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Pdf; Last Accessed August 10, 2012 Notes Chapter 1 1. There are, of course, many “Americas.” Here, I use the word “America” interchangeably with the “United States.” I also use the words “work” and “labor” interchangeably throughout this book. This is a self-conscious decision in spite of the distinction Hannah Arendt draws between work and labor. See Hannah Arendt, The Human Condition (Chicago: Univer- sity of Chicago Press, 1998). 2. To be sure, the occurrence of the word “dream” in these speeches may or may not refer to the American Dream as such. Yet, a close reading of the texts yields the conclusion that it most often does. These speeches are available at the University of California, Santa Barbara’s “American Presidency Project” website. Available at http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/; last accessed August 5, 2012. The numbers cited here reflect the follow- ing methodological considerations: (a) I have only taken into account the first of a series of six State of the Union addresses by Richard Nixon (1973); (b) I have excluded Reagan’s (1981), Bush’s (1989), Clinton’s (1993), Bush’s (2001), and Obama’s (2009) addresses before joint sessions of Congress because these were not technically State of the Union mes- sages; and (c) the word “undreamed” has been counted as an occurrence of the word “dream.” 3. See, especially, figure 2.1. More generally, see chapters 3 and 6. 4. Jennifer L. Hochschild, Facing Up to the American Dream: Race, Class, and the Soul of the Nation (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1995), xvii. 5. National League of Cities, “The American Dream in 2004: A Sur- vey of the American People” (Washington D.C., 2004). Available at http://usgovinfo.about.com/od/moneymatters/a/baddream.htm; last accessed August 10, 2012. 6. Janny Scott and David Leonhardt, “Shadowy Lines That Still Divide,” The New York Times, May 15, 2005. 7. Yvonne Abraham, “American Dream is Alive Here, Poll Finds,” Boston Globe, October 25, 2006. 8. Chris Good, “American Dream in Decline?” The Atlantic, March 15, 2010. 174 NOTES 9. Xavier University Institute for Politics and the American Dream, “The American Dream Survey” (2010). Available at http://www.xavier.edu/ americandream//documents/American-Dream-Press-Release.pdf; last accessed August 10, 2012. 10. While I cannot say that the study of politics is somehow hermetically sealed from the study of society and culture, the research presented here is finally about politics. Wherever necessary, I have referred to broad cultural patterns and social values. But the purpose of these references is always to point out something about how these values inform the practice of American politics. 11. W. B. Gallie, “Essentially Contested Concepts,” Proceedings of the Aristotelian Society, 56 (1956): 167–198. Also see, John Gerring, “What Makes a Concept Good? A Criterial Framework for Understanding Con- cept Formation in the Social Sciences,” Polity, 31(3) (1999); Giovanni Sartori, “Guidelines for Concept Analysis,” in Giovanni Sartori, ed., Social Science Concepts: A Systematic Analysis (Beverly Hills, CA: Sage, 1984); David Collier, Fernando Daniel Hidalgo, and Andra Olivia Maciuceanu, “Essentially Contested Concepts: Debates and Applications,” Journal of Political Ideologies, 11(3) (2006). 12. On “deep structures,” see Fred M. Frohock, “The Structure of ‘Politics,’ ” The American Political Science Review, 72(3) (1978). 13. Samuel P. Huntington. “The Hispanic Challenge,” Foreign Policy, March/April (2004a); Samuel P. Huntington, Who Are We?: The Chal- lenges to America’s National Identity (New York: Simon and Schuster, 2004b). 14. I owe this turn of phrase to an anonymous reviewer of an earlier draft of this manuscript. 15. Alexis de Tocqueville, Democracy in America, ed.PhillipsBradley,trans. Henry Reeves (New York: Vintage, 1945), 104–105. 16. See, for instance, Hochschild, Facing Up to the American Dream;Jim Cullen, The American Dream: A Short History of an Idea that Shaped a Nation (New York: Oxford, 2003); Calvin Jillson, Pursuing the American Dream: Opportunity and Exclusion over Four Centuries (Lawrence, KS: Kansas University Press, 2004). 17. Lee Artz and Bren Ortega Murphy, Cultural Hegemony in the United States (Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage, 2000). 18. Cullen, American Dream. 19. Jillson, Pursuing the American Dream. 20. Jillson, Pursuing the American Dream,xi. 21. Ludwig Wittgenstein, Philosophical Investigations, 3rd edition (Upper Sad- dle River, NJ: Prentice Hall, 1973). 22. Samuel P. Huntington, American Politics: The Promise of Disharmony (Cambridge, MA: Belknap Press, 1981), 11–12. NOTES 175 23. See John Locke, “Essay Concerning Human Understanding,” in The Works of John Locke (London: Thomas Tegg, 1963a), Book II, passim. 24. See Robert N. Bellah, “Civil Religion in America,” Daedalus: Religion in America, 96(1) (1967): 1–21; Joshua Foa Dienstag, “Serving God and Mammon: The Lockean Sympathy in Early American Political Thought,” The American Political Science Review, 90(3) (1996): 497–511. 25. Bellah, “Civil Religion.” 26. Bellah, “Civil Religion.” 27. Stephen Macedo, “Transformative Constitutionalism and the Case of Reli- gion: Defending the Moderate Hegemony of Liberalism,” Political Theory, 26(1) (1998): 56–80. 28. Stephen Prothero, Religious Literacy: What Every American Needs to Know—And Doesn’t (New York: HarperOne, 2007); Susan Jacoby, “Blind Faith: Americans Believe in Religion—but Know Little about It,” Washington Post, March 4, 2007. Also see Clyde Wilcox and Carin Larson, Onward Christian Soldiers?: The Religious Right in American Politics (Boul- der, CO: Westview, 2006). 29. Michael D. Tanner, “Faith-Based Charities on the Federal Dole?” Cato Institute (2001). Available at http://www.cato.org/pub_display.php?pub_ id= 4384; last accessed March 1, 2006. 30. Neela Banerjee, “Polls Find a Fluid Religious Life in the U.S.,” The New York Times, February 26, 2008. 31. Bellah, “Civil Religion.” 32. Rogan Kersh, Dreams of a More Perfect Union (Ithaca, NY: Cornell Univer- sity Press, 2001). 33. For more on intra-state heterogeneity, see Morris Fiorina, Samuel J. Abrams, and Jeremy Pope, Culture War? The Myth of a Polarized America, 3rd edition (London: Longman, 2010). 34. Benedict Anderson, Imagined Communities: Reflections on the Origin and Spread of Nationalism (New York: Verso, 1983). 35. Germany (particularly until 2000), with its jus sanguinis immigration poli- cies that stipulated that one could only be German if one was related to other Germans by blood, is a case in point. 36. Partha Chatterjee, Nationalist Thought and the Colonial World: A Deriva- tive Discourse? (New Delhi: Oxford University Press, 1999); Sunil Khilnani, TheIdeaofIndia(New York: Penguin, 1997). 37. See, for instance, Huntington, American Politics;SeymourMartin Lipset, American Exceptionalism: A Double-Edged Sword (New York: W.W. Norton, 1996); Gunnar Myrdal, An American Dilemma: The Negro Problem and Modern Democracy (Piscataway, NJ: Transaction, 1995). 38. Rogers Smith, Stories of Peoplehood (New York: Cambridge University Press, 2003). 176 NOTES 39. Christophe Jaffrelot, ed., Hindu Nationalism: A Reader (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2007); Khilnani, TheIdeaofIndia. 40. See, for instance, Elizabeth F. Cohen, Semi-Citizenship in Democratic Politics (New York: Cambridge University Press, 2009). 41. Huntington (“Who Are We?”) tries to draw a distinction between immi- grants and settlers, but as I demonstrate in other parts of this book, the distinction is spurious. 42. Once, a particularly intractable attendee at a research workshop proposed to me, with great solemnity, that “politicians lie.” He then proceeded to ask me: Why should we waste our time studying these lies? I respond to this “critique” of my work in Chapter 3, Section 3.5. 43. Gallie, “Essentially Contested Concepts.” Also see, Gerring, “What Makes a Concept Good?”; Sartori, “Guidelines for Concept Analysis”; Collier et al., “Essentially Contested Concepts”; Raymond Williams, Keywords: A Vocab- ulary of Culture and Society (New York: Oxford University Press, 1976); Ter r y Eag leton, Ideology: An Introduction (London: Verso Books, 1991); John Plamenatz, Ideology (New York: Macmillan, 1971). 44. Eagleton, Ideology. 45. Williams, Keywords. 46. For more on this, see Karl Marx, “On the Jewish Question,” in D. McLellan, ed., Karl Marx: Selected Writings (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1977); Karl Marx, “Manifesto of the Communist Party,” in R. C. Tucker, ed., The Marx-Engels Reader (New York: Norton, 1978); Stuart Hall, ‘The Problem of Ideology: Marxism without Guarantees, in B. Matthews, ed., Marx: 100 Years and On (London: Lawrence and Wishart, 1983); Andrew Feenberg, Lukács, Marx, and the Sources of Critical Theory (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1986); John Merrington, “Theory and Prac- tice in Gramsci’s Marxism,” in New Left Review,ed.,Western Marxism: ACriticalReader(London: Verso, 1977); Bertell Ollman, Dialectical Inves- tigations (New York: Routledge, 1993); Perry Anderson, “The Antinomies of Antonio Gramsci,” New Left Review, 100 (1976): 5–78; Christine Buci- Glucksmann, “Hegemony and Consent: A Political Strategy,” in Anne Showstack Sassoon, ed., Approaches to Gramsci (New York: Writers & Readers/Norton, 1982); Anne Showstack Sassoon, “Hegemony, War of Position and Political Intervention,” in Anne Showstack Sassoon, ed., Approaches to Gramsci (New York: Writers & Readers/Norton, 1982). 47. Hochschild, Facing Up to the American Dream. 48. Also see Ann Swidler, “Culture in Action: Symbols and Strategies,” American Sociological Review, 51(2) (1986):
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