A Szkíta-Hun Nyelvek Hangtan a Magyar És a Szkíta-Hun Nyelvek

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A Szkíta-Hun Nyelvek Hangtan a Magyar És a Szkíta-Hun Nyelvek Czeglédi Katalin A szkíta-hun nyelvek Hangtan A magyar és a szkíta-hun nyelvek alapja 1. Mikes International Hága, Hollandia 2009. Lektorálta: Tatár Zoltán Copyright Czeglédi Katalin Minden jog fenntartva All rights reserved _____________________ Kiadó 'Stichting MIKES INTERNATIONAL ' alapítvány, Hága, Hollandia. Számlaszám: Postbank rek.nr. 7528240 Cégbejegyzés: Stichtingenregister: S 41158447 Kamer van Koophandel en Fabrieken Den Haag Terjesztés A könyv a következ ő Internet-címr ől tölthet ő le: http://www.federatio.org/mikes_bibl.html Aki az email-levelezési listánkon kíván szerepelni, kérjük küldjön egy emailt a következ ő címre: [email protected] A kiadó nem rendelkezik anyagi forrásokkal. Többek áldozatos munkájából és adományaiból tartja fenn magát. Adományokat szívesen fogadunk. Cím A szerkeszt őség, illetve a kiadó elérhet ő a következ ő címeken: Email: [email protected] Levelezési cím: P.O. Box 10249, 2501 HE, Den Haag, Hollandia _____________________ ISSN 1570-0070 ISBN 978-90-8501-139-2 NUR 616 2 El őszó a harmadik kiadáshoz A Hangtan és az Ősmondattan jelen kiadása a harmadik. Els őként a Miskolci Nagy Lajos király Magánegyetemen, másodszor a Budapesti Körösi Csoma Magánegyetemen adták ki egyetemi jegyzet formájában. A két kiadás címe nem azonos, ennek több oka van. El őször is az, hogy az újabb kiadás egyben javított, tovább fejlesztett anyagot tartalmaz. Másodszor függ attól, hogy a kiadó milyen célközönségnek szánja a kiadványokat. Jelen kiadás címe a sorozat harmadik kötetének, a Gyökrendszer nek a megírásakor született meg. Mindegyiknek ugyanazt az alcímet adtam: A szkíta-hun nyelvek alapja . Ennek a magyarázata a következ ő: A Hangtan, az Ősmondattan és a Gyökrendszer olyan alapm ű, amely alapul szolgál a Volga-Urál vidéke földrajzi neveinek, alap a Kárpát-medence tulajdonnevei és a magyar közszók valamint a grammatikai lexémák megfejtéséhez, a magyar nyelvtan megírásához. Alap Eurázsia szkíta-hun eredet ű földrajzi neveinek és egyéb tulajdonneveinek a megfejtéséhez, a szkíta-hun írott emlékek megfejtéséhez, és a szkíta-hun utódnyelvek nyelvtanának a megírásához. Alap a szláv nyelvek, az uráliba sorolt nyelvek szkíta-hun elemeinek a megismeréséhez, valamint további nyelvek (görög, latin, angol, német stb.) szkíta-hun elemeinek a felismeréséhez, értelmezéséhez. Bár ezek a könyvek nem népszer űsít ő kiadványok, hiszen a grammatikánknak a tudományos, szakmai megalapozását tartalmazzák, azonban a tanulságok, az összegzések mindenki számára érthet őek. S őt, sok olyan név, szó is szerepel a kiadványokban, amelyek a nem szakemberek érdekl ődését is felkelthetik. 2009. október 3 El őszó 1975 -ben Szegedr ől mint utolsó éves hallgató orosz és csuvas nyelvb ől egyetemi részképzésre Csuvasföld f ővárosába Csebokszáriba utazhattam. Az orosz és a csuvas nyelv tanulása mellett sok egyéb feladatom is volt. Többek között magyar illetve magyarral kapcsolatos földrajzi neveket kerestem. Csuvas tanáraim és diáktársaim önzetlen segítségének köszönhet ően bepillantást nyerhettem az archivális anyagok gazdag birodalmába is. Ett ől kezdve már nem csak ismerkedtem a nyelvekkel, nyelvek történetével, nyelvi kapcsolatokkal, olykor nyelvészeti őstörténeti tanulságokat vontam le a nyelvészeti jelleg ű munkáimban, hanem ekkor indultak el a nyelvészeti őstörténeti kutatásaim. Kezdetben csak Csuvasia földrajzi neveit tanulmányoztam, amelynek során sok új ismerethez jutottam a csuvas, az orosz, a környez ő finnugor (cseremisz, mordvin, komi, udmurt stb.) és a magyar nyelvet illet ően, azonban a neveket nem tudtam maradéktalanul értelmezni, megfejteni. A legfontosabbak nagy része, a víznevek nem szólaltak meg. Felt űnt azonban, hogy a nevek hangalakjukat tekintve kapcsolatot mutatnak a környék földrajzi neveivel, s őt a Kárpát - medence földrajzi neveinek egy részével és számos családnevünkkel, s őt a közneveinkkel és további névszókkal, valamint igékkel és grammatikai lexémáinkkal. Ekkor bevontam a kutatásba a környék, immár a Volga -Urál vidéke vízneveit és víznévi eredet űnek látszó egyéb földrajzi neveit is. A mintegy 20 ezerre b ővült adathalmazt kezdetben cédulaanyagon kezeltem, majd az adatokat a számítógépre telepítettem és sok szempont szerint vizsgáltam, és vizsgálom ma is. Nagy hajtóer őnek mutatkozott az eddig tanultak egy részének felismerése a földrajzi nevekben, ugyanakkor csapásként is hatott az a tény, hogy az egyetemen és a szakirodalomban szerzett ismeretek másik részét nem csak nem találtam igazoltnak, hanem azok egyenesen tévesnek bizonyultak. Az egyetlen lehetséges út egyértelm űen a kritikai megközelítés lett. Ez pedig sok mindent jelentett és vont maga után. Jelentette azt, hogy az írott forrásokat és a szakirodalmat újra kellett tanulmányoznom és értelmeznem, a forrásokkal és a földrajzi nevekkel egybehangzó véleményeket meger ősítettem, az ellentmondóakat pedig még alaposabb vizsgálatnak vetettem alá. Meg kellett tanulnom, hogy a tudományban nincsenek, nem lehetnek lezárt ügyek. A nagyszer űnek vélt tanáraim tévedhetnek, s még nagyszer űbbé válnak, ha nyitottak az újabb eredmények kritikai befogadására. Csak annak az egyetemnek, tudományos akadémiának, országnak van jöv ője, amelyik mindezt felvállalja, nem pedig megszabadulni igyekszik ett ől a szemlélett ől és az ennek elkötelezett oktatóitól, kutatóitól. Ma már világosan látom, hogy egyetlen út létezik számomra, s a tudomány számára is, az összhang, a rendszerbeillés, a kölcsönös igazolás, a valódi, az igaz keresése a múltban és a jelenben. S ha valamit megtaláltam bel őle, akkor arról adjak számot szóban és írásban azért, hogy a kutatók, szakemberek és a csak józanul gondolkodó érdekl ődők mindezt megismerjék s közben eldönthessék, ismereteik szerint mire kell odafigyelni, mely megállapításokat vélnek helyesnek és igazolhatónak, mely kérdéseket kell épít ő kritikával illetni vagy tovább vinni. Az is világossá vált, hogy érdemben a földrajzi névi kutatásokat csak a három nyelvcsaládba (uráli, altáji és indoeurópai) sorolt nyelvek bizonyos szint ű ismeretében lehetséges végezni. Ez is hozzásegített ahhoz, hogy a földrajzi nevek feldolgozása során született eredmények és az anyag maga kínálta a megoldást, a választ számos kérdésre, mint ahogyan a már megjelent írásaim, s az alábbiakban megjelölt könyvek is nem el őre meghatározott feladat és elv szerint születtek, hanem azokat a gondolatokat, szabályszer űségeket fogalmaztam meg, amelyek a földrajzi nevekb ől kiolvashatók. A megjelen ő könyvek is így születtek meg. 4 Tartalom El őszó a harmadik kiadáshoz..................................................................................................3 El őszó ....................................................................................................................................4 Bevezetés .............................................................................................................................12 A könyvben használt bet űk és értékük: .............................................................................13 Mássalhangzók .............................................................................................................14 Magánhangzók .............................................................................................................14 Jelek .............................................................................................................................16 A példák felépítése ...........................................................................................................16 Els ő rész:......................................................................................................................16 Második rész: ...............................................................................................................17 1. A nyelvészeti őstörténetr ől................................................................................................18 2. A Volga-Urál vidéke földrajzi neveinek összehasonlító hangtani vizsgálata..................21 2.1. A mássalhangzók viszonyai .......................................................................................25 2.1.1. A k és viszonyai ..................................................................................................25 2.1.1.1. k ~ k ´ viszony: ..............................................................................................25 2.1.1.2. k ~ g viszony: ...............................................................................................26 2.1.1.3. k ~ j viszony:................................................................................................29 2.1.1.4. k ∼ č viszony: ...............................................................................................34 2.1.1.5. k ∼ š viszony:................................................................................................36 2.1.1.6. k ∼ ś viszony:................................................................................................37 2.1.1.7. k ∼ š č viszony...............................................................................................38 2.1.1.8. k ∼ s viszony:................................................................................................38 2.1.1.9. k ∼ dž viszony:..............................................................................................39 2.1.1.10. k ∼ ž viszony:..............................................................................................39 2.1.1.11. k ∼ dz , d ź, dž viszony:.................................................................................40
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