b). 30. Prager, “Moral Integration and Political Inclusion,” 920; Mustafa Emirbayer, “Individuality and Autonomy: Introduction,” in Emile Durkheim: Sociologist of Modernity, ed., Mustafa Emirbayer (Oxford: Blackwell, 2003), 257; Durkheim, “Individuality and Autonomy,” 268. 31. Prager, “Moral Integration and Political Inclusion.” 32. On this topic, also see Robert A. Dahl, A Preface to Democratic Theory (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1956). 33. Prager, “Moral Integration and Political Inclusion,” 936. 34. Goodin, “Inclusion and Exclusion,” 343; Judith Shklar, American Citizenship—The Quest for Inclusion; The Tanner Lecture on Human Val- ues (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1991); John S. Dryzek, “Political Inclusion and the Dynamics of Democratization,” American Political Science Review, 90(1) (1996). 35. Shklar, American Citizenship;RogersSmith,Civic Ideals: Conﬂicting Visions of Citizenship in U.S. History (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1997). 36. On this point, variously, see Shklar, American Citizenship; Jennifer L. Hochschild, Facing Up to the American Dream: Race, Class, and the Soul of the Nation (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1995); Goodin, “Inclusion and Exclusion”; Smith, Civic Ideals; Andrew Hacker, Two Nations: Black and White, Separate, Hostile, Unequal (New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons, 1992); Cornel West, Race Matters (Boston: Beacon Press, 1993); bell hooks, Killing Rage: Ending Racism (NewYork:H.Holt&Co., 1995); Dalton Conley, Being Black, Living in the Red: Race, Wealth, and Social Policy in America (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1999); NOTES 187

Kimberlé Crenshaw, “Mapping the Margins: Intersectionality, Identity Politics, and Violence against Women of Color,” Stanford Law Review, 43(6) (1991), 1241–1299; Lani Guinier and Gerald Torres, The Miner’s Canary (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2002); Richard Delgado and Jean Stefancic, eds, Critical Race Theory—An Introduction (New York: New York University Press, 2001). 37. See, for instance, Iris Marion Young, Justice and the Politics of Differ- ence; Anne Phillips, Democracy and Difference (University Park, PA: The Pennsylvania State University Press, 1993); Will Kymlicka, Multicultural Citizenship: A Liberal Theory of Minority Rights (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1995); Fraser, Justice Interruptus;MichaelKenny,The Politics of Identity: Liberal Political Theory and the Dilemmas of Difference (Cambridge: Polity Press, 2004); Taylor, “The Politics of Recognition”; Stanley Fish, “Boutique Multiculturalism, or Why Liberals Are Incapable of Thinking about Hate Speech,” Critical Inquiry, 23(2) (1997); Patchen Markell, Bound by Recognition (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2003). 38. Cressida Heyes, “Identity Politics,” Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (2010). Available at http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/identity-politics/; last accessed August 31, 2011. 39. See Iris Marion Young, “Polity and Group Difference: A Critique of the Ideal of Universal Citizenship,” Ethics, 99(2) (1989); Young, Justice and the Politics of Difference; Iris Marion Young, Inclusion and Democracy (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2000); Markell, Bound by Recogni- tion;Fraser,Justice Interruptus; Nancy Fraser and Axel Honneth, Redis- tribution or Recognition: A Political-Philosophical Exchange (New York: Verso, 2003); Taylor, “The Politics of Recognition”; Kenny, The Politics of Identity. 40. Young, Inclusion and Democracy, 5–6. 41. Young, Inclusion and Democracy, 8–9; Conley, Being Black. 42. Hochschild and Scovronick, The American Dream and the Public Schools. 43. Young, Inclusion and Democracy, 12. 44. There is a critique to this position. Stanley Fish, for instance, makes an unassailable argument pointing out that multiculturalism can’t be a coherent philosophical position. See Fish, “Boutique Multicuturalism.” 45. Dryzek, “Political Inclusion,” 476. 46. See the discussion in Dahl, A Preface to Democratic Theory. 47. Aristotle, The Politics, trans. T. A. Sinclair (London: Penguin, [1962] 1988). 48. John S. Mill, On Liberty, ed. David Spitz (New York: W.W. Norton & Co, 1975). 49. James Madison, “Federalist No. 51: The Structure of the Government Must Furnish the Proper Checks and Balances Between the Different Departments,” in Alexander Hamilton, James Madison, and John Jay, 188 NOTES

The Federalist Papers, ed. Clinton Rossiter (New York: Mentor, 1999 [1787]). 50. Mill, On Liberty, 5. 51. Young, Justice and the Politics of Difference;Kymlicka,Multicultural Citizenship. 52. Dryzek, “Political Inclusion,” 475. 53. Jyl Josephson, “Citizenship, Same-Sex Marriage, and Feminist Critiques of Marriage,” Perspectives on Politics, 3(2) (2005), 269–284. 54. Delgado and Stefancic, Critical Race Theory, passim. 55. Taylor, “The Politics of Recognition”; Fraser, Justice Interruptus;alsosee Markell, Bound by Recognition. 56. See, for instance, Kymlicka, Multicultural Citizenship. 57. Kymlicka, Multicultural Citizenship; also see Alan Patten, “Political The- ory and Language Policy,” Political Theory, 29(5) (2001), 691–715. 58. Taylor, “The Politics of Recognition.” 59. Kymlicka, Multicultural Citizenship, 34. 60. Taylor, “The Politics of Recognition.” 61. Samuel P. Huntington, “Conservatism as an Ideology,” The American Political Science Review, 51(2) (1957): 454–473; Jasper B. Shannon, “Con- servatism,” Annals of American Academy of Political and Social Science, 344 (1962): 13–24; Rene de Visme Williamson, “Conservatism and Lib- eralism in American Protestantism,” Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, 344 (1962): 76–84; David Y. Allen, “Mod- ern Conservatism: The Problem of Deﬁnition,” The Review of Politics, 43(4) (1981): 582–603; Arthur Sanders, “The Meaning of Liberalism and Conservatism,” Polity, 19(1) (1986): 123–135; Stephen L. Newman, “Lib- eralism & the Divided Mind of the American Right,” Polity, 22(1) (1989): 75–96; Lakoff, Moral Politics. Also see, Lucius Barker, “Black Americans and the Politics of Inclusion,” PS 16(3) (1983): 500–507. 62. Given the burgeoning Hispanic community in this southwestern state, this is not surprising. CNN, “Ethnic Studies Ban Racist?” (2010). Avail- able at http://www.cnn.com/video/data/2.0/video/bestoftv/2010/05/12/ ac.ethics.study.ban.cnn.html; last accessed December 15, 2011. 63. Phillips, Democracy and Difference; Boyd A. Martin, “Liberalism,” The Western Political Quarterly, 1(3) (1948): 295–297; Huntington, “Con- servatism as an Ideology”; Sanders, “The Meaning of Liberalism and Conservatism”; Lakoff, Moral Politics;Young,Justice and the Politics of Difference; Fish, “Boutique Multiculturalism”; Taylor, “The Politics of Recognition.” 64. Arthur M. Schlesinger, The Disuniting of America: Reﬂections on a Multicultural Society (New York: W.W. Norton, 1998), 125. 65. Eric Hobsbawm, “Identity Politics and the Left,” New Left Review, I/217 (1996). NOTES 189

66. Todd Gitlin, The Twilight of Common Dreams: Why America Is Wracked by Culture Wars (New York: Holt, 1996). 67. Barbara Ehrenreich, “Left for Dead,” The Progressive (July) (1996); also see William Safire, “Weaving Words,” PBS: Online Newshour, August 15, 1996. Available at http://www.pbs.org/newshour/gergen/july- dec96/safire_8–15.html; last accessed March 1, 2008. 68. Michael Tomasky, Left for Dead: The Life, Death, and Possible Res- urrection of Progressive Politics in America (Washington, D.C.: Free Press, 1996); also see Tomasky, quoted in Martin Duberman, Left Out: The Politics of Exclusion (Cambridge, MA: South End Press, 2002), 460–464. 69. Samuel P. Huntington, Who Are We?—The Challenges to America’s National Identity (New York: Simon and Schuster, 2004). 70. Philip Q. Yang, Post-1965 Immigration to the United States: Structural Determinants (Westport, CT: Praeger, 1995); Huntington, Who Are We?; Carol M. Swain, ed., Debating Immigration (New York: Cambridge, 2007). 71. Huntington, Who Are We?, 57. 72. Huntington, Who Are We? 73. Yang, Post-1965 Immigration to the United States; Huntington, Who Are We? 74. Hacker, Two Nations,6. 75. Huntington, Who Are We?; Yet, one might also say that the phrase “racial minority” does not really apply in the case of Latinos because many Latino-Americans identify as White-Hispanic. But, also see, CBS News, “Hispanics Now Largest U.S. Minority,” Jan- uary 21, 2003. Available at http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2003/01/21/ national/main537369.shtml; last accessed March 2, 2008. 76. W. A. V. Clark, Immigrants and the American Dream: Remaking the Middle Class (New York: Guilford, 2003). 77. U.S. Census Bureau, “Nation’s Foreign-Born Population Nears 37 million,” 2010. Available at http://www.census.gov/newsroom/releases/ archives/foreignborn_population/cb10-159.html; last accessed February 16, 2011. 78. Hope Yen, “Multiracial Americans Become Fastest Growing US Group,” Huffington Post, May 28, 2009. Available at http://www.huffingtonpost. com/2009/05/29/multiracial-americans-bec_n_208989.html; last accessed February 12, 2012. Also see Jennifer Hochschild and Vesla Mae Weaver, “There’s No One as Irish as Barack Obama,” Perspectives on Politics, 8(3) (2010), 737–759. 79. CBS News, “Study: 1 in 7 New U.S. Marriages is Interracial,” June 4, 2010. Available at http://www.cbsnews.com/2100-201_162-6547886.html; last accessed January 13, 2012. 190 NOTES

80. Ed Pilkington, “US Set for Dramatic Change as White America Becomes Minority by 2042,” The New York Times, August 15, 2008. 81. Huffington Post, “Majority of U.S. Babies Are Non-White for First Time, Census Finds,” June 23, 2011. Available at http://www.huffingtonpost. com/2011/06/23/census-whites-now-make-up-minority-of-babies_n_ 883082.html; last accessed June 25, 2011. 82. Huffington Post, “Majority.” 83. William H. Frey, “America’s Diverse Future: Initial Glimpses at the U.S. Child Population from the 2010 Census” (Washington, D.C.: Brookings Institution, 2011). Available at http://www.brookings.edu/∼/ media/Files/rc/papers/2011/0406_census_diversity_frey/0406_census_ diversity_frey.pdf; last accessed January 24, 2012. 84. See Morris Fiorina, Samuel J. Abrams, and Jeremy Pope, Culture War? The Myth of a Polarized America, 3rd edition (London: Longman, 2010). 85. For an interesting discussion on this topic, see Kristi Andersen, The Creation of a Democratic Majority: 1928–1936 (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1979). 86. Thomas B. Edsall and Mary D. Edsall, Chain Reaction: The Impact of Race, Rights, and Taxes on American Politics (New York: W.W. Norton, 1992); Edward G. Carmines and James A. Stimson, Issue Evolution (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1989). 87. Marjorie Connelly, “A Look at the Voting Patterns of 115 Demographic Groups in House Races,” The New York Times, November 9, 2008; Linda Hirschman, “16 Ways of Looking at a Female Voter,” The New York Times Sunday Magazine, February 3, 2008. 88. Connelly, “A Look at Voting Patterns.” 89. Jeffrey M. Stonecash, Class and Party in American Politics (Boulder, CO: Westview, 2000); Jeffrey M. Stonecash, Mark Brewer, and Mack D. Mariani, Diverging Parties, Realignment, Social Change, and Party Polarization (Boulder, CO: Westview, 2003). 90. PBS Documentary, “The Persuaders” (2004). Available at http://www. pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/shows/persuaders/view/; last accessed December 13, 2011. 91. Stonecash, Class and Party; Stonecash et al., Diverging Parties;Mark D. Brewer and Jeffrey M. Stonecash, “Class, Race Issues, and Declining White Support for the Democratic Party in the South,” Political Behavior, 23(2) (2001), 131–155. 92. Jeff Diamant, “Catholic Vote Swings Democratic in Midterm Elections,” Free Republic, November 11, 2006. Available at http://www.freerepublic. com/focus/f-news/1737011/posts; last accessed July 31, 2012. 93. Huntington, Who Are We?, 324. 94. Barack Obama, “A NewsHour with Jim Lehrer. Transcript. Online Focus: Barack Obama,” Public Broadcasting Service, July 27, 2004. Available at NOTES 191

http://www.pbs.org/newshour/vote2004/demconvention/speeches/ obama.html; last accessed October 10, 2005. 95. Arnold Schwarzenegger, “A NewsHour with Jim Lehrer Transcript. Online Focus: Gov. Arnold Schwarzenegger,” Public Broadcasting Service, August 31, 2004. Available at http://www.pbs.org/newshour/vote2004/ repconvention/speeches/schwarzenegger.html; last accessed October 10, 2005. 96. Daniel J. Leab, “The Blue Collar Ethnic in Bicentennial America: Rocky (1976),” in John E. O’Connor and Martin A. Jackson, eds, American History/American Film: Interpreting the Hollywood Image (New York: Frederick Ungar, 1979). 97. Mike Madden, “The Last Man Standing in New Hampshire,” Der Spiegel, January 9, 2008. Available at http://www.spiegel.de/international/world/ 0,1518,527519,00.html; last accessed December 13, 2011. 98. See Smith, Civic Ideals; also see Skhlar, American Citizenship. 99. See, for instance, Geoffrey Layman, The Great Divide: Religious and Cul- tural Conﬂict in American Party Politics (New York: Columbia University Press, 2001). Although, to be sure, the “culture war” thesis may be some- what hyperbolic. See Fiorina, et al. Culture War? In recent years, gay rights and same-sex marriage has become perhaps the most polarizing item in this culture war. On this topic, see generally, Keith J. Bybee, “ThePoliteThingtoDo,”inH.N.Hirsch,ed.,The Future of Gay Rights in America (New York: Routledge, 2005); William N. Eskridge, Jr., Equality Practice—Civil Unions and the Future of Gay Rights (New York: Routledge, 2002); Andrew Koppelman, “Dumb and DOMA: Why the Defense of Marriage Act is Unconstitutional,” Iowa Law Review 83 (1997): 1–33; Andrew Koppelman, Same Sex, Different States: When Same-Sex Marriages Cross State Lines (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2006); Stephen Macedo, “Homosexuality and the Conservative Mind,” Georgetown Law Journal 84 (1995): 261–300; Daniel R. Pinello, America’s Struggle for Same-Sex Marriage (New York: Cambridge Uni- versity Press, 2006); Richard A. Posner, “Should There Be Homosexual Marriage? And If So, Who Should Decide?” Michigan Law Review 95 (May) (1997): 1578–1587; Keith J. Bybee and Cyril Ghosh, “Legalizing Public Reason, the American Dream, Same-Sex Marriage and Manag- ing Radical Disputes,” Studies in Law, Politics, and Society 49 (2009): 125–156. 100. Jill Lepore, The Whites of Their Eyes: The Tea Party’s Revolution and the Battle over American History (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2010). 101. Swain, Debating Immigration. 102. Michael Barbaro, “In Largely Symbolic Move, N.A.A.C.P. Votes to Endorse Same-Sex Marriage,” The New York Times, May 19, 2012. 192 NOTES

103. Jeffrey Goldberg, “Letter from Washington: ‘The Believer,’ ” The New Yorker, February 13, 2006. 104. Saﬁre, “Weaving Words.” 105. Peggy Noonan, “The Lights That Didn’t Fail,” The Wall Street Journal, July 3, 2002. 106. Doris Kearns, Lyndon Johnson and the American Dream (New York: Harper and Row, 1976); John M. Murphy, “Cunning, Rhetoric, and the Presidency of William Jefferson Clinton,” in Leroy G. Dorsey, ed., The Presidency and Rhetorical Leadership (College Station, TX: Texas A&M University Press, 2002); W. F. Gavin, “Source Material: His Heart’s Abun- dance: Notes of a Nixon Speechwriter,” Presidential Studies Quarterly, 31 (2001).

Chapter 4

1. Louis Hartz, The Liberal Tradition in America: An Interpretation of American Political Thought Since the Revolution (New York: Harcourt, Brace & World, 1955). Also see Daniel Boorstin, TheGeniusofAmerican Politics (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1953). 2. Bernard Bailyn, The Ideological Origins of the American Revolution (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1967); J. G. A. Pocock, The Machiavellian Moment: Florentine Political Thought and the Atlantic Tradi- tion (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1975); Gordon Wood, The Creation of the American Republic, 1776–1787 (New York: W.W. Norton, 1969). Also see Bernard Bailyn, “Ideology and the Origins of Liberal America,” The William and Mary Quarterly 44(3) (1987): 628–640. 3. Philip Abbott, “Still Louis Hartz After All these Years: A Defense of the Liberal Society Thesis,” Perspectives on Politics, 3(1) (2005): 93–109; Joyce Appleby, Liberalism and Republicanism in the Historical Imagina- tion (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1992); Andrew Delbanco, The Puritan Ordeal (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1989): 1. Joshua Foa Dienstag, “Serving God and Mammon: The Lockean Sympathy in Early American Political Thought,” American Political Science Review, 90(3) (1996): 497–511; John P. Diggins, TheLostSoulofAmericanPol- itics: Virtue, Self-interest, and the Foundations of Liberalism (New York: Basic Books, 1984); Steven M. Dworetz, The Unvarnished Doctrine: Locke, Liberalism, and the American Revolution (Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 1994); Jerome Huyler, Locke in America: The Moral Philosophy of the Founding Era (Lawrence, KS: University Press of Kansas, 1995); Isaac Kramnick, Republicanism and Bourgeois Radicalism (Ithaca: Cornell Uni- versity Press, 1990); Sanford Lakoff, “Liberalism in America: Hartz and his Critics,” Critical Review of International Social and Political Philosophy, NOTES 193

8(1) (2005): 5–30; Barry A. Shain, TheMythofAmericanIndividualism: The Protestant Origins of American Political Thought (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1994). 4. Rogers Smith, Civic Ideals: Conﬂicting Visions of Citizenship in U.S. His- tory (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1997); also see Richard Iton, “The Sound of Silence: Comments on ‘Still Louis Hartz after all these Years’,” Perspectives on Politics, 3(1) (2005): 111–115. 5. See, for instance, John Dunn, The Political Thought of John Locke (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1969) and Greg Forster, John Locke’s Politics of Moral Consensus (New York: Cambridge University Press, 2005). 6. Smith, Civic Ideals, 6. 7. C. B. Macpherson, “Locke on Capitalist Appropriation,” Western Political Quarterly, 4 (December 1951): 550–566; C. B. Macpherson, The Political Theory of Possessive Individualism (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1962, Chapter V); Leo Strauss, Natural Right and History (Chicago: Chicago University Press, 1953). 8. Dienstag, “Serving God and Mammon”; Dunn, The Political Thought of John Locke; Forster, Politics of Moral Consensus;MartinSeliger,The Liberal Politics of John Locke (New York: Frederick Praeger, 1969). 9. John Locke, “Essay Concerning Human Understanding,” in The Works of John Locke (London: Thomas Tegg, 1963a); John Locke, “Some Thoughts Concerning Education,” in The Works of John Locke (London: Thomas Tegg, 1963b); John Locke, Two Treatises of Government (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1988); John Locke, Letter Concerning Toler- ation (New York: Bobbs-Merrill, 1955). 10. Bailyn, Ideological Origins; Pocock, Machiavellian Moment; Wood, Cre- ation of the American Republic. 11. See, for instance, Michael J. Sandel, Liberalism and the Limits of Justice (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1982); also see Michael Walzer, Spheres of Justice: A Defense of Pluralism and Equality (New York: Basic Books, 1983). 12. Carol Nackenoff, “Locke, Alger, and Atomistic Individualism Fifty Years Later: Revisiting Louis Hartz’s Liberal Tradition in America,” Studies in American Political Development, 19 (2005): 206–215. Also see, Carol Nackenoff, “The Case Against Arrested Development: Hartz’s Liberal Tra- dition in America Revisited,” in Mark Hulliung, ed., The American Liberal Tradition Reconsidered: The Contested Legacy of Louis Hartz (Lawrence, KS: University of Kansas Press, 2010) and Sean Wilentz, “Uses of the Liberal Tradition: Comments on “ Still Louis Hartz after All These Years,” Perspectives on Politics 3(1) (2005): 117–120. 13. Abbott, “Still Louis Hartz”; Joyce Appleby, “Liberalism and the American Revolution,” The New England Quarterly, 49 (1976): 3–26; Appleby, 194 NOTES

Liberalism and Republicanism; Dienstag, “Serving God and Mam- mon”; Diggins, The Lost Soul;Dworetz,Unvarnished Doctrine;J.David Greenstone, The Lincoln Persuasion: Remaking American Liberalism (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1993); Samuel P. Huntington, American Politics: The Promise of Disharmony (Cambridge, MA: Belknap Press, 1981); Huyler, Locke in America; James T. Kloppenberg, “The Virtues of Liberalism: Christianity, Republicanism, and Ethics in Early American Political Discourse,” The Journal of American History, 74 (1987): 9–33; Kramnick, Republicanism and Bourgeois Radicalism; Lakoff, “Lib- eralism in America”; Seymour Martin Lipset, American Exceptionalism: ADouble-edgedSword(New York: W.W. Norton, 1996); Alan Wolfe, “Nobody Here But Us Liberals,” The New York Times, July 3, 2005. 14. Appleby, Liberalism and Republicanism;JimCullen,The American Dream: A Short History of an Idea that Shaped a Nation (New York: Oxford, 2003); Delbanco, Puritan Ordeal; Dienstag, “Serving God and Mammon;” Huyler, Locke in America; Calvin Jillson, PursuingtheAmericanDream: Opportunity and Exclusion over Four Centuries (Lawrence,KS:KansasUni- versity Press, 2004); Gordon Wood, “Ideology and the Origins of Liberal America,” William and Mary Quarterly, 44 (1987): 630–644. 15. Rogers Smith, “Beyond Tocqueville, Myrdal, and Hartz: The Multiple Traditions in America,” American Political Science Review, 87(3) (1993): 549–566; Smith, Civic Ideals. 16. Massachusetts passed a law in 1663 that criminalized the wasting of time. See Howard Mansﬁeld, “Does Anyone Really Know What Time It Is?” The New York Times, March 10, 2011. Also see, Max Weber, The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism (New York: Penguin, 2002); R. H. Tawney, Reli- gion and the Rise of Capitalism: A Historical Study (New York: Harcourt, Brace & Co., 1926); Gianfranco Poggi, Calvinism and the Capitalist Spirit: Max Weber’s Protestant Ethic (Amherst, MA: University of Massachusetts Press, 1983); Edmund S. Morgan, Puritan Political Ideas—1558–1794 (New York: Bobbs-Merrill, 1965); Gordon Marshall, In Search of the Spirit of Capitalism: An Essay on Max Weber’s Protestant Ethic Thesis (London: Hutchinson, 1982), 71. 17. Morgan, Puritan Political Ideas. 18. Cullen, American Dream. 19. Weber, The Protestant Ethic. 20. Dienstag, “Serving God and Mammon,” 500. 21. Locke, Two Treatises on Government. 22. Locke, Two Treatises on Government; James Tully, ADiscourseonProperty: John Locke and His Adversaries (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1980). 23. Isaac Kramnick, Republicanism and Bourgeois Radicalism (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1990), 1. NOTES 195

24. Kramnick, Republicanism and Bourgeois Radicalism, 1–2. 25. Dienstag, “Serving God and Mammon”; James T. Kloppenberg, “The Virtues of Liberalism: Christianity, Republicanism, and Ethics in Early American Political Discourse,” The Journal of American History, 74 (1987): 9–33; Kramnick, Republicanism and Bourgeois Radicalism. 26. Dunn, The Political Thought of John Locke, 220. 27. Locke, Two Treatises on Government. 28. D. A. Lloyd Thomas, Locke on Government (New York: Routledge, 1995), 91. 29. Tully, ADiscourseonProperty. 30. Dunn, The Political Thought of John Locke, 81–82; Tully, ADiscourseon Property, 132. 31. Locke, Letter Concerning Toleration. 32. Weber, The Protestant Ethic. 33. Delbanco, The Puritan Ordeal, 1. 34. See, for instance, James Morone, Hellfire Nation: The Politics of Sin in American History (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2003); Michael Walzer, The Revolution of the Saints: A Study in the Origins of Radical Poli- tics (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1965); Sacvan Bercovitch, The American Jeremiad (Madison, WI: University of Wisconsin Press, 1978); and Perry Miller, The New England Mind: The Seventeenth Century (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1954). 35. Tawney, Religion and the Rise of Capitalism, 239–240. 36. Weber, The Protestant Ethic; Marshall, In Search of the Spirit of Capitalism; Poggi, Calvinism and the Capitalist Spirit. 37. Weber, The Protestant Ethic, 29 38. Weber, The Protestant Ethic, 29 39. Poggi, Calvinism and the Capitalist Spirit. 40. Daniel L. Dreisbach, Thomas Jefferson and the Wall of Separation between Church and State (New York: New York University Press, 2002); D. L. Dreisbach, Mark D. Hall, and Jeffry H. Morrison, The Founders on God and Government (Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield, 2004); Dienstag, “Serving God and Mammon,” 498. Also see, more broadly, Bailyn, Ideological Origins and Wood, Creation of the American Republic. 41. See, especially, Morone, Hellfire Nation. 42. John Winthrop, “A Model of Christian Charity,” in Edmund Sears Morgan, ed., Puritan Political Ideas—1558–1794 (New York: Bobbs-Merrill, 1965), 90. 43. Bercovitch, American Jeremiad; Morone, Hellfire Nation. 44. Miller, The New England Mind; Morone, Hellfire Nation; Jillson, Pursuing the American Dream. 45. Miller, The New England Mind, 6; Morone, Hellfire Nation. 46. Miller, The New England Mind, 6–7; Morone, Hellfire Nation. 196 NOTES

47. Morone, Hellfire Nation. 48. Cullen, American Dream, 20. 49. Marshall, In Search of the Spirit of Capitalism. 50. Morone, Hellfire Nation;Cullen,American Dream;Miller,The New England Mind;Bercovitch,American Jeremiad. 51. Cullen, American Dream. 52. Jillson, Pursuing the American Dream. 53. Dreisbach, Hall, and Morrison, The Founders on God and Government. 54. See, especially, Alexis de Tocqueville, Democracy in America, trans. Henry Reeves (New York: Vintage, 1945); also see Morgan, Puritan Political Ideas. 55. Morgan, Puritan Political Ideas, xxxviii. 56. Max Weber, The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism, trans. Peter Baehr and Gordon C. Wells (New York: Penguin, 2002). 57. Benjamin Franklin, The Autobiography and Other Writings, ed.L.Jesse Lemisch (New York: Signet, 2001). 58. Harvey C. Mansfield, “Liberty and Virtue in the American Founding,” in Peter Berkowitz, ed., Never a Matter of Indifference: Sustaining Virtue in a Free Republic (Stanford: Hoover Institution Press, 2003), 15. 59. Robert M. Calhoon, “Religion and Individualism in Early America,” in Richard O. Curry and Lawrence B. Goodheart, eds, American Chameleon: Individualism in Trans-National Context (Kent: Kent State University Press, 1991), 45. 60. Franklin, Autobiography, 189. 61. Morgan, Puritan Political Ideas;Cullen,American Dream;DanielRodgers, The Work Ethic in Industrial America: 1850–1920 (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1974), 9–10. 62. Carol Nackenoff, The Fictional Republic: Horatio Alger and American Political Discourse (New York: Oxford, 1994), 7–8. 63. Nackenoff, The Fictional Republic, 8. 64. Nackenoff, The Fictional Republic; also see Ann Swidler, “Culture in Action: Symbols and Strategies,” American Sociological Review, 51(2) (1986) and Clifford Geertz, The Interpretation of Cultures: Selected Essays (New York: Basic, 1973). 65. Nackenoff, The Fictional Republic, 265. 66. Nackenoff, The Fictional Republic. 67. Nackenoff, The Fictional Republic, 6. 68. Rodgers, Work Ethic in Industrial America. 69. Shipler, quoted in Horatio Alger, Jr., Ragged Dick, Or Street Life in New York with the Boot-Blacks (New York: Modern Library, 2005). 70. Nackenoff, The Fictional Republic. 71. Fernand Braudel, On History, trans. Sarah Matthews (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1982). 72. Christopher Lasch, The Culture of Narcissism—American Life in an Age of Diminishing Expectations (New York: W.W. Norton, 1978). NOTES 197

73. James Lincoln Collier, TheRiseofSelﬁshnessinAmerica(New York: Oxford University Press, 1991). 74. Muirhead, Just Work, 109. 75. Lasch, The Culture of Narcissism, 57–58. 76. Arthur Miller, Death of a Salesman (New York: Viking, 1949); F. Scott Fitzgerald, The Great Gatsby (New York: Scribner, 2004). Also see Studs Terkel, American Dreams: Lost and Found (New York: Pantheon, 1980). 77. Lasch, The Culture of Narcissism, 58. 78. Yes, there are counterinstances. I address these counterinstances, such as the role of luck or gambling, in other parts of the book. 79. CNN. 2001. “Study: US employees put in most hours.” Avail- able at http://archives.cnn.com/2001/CAREER/trends/08/30/ilo.study/; last accessed May 1, 2007. 80. Dalton Conley, Elsewhere, U.S.A. (New York: Pantheon, 2009a). 81. BBC News. 1999. “Americans Work Longest Hours.” Available at http:// news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/439595.stm; last accessed May 1, 2007. But also see changing trends here: BBC News. 2012. “Who Works the Longest Hours?” Available at http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/magazine-18144319; last accessed Aug 4, 2012. 82. Clinton, quoted in Jennifer L. Hochschild, Facing Up to the American Dream: Race, Class, and the Soul of the Nation (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1995), 18. 83. Hochschild, Facing Up to the American Dream. 84. Hochschild, Facing Up to the American Dream, 27–28. 85. I am indebted to Peter Steinberger for ﬁrst alerting me to this facet of the problematic I have been discussing. 86. Cullen, The American Dream, especially Chapter 6.

Chapter 5

1. Michael J. Sandel, “The Procedural Republic and the Unencumbered Self,” Political Theory 12(1) (1984). 2. Iris Marion Young, Justice and the Politics of Difference(Princeton: Princeton, 1990); Nancy Fraser, “From Redistribution to Recognition: Dilemma of Justice in a ‘Postsocialist’ Age,” New Left Review I/212, (1995); Will Kymlicka, Multicultural Citizenship: A Liberal Theory of Minority Rights (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1995); Michael Kenny, The Pol- itics of Identity: Liberal Political Theory and the Dilemmas of Difference (Cambridge: Polity Press, 2004). 3. Also see Amartya Sen, Identity and Violence: The Illusion of Destiny (New York: W.W. Norton, 2006). 4. See, for instance, Karl Marx, The Marx-Engels Reader,edsRobertC.Tucker (New York: Norton, 1978), passim; also see, Antonio Gramsci, Selections 198 NOTES

from the Prison Notebooks,eds.Q.HoareandG.NowellSmith(NewYork: International, 1971). On methodological individualism, see especially Lukes, Individualism, and Rajeev Bhargava, Individualism in Social Science: FormsandLimitsofaMethodology(Oxford: Clarendon, 1992). 5. Steve Lukes, Individualism (Oxford: Blackwell, 1973a); Yehoshua Arieli, Individualism and Nationalism in American Ideology (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1964). 6. Barry Alan Shain, The Myth of American Individualism: The Protestant Ori- gins of American Political Thought (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1994); Arieli, Individualism and Nationalism. 7. Alexis de Tocqueville, Democracy in America, ed. Phillips Bradley, trans. Henry Reeves (New York: Vintage, 1945). 8. Herbert Croly, The Promise of American Life (New York: Macmillan, 1919); John Dewey, Individualism: Old and New (New York: Minton, Balch & Co, 1930); Arieli, Individualism and Nationalism. 9. Louis Dumont, Essays on Individualism: Modern Ideology in Anthropologi- cal Perspective (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1986); Guy Hermet, “The Citizen-Individual in Western Christianity,” in Pierre Birnbaum and Jean Leca, eds, Individualism: Theories and Methods, trans. John Gaffney (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1990). 10. Dumont, Essays on Individualism; also see Shain, American Individualism. 11. Dumont, Essays on Individualism. 12. Dumont, Essays on Individualism, 53. 13. Dumont, Essays on Individualism, 30. 14. Lukes, Individualism, 79–80. 15. David L. Miller, Individualism: Personal Achievement and the Open Society (Austin, TX: University of Texas Press, 1967), 75. 16. Arieli, Individualism and Nationalism. 17. Tocqueville, Democracy in America;Arieli,Individualism and Nationalism. 18. Tocqueville, Democracy in America;Arieli,Individualism and Nationalism. 19. Arieli, Individualism and Nationalism, 191; also, on moral individualism, see Emile Durkheim, “Individualism and the Intellectuals,” in Robert N. Bellah, ed., On Morality and Society: Selected Writings (Chicago: Chicago, 1973). 20. Tocqueville, Democracy in America, 98. 21. Tocqueville, Democracy in America. Also see Mansﬁeld, “Liberty and Virtue”; Herbert Croly, The Promise of American Life (New York: Macmillan, 1919); Arieli, Individualism and Nationalism. 22. Tocqueville, Democracy in America, 121–124. 23. Tocqueville, Democracy in America, 104–105. 24. Tocqueville, Democracy in America, 123. 25. Although it risks belaboring something obvious, it should be pointed out here that writing in the 1830s Tocqueville glimpsed an America very NOTES 199

different from contemporary times. Without extensive evidence such as survey data, none of us can make such an immense generalization about a typical “American” today, especially given contemporary America’s vastly increased heterogeneity (see Chapter 4). 26. Linda K. Kerber, “Can a Woman Be an Individual?: The Discourse on Self- Reliance,” in Richard O. Curry and Lawrence B. Goodheart, eds, American Chameleon: Individualism in Trans-National Context (Kent: Kent State University Press, 1991), 159. 27. Thomas Jefferson, “Notes on Virginia,” in Thomas Jefferson, TheLifeand Selected Writings of Thomas Jefferson, eds Adrienne Koch and William Peden (New York: Modern, 1998), 259. 28. Curry and Valois, “Individualistic Ethos in American Society,” 36. 29. Ralph Waldo Emerson, “Self-Reliance,” in Ralph Waldo Emerson, Essays: First Series (Boston: Cambridge, 1979), 70–71. 30. Curry and Valois, “Individualistic Ethos in American Society,” 39. 31. Lukes, Individualism, 82. 32. Thoreau, Civil Disobedience, 55. 33. Shain, American Individualism; also see Michael J. Sandel, Liberalism and the Limits of Justice (Cambridge: Cambridge, 1982); Alasdair MacIntyre, After Virtue: A Study in Moral Theory (Notre Dame, IN: University of Notre Dame Press, 1983). 34. Arieli, Individualism and Nationalism, 192. 35. Dumont, Essays on Individualism. 36. Hermet, “The Citizen-Individual.” 37. Dumont, Essays on Individualism, 31. 38. Arieli, Individualism and Nationalism, 255. 39. See James A. Morone, Hellﬁre Nation: The Politics of Sin in American History (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2003). 40. Hermet, “The Citizen-Individual,” 118–119. 41. Dewey, Individualism, 17. 42. Durkheim, “Individualism and the Intellectuals”; Emile Durkheim, “Indi- viduality and Autonomy,” in Mustafa Emirbayer, ed., Emile Durkheim: Sociologist of Modernity (Oxford: Blackwell, 2003); Mustafa Emirbayer, “Individuality and Autonomy: Introduction,” in Mustafa Emirbayer, ed., Emile Durkheim: Sociologist of Modernity, (Oxford: Blackwell, 2003). 43. R. H. Tawney, Equality (London: George Allen and Unwin, 1952 [1931]), 35–38. 44. Tawney, Equality, 38. 45. Dewey, Individualism, 17. 46. Robert Reno, “Bork Rants Against Toothless Enemy: Liberalism,” The Record, September 23, 1996; Matthew Miller, “I’m O.K., You’re O.K.,” The New York Times, October 8, 2000; Matthew Miller, “A Sage for Thanks- giving; John Rawls’ Emphasis on Luck Made a Case for Compassion,” Pittsburgh Post-Gazette, November 28, 2002; Dalton Conley, “Disparate 200 NOTES

Lives: Why the Ricci Decision Won’t Affect Racial (In)Equality,” The Huffington Post, July 7, 2009. Available at http://www.huffingtonpost.com/ dalton-conley/disparate-lives-why-the-r_b_227243.html; last accessed August 6, 2012. 47. Miller, “I’m O.K., You’re O.K.;” George F. Will, “A Defining Moment; Do We Want Strong Government in Service of Individuals or a Culture of Dependency?,” Pittsburgh Post-Gazette, February 2, 2004. 48. Dalton Conley, Being Black, Living in the Red: Race, Wealth and Social Policy in America (Berkeley: Berkeley, 1999), 8. 49. Isaac Kramnick, Republicanism and Bourgeois Radicalism (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1990). 50. Isaac Kramnick, Republicanism and Bourgeois Radicalism (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1990), especially Chapter 1. 51. Kramnick, Republicanism,7. 52. Michael E. Levin, “Equal Opportunity,” The Philosophical Quarterly 31(123) (1981): 114. 53. The discussion in this section has been immeasurably improved as a result of a marathon conversation I once had with Erin Fleischauer. My thanks to her for this. 54. Cullen, American Dream, 38–40. 55. Hochschild, Facing Up to the American Dream;but,alsoseesimilarresults in this ABC News/Washington Post Poll (Jan. 12–15, 2010): http://www. pollingreport.com/race.htm; last accessed August 17, 2010. 56. W. V. O. Quine, “Two Dogmas of Empiricism,” The Philosophical Review 60 (1951). 57. Brian Fay, “General Laws and Explaining Human Behavior,” in Daniel R. Sabia Jr. and Gerald Wallulis, eds, Changing Social Science: Critical Theory and Other Critical Perspectives (Albany, NY: State University of New York Press, 1983). 58. John Locke, “Essay Concerning Human Understanding,” in The Works of John Locke (London: Thomas Tegg, 1963a). 59. John Locke, Letter Concerning Toleration (New York: Bobbs-Merrill, 1955). 60. Leo Strauss, Natural Right and History (Chicago: Chicago University Press, 1953), 226–227. 61. Locke, Essay Concerning Human Understanding, 269. 62. Locke, Essay Concerning Human Understanding, 270. 63. See, broadly, Christopher Lasch, The Culture of Narcissism—American Life in an Age of Diminishing Expectations (New York: W.W. Norton, 1978) and Russell Muirhead, Just Work (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2004). 64. Morone, Hellfire Nation, 32. 65. Locke, Essay Concerning Human Understanding, 287. 66. Locke, Essay Concerning Human Understanding, 283–284. NOTES 201

67. R. H. Tawney, Religion and the Rise of Capitalism: A Historical Study (New York: Harcourt, Brace & Co., 1926), 266–267. 68. Morone, Hellﬁre Nation, 14. 69. Tawney, Religion and the Rise of Capitalism, 246. 70. Max Weber, The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism,trans.Peter Baehr and Gordon C. Wells (New York: Penguin, 2002). 71. Edmund Sears Morgan, ed., Puritan Political Ideas—1558–1794 (New York: Bobbs-Merrill, 1965). 72. Cullen, American Dream, 46. 73. Cullen, American Dream, 46.

Chapter 6

1. Kent Bach and Robert M. Harnish, Linguistic Communication: A Schema for Speech Acts (Cambridge, MA: Massachusetts Institute of Technology Press, 1980). 2. Herbert Croly, The Promise of American Life (New York: Macmillan, 1919); John Dewey, Individualism: Old and New (New York: Minton, Balch & Co., 1930); Yehoshua Arieli, Individualism and Nationalism in American Ideol- ogy (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1964); Yehoshua Arieli, “Individualism and National Identity,” in Richard O. Curry and Lawrence B. Goodheart, eds, American Chameleon: Individualism in Trans-National Context (Kent: Kent State University Press, 1991). 3. Americans give more than $150 billion to charity every year. See Michael D. Tanner, “Faith-Based Charities on the Federal Dole?” Cato Institute (2001). Available at http://www.cato.org/pub_display.php?pub_id= 4384; last accessed March 1, 2006. 4. Lawrence Frederick Kohl, The Politics of Individualism: Parties and the American Character in the Jacksonian Era (New York: Oxford, 1989), 11–12. 5. Joshua Foa Dienstag, “Serving God and Mammon: The Lockean Sympathy in Early American Political Thought,” American Political Science Review 90(3) (1996): 497–511; James A. Morone, Hellﬁre Nation: The Politics of SininAmericanHistory(New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2003). 6. Alexis de Tocqueville, Democracy in America, ed. Phillips Bradley, trans. Henry Reeves (New York: Vintage, 1945), 98. 7. Tocqueville, Democracy in America, 99. 8. Steven Lukes, Individualism (Oxford: Blackwell, 1973a). 9. Lukes, Individualism, 26. 10. Arieli, “Individualism and National Identity.” 11. Dewey, Individualism. 12. Arieli, Individualism and Nationalism. 202 NOTES

13. Emile Durkheim, “Individualism and the Intellectuals,” in Robert N. Bellah, ed., On Morality and Society: Selected Writings (Chicago: Chicago, 1973). 14. Tocqueville, Democracy in America. 15. Durkheim, “Individualism and the Intellectuals,” 51. 16. Tocqueville, Democracy in America, 104–105. 17. Durkheim, “Individualism and the Intellectuals,” 46. 18. Durkheim, “Individualism and the Intellectuals,” 46. 19. Durkheim, “Individualism and the Intellectuals,” 52. 20. Durkheim, “Individualism and the Intellectuals,” 48. 21. Lukes, Individualism, 125. 22. Herbert J. Gans, Middle American Individualism: The Future of Liberal Democracy (New York: Free Press, 1988), 4. 23. Thomas Paine, quoted in Richard O. Curry and Karl E. Valois, “Individ- ualistic Ethos in American Society,” in Richard O. Curry and Lawrence B. Goodheart, eds, American Chameleon: Individualism in Trans-National Context (Kent: Kent State University Press, 1991), 22. 24. It should be mentioned here that other leaders like Madison and Adams were not so sure that a natural harmony between individual liberty and social responsibility would be easily forthcoming (Richard O. Curry and Karl E. Valois, “Individualistic Ethos in American Society,” in Richard O. Curry and Lawrence B. Goodheart, eds, American Chameleon: Individual- ism in Trans-National Context (Kent: Kent State University Press, 1991), 22). However, they did understand the value of balancing responsibility with liberty. 25. Doris Kearns, Lyndon Johnson and the American Dream (New York: Harper and Row, 1976), 210–250. 26. Lyndon B. Johnson, “Inaugural Address,” 1965. Available at http://www. presidency.ucsb.edu; last accessed March 1, 2005. 27. W. F. Gavin, “Source Material: His Heart’s Abundance: Notes of a Nixon Speechwriter,” Presidential Studies Quarterly 31 (2001): 358–8; Richard M. Nixon, “Inaugural Address,” 1969. Available at http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu; last accessed March 1, 2005. 28. Richard, M. Nixon, “State of the Union Message,” 1973. Available at: http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu; last accessed August 5, 2012. The 1973 State of the Union address was delivered in several parts over the course of a few weeks. This statement appears in Nixon’s “Radio Address About the State of the Union Message on Human Resources,” February 24, 1973. 29. Nixon, “Inaugural Address,” 1969. 30. Nixon, “Inaugural Address,” 1969. 31. Democratic Party Platform, 1968. Available at http://www.presidency. ucsb.edu; last accessed February 14, 2006. 32. Democratic Party Platform, 1988. Available at http://www.presidency. ucsb.edu; last accessed February 14, 2006. NOTES 203

33. Republican Party Platform, 1976. Available at http://www.presidency. ucsb.edu; last accessed February 14, 2006. 34. Frank I. Luntz, “Americans Talk About the American Dream,” in Lamar Alexander and Chester E. Finn, Jr., eds, TheNewPromiseofAmericanLife (Indianapolis: Hudson Institute, 1995); Seymour Martin Lipset, American Exceptionalism: A Double-Edged Sword (New York:W.W. Norton, 1996). 35. Robert Samuelson, The Good Life and Its Discontents: The American Dream in the Age of Entitlement: 1945–1995 (New York: Random House, 1997); Kenneth Arrow, Samuel Bowles, and Steven Durlauf, eds, Meritocracy and Economic Inequality (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2000); also see Lipset, American Exceptionalism. 36. Although, to be sure, “multiple traditions” of inequality have in fact always coexisted with most “liberal” practices. See Rogers Smith, Civic Ideals. 37. See a discussion of the two principles of justice in Rawls’s work; see especially the “difference principle.” John Rawls, A Theory of Jus- tice (Cambridge, MA: Belknap, 1971); John Rawls, Political Liberalism (New York: Columbia University Press, 1993). 38. S. J. D. Green, “Competitive Equality of Opportunity: A Defense.” Ethics 100(1) (1989), 32. 39. Peter Westen, “The Concept of Equal Opportunity,” Ethics 95(4) (1985): 837–850. 40. For more on the recent California High School Exit Exam (CAHSEE), see http://www.cde.ca.gov/ta/tg/hs/ and http://cahsee.cde.ca.gov/. 41. I should add that the two interpretations of the statement presented here are not exhaustive. Numerous other interpretations are also possible. I am merely elaborating on a point inherent, but not necessarily articulated, in Westen, “Equal Opportunity.” 42. D. A. Lloyd Thomas, “Competitive Equality of Opportunity,” Mind 86(343) (1977): 388–404. 43. Interesting discussions of how inequality of income and wealth endures through generations appear in Dalton Conley, Being Black, Living in the Red: Race, Wealth and Social Policy in America (Berkeley: Berkeley, 1999); also see Alan B. Krueger, “The Apple Falls Close to the Tree,” The New York Times, November 14, 2002; Andrew Hacker, Two Nations: Black and White, Separate, Hostile, Unequal (New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons, 1992). 44. Rawls, Theory of Justice. 45. Rawls, Theory of Justice, 87. 46. Gavan Duffy and Cyril Ghosh, “The American Dream in American Polit- ical Talk: A Comparative Analysis of the Rhetoric of Lyndon Johnson and Richard Nixon,” paper presented at the Annual Meeting of the Northeast Political Science Association, Boston, MA., November 11–13, 2004. 204 NOTES

47. Michael E. Levin, “Equal Opportunity,” The Philosophical Quarterly 31(123) (1981): 110–125. 48. Such claims ground the arguments presented in all allegations of “reverse discrimination,” for instance. 49. George Lakoff, Moral Politics: How Liberals and Conservatives Think (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2002); Geoffrey Nunberg, Going Nucular: Language, Politics, and Culture in Confrontational Times (New York: PublicAffairs, 2004). 50. Richard, M. Nixon, “Inaugural Address,” 1973. Available at www. presidency.ucsb.edu; last accessed April 16, 2006. 51. Democratic Party Platform, 1984. Available at http://www.presidency. ucsb.edu; last accessed February 14, 2006. 52. Democratic Party Platform, 1972. Available at http://www.presidency. ucsb.edu; last accessed February 14, 2006. 53. Murphy, “Cunning, Rhetoric.” 54. Within what I have called here private notions of success, Jennifer Hochschild identiﬁes three broad categories. According to Hochschild, success can be absolute—meaning some tangible gain or achievement. An example of this kind would be the achievement of middle-class com- fort and a life of dignity. Success can also sometimes be relative, in the sense that achieving the American Dream might consist of becoming bet- ter off than some speciﬁc comparison point, such as one’s childhood, an immigrant’s original country of domicile, or a neighbor. Finally, it can be competitive when one’s gains are measured in terms of another’s loss. An example of this would be victory in an election. See Jennifer L. Hochschild, Facing Up to the American Dream: Race, Class and the Soul of the Nation (Princeton: Princeton, 1995), 16–18. 55. Daniel Rodgers, The Work Ethic in Industrial America: 1850–1920 (Chicago: Chicago, 1974), 12. 56. Rodgers, Work Ethic in Industrial America, 16. Oliver Optic was also known as William T. Adams. 57. Russell Muirhead, Just Work (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2004). 58. Robert Sklar, Movie-Made America: A Cultural History of American Movies (New York: Vintage, 1975), especially Chapter 12. 59. Susan J. Matt, Keeping Up with the Joneses: Envy in American Consumer Society, 1890–1930 (Philadelphia, PA: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2003). 60. Christopher Lasch, The Culture of Narcissism—American Life in an Age of Diminishing Expectations (New York: W.W. Norton, 1978). 61. John W. Tebbel, From Rags to Riches: Horatio Alger, Jr., and The American Dream (New York: Macmillan, 1963). 62. Tebbel, From Rags to Riches,9. NOTES 205

63. Tebbel, From Rags to Riches,9. 64. Tebbel, From Rags to Riches,5. 65. Nackenoff, Fictional Republic, 267. 66. Rodgers, Work Ethic in Industrial America, 150–151. 67. Richard M. Huber, The American Idea of Success (New York: McGraw-Hill, 1971), 1. 68. Huber, American Idea of Success,6. 69. Paul Krugman, “For Richer,” The New York Times, October 20, 2002. 70. Janny Scott and David Leonhardt, “Shadowy Lines That Still Divide,” The New York Times, May 15, 2005. 71. Janny Scott and David Leonhardt, “Shadowy Lines that still Divide,” The New York Times, May 15, 2005. 72. David Brooks, On Paradise Drive: How We Live Now (And Always Have) in the Future Tense (New York: Simon & Schuster, 2004); Thomas Frank, What’s the Matter With Kansas?: How Conservatives Won the Heart of America (New York: Metropolitan, 2004). 73. Scott Sandage, Born Losers: A History of Failure in America (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2005). 74. Doris Kearns, Lyndon Johnson and the American Dream (New York: Harper and Row, 1976), 210–250. 75. Kearns, Lyndon Johnson, 216; Ghosh and Duffy, “The American Dream in American Political Talk.” 76. Johnson, “Inaugural Address,” 1969. 77. Ghosh and Duffy, “The American Dream in American Political Talk.” 78. Ronald Reagan, “Inaugural Address,” 1981. Available at http://www. presidency.ucsb.edu; last accessed February 14, 2006. 79. Ronald Reagan, “Inaugural Address,” 1985. Available at http://www. presidency.ucsb.edu; last accessed February 14, 2006. 80. William J. Clinton, “Inaugural address,” 1995. Available at http://www. presidency.ucsb.edu; last accessed February 14, 2006. 81. Clinton, “Inaugural Address,” 1995. 82. Democratic Party Platform, 1992. Available at http://www.presidency. ucsb.edu; last accessed February 14, 2006. 83. Democratic Party Platforms, 2000. Available at http://www.presidency. ucsb.edu; last accessed February 14, 2006. 84. Democratic Party Platform, 1996. Available at http://www.presidency. ucsb.edu; last accessed February 14, 2006. 85. Democratic Party Platform, 2000. Available at http://www.presidency. ucsb.edu; last accessed February 14, 2006. 86. Republican Party Platform, 2004. Available at http://www.presidency.ucsb. edu; last accessed February 14, 2006. 87. Republican Party Platform, 1980. Available at http://www.presidency.ucsb. edu; last accessed February 14, 2006. 206 NOTES

88. Republican Party Platform, 1984. Available at http://www.presidency.ucsb. edu; last accessed February 14, 2006. 89. Republican Party Platform, 2000. Available at http://www.presidency.ucsb. edu; last accessed February 14, 2006.

Chapter 7

1. Theda Skocpol and Vanessa Williamson, The Tea Party and the Remaking of Republican Conservatism (New York: Oxford University Press, 2012). 2. For an interesting discussion on this topic, see Russell Muirhead, Just Work (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2004). 3. The phrase “right to work” used here is not to be confused with the “right to work” movement in the United States—which calls for, among other things, the eradication of trade unions. See http://www.nrtw.org/ rtws.htm; last accessed February 17, 2012. 4. Muirhead, Just Work, especially Chapter 1. 5. Judith Shklar, American Citizenship—The Quest for Inclusion; The Tanner Lecture on Human Values (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1991). 6. Exact estimates vary. See Carol Swain, ed., Debating Immigration (New York: Cambridge, 2007), passim. 7. On the moral language of American politics, and the “politics of sin,” see James A. Morone, Hellfire Nation: The Politics of Sin in American His- tory (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2003). On verification and reporting requirements, see Linda Bosniak, “The Undocumented Immi- grant: Contending Policy Approaches,” in Carol Swain, ed., Debating Immigration (New York: Cambridge, 2007). 8. Cf. Samuel P. Huntington, Who Are We?—The Challenges to America’s National Identity (New York: Simon and Schuster, 2004). 9. Noah Pickus and Peter Skerry, “Good Neighbors and Good Citizens: Beyond the Legal-Illegal Immigration Debate,” in Carol Swain, ed., Debat- ing Immigration (New York: Cambridge, 2007). 10. Secure Communities is a deportation program based on collaboration between federal, state, and local law enforcement agencies. During the first two years of the Obama administration, over 700,000 people were deported under this program. See Julia Preston, “U.S. Identifies 111,000 Immigrants with Criminal Records,” The New York Times, November 12, 2009; Drew Westen, “What Happened to Obama?” The New York Times, Aug 6, 2011; also see http://www.ice.gov/secure_communities/. 11. Swain, Debating Immigration, passim. 12. In recent months, Republican presidential aspirant Newt Gingrich has proposed a version of an amnesty program for undocumented workers, NOTES 207

known as the “red card” solution. The program would allow some undocumented workers to gain legal status although it would deny them and their children (even if those children were born on U.S. soil) any right to citizenship. See http://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/ezra- klein/post/a-closer-look-at-gingrichs-red-card-immigration-plan/2011/ 11/23/gIQA139coN_blog.html; last accessed December 1, 2011. 13. BRICS, as is well-known, stands for Brazil, Russia, India, China, and South Africa. 14. Jeremy Rifkin, The European Dream (New York: Tarcher, 2004). 15. Arguably, the explicitly inclusive South African Constitution is the reason that the country became the ﬁrst, and so far the only, African country to recognize same-sex marriages. 16. Christopher Rudolph, “Sovereignty and Territorial Borders in a Global Age,” International Studies Review 7 (2005): 1–20. 17. Runaway production has become common as Hollywood movies are increasingly being shot in locations both within the United States and abroad where costs are low and workers are not unionized. See Toby Miller, Nitin Govil, John McMurria, and Richard Maxwell, Global Hollywood (London: British Film Institute Press, 2001). 18. Matthew Shaer, “Facebook IPO: Are 800 million users worth $100 billion?” Christian Science Monitor, January 27, 2012; Rosa Golijan, “Just How Many Active Twitter Users Are There?” MSNBC. Available at http://technolog.msnbc.msn.com/_news/2011/04/01/6388683-justhow- many-active-twitter-users-are-there; last accessed January 31, 2012. 19. Benedict Anderson, Imagined Communities: Reﬂections on the Origin and Spread of Nationalism (New York: Verso, 1983). 20. Sunil Khilnani, The Idea of India (New York: Penguin, 1997). 21. Kosovo used to be an autonomous region within the province of Serbia in the former Yugoslavia. In 2008, Kosovo declared its independence. To be sure, not all countries recognize Kosovo’s sovereignty but major powers like the United States, the United Kingdom, and France do. 22. Rogers Smith, Stories of Peoplehood (New York: Cambridge University Press, 2003). 23. Christophe Jaffrelot, ed., Hindu Nationalism: A Reader (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2007); Khilnani, The Idea of India;Arvind Rajagopal, Politics After Television: Hindu Nationalism and the Reshaping of the Public in India (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2001). 24. See Randall Hansen, “The Free Economy and the Jacobin State, or How Europe Can Cope with the Coming Immigration Wave,” in Carol Swain, ed., Debating Immigration (New York: Cambridge, 2007). 25. The New York Times, “Anders Behring Breivik.” Available at http://topics. nytimes.com/top/reference/timestopics/people/b/anders_behring_breivik/ index. html; last accessed March 8, 2012. 208 NOTES

26. For a detailed coverage of immigrant riots in Paris and other cities, see NPR. “As France Curbs Unrest Questions Linger.” Available at http://www.npr.org/series/4994164/as-france-curbs-unrest-questions- linger?source_Code=gaw; last accessed August 3, 2012. 27. BBC News, “London Riots: Looting and Violence Continues.” Available at http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-englandlondon-14439970; last accessed January 22, 2012. 28. Justin Vaïsse, “Veiled Meaning: The French Law Banning Religious Sym- bols in Public Schools,” Brookings Institution. Available at http://www. brookings.edu/fp/cusf/analysis/vaisse20040229.pdf; last accessed January 22, 2012. 29. CNN, “French Senate Approves Burqa Ban.” Available at http://articles. cnn.com/2010-09-14/world/france.burqa.ban_1_burqa-overt-religious- symbols-ban-last-year?_s=PM:WORLD; last accessed January 22, 2012. 30. Hansen,“TheFreeEconomy.” 31. Clarence Page, “The Way to Do Multiculturalism Right,” Chicago Tribune, February 20, 2011. Available at http://articles.chicagotribune.com/2011- 02-20/news/ct-oped-0220-page-20110218_1_multiculturalism-cultural differences- immigrants; last accessed August 10, 2011. 32. Ed, Pilkington, “US Set for Dramatic Change as White America Becomes Minority by 2042,” The New York Times, August 15, 2008. Bibliography

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2000s, 2, 38 “anchor babies,” 76 9/11, 44, 58 Anderson, Benedict, 166 see also imagined communities abilities, 28, 103, 142 Anglophones, 38, 44–51 physical ability, 16 see also English, language see also disabled people Anti-Federalists, 10 abortion, 55, 56 antiquity, 11, 12 achievement, 42, 44, 121, 156 Arab Spring, 166 Adams, James Truslow, 28–30, argumentation, see reason 147 Aristotle, 58, 68 Adams, John, 9 Asian Americans, 49, 69, 75, advertising, 30, 124, 148, 165 144 afﬁrmative action, 17, 55, 64, 70, assimilation, 46–7, 68–70, 159, 162, 76, 143 171–2 see also black Americans see also integration Afghanistan, 59 asylum, 64 African Americans, see black atheists, 9, 97 Americans audiences, 5, 13, 19, 58, 60, age of 131, 152 diminishing expectations, 31 Australia, 68, 169 entitlement, 31 see also the Gilded Age Baby Boomer generation, 16 agnostics, 9 Bangladeshis, 167 Alger, Horatio, 4, 28, 30–1, 86–7, Bangladeshi Americans, 48 99–105, 147–9 beauty, 28, 32, 35, 104, 105, 161 see also narratives see also luck; talent American Covenant, 136, 152 Bellah, Robert, 9 American Indians, 96, 144 see also civil religion under religion American Political Development, 20 Beruf, see calling American political thought, see birth theory accidents of, 120, 138–9 Americans with Disabilities Act circumstances of, 28–9, 42, 121–2 (1990), 73 country of, 74, 76 230 INDEX black Americans, 15–16, 44, 49, 50, print, 166 61, 66, 69, 73–81, 125, 144, 160, work ethic under, 126 170–1 Caribbeans, 167 see also afﬁrmative action; King, Caribbean Americans, 49 Martin Luther, Jr. Catholics, 49, 76 blood lineage, 11, 12 Catholic church, 111 Boorstin, Daniel, 28 Catholicism, 89, 97, 119 bootstrapping, 30, 42, 78, 100, 154 Latinos who are, 38, 50 bourgeoisie, 42, 93, 101, 122, 127, causality, 4, 56, 82, 86 148 celebrity status, 32, 35, 105, 145 see also Kramnick, Isaac character, 30, 101, 113, 117, 149 BRICS countries, 165 charity, 9, 48, 92, 94, 115, 132 Britain, 3, 168–70 A Model of Christian Charity,95 see also Cameron, David children, 59, 69 Buddhists, 50, 111, 123 dependent, 153 bully pulpit, 39, 60 education of, 68, 96, 140, 155 burqa, see Muslims God’s, 118 Bush, George H.W., 40 minority, 75 Bush, George W., 40, 41, 58–60, 82, mixed-race, 50 154 opportunities for, 141 see also Global War on Terror parents’ hopes for, 17, 43, 44 (GWOT) as semi-citizens, 62 business, 29–31, 89, 95, 150 stories of, 101 advice, 147 of undocumented migrants, big, 148–9 163 elite, 81 as voters soon, 75–6 small, 137 white, 75 success in, 127, 133 Chinese Exclusion Act (1882), 74 tax rebates for, 151 Christianity, 91, 93, 94, 111, 118 busing, 155 asceticism in, 87, 89–99 in Civil Religion, 9 calling, 89–99, 126, 137, 146 doctrine, 25–6 Calvinism, 47, 86, 89, 111, 119, 122, liberalism in, 88 127, 129 as national identity, 44–51 see also under ethic New Christian Right, 80, 159 Cameron, David, 169 in New England, 119 Canada, 3, 68, 169, 170 of the Protestant Reformation, capitalism, 88, 101, 133, 149 112, 118 in America, 127 citizens, 38, 50, 134, 136 democracy under, 140 American, 163 equal opportunity under, 149 education of, 154 in the Gilded Age, 133 noncitizens, 12 predatory, 29, 139 opportunities for, 137, 140 INDEX 231

responsible, 151 colorblindness, 3, 64, 71, 78, 170 see also citizenship; foreign-born see also neutrality citizenship, 98 communitarianism, 88, 110, 132, 136 adult, 69 concept birthright, 76 cluster concepts, 26 of children, 75 concept-formation, 2, 18, 25, 32–8 classes, 168 essentially contested concepts, 2, 6, as a concept, 6, 12, 25, 61 13, 25, 26, 32 dual, 46 Confucians, 50 of farmers, 115 consent, 12, 95, 116 full, 161 constitution, 37, 50, 68 hyphenated, 46, 74 South African Constitution, 165 multicultural, 70, 71 constitutive elements, 2, 32–4, 49, 50, native-born, 37 109–29 naturalized, 49, 62, 70 consumption, 30 norms of, 37 conspicuous, 119 policies, 12 content-analysis, 18, 40 semi-citizenship, 26, 62 contentment, 30, 123–4 as standing, 160 context, 12–13, 19, 58–61 status, 139, 160 ideological, 136, 138 universal, 69 linguistic, 112 see also citizens; rights mutual context of beliefs, 60, 131 “city upon a hill,” 8, 95, 124, 129, other national contexts, 166 151, 154 of rhetoric, 132, 143, 156, 164 civic engagement, see voluntarism rights-based, 112 civic ideals, 32, 36, 37, 86 of success, 125, 145 civic republicanism, 86, 88 see also linguistics civil disobedience, 116 cosmopolitanism, 113 civil religion, see religion covenant of grace, 89, 97 Civil Rights Act (1964), 73 Creed, American, 8, 28, 32, 36–7, 45 Civil Rights Movement, 15, 73, 138, Cullen, Jim, 6, 7, 28, 31, 32, 35, 104, 149, 152 124 see also civil under rights culture war, 80 clergy, 111, 118 Clinton, Bill, 39, 40, 41, 42, 77, 82, Death of a Salesman, see Miller, 103, 144, 153, 154 Arthur Clinton, Hillary, 39 Declaration of Independence, 9, 50, Cohen, Elizabeth F., 26, 62 120, 124, 128, 138, 144 see also semi-citizenship under dedifferentiation, 3, 4, 57, 62–8, 71, citizenship 72, 78, 79, 80, 158, 164–9 colonialism, 11, 48, 93, 171 deep differences, 55 postcolonialism, 167 “deep structures,” 2, 26, 27, 32 232 INDEX deﬁnition, 2, 25–7 educational assistance for the of the American Dream, 32–4 young, 151 deﬁnition-building, 18 policy, 28 of individualism, 113 see also children; schools intensional, 32 egalitarianism, 70, 71, 90, 92, 97, 112, Deism, 10 117–23, 140, 142 Democratic National Convention, 79 inegalitarianism, 86, 88, 171 Democratic Party, 59, 81, 137, 138, egoism, 114, 132–4 153, 154, 156 Eisenhower, Dwight D., 15 platform, 136–7, 144, 154 elections, 76, 77, 80, 95, 143 deportation, 161, 163 Election 2008, 41 dialectics, 58 Election 2012, 41, 42 see also reason Emerson, R.W., 115 Dienstag, Joshua F., 86–90 English, 44–51, 110, 162 “difference” democrats, 63–72 see also Anglophones; language see also identity politics Enlightenment, 13–14, 90, 112 differentiation, 3, 4, 57, 62–4, 67–72, enlightened self-interest, 114–15, 78, 80, 157, 164–9 132, 134 disabled people, 61, 73, 155 enthymemes, 58 discourse see also logic; syllogisms epideictic discourse epideictic, 39, 60 see discourse moral, 102 equal opportunity, 117–23, 138–45 narratives as, 100 equal outcome, 5, 121, 141–3 political, 21, 27, 149 equal starting points, 5, 141–3 presidential, 20–1 equality, 7, 38, 45, 65, 71, 117–23, of racial justice, 15 138–45, 154 see also narratives formal, 65 diversity lottery, 12 political, 69 Douthat, Ross, 42 of respect, 132 downward mobility, see under see also inequality mobility ethic, 19 driver’s licenses, 163 Alger, 4, 28, 30, 31, 86–7, 135–6 Dumont, Louis, 111, 118 ethically constitutive stories, 11, 167 Dunn, John, 92 ethical forms of individualism, 26 Durkheim, Émile, 65–6, 120, 133 Lockean, 28, 87 duty, work as, 87, 89–99, 119, 126, Protestant, 4, 30, 86, 89–99, 102 134 work, 28, 31, 45, 89–99, 102–5, 122, 126–7, 147, 149, 158, 159 EPluribusUnum,11 see also luck Eagleton, Terry, 13, 26 ethnicity, 11, 38, 46, 48, 51, 64, 72, education, 29, 43, 121, 133, 136, 74, 75, 77, 144, 154, 167 139–42, 154, 155 ethnic enclaves, 46 INDEX 233

white ethnic, 80 feminism, 62, 66, 71, 138 see also Raza Studies black, 67 Europe, 90, 93, 110, 114, 118, 133, Second Wave, 73 165–9 fertility rates, 46, 49 European Dream, 165, 169 financial crisis (2008–2009), 1, 17, immigrants from, 74 39, 43 European Union, 167, 169 Fitzgerald, F. Scott, 103, 148 exceptionalism, American, 8, 32, foreign-born, 37, 74–6, 36–7, 160, 164–5 163 exclusion, 63, 67, 69 foreign remittances, 162 democratic, 56, 160, 164 the Founding era, 4, 9, 86, 99, 105, norms of, 13, 88, 170 127–8, 146 political, 18, 172 Founding Fathers, 9, 86–9, 95, 127, practices of, 61–2, 88 152 of terms in definition of American principles of, 88, 97, 113, 117 Dream, 32, 34–5 France, 3, 64, 133, 167, 168, 169 see also Chinese Exclusion Act see also Sarkozy, Nicolas (1882) Franklin, Benjamin, 97–9, 101, 146 exurbia, 150 Fraser, Nancy, 62 see also suburbia free-rider problem, 116 French-Canadian Americans, 48 Facebook, 166 fallacy, 45 gambling, 32, 35, 78, 104–5 false consciousness, 14 see also luck false promises, 13n42, 81–2 Gates, Bill, 149–50 Falwell, Jerry, 137 gays and lesbians, see sexuality families, 2, 34, 89, 92, 96, 101, 133, Geertz, Clifford, 100 162 gender, 44, 62, 63, 76, 80, 137, 143, low-income, 141, 153–5 144, 154, 165 with undocumented members, 163 see also sexuality; women family resemblances, 8, 26, 32, 36–8, geography, 11, 38, 43, 48, 67, 68 134 Germany, 167, 169 family reunification, 12 German Americans, 45, 47 fairness, 102, 154 gerrymandering, 61 justice and, 121, 138 the Gilded Age, 29, 31, 100, 101, 133, justice as, 7 147 procedural, 122 global north, 165 see also equal opportunity GlobalWaronTerror(GWOT),44, farmers, 115, 135, 136 58, 59 fascism, 139 see also Bush, George W. Federalists, 10, 68 globalization, 46, 166 felons, 62 the “good life,” 15, 16, 146, 154 234 INDEX

Goodridgev.DepartmentofPublic home ownership, 7, 13, 34, 125, 145, Health (2004), 73 154–5 Gramsci, Antonio, 14, 110 housing, 151, 170 Great Depression, 29, 99, 100, 147 Huntington, Samuel P., 3, 8, 27, 37, The Great Gatsby, see Fitzgerald, F. 38, 44–51 Scott Great Society, 135, 149, 151 identity politics, 67–72 see also Johnson, Lyndon B. ideology, 13–14 imagined communities, 11, 38, 49, habits of kindness, 5, 114, 134, 135 166 handicapped people, see disabled see also Anderson, Benedict people Immigration and Nationality Act (1965), see Hart-Celler Act happiness, see pursuit of happiness (1965) “Happy Hooker,” 31 inaugural addresses, 1, 9, 20, 21, 40, Hart-Celler Act (1965), 73, 74 41, 60, 144, 152 Hartz, Louis, 85–8 income, 17, 42, 76, 100, 125, 155 health insurance, 17, 43 universal basic income, 159 heaven, see salvation see also inequality hedonism, see Strauss, Leo India, 11, 111, 165–9 hegemony, 5, 14 see also American Indians hijab, see Muslims individualism, 110–17, 131–8 Hindus, 11, 111 see also rights Hindu Americans, 49, 50 Indonesians, 167 Hindu nationalists, 11, 165, 167 inequality, 16–18, 19, 28, 29, 72, 90, Hindutva, see Hindu nationalists 104, 119, 122, 123, 138, 150 under Hindus integration, 46 Hispanic, see Latino Americans racial, 15, 155 history, 4–20, 37, 45, 60, 85, 95, 102, see also assimilation 115, 117, 146, 169, 172 interpretation, 5, 14, 15, 26, 143 historians, 28, 101 Iraq, 59 historical blocs, 110 Irish Americans, 45, 47, 171 historical change, 4, 19–20, 167 Islamophobia, 167 historical continuity, 4, 20 Israel historical explanation, 20 new, 95 historiography, 20 American, 8 intellectual, 18 Italian Americans, 47, 171 see also American political development Jefferson, Thomas, 8, 9, 113, 114, Hobbes, Thomas, 120, 122 116, 117, 128, 135, 136 Hochschild, Jennifer L., 1, 14, Jeremiad 16–17, 43 American, 16, 29 Hollywood, 7, 35, 41, 148, 166 New England, 95, 129 INDEX 235

Jewish Americans, 47, 48, 49, 61, 76, see also context; language; 171 locutions; speech acts under Jillson, Calvin, 6–7, 28 speeches; syllogisms Jim Crow laws, 15, 171 Locke, John, 4, 8, 28, 37, 85–105, Johnson, Lyndon B., 135, 136, 149, 109, 118, 120, 122, 126, 127, 128 151, 152 “Lockean sympathy,” 4, 85–105 jus sanguinis,12 locutions, 2, 19, 131, 155 jus soli,12 see also linguistics Jyllands-Posten, 168 log cabin, 30 logic, 47, 58–9, 91, 123, 146, 164 keeping up with the Joneses, 148 see also fallacy; linguistics Kennedy, John F., 42 lottery, 12, 104 King, Martin Luther, Jr., 15, 152 see also luck Kosovo, 167 luck, 3, 28, 30–5, 104–5, 161 Kramnick, Isaac, 91, 122 see also beauty; lottery; talent; work Luther, Martin, 111, 118 Kymlicka, Will, 70, 71 Kyrgyz Republic, 11, 167 Macpherson, C.B., 87–8 Madison, James, 68 laïcité, 64, 168 “Manas” epic, see Kyrgyz Republic see also secularism majority Lakoff, George, 59 culture, 69 language, 3, 11, 37, 44–51, 118, 144, moral, 137 161, 164, 167 party, 165 bilingualism, 46, 48, 50, 55 white, 49 game, 36 will, 68 official, 50 marriage, 156 see also English; linguistics; arranged, 70 minorities; rights contracts, 75 Lasch, Christopher, 31 interracial, 15, 49 Latino Americans, 38, 44–51, 61, 69, plural, 55, 70 75, 162, 164, 172 same-sex, 55, 73, 81 non-Cuban, 76 Marx, Karl, 14, 92, 110, 120 Lawrence v. Texas (2003), 73 Medicare, 151 level playing field, 2, 5, 7, 17, 28, 33, mediocrity, 29–30 35, 105, 121, 141 meritocracy, 28, 102–22, 138, 142, see also meritocracy 143, 147, 153, 161, 169 lies, see false promises see also level playing field linguistics, 19 Merkel, Angela, 169 linguisitic connotations, 5, 87, 112, Mexicans, 46 114, 117, 125, 133 middle-class, see socioeconomic class linguistic sharedness, 11 Middle East and North Africa, 166 linguistic uptake, 2, 25, 60 see also North Africans 236 INDEX

Mill, John Stuart, 68, 120 natural law, 37 Miller, Arthur, 103, 148 naturalization, see naturalized under minimum government, 113, 116, citizenship 137, 154 necessary but not sufﬁcient minimum wage, 151, 163 conditions, 27, 32, 35 minorities, 61, 68, 70, 72, 151, 165, 168 The Netherlands, 167 ethnic, 37, 75, 167 neutrality, 64, 71, 168 homeowners who are, 151 see also colorblindness linguistic, 51 New Left, 3, 13, 16, 56, 57, 73–7 “new,” 75–6 Nixon, Richard, 40, 136, 144, 151 racial, 2, 15, 16, 37, 50, 75, 151, Noonan,Peggy,82 155, 171 norms, 12–13, 37, 45, 61, 64, 69, 70, religious, 50, 86–7, 93–4, 117, 167 88, 170 sexual, 69 North Africans, 167 see also children; language; race; Norwegians, 167 rights; sexuality mobility Obama, Barack, 1, 17, 39–42, 59–60, downward, 122, 150 79, 81, 145, 163, 164 upward, 5, 7, 28, 43, 78, 103, 122, obligations, 12, 66, 92 125, 145–52, 159, 165 Optic, Oliver, 99, 101, 147 modernity, 65, 122 modus vivendi, 169 Paine, Tom, 135 Mr. Smith Goes to Washington, 148 party platforms, see under Muirhead, Russell, 102–3 Democratic Party; Republican multiculturalism, 3, 46, 55, 56, 62, Party 63, 66, 67–72, 77, 81, 138, party realignment, 41 164–70 patriotism, 36–7, 111 multiracialism, 50, 75 Pawlenty, Tim, 42 Muslims, 167–9 peoplehood, 21, 32, 36, 167 Muslim Americans, 49, 50, 61 permanent residence, 12, 139, 161 Myrdal, Gunnar, 37, 45 Perry v. Brown (2012), 73 myth, 13, 17–18, 30, 102, 116 Perry v. Schwarzenegger (2010), 73 Personal Responsibility and Work Nackenoff, Carol, 88, 100, 149 Opportunity Reconciliation Act Napolean, 13 (1996), 153 narratives, 20, 36, 100 phenotype, 48, 63 Alger, 30, 99–105, 148, 149 Plato, 58 narrowcasting, 76–7 playing by the rules, see rules National Origins Act (1924), 74 pluralism, 55–6, 74, 77, 89, 119, 167 nationalism, see under Hindus political science, 5, 6, 18 nationality, 11–12, 44, 74 see also social sciences see also citizenship polygamy, see marriage native-borns, 10, 165 poor people, see poverty INDEX 237

“possessive individualism,” racial quotas, 155 see Macpherson, C.B. see also inequality; minorities; poverty, 17, 30, 98, 126, 141, 151, 153 rights; segregration; social justice absolute poor, 62 rags-to-riches, 99, 148–9 poor boys, 4, 30, 148 Rawls, John, 110, 120, 141–2 growing up poor, 42 Raza Studies, 71 poor people, 18, 31, 76, 92, 141, Reagan, Ronald, 40, 82, 137, 152–3 153, 155 reason, 58–9, 78, 81, 118, 120, 138, Poor Richard, 98 139 see also low-income under families see also dialectics; logic predestinarianism, 89, 96–9, 146, recession, see financial crisis 147, 172 (2008–2009) preparationism, 90, 97, 102 recognition, 12, 25, 57, 62, 63, 67, 69, presidential inaugural addresses, see 73, 74, 78, 144, 149 inaugural addresses redlining, 170 privileges, 7, 12, 57, 63, 66, 70, Reformation, see Protestant 105, 141 Reformation property, 31, 45, 85–93, 102, 114, religion 116, 128, 132, 136, 142, 148, 155 civil religion, 8, 9 see also rights of humanity, 65, 115, 134 Protestant ethic, see ethic official, 50, 144 Protestant Reformation, 111, 112, remittances, 162 118, 119 representation, 57, 64–8, 70, 112 public goods, 116, 135, 151 Republican National Convention, public opinion, 27, 35, 39, 43–4, 45 41, 79 public philosophy, 32, 36, 60, Republican Party, 59, 137, 138, 153–6 153, 159 platform, 1, 40, 76, 79, 137, 143, public policy, 14, 21, 28, 60, 64, 67, 154 70, 141, 143, 162, 168, 170 responsibilities, 136–7, 152–4, 156 Puritans, 89–99 rhetoric, 58–61 pursuit of happiness, 8, 10, 28, 29, see also audiences; context; 46, 49, 50, 87, 95, 123–9, 132, linguistics 144–56, 164 rights, 12, 36, 37, 56, 61–72, 78, 90, 92, 111–12, 117, 120, 128, 140, race, 3, 15, 16, 44–51, 67, 74, 76, 80, 144, 158, 160 137, 143–4, 153, 160, 164, 172 Bill of, 113 racial animosity, 16 bundle of, 12 racial coding, 153 of citizenship, 11, 65, 66, 80 racial divide, 17 civil, 15, 73, 138, 143, 144, 149, 152 racial inclusion, 15–17, 66 collective, 71 racial justice, 13, 15, 16, 78, 129, cultural, 67, 70 142, 152, 172 disability, 73 metaphor of, 122 economic, 67, 140 238 INDEX rights—continued Sandel, Michael, 36, 110 to emigrate, 80 Sarkozy, Nicolas, 169 to equal respect, 71 Scandinavian Americans, 45, 47, 48 to free speech, 57 schools, 144, 147, 155, 168 gay and lesbian, 59, 73 inner-city, 141 group-differentiated, 69 prayers in, 55 human, 64, 113, 144, 165, 171 reform of, 68, 141 inalienable, 9, 28, 50, 90, 112, 144 system, 141 individual, 35, 37, 61, 69, 90, 120, vouchers for, 140 132, 134 see also busing; education; language, 70 segregation to liberty, 29, 90 Schwarzenegger, Arnold, 39, 41, 42, to liberty of conscience, 70, 117 73, 79 to life, 29, 56, 90 secularism, 3, 64, 168 minority, 70, 80 secularization of ideals, 7–8, 85, 93, multicultural, 70 99, 119, 125–8, 158–9 natural, 90, 126, 132 see also laïcité political, 66–8, 70, 77 Secure Communities, 163, 164 to privacy, 56 segregration, 15–16, 67–8, 141, 155 to property, 90, 116, 121, 155 see also race; schools to protest, 116 self-help, 31, 78, 102, 116, 136, 153–4 to pursuit of happiness, 29, 37, self-interest, 114, 115, 127, 132, 119–20 134–6 social, 77 see also habits of kindness to success, 31 self-love, 132 to tax, 127–8 self-reliance, 115, 117, 135–7, 152, universal, 70–1 154, 156 to vote, 56–7, 61, 65, 67–8, 73, 160 selfishness, 102, 110, 114, 132–3, 149 to work, 159–60 “separate but equal” doctrine, 171 see also Shklar, Judith settlers, 44–51 Robertson, Pat, 137 sexuality, 16, 63, 69, 80 Rocky,80 gays and lesbians, 16, 61, 62, 63, Rodgers, Daniel, 101, 146 69, 73, 78, 80 Roe v. Wade (1973), 73 sex, 96 Romas, 169 see also marriage; gender; rights; rules, 125 women of inference, 58 Shklar, Judith, 160 playing by the rules, 78, 79, 103, single parents, 62 121 Smith, Rogers, 36, 37, 45, 88 social contract, 37 Safire, William, 82 social justice, 16, 78, 121, 129, 142, salvation, 85–105 143, 144, 151, 155, 156, 172 sanctuary cities, 64 social networks, 166 INDEX 239 social sciences, 18, 25, 82, 93 Tea Party, 80, 159 see also political science teleology, 8, 27, 39, 129, 147 socioeconomic class, 14, 31, 33, 43, Temporary Assistance to Needy 44, 64, 76, 100, 121, 122, 125, Families, 153 150, 159 temporary workers, 139 middle class, 13, 15–18, 30, 81, 93, Thapar, Romila, 20 94, 101, 105, 127, 146, 147, 149 theory, 26, 113, 117 working class, 80, 81 American political thought, 87, 89, South Africa, 165, 169 97–8 Spanish, 48, 51, 61, 77, 144 analytical, 19 see also language; Latino critical, 5, 19, 67, 110 Americans of identity, 63, 67–72, 80, 110 speeches, 18–21, 43, 57, 58, 60, 69, liberal, 70, 112 79, 81, 82, 135, 156 Lockean, 85, 87, 89–93, 128 speech acts, 19 normative, 19 speechwriters, 82 political, 5, 6, 19, 67, 87, 120 see also inaugural addresses; social, 67 linguistics; King, Martin Luther, Thoreau, H.D., 115–16, 136–7 Jr.; Party platforms under Title IX (1972), 73 individual party names;Stateof see also gender; women the Union messages Tocqueville, Alexis de, 5, 110–15, State of the Union messages, 1, 15, 132–6 20, 21, 40, 41, 60, 144, 153 Treaty of Westphalia, 166 steering, 170 Twitter, 166 strategic essentialism, 71 Strauss, Leo, 87–8 undocumented people, 5, 46, 59, 61, subprime mortgage, 1, 150 64, 76, 81, 139–40, 159–64 suburbia, 15, 16, 145 unemployment, 1, 62 see also exurbia United Kingdom, see Britain success, 123–9, 145–56 upward mobility, see under mobility see also business, rights suffrage, see to vote under rights variants of the American Dream, syllogisms, 58 15–17 see also enthymemes; logic virtue, 85–105 symbols visas, 161–3 national, 70 voluntarism, 77, 113, 116, 117, 123, religious, 168 132–6, 162 status, 150 Voting Rights Act (1965), 73 see also rights talent, 28, 32, 35, 79, 96, 104, 105, 121, 122, 138, 153, 161 Washington, George, 9 see also beauty; luck wealth, 30, 57, 90, 92, 101–3, 125, Tawney, R.H., 94 142, 147–52 240 INDEX

Weber, Max, 64, 65, 90, 93, 94, 98, white racism, 76 127 white supremacists, 167 welfare, 147, 153 white-ization, 171 white Americans, 16, 44–51, 76, 81, see also ethnicity; majority 125, 144, 160, 171 Winthrop, John, 8, 95, 100 children, 75 women, 37, 61, 66, 69, 73, 76, 160, liberals, 15 168 white minorities, 171 see also gender; sexuality non-Hispanic, 75, 171 work, see ethic nonwhite, 171 World War II, 15, 31, 146