Alternate Names of Places ALSO BY ADRIAN ROOM AND FROM MCFARLAND

African Placenames: Origins and Meanings of the Names for Natural Features, Towns, Cities, Provinces and Countries, 2d ed. (2008) The Pronunciation of Placenames: A Worldwide Dictionary (2007) Nicknames of Places: Origins and Meanings of the Alternate and Secondary Names, Sobriquets, Titles, Epithets and Slogans for 4600 Places Worldwide (2006) Placenames of the World: Origins and Meanings of the Names for 6,600 Countries, Cities, Territories, Natural Features and Historic Sites, 2d ed. (2006) Dictionary of Pseudonyms: ¡¡,000 Assumed Names and Their Origins, 4th ed. (2004) Placenames of France: Over 4,000 Towns, Villages, Natural Features, Regions and Departments (2004; paperback 2009) Encyclopedia of Corporate Names Worldwide (2002; paperback 2008) A Dictionary of Art Titles: The Origins of the Names and Titles of 3,000 Works of Art (2000; paperback 2008) A Dictionary of Music Titles: The Origins of the Names and Titles of 3,500 Musical Compositions (2000; paperback 2008) Literally Entitled: A Dictionary of the Origins of the Titles of Over ¡,300 Major Literary Works of the Nineteenth and Twentieth Centuries (¡996; paperback 2009) Placenames of Russia and the Former Soviet Union: Origins and Meanings of the Names for Over 2,000 Natural Features, Towns, Regions and Countries (¡996) The Naming of Animals: An Appellative Reference to Domestic, Work and Show Animals Real and Fictional (¡993) Corporate Eponymy: A Biographical Dictionary of the Persons Behind the Names of Major American, British, European and Asian Businesses (¡992) Alternate Names of Places A Worldwide Dictionary

ADRIAN ROOM

McFarland & Company, Inc., Publishers Jefferson, North Carolina, and London LIBRARY OF CONGRESS CATALOGUING-IN-PUBLICATION DATA Room, Adrian. Alternate names of places : a worldwide dictionary / Adrian Room. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references.

ISBN 978-0-7864-3712-2 softcover : 50# alkaline paper

1. Gazetteers. I. Title. G105.R648 2009 910.3—dc22 2009017992

British Library cataloguing data are available

©2009 Adrian Room. All rights reserved

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Manufactured in the United States of America

McFarland & Company, Inc., Publishers Box 611, Jefferson, North Carolina 28640 www.mcfarlandpub.com Contents

Introduction 1

The Placenames 7

Appendix I: Names of Places in Non-English Languages 235 Appendix II: Fictional Names of Places 246 Select Bibliography 255

v This page intentionally left blank Introduction

This new type of geographical diction- not even associated with the place in question. ary lists the alternate names, current and his- Many Soviet places were simply given a gen- torical, by which over 7,000 places in the erally Communist name, typically with the el- world are or have been known. (The actual ement Krasno-, “red,” to reflect the new number of alternate names is nearer 9,000, regime, while others were renamed for Lenin since many places have or had more than one or Stalin without any local connection with such name.) these leaders. Some such renamings remain on For the purposes of this record, an alter- the map today, almost 20 years after the demise nate name is one that bears or bore an official of the Soviet state. or at least a semiofficial status, rather than Ideological renaming of this kind was not being simply a nickname or a colloquial abbre- confined to the USSR, and some towns else- viation. where in the Socialist bloc took on new names, An alternate name may be a respelling, as such as Hungary’s Dunaújváros, which for a when a name is restored to a correct form from decade was Sztálinváros, or the former East a corrupt original, or it may even be in a com- Germany’s Chemnitz, which for almost forty pletely different language, as when one coun- years was on the map as Karl-Marx-Stadt. try is occupied or conquered by another, a fate There were few such renamings in Poland, a that historically befell many European states. country recast with German placenames dur- Not all name changes are the result of ing World War II, but from 1946 to 1992 the hostilities. Sometimes settlers in virgin terri- city of Podgorica in the former Yugoslavia hon- tory find it hard to decide on a suitable name ored the republic’s first president as Titograd. for their place of settlement. There are thus In countries of central and eastern Eu- places in the United States that have under- rope such as these, a new name was often gone more than one change of name, such as based on a previous name, which was either Glen Ellyn, Illinois, which finally arrived at its adapted to the succeeding new language or present name after a run of six successive ear- where possible translated into it. Thus the Slo- lier names. vakian town of Nové Mesto nad Váhom, with The choice of a new name for a place a name meaning “new town on the Váh,” for may be politically motivated, as the hundreds the river on which it lies, was earlier known of towns and villages renamed in the former by the Hungarian name Vágújhely and Ger- Soviet Union. Here two birds were often killed man name Waag-Neustadt, with “new town” with one stone, since an undesirable or polit- translated into the superseding language and ically incorrect name could be abolished and the form of the river name accommodated to replaced with a new politically correct one, it. which often as not bore no relationship to the Many places around the world have roots earlier name. In some cases, a new name was that go deep into history, with an original

1 Introduction 2 name in a now extinct language. Names of exist in tandem, but with English usually biblical origin are often of this type, as are the being the official form. (Irish equivalents for numerous places in the Roman Empire with names in Northern Ireland exist but are gen- Latin names. Such names, marked “Roman” in erally not official. They are included in the the present book rather than “Latin,” in turn dictionary, however. In this respect, care is are often of earlier origin, dating back several needed in differentiating between “northern centuries BC to a defunct language such as an- Ireland,” in the Irish Republic, and “Northern cient Greek or Phoenician. The Roman names Ireland,” as part of the United Kingdom.) In of places in France are thus often Gallo- Wales, English still mostly predominates, but Roman, and based on Gaulish, a Celtic lan- the Welsh names are invariably used in Welsh- guage. language texts, as in the media and official leg- In countries with a colonial heritage there islation. Most places in Scotland have equiv- can be a complete change of language, with a alent Gaelic names (listed in Edward Dwelly’s native name replaced by a European one, itself Illustrated Gaelic-English Dictionary) but in in more recent times either reverting to its in- regular use retain the English forms of their digenous original or assuming a new native names. An exception is the Gaelic-speaking form. Not many European names remain Western Isles, where the town of Stornoway today on the map of Africa, although English now officially appears on maps in its Gaelic names are still a significant presence in coun- guise of Steornabagh, as do most villages and tries such as Australia and New Zealand, de- natural features, including the islands them- spite the prevalence of native names, here re- selves. (Many of these names are not actually spectively Aboriginal and Maori. An Gaelic in origin but Scandinavian, so that the analogous situation exists in the United States Gaelic form is simply a respelling. Stornoway and Canada, where names of European origin itself is one such.) in languages such as English, French, and In the Basque Country of northern Spain Spanish remain widespread on the map and southwestern France, places are now often amongst the numerous Indian names. In known by their Basque names in addition to, South America, and especially Latin America, or instead of, their respective Spanish or Spanish and Portuguese names are visibly in French names. A similar situation applies in evidence today as replacements for historical Brittany, northwestern France, where Breton Indian names. It goes without saying, of names are often bracketed with their French course, that not all European placenames in equivalents, while in Catalonia, northeastern countries with a colonial past are substitutions Spain, Catalan names are now regularly given for native names, as a good number of such pride of place on the map, in acknowledgment names are those of newly-founded settle- of the region’s status as an autonomous com- ments. munity. In Switzerland some places have as In many countries today more than one many as four different forms of name in each language is spoken, so that places officially of the country’s official languages, French, bear two names. Thus, places in Belgium often German, Italian, and Romansh, this last being bear both French and Flemish names, while the local language. places in Ireland are known by an English For the purposes of this dictionary, alter- name and an Irish and places in Wales by an nate current names are often not simply vari- English name and a Welsh. In Belgium, the ant spellings but distinctively different. Thus, official form of the name is usually French in the name of La Guajira, a department of the south and Flemish in the north and east, northeastern Colombia, is also spelled La Goa- while in Ireland the Irish and English names jira and La Goagira, but these are basically one 3 Introduction

and the same name, not significant alternates. uation is created in which alternate names be- The same goes for names that are essentially a come current, sometimes for years, and cer- shorter version of an original much longer tainly long enough to feature on maps and in name. In such cases the present name is ex- gazetteers, even if the old name is regarded as actly the same as the main part of the histor- secondary and is printed in parenthesis. Some ical name, so is not a true alternate. Many co- atlases retain the old name for the physical or lonial Spanish and Portuguese names in the geographic map of a region, giving the new Americas began life as an impressive religious name in the political map. Thus, Philip’s Great dedication, incorporating a saint’s name, but World Atlas (see Select Bibliography, p. 255) today only the basic name or word remains. shows the location of the New Hebrides in its Such are Argentina’s San Pedro de Jujuy, now physical map of Australia and Oceania, but usually San Pedro, Uruguay’s Santo Domingo de names the island republic Vanuatu in the cor- Soriano, now Soriano, and Brazil’s São Miguel responding political map. de Jucurutu, now normally Jucurutu. Names The traditional English spelling of well- of this type are generally absent from the dic- known names also persists in general use, even tionary. But where an earlier lengthy name has in the media and works of reference. Thus, now been superseded by a different shorter The Times Style and Usage Guide, published in one, they duly feature. Brazil’s Santo Antônio 2003, recommends such spellings as Dunkirk, de Leverger has a name previously shortened Gothenburg, and Lyons, as well as the conven- to Leverger and before that Santo Antônio, but tionally accepted Brussels, Cologne, and Venice, it originated as Santo Antônio do Rio Abaixo. Its while the 11th edition of The Chambers Dic- name has thus changed and is therefore in- tionary, published as recently as 2008, de- cluded. Where a well-known name in one of scribed the World War I Western Front as a these two languages has an interesting origin, belt of land running from the Belgian coast however, it is generally included. A famous “through Rheims to Verdun.” Not surpris- example is California’s Los Angeles, which ingly, the anomalous situation forms a recur- began life as El Pueblo de la Reyna de Los An- ring topic of discussion in the press. geles on a river that the Spanish christened Por- Entries in the dictionary give the current ciúncula in honor of Nuestra Señora la Reyna de name, location, and description of the place los Angeles de Porciúncula, “Our Lady the followed by its one or more present or past al- Queen of Angels of the Little Portion.” Today ternate names, preceded by qualifying words the city’s name has reduced even further to a such as “formerly,” “conventional,” “origi- colloquial LA. nally,” and in the case of former names by a A broad range of places have abandoned date, where known, of the relevant name a colonial name in favor of an indigenous one, change. Names beginning with a numeral are from towns and cities in Africa, such as located alphabetically as if the numeral were Harare, formerly Salisbury, and Lubumbashi, spelled out in the language concerned. Thus, formerly Élisabethville, to South Pacific islands 26 Bakinskikh Kommunarov, imeni is located such as Fatu Hiva, formerly Magdalena Island, between Duzkend and Dvigatel’stroy since the and Nanumanga, formerly Hudson Island. In numeral represents Russian dvadtsat’ shest’, such cases, however official and publicly pro- “twenty-six.” The same applied to names con- moted the name change, the old name often taining a numeral other than as the first word. continues in general use alongside the new. If Thus, Pio IX is located between Pionersky and the inhabitants of a place, or those familiar Piotrków Trybunalski, since the (Roman) nu- with it, have long known it by a particular meral represents Portuguese nono, “ninth.” name which is then replaced by another, a sit- The geographical location of a place is Introduction 4 usually given as a “compass” indication in the southern Kuril Islands, territory which passed country concerned, as “eastern France,” to Japan following the Russo-Japanese War of “northwestern Turkey,” “southern Russia.” In 1904–05. extensive English-speaking countries such as Where the name includes a generic term the United States, Canada, and Australia, the such as “Islands” or “Mt.” this is not repeated place is additionally located by state, province, in the description, so that for example Bonin or other administrative region. It should be Islands and McKinley, Mt. simply have their noted that the “compass” indication is that of respective locations (“western Pacific,” “Alaska, the place in the country, rather than that of northwestern United States”). The designa- the administrative region, although the two tions “village,” “town,” and “city” do not de- may coincide. For example, Cambridge Bay is note official status but define a place in terms in northern Canada in the territory of of approximate size of population, so that “vil- Nunavut, while Cape Dorset, also in Nunavut, lage” denotes a small community with under is in northeastern Canada. The disparity oc- 3,000 residents, “town” a larger settlement curs because Nunavut itself is a large region. with up to 20,000 inhabitants, and “city” a Where the named region is smaller, as one of center with a population greater than this. the northeastern states of the USA, the geo- Similarly, status titles such as “capital” or “cen- graphical location will tally with that of the ter of government” are not used, although place within the country as a whole. Thus countries that are republics are designated as Lackawanna, in the northeastern state of New such. York, is in the northeast of the United States, In the main part of the entry, a date pre- but San Diego, in the western state of Califor- ceded by the word “to” indicates either that nia, the third-largest state in the country, is an original name was current up to or through more precisely in the southwest of the United that date or else that the name was in use over States rather than simply in the west of the an unspecified period some time before the country. stated year. It should be noticed that the dates In cases where places of identical name run in reverse chronological order, with the most are located in the same geographical section recent former name given first and the earliest of a country and are not otherwise distin- last. Thus Dearborn, Michigan, was formerly guished by administrative region, a more exact known as Dearbornville; then before that pin-pointing is given by means of “near” and Pekin; then before that Bucklin; and ultimately, the name of a local town or city. This typi- as its original name, Ten Eyck. Where a name cally occurs in Russia, where for example there was current over two separate historical peri- are two places Donskoye in the western part of ods, however, the dates run chronologically. the country, one near Kaliningrad, the other Thus, Beijing (formerly Peking) was known as near Lipetsk. (Administrative regions are not Peiping from 1368 to 1403 and again from 1928 given in non–English-speaking countries, even to 1949, and these two periods are given in in extensive lands such as Russia, as these may normal sequence. In a few cases, where a name be of little significance to the general English- switches more than once from one language speaking reader, who in this particular case to another, the recurring name is repeated for would need to “place” the oblasti of Kalin- sake of clarity. Thus, the city of Cahul in ingrad and Lipetsk, named for their respec- Moldova, known when in the Soviet Union tive capitals.) It should be observed that for- by the Russian name Kagul, bore its present mer names in eastern Russia identified as Romanian name from 1919 to 1940, its Russian Japanese are almost exclusively in the southern name before that from 1878 to 1918, its Ro- half of the Kamchatka peninsula and the manian name before that from 1856 to 1878, 5 Introduction

and its Russian name before that from 1812 to Canada, English names were largely replaced 1856. The entry thus reads: 1919–1940 Ro- by Inuit (Eskimo) ones following the creation manian Cahul, 1878–1918 Russian Kagul, of the territory of Nunavut in 1999 from the 1868–1878 Romanian Cahul, 1812–1856 Rus- eastern region of the Northwest Territories. In sian Kagul. eastern Europe and central Asia new names The dates themselves are frequently a appeared in most of the former Soviet re- significant pointer to historical events, espe- publics as they celebrated independence in or cially in Europe. Thus, 1809 was the year soon after 1991, the year that brought the col- when Sweden ceded Finland to Russia, result- lapse of the Soviet Union as a whole. ing in wholesale renaming, while the recur- Placenames in the USSR usually became ring date 1878 marks the Congress of Berlin at known to the world in their Russian forms, the end of the Russo-Turkish War, following even where the local language was not even an era during which the declining Ottoman Slavonic. In such cases, the Russian forms are Empire fought a series of wars with Poland, given in round brackets (parentheses). Names Austria, and Russia. That year saw the estab- in a local language differing from the accepted lishment of Bulgaria as an autonomous prin- English form of the name are by contrast given cipality and the beginning of that country’s in square brackets. Thus the country called by abandonment of the Turkish placenames that the English Latvia is known to the Latvians as had hitherto existed. The wholesale bulgar- Latvija (in square brackets), was known to the ization of such names, however, did not take Russians when in the Soviet Union as Latviya place until 1934, following the installation of (in round brackets), and when under German Kimon Georgiev as prime minister and the rule was named Lettland (unbracketed). For- “national restoration” policy of his dictatorial mer Russian names are mostly given for places regime. in countries speaking a language closely allied Dates relating to World War I (1914–18) to Russian, as particularly Ukraine and Be- and World War II (1939–45) usually involve larus. In these countries there may thus be lit- the invasion and occupation of one country tle difference between the names in the respec- by another or, conversely, a peace treaty end- tive languages, and they will require careful ing hostilities and establishing a new territo- distinction. rial order. Poland, for example, was occupied As a matter of linguistic precision, it by Germany in both world wars and invaded should be noted that an apostrophe in a Rus- by Soviet armies during the latter. The lan- sian name represents a soft sign, a character guage names “German,” “Polish,” and “Rus- (denoting palatalization of the preceding con- sian,” among others, appear regularly over this sonant) often omitted in transcription. But in period. Ukrainian and Belorussian the apostrophe is an As stated, not all new names were cre- integral part of the orthography, and should ated as a result of war or oppressive hegemony, properly never be omitted. In the present and in several instances a renaming marked book, the apostrophe thus appears in names in the achievement of autonomy. Greenland, still all three languages. today an integral part of the Danish realm, A special situation applies to alternate changed most of its names from Danish to placenames in China, where names have two Greenlandic when the island was granted forms. The traditional way of romanizing Chi- home rule in 1979, and many of the towns and nese names is the so-called Wade-Giles sys- cities in northeastern South Africa abandoned tem, devised in the mid–19th century by two their Afrikaans or English names in favor of British scholars, Thomas Wade and Herbert African ones from the 1990s. In northern Giles. Distinguished by its use of hyphens and Introduction 6 apostrophes, the latter denoting aspiration in places have more than one present or past al- consonants, it produced such names as Hei- ternate name. Names mentioned in an entry’s lung-chiang, Liao-ning, Nan-ch’ang, and Ch’ing- appended comment are also cross-referenced. hai. This contrasts with the prevalent Pinyin Since language plays a significant role in (literally, “spell sound”) system, adopted from alternate names, Appendix I, p. 235, lists a se- 1956 and now officially prescribed for English- lection of names of well-known places in lan- speaking countries. Examples of Pinyin names guages other than English, if only because with their Wade-Giles equivalents are Chang- modern atlases, maps, and gazetteers give pref- zhi (Ch’ang-chih), Guiyang (Kuei-yang), Nan- erence to the local name of a place, rather than tong (Nan-t’ung), and Xiantan (Hsiang-t’an). its traditional English form. As explained in The name for China itself is Zhongguo or the preamble to this Appendix, the languages Zhonghua in Pinyin, Chung-kuo or Chung-hua chosen for this purpose belong to different lin- in Wade-Giles. The present book uses Pinyin, guistic families. but for its particular purpose does not treat Appendix II, p. 246, is devoted to a spe- the two forms of names as alternates. Such cial category of alternate names, as a selection pairs could alone make up a gazetteer of their of fictional names of places, meaning not own. This does not mean that Chinese names fictional places, but real places known in liter- are altogether excluded, since some have tra- ature by fictional names. The names of the au- ditional English forms (as Nanking for Nan- thors in whose work or works these names ap- jung) and others, as elsewhere, have historical pear are also given. In a few noteworthy cases, forms (as Nanning, formerly Yongning). a place has officially adopted its fictional name, Several entries have appended comments. either by a name change or by adding the lit- The purpose of such additions is either to pro- erary name to its real name. Thus Oliver vide information regarding the circumstances Goldsmith’s “Sweet Auburn! loveliest village of a name change or to explain the origin or of the plain” gave not only the name of the meaning of a name where this is relevant to village in Ireland but also the names of several such a change. Sometimes an important event Auburns in the United States. In France, the such as a battle or treaty has resulted in the town of Illiers added Combray, Marcel Proust’s historical survival of an earlier name, and in name for it, to become Illiers-Combray. such cases the key facts are provided. The bat- The Select Bibliography that closes the tle of Eylau in the Napoleonic Wars was thus dictionary (p. 255) lists works directly related waged near the Russian village now known as to alternate placenames, from discursive stud- Bagrationovsk, and that of Königgrätz, in the ies to modern and historical gazetteers and at- Austro-Prussian War, around the Czech town lases. now named Hradec Králové. A key feature of the dictionary is the Stamford, Lincolnshire, England cross-references. These necessarily outnum- Summer 2009 ber the main entries, since as stated some THE DICTIONARY

Aabenraa see Åbenrå Abbeyleix (town, east central Ireland) : Irish Aachen (city, western Germany) : formerly Mainistir Laoise French Aix-la-Chapelle; Roman Aquae Grani; Abdalyar see Lachin alternate Roman Aquisgranum (The French Abdera see Adra name is associated with the treaties of 1668, Abegweit see Prince Edward Island ending the War of Devolution, and of 1748, Abellinum see Avellino ending the War of Succession. In 1818 the city Abemama (atoll, western Kiribati) : formerly hosted the Conference of the Holy Alliance, or Roger Simpson Island Congress of Aix-la-Chapelle.) Åbenrå (city, southern Denmark) : alternate Aalborg see Ålborg Aabenraa; 1864–1920 German Apenrade Aalst (city, west central Belgium) : French Alost Aberafan see Aberavon Aargau (canton, northern Switzerland) : French Aberavon (village, southern Wales) : Welsh Aber- Argovie afan (The village is now a district of Port Tal- Aarhus see Århus bot.) Aarlen see Arlon Aberbrothock see Arbroath Aasiaat (town, western Greenland) : formerly Abercorn see (1) Mbala; (2) Shamva Danish Egedesminde Aberdâr see Aberdare Aat see Ath Aberdare (town, southern Wales) : Welsh Ab- Abakan (town, southern Russia) : 1925–1931 erdâr Khakassk; to 1925 Ust’-Abakanskoye Aberdaugleddau see Milford Haven Abakanskoye see Krasnoturansk Aberdovey (town, western Wales) : Welsh Ab- Abakansko-Zavodskoye see Abaza erdyfi Abakumova see Dzhansugurov Aberdyfi see Aberdovey 1Abay (city, east central Kazakhstan) : to 1961 Abergavenny (town, southeastern Wales) : Welsh Churubay-Nura Y Fenni; Roman Gobannium 2Abay (town, southern Kazakhstan) : formerly Abergwaun see Fishguard Abay-Bazar Aberhonddu see Brecon Abay see Karaul Abermo see Barmouth Abaya, Lake (southern Ethiopia) : formerly Ital- Aberpennar see Mountain Ash ian Lake Margherita Abertawe see Swansea Abay-Bazar see 2Abay Aberteifi see Cardigan Abaza (town, southern Russia) : formerly Abilene (town, Kansas, central United States) : Abakansko-Zavodskoye (The present name is to c.1860 Mud Creek an abbreviated form of the lengthy original, Abingdon Island see Pinta, Isla comprising the initial syllables of its two Ableman see Rock Springs parts.) Åbo see Tu r k u Abbatis Villa see 1Abbeville Abona see (1) Avon; (2) Sea Mills Abbazia see Opatija Abovyan (town, central Armenia) : to 1963 Elar 1Abbeville (town, northern France) : Roman Ab- Abrene see Pytalovo batis Villa Abu Simbel (village, southern Egypt) : alternate 2Abbeville (town, Louisiana, southern United Abu Sunbul States) : originally La Chapelle Abu Sunbul see Abu Simbel

7 Abyssinia 8

Abyssinia see Ethiopia Adramyttium see Edremit Acadia (historic territory, eastern North Amer- Adrano (town, southern Italy) : to 1929 Adernò; ica) : 1604–1713 French Acadie (Acadia was Roman Hadranum centered on Nova Scotia, Canada, but also in- Adria (town, northeastern Italy) : Roman Atria cluded New Brunswick, Prince Edward Island, Adria see Adriatic Sea and a coastal area extending as far south as Adrianople see Edirne Maine, USA.) Adrianopolis see Edirne Acadie see Acadia Adrianoupolis see Edirne Acate (village, southern Italy) : to c.1937 Biscari Adriatic Sea (southern Europe) : Roman Adria; Accadînlar see Dulovo alternate Roman Mare Adriaticum Accho see Acre Adygeysk (town, southwestern Russia) : Acelum see Asolo 1976–1992 Teuchezhsk Acerra (town, southern Italy) : Roman Acerrae Adzhibakul see QazimImmId Acerrae see Acerra Aegidia see Koper Achadh an Iúir see Virginia Aegium see Aíyion Achadh na Gréine see 3Auburn Aegyptus see Egypt Achelous (river, central Greece) : alternate an- Aelana see Aqaba cient Greek Aspropotamos Aelia Capitolina see Jerusalem Achkhoy-Martan (village, southwestern Russia) Aemilianum see Millau : 1944–c.1965 Novosel’skoye Aemilian Way see Via Açores see Azores Aeminium see Coimbra A Coruña see La Coruña Aenaria see Ischia Acquackanonk see Passaic Aenona see Nin Acqui Terme (town, northwestern Italy) : Aenos see Enez Roman Aquae Statiellae Aeoliae Insulae see Lipari Islands Acraephnium see Karditsa Aeolian Islands see Lipari Islands Acre (city, northern Israel) : [Hebrew ‘Akko]; for- Aesernia see Isernia merly French St.-Jean d’Acre; ancient Greek Aesis see Jesi and biblical (New Testament) Ptolemais; earlier Aethalia see Elba biblical (Old Testament) Accho (The city’s Afars and Issas see Djibouti name is associated with several historic sieges Affreville see Khemis Miliana including the unsuccessful French one of Afonso Pena see Conceição do Almeida 1799.) Agadès see Agadez Acunum see Montélimar Agadez (city, west central Niger) : formerly Adams (town, Massachusetts, northeastern French Agadès United States) : to 1778 East Hoosuck Agatha see Agde Adam’s Peak (mountain, south central Sri Agawam see Ipswich Lanka) : Singhalese Samanala Agbulakh see Tetri-Tskaro Adana see Aden Agde (town, southern France) : ancient Greek Ad Dakhla see Dakhla Agatha Ad Daw∏ah see Doha Agedincum see Sens Ad Dijlah see Tigris Agen (town, southwestern France) : Roman Adélie Coast (region, eastern Antarctica) : alter- Aginnum nate Adélie Land Agincourt (village, northern France) : French Adélie Land see Adélie Coast Azincourt (The English name is associated Adelnau see Odolanów with the battle of 1415 in which the English Adelphi see Arkansas City won a famous victory over the French.) Adelsberg see Postojna Aginnum see Agen Aden (city, southern Yemen) : Roman Adana Agnetendorf see JagniRtków (Some biblical scholars have identified the Agosta see 1Augusta Eden of Ezekiel 27:23 with Aden.) Agra and Oudh, United Provinces of see Uttar Adernò see Adrano Pradesh Adîncata see Hlyboka Agram see Zagreb Adqyaman (city, southeastern Turkey) : to 1926 A˘grq Da˘gq see Ararat Hüsnümansur Agrigento (town, southern Italy) : to 1927 Gir- Adra (town, southeastern Spain) : Roman Abdera genti; Roman Agrigentum 9 Aksu

Agrigentum see Agrigento Aix-en-Provence (city, southeastern France) : Agrínion (town, west central Greece) : formerly Roman Aquae Sextiae Vrakhóri Aix-la-Chapelle see Aachen Agua Caliente see Palm Springs Aix-les-Bains (town, eastern France) : Roman Aguaí (city, southeastern Brazil) : to 1944 Cas- Aquae Gratianae cavel Aíyion (city, southwestern Greece) : Roman Agüecha see Ahuachapán Aegium Agylla see Cerveteri Aizkraukle (town, south central Latvia) : 1967– Ahaggar (mountains, southern Algeria) : alter- 1991 Stuchka; to 1967 Russian imeni Petra nate conventional Hoggar Stuchki Ahfir (town, northeastern Morocco) : to c.1959 Aizpute (town, western Latvia) : to 1918 German Martimprey-du-Kiss Hasenpoth Ahmadabad (city, northwestern India) : alternate Ajemler see Aksakovo Ahmedabad Ajo (town, Arizona, southwestern United States) Ahmadnagar (city, west central India) : alternate : originally Muy Vavi Ahmednagar Akchi-Karasu see Toktogul Ahmedabad see Ahmadabad Akdeniz see Mediterranean Sea Ahmednagar see Ahmadnagar Akdepe (town, northern Turkmenistan) : for- Ahuachapán (city, western El Salvador) : for- merly Russian Leninsk merly Agüecha; originally Güeciapam Akhali Ap’oni (town, northwestern Georgia) : Ahunui (atoll, central French Polynesia) : for- (Russian Novy Afon); to 1948 Psirtskha merly Byam Martin Island Akhisar (city, western Turkey) : biblical Thya- Ahvenanmaa see Åland tira Aigues-Mortes (town, southern France) : Roman Akhisar see Krujë Aquae Mortuae Akhmnm (city, east central Egypt) : Roman Aïn Azel (town, northeastern Algeria) : to c.1962 Chemmis, ancient Greek Panopolis French Ampère Akhta see Hrazdan Aïn Beïda (town, northeastern Algeria) : to Akhunbabayev (town, eastern Uzbekistan) : to c.1962 French Daoud 1975 Sufikishlak Aïn Beniane (town, northern Algeria) : to c.1962 Akhuryan (village, northwestern Armenia) : to French Guyotville 1945 Duzkend Aïn Berda (town, northeastern Algeria) : to Akkadqnlar see Dulovo c.1962 French Penthièvre Akkad≠nlar see Dulovo Aïn Defla (town, northern Algeria) : to c.1962 Akkerman see Bilhorod-Dnistrovs’kyy French Duperré ‘Akko see Acre Aïn el Hammam (town, northern Algeria) : to Akkol’ (town, northern Kazakhstan) : formerly c.1962 French Michelet Russian Alekseyevka Aïn el Kebira (town, northeastern Algeria) : to Akku (village, northeastern Kazakhstan) : for- c.1962 French Périgotville merly Russian Lebyazh’ye Aïn Makhlouf (town, northeastern Algeria) : to Ak-Mechet’ see (1) Chornomors’ke; (2) Kyzyl- c.1962 French Renier orda; (3) Simferopol Aïn Mokra see Berrahal Akmola see Astana Ainos see Enez Akmolinsk see Astana Aïn Oulmene (town, northeastern Algeria) : to Akpalanka see Bela Palanka c.1962 French Colbert Akra-Leuka see Alicante Aintab see Gaziantep Aksakovo (town, eastern Bulgaria) : to 1934 Aïn Tagourit (village, northern Algeria) : to Turkish Ajemler c.1962 French Bérard Aksay (town, northwestern Kazakhstan) : for- Aïn Tolba (village, northwestern Algeria) : to merly Kazakhstan [sic] c.1962 French De Malherbe Ak£ehir (town west central Turkey) : ancient Aïn Touta (town, northeastern Algeria) : to Greek Philomelion c.1962 French MacMahon Ak-Sheikh see Rozdol’ne Airds see Campbelltown 1Aksu (town, northeastern Kazakhstan) : for- Aire-sur-l’Adour (town, southwestern France) : merly Yermak Roman Vicus Julii 2Aksu (town, southern Kazakhstan) : formerly Aisne (river, northern France) : Roman Axona Russian Belyye Vody Aksum 10

Aksum (town, northern Ethiopia) : alternate States) : 1652–1664 Beverwyck; to 1652 Fort Axum; Roman Axumis Orange Aktau (city, western Kazakhstan) : 1964–1991 2Albany (town, Western Australia, southwestern Russian Shevchenko Australia) : to 1832 Frederickstown Aktobe (city, northwestern Kazakhstan) : to 1991 Alba Pompeia see Alba Russian Aktyubinsk Alba Regalis see Székesfehérvár Aktogay (town, northeastern Kazakhstan) : for- Albat see 2Kuybysheve merly Russian Krasnokutsk Albenga (town, northwestern Italy) : Roman Aktsyabrski (town, south central Belarus) : Album Ingaunum (Russian Oktyabr’sky); formerly Karpilovka Albert (town, northern France) : to 1620 Ancre Aktyubinsk see Aktobe Albert, Lake (central Africa) : 1973–c.1997 Lake Akyab see Sittwe Mobutu Sese Seko; earlier Albert Nyanza Alagoa de Baixo see Sertânia Albert Edward Nyanza see Edward, Lake Alagoa Nova (city, northeastern Brazil) : 1939– Albert National Park see Virunga National 1943 Laranjeiras Park Alagoas see Marechal Deodoro Albert Nyanza see Albert, Lake Alais see Alès Albertville see Kalemie Åland (islands, southwestern Finland) : alternate Albi (town, southern France) : Roman Albiga Finnish Ahvenanmaa (The Swedish name is Albicella see Ávila more widely used, although the islands have Albiga see Albi been part of Finland since 1917.) Albion see Great Britain Alanskoye (village, southwestern Russia) : to Albion Mines see Stellarton 1944 Psedakh Al Bnrah (village, central West Bank) : biblical Al ‘Arabnyah as-Sa‘¨dnyah see Saudi Arabia Beeroth Al ‘Arnsh (town, northeastern Egypt) : Roman Ålborg (city, northern Denmark) : alternate Aal- Rhinocolura borg; Medieval Latin Alburgum Ala£ehir (city, western Turkey) : ancient Greek Album Ingaunum see Albenga Philadelphia Albuquerque Lins see Lins Al Ashmunein (village, north central Egypt) : Alburgum see Ålborg ancient Greek Hermopolis Magna Alcalá de Henares (city, central Spain) : Roman Alaska (state, northwestern United States) : Complutum 1799–1867 Russian America (The former name, Alcan Highway see Alaska Highway denoting territory held by Russia, applied Alcazarquivir see Ksar el Kebir mainly to Alsaka and the Aleutian Islands but Alcester (town, south central England) : Roman also took in settlements on the Pacific coast as Alauna far south as Fort Ross, California.) Alchevsk see Alchevs’k Alaska Highway (road, northwestern North Alchevs’k (city, eastern Ukraine) : (Russian Al- America) : formerly Alcan Highway chevsk); 1961–1992 Komunars’k (Russian Kom- Alatri (town, central Italy) : Roman Aletrium munarsk); 1931–1961 Voroshylovs’k (Russian Alauna see (1) Alcester; (2) Maryport Voroshilovsk) Al-‘Ayzarnyah (village, south central West Bank) Alcira see Alzira : biblical Bethany Alcobaça see Tucuruí Alba (town, northwestern Italy) : Roman Alba Aldan (town, eastern Russia) : to 1939 Neza- Pompeia metny Alba see (1) Scotland; (2) Warren Aldborough (village, northern England) : Al Ba∏r al-Abyaö see Mediterranean Sea Roman Isurium Brigantum Al Ba∏r al-A∏mar see Red Sea Aldea Grande see Ciénaga Al Ba∏r al-Mutawassi™ see Mediterranean Sea Alderney (island, Channel Islands, southern Al Ba∏r ar-R¨m see Mediterranean Sea United Kingdom) : Roman Riduna Alba Iulia (city, west central Romania) : to 1918 Alejandro Selkirk (island, western Juan Hungarian Gyulafehérvár; to 1867 German Fernández, South Pacific) : formerly Más Karlsburg, earlier German Weissenburg; 8th– Afuera 11th century Slavic BQlgrad, Roman Apulum Aleksandropol’ see Gyumri Albania (republic, southern Europe) : [Albanian Aleksandrovka see Lozno-Oleksandrivka Shqipëri] 1Aleksandrovo (village, northern Bulgaria) : for- 1Albany (city, New York, northeastern United merly Turkish Karakhasan 11 Alpargatal

2Aleksandrovo (village, central Bulgaria) : to I’ir]; to c.1962 French Alger; Roman Icosium 1878 Turkish Okchelar (Algiers was captured by the French in 1830 Aleksandrovo see Miladinovci and became a military and administrative base Aleksandrovsk (city, western Russia) : 1928–1951 for their colonies in northern and western Aleksandrovsky; to 1928 Aleksandrovsky Zavod Africa. The city was the provisional capital of Aleksandrovsk see (1) Belogorsk; (2) Polyarny; France in World War II and its French name (3) Zaporizhzhya remains in official use.) Aleksandrovsk-Grushevsky see Shakhty Al Gnzah see Giza Aleksandrovskoye see Kyzyl-Adyr Al πaör (village, northwestern Iraq) : ancient Aleksandrovsky see (1) Aleksandrovsk; Greek Hatra (2) Novosibirsk Al-Hawtah see La¸hij Aleksandrovsky Zavod see Aleksandrovsk Al Hoceima (town, northern Morocco) : to Aleksandrów Kujawski (town, central Poland) : c.1958 Spanish Villa Sanjurjo 1940–1945 German Alexandrow-Weichsel Al Hudaydah¸ (city, western Yemen) : conven- Alekseyevka see (1) Akkol’; (2) Terekty; tional Hodeida (3) Torez Alibotush see Gotsev Vrukh Alekseyevo-Leonovo see Torez Ali Boutous see Gotsev Vrukh Alekseyevo-Orlovka see Shakhtars’k Alicante (city, southeastern Spain) : Roman Lu- Alekseyevsk see Svobodny centum; ancient Greek Akra-Leuka Aleppo (city, northwestern Syria) : [Arabic Alice Springs (town, Northern Territory, central πalab]; ancient Greek Beroea Australia) : to 1933 Stuart Alès (city, southern France) : to 1926 Alais Alinda see Karpuzlu Alessandria (city, northwestern Italy) : Roman Aliquippa (town, Pennsylvania, northeastern Civitas Nova United States) : originally Logstown Aletrium see Alatri Al-Iskandarnyah see 1Alexandria Alexandretta see jskenderun Al-Ittihad see Madinat ash Sha’b 1Alexandria (city, northern Egypt) : [Arabic Al- Al-JazI’ir see (1) Algeria; (2) Algiers Iskandarnyah] (Alexandria was founded by Al Khalnl see Hebron Alexander the Great, as were the originals of Al Khums (town, northwestern Libya) : formerly jskenderun and Kandahar.) often Homs 2Alexandria (city, Virginia, eastern United Al LIdhiqnyah see Latakia States) : to 1749 Belhaven Allanmyo see Aunglan 3Alexandria (town, Ontario, southeastern Allenburg see 3Druzhba Canada) : to 1819 Priest’s Mills Allenstein see Olsztyn 4Alexandria (town, southern South Africa) : to Allentown (city, Pennsylvania, northeastern 1873 Olifantshoek United States) : to 1838 Northampton Alexandria see (1) Arlington; (2) 3Jackson Alligator see Lake City Alexandria ad Issum see jskenderun Alma (city, Quebec, eastern Canada) : to 1954 Alexandria Arachosiorum see Kandahar St.-Joseph-d’Alma Alexandroúpolis (city, northeastern Greece) : Alma-Ata see Almaty 1913–1919 Bulgarian Dedeagach; to 1913 Turk- Al Madnnah see Medina ish Dedea˘gaç Al-Maghrib see Morocco Alexandrow-Weichsel see Aleksandrów Ku- Al Marj (town, northern Libya) : formerly Italian jawski Barce; ancient Greek Barca Alfatar (town, northeastern Bulgaria) : formerly Almaty (city, southeastern Kazakhstan) : General Lazarevo (The town was in Romania 1921–1991 Alma-Ata, to 1921 Russian Verny from 1913 to 1940.) Al Maw•il see Mosul Alfredo Chaves see Veranópolis Almenara (city, southeastern Brazil) : to 1944 Al FurIt see Euphrates Vigia Alger se Algiers Almería (city, southern Spain) : Roman Portus Algeria (republic, northern Africa) : [Arabic Al- Magnus JazI’ir]; formerly French Algérie (Algeria was Almonte (town, Ontario, southeastern Canada) : occupied by the French in 1830 and gained its to 1856 Sheppard’s Fall independence in 1962.) Al MukhI’ see Mocha Algérie see Algeria Alost see Aalst Algiers (city, northern Algeria) : [Arabic Al-Jaz- Alpargatal see Vicente Noble Alpesa 12

Alpesa see Elvas Alzira (town, eastern Spain) : alternate Alcira; Alpes-de-Haute-Provence (department, south- Roman Saetabicula eastern France) : to 1970 Basses-Alpes Amamlu see Spitak Al QIhirah see Cairo Amandelboom see 2Williston Al-Qa•rayn (town, west central Tunisia) : En- Amangeldy (town, north central Kazakhstan) : glish Kasserine (The English name is associated to 1936 Batbakkara with the nearby pass where in 1943 a decisive Amapá (town, southern Brazil) : formerly Mon- battle between U.S. and German forces con- tenegro tributed to the collapse of German resistance Amapari see Ferreira Gomes in northern Africa.) Amarração see Luís Correia Al Quds see Jerusalem Amatitlán (town, southeastern Mexico) : to 1938 Al-Qusur see Luxor Amatlán Alre see Auray Amatlán see Amatitlán Als (island, southern Denmark) : 1864–1920 Ambacia see Amboise German Alsen Ambaritsa see 2Levski Alsace (region, northeastern France) : 1871–1918, Ambianum see Amiens 1940–1944 German Elsass; Roman Alsatia (See Ambleside see Hahndorf also Lorraine.) Ambleston (village, southwestern Wales) : Welsh Alsatia see Alsace Treamlod Alsen see Als Amboina see Ambon Alsókubin see Dolnï Kubín Amboise (town, west central France) : Roman Alsólendva see Lendava Ambacia Altamura (town, southern Italy) : Roman Lupa- Ambon (island, eastern Indonesia) : formerly tia Amboina (The city of Ambon on the island Altanbulag (town, northern Mongolia) : to 1921 had the same former name.) Maimachin Amboy see Perth Amboy Alta Ripa see Altrip Ambracia see Arta Altay (republic, southern Russia) : 1948–1991 Ambridge (town, Pennsylvania, northeastern Gorno-Altay; 1922–1948 Oyrot United States) : to 1906 Economy (Remains of Altdamm see DRbie the former village, a German communal Altena see 1Wilmington group, are preserved as Old Economy.) Altendorf see Spi§ska Stara Ves Ambrizete see N’zeto Altentreptow (town, northwestern Germany) : Ambrolauri (town, northern Georgia) : to mid– to 1939 Treptow 1930s Yenukidze Altilia (village, central Italy) : Roman Saepinum Ambroz see Plasencis Altlublau see Stará L’ubovûa Amelia (town, southern Italy) : Roman Ameria Alto Parnaíba (town, northeastern Brazil) : to Amélie-les-Bains-Palada (town, southern 1944 Vitória do Alto Parnaíba France) : to 1840 Arles-les-Bains Altrip (village, western Germany) : Roman Alta Ameria see Amelia Ripa America see United States Altsandez see Stary SRcz Americana (city, southeastern Brazil) : to 1938 Altschmecks see Stary Smokovec Villa Americana Altschwanenburg see Gulbene Amherst (town, Nova Scotia, eastern Canada) : Altsohl see Zvolen to 1759 La Planche Alturas (town, California, western United States) Amherst see Kyaikkami : to 1874 Dorris Bridge Amichow see Kaiyuan Al¨ksne (town, northeastern Latvia) : to 1918 Amida see Diyarbakqr German Marienburg Amiens (city, northern France) : Roman Am- Al Urdunn see Jordan bianum; Celtic Samarobriva Álvaro Obregón see Frontera Amisia see Ems Alwand (mountain, western Iran) : ancient Amissa see Omi§ Greek Orontes Amisus see Samsun Al Yaman see Yemen Amman (city, northwestern Jordan) : ancient Alyoshki see Tsyurupyns’k Greek Philadelphia; biblical Rabbah; alternate Alytus (city, southern Lithuania) : to 1918 Rus- biblical Rabbath-Ammon (The city was not sian Olita the biblical Philadelphia, which lies beneath 13 Anglesey

the modern town of Ala£ehir, western Tur- An Chorr Chríochach see Cookstown key.) An Clár see Clare Ammanford (town, southern Wales) : Welsh An Clochán see Clifden Rhydaman An Clochán Liath see Dungloe Ammokhostos see Famagusta An Cóbh see Cobh Amnéville (town, northeastern France) : 1870– An Coireán see Waterville 1918, 1939–1944 German Stahlheim An Comar see Comber Amoea see Portalegre Ancre see Albert Amoy see Xiamen Ancyra see Ankara Ampère see Aïn Azel An Daingean see (1) Daingean; (2) Dingle Ampezzo (village, northeastern Italy) : to 1918 Andalaly see Nozhay-Yurt German Hayden Andalucía see 1Andalusia Amrit (village, western Syria) : ancient Greek 1Andalusia (region, southern Spain) : [Spanish Marathus Andalucía] 1Amsterdam (city, New York, northeastern 2Andalusia (town, Alabama, southeastern United United States) : to 1804 Veedersburg States) : to 1846 New Site 2Amsterdam (town, northeastern South Africa) : Andalusia see Jan Kempdorp to 1882 Roburnia Andemattunnum see Langres Amu Darya (river, central Asia) : ancient Greek Anderitum see Pevensey Oxus Andernach (city, western Germany) : Roman Amursk (city, eastern Russia) : to 1958 Padali Antunnacum Amvrosiyevka see Amvrosiyivka Andes see Virgilio Amvrosiyivka (town, eastern Ukraine) : (Russian Andijon (city, eastern Uzbekistan) : (Russian An- Amvrosiyevka); to 1944 Donets’ko-Amvrosiyivka dizhan) (Russian Donetsko-Amvrosiyevka) Andirá (city, southern Brazil) : to 1944 Ingá Anaconda (town, Montana, northwestern Andizhan see Andijon United States) : to 1888 Copperopolis Andorra (principality, southwestern Europe) : Anadolu see Anatolia [French Andorre] (The official language of An- Anadyr’ (town, eastern Russia) : to 1923 Novo- dorra is Catalan, but Spanish and French are Mariinsk also spoken.) Anagastum see Nik§iW Andorra-la-Vella (town, west central Andorra) : Anagni (town, central Italy) : Roman Anagnia [French Andorre-la-Vieille; Spanish Andorra- Anagnia see Anagni la-Vieja] Analândia (town, southeastern Brazil) : to 1944 Andorra-la-Vieja see Andorra-la-Vella Anápolis Andorre see Andorra Anan’evo (village, northeastern Kyrgyzstan) : to Andorre-la-Vieille see Andorra-la-Vella 1942 Sazanovka Andover Forge see Stanhope Anantnag (town, northern India) : formerly Isla- Andreyev see Jddrzejów mabad Andreyevka see Kabanbay Anápolis see (1) Analândia; (2) Simão Dias Andreyevsk see Tezebazar Anatolia (region, western Asia) : [Turkish Andreyevskoye see Dneprovskoye Anadolu]; traditional Asia Minor (Anatolia Andrichau see Andrychów corresponds to modern Asian Turkey, amount- An Droim Mór see Dromore ing to about 97 percent of the country’s area.) Andropov see Rybinsk An Baile Meánach see Ballymena Andrychów (town, southern Poland) : 1940– An Bhlarna see Blarney 1945 German Andrichau An Cabhán see Cavan Anenii Noi (town, eastern Moldova) : formerly An Caisleán Nua see 3Newcastle Russian Novyye Aneny Ancaster (village, east central England) : Roman Anericiacum see Annecy Causennis (The Roman name, often cited as Angaco Norte (town, western Argentina) : for- Causennae, may have really been that of a fort merly Kilómetro 924 at Sapperton, 7 miles to the southeast.) Angerapp see Ozyorsk An Charraig Dhubh see Blackrock Angerburg see Wdgorzewo An Chathair see Caher Angers (city, western France) : Roman Julioma- Anchialus see Pomoriye gus Anchieta see Piatã Anglesey (island, northwestern Wales) : Welsh Anglo-Egyptian Sudan 14

Môn; Roman Mona (The Roman name is said Ansloga see Oslo to mean “mountain,” specifically referring to An Sráidbhaile see Stradbally Holyhead Mountain on the island.) An Srath Bán see Strabane Anglo-Egyptian Sudan see Sudan Anstrude see Bierry-les-Belles-Fontaines Angoche (town, eastern Mozambique) : to 1976 Antakya (city, southern Turkey) : biblical Anti- Portuguese António Enes och; Roman Antiochia (There are two biblical Angola (country, southwestern Africa) : to 1914 Antiochs. This one, in the Roman province of Portuguese West Africa (Although the name be- Syria, was the starting point of Paul’s journey came officially recognized in 1914, Angola did to Rome. The other, also visited by Paul, was not achieve independence until 1975.) in the Roman province of Galatia, or as Acts Angora see Ankara 13:14 has it, “Antioch in Pisidia,” in modern Angostura see Ciudad Bolívar southwestern Turkey. Both were named for the Angoulême (city, western France) : Roman Eco- Syrian emperor Antiochus, father of Seleucus lisma I, but the Antioch that is now Antakya was the Angra Pequena see Lüderitz largest and most important of all the 16 cities Angrezabad see English Bazar that took his name. A third was Antiochia Angus (administrative district, eastern Scotland) Margiana, otherwise Merv in present-day : to 1928 Forfarshire Turkmenistan, while a fourth, Antiochia Persis, An Iarmhí see Westmeath may have been modern B¨shehr, in south- Anicium see Le Puy western Iran.) Aniene (river, central Italy) : Roman Anio Antalya (city, southwestern Turkey) : biblical At- Anio see Aniene talia; ancient Greek Attaleia Aniva (town, eastern Russia) : 1905–1945 Japa- Antananarivo (city, east central Madagascar) : nese Rutaka formerly French Tananarive Anjouan see Nzwani An tAonach see Nenagh Ankara (city, west central Turkey) : formerly Antarctic see Antarctica conventional English Angora; Roman Ancyra Antarctica (continent surrounding South Pole) : Ankhialo see Pomoriye alternate popular Antarctic An Longfort see Longford Antarctic Ocean (southern parts of Pacific, At- An Lorgain see Lurgan lantic, and Indian oceans) : alternate Southern An Mhí see Meath Ocean An Muileann gCearr see Mullingar Antarctic Peninsula (northwestern Antarctica) : Annaba (city, northeastern Algeria) : to c.1962 1938–1964 (UK) Graham Land, (U.S.) Gra- French Bône; Roman Hippo Regius ham Peninsula or Palmer Peninsula; Spanish Annapolis (city, Maryland, northeastern United Tierra de O’Higgins (Graham Land is now used States) : to 1695 Anne Arundel Town; originally for the northern part of the peninsula, and Providence (Annapolis is the seat of Anne Arun- Palmer Land for the southern part.) del County, preserving the earlier name.) An Teampall Mór see Templemore Annapolis Royal (town, Nova Scotia, eastern Antequera (city, southern Spain) : Roman Anti- Canada) : to 1713 Port Royal quaria; alternate Roman Anticaria An Nás see Naas Antibes (town, southeastern France) : ancient An NI•irah see Nazareth Greek Antipolis Anne Arundel Town see Annapolis Antibos see ¶tip Annecy (city, eastern France) : Medieval Latin Anticaria see Antequera Anericiacum Anticosti (island, Quebec, eastern Canada) : for- Annenfeld see ßämkir merly French Assomption Annian Way see Via An tInbhear Mór see Arklow An Nnl see Nile Antioch see (1) Antakya; (2) B¨shehr; Annobón (island, southwestern Equatorial (3) Merv Guinea) : 1973–1979 Pagalu Antiochia see Antakya An Ómaigh see Omagh Antiochia Margiana see Merv Anqing (city, eastern China) : 1911–1949 Hwai- Antipatria see Berat ning Antipolis see Antibes An Ráth see Ráth Luirc Antipyrgos see Tobruk An Sciobairín see Skibbereen Antiquaria see Antequera Ansedonia (village, western Italy) : Roman Cosa Antium see Anzio 15 Araguari

An tIúr see Newry Apt (town, southeastern France) : Roman Apta Antivari see Bar Julia Antivestaeum Promontorium see Land’s Apta Julia see Apt End Apuania see Massa-Carrara An t-Òb see Leverburgh Apulia see Puglia António Enes see Angoche Apulum see Alba Iulia Antono-Kodintsevo see Kominternivs’ke Aqaba (town, southwestern Jordan) : Roman Ae- Antonove-Kodyntseve see Kominternivs’ke lana; biblical Ezion-geber; alternate biblical Antopal’ (town, southwestern Belarus) : (Rus- Elath (The biblical names are now often re- sian Antopol’); 1919–1939 Polish Antopol garded as those of two distinct places.) Antopol’ see Antopal’ Aqmola see Astana Antratsit see Antratsyt Aq Qaleh (town, northeastern Iran) : to 1980 Antratsyt (city, eastern Ukraine) : (Russian Pahlavi Dezh Antratsit); to 1962 Bokovo-Antratsyt (Russian Aquae Arnemetiae see Buxton Bokovo-Antratsit) Aquae Augustae see Dax Antrea see Kamennogorsk Aquae Calidae see (1) Bagnols-les-Bains; Antrim (town, central Northern Ireland) : Irish (2) 1Bath; (3) Vichy Aontroim Aquae Calidae Pisanorum see San Giuliano Antsiranana (city, northern Madagascar) : to Terme 1977 Portuguese and Spanish Diégo-Suarez Aquae Flaviae see Chaves Antsohimbondrona (village, northern Madagas- Aquae Grani see Aachen car) : formerly French Port St.-Louis Aquae Gratianae see Aix-les-Bains Antunnacum see Andernach Aquae Helveticae see 2Baden Antwerp (city, northern Belgium) : [Flemish Aquae Mattiacae see Wiesbaden Antwerpen; French Anvers] Aquae Mortuae see Aigues-Mortes Antwerpen see Antwerp Aquae Originis see Orense An Uaimh see Navan Aquae Pannoniae see 1Baden Anvers see Antwerp Aquae Sextiae see Aix-en-Provence Anyang (city, east central China) : to 1913 Aquae Statiellae see Acqui Terme Zhangde Aquae Sulis see 1Bath Anzaldo (town, central Bolivia) : to 1900s Aquae Tarbellicae see Dax Paredón Aquidneck see Rhode Island Anzio (town, western Italy) : Roman Antium Aquincum see Budapest Aontroim see Antrim Aquino (town, south central Italy) : Roman Aorangi see Cook, Mt. Aquinum Aosta (town, northwestern Italy) : Roman Au- Aquinum see Aquino gusta Praetoria Aquisgranum see Aachen Aotea see Great Barrier Island Aquitaine (region, southwestern France) : Aotearoa see New Zealand Roman Aquitania Apalachicola (town, Florida, southeastern Aquitania see Aquitaine United States) : to 1831 West Point Arabestan see Khuzestan Aparecida see Bertolínia Arabian Desert see Eastern Desert Apennines (mountains, central Italy) : [Italian Arabian Gulf see Persian Gulf Appennini] Araçá see Mari Apenrade see Åbenrå Araçoiaba da Serra (town, southeastern Brazil) : Aphrodisias see Geyre to 1944 Campo Largo Apizaco (city, east central Mexico) : formerly Aracoma see Logan Barrón Escandón Aracruz (city, southeastern Brazil) : to 1944 Apollonia see Sozopol Santa Cruz Appennini see Apennines Arae Flaviae see Rottweil Appian Way see Via Aragon (region, northeastern Spain) : [Spanish Appleton (city, Wisconsin, north central United Aragón] States) : originally Grand Chute Aragón see Aragon Aprel’sk (town, eastern Russia) : to 1925 Araguaçu see Paraguaçu Paulista Nadezhdinsky Priisk Araguari (city, eastern Brazil) : formerly Fregue- Aprutium see Abruzzi sia do Brejo Alegre Araguatins 16

Araguatins (city, north central Brazil) : to 1944 Arekhawsk (town, northeastern Belarus) : (Rus- Portuguese São Vicente sian Orekhovsk); to 1946 Russian Orekhi- Ara Jovis see Aranjuez Vydritsa ArIk (city, west central Iran) : to mid–1930s Sul- Arelate see Arles tanabad Arenacum see Arnhem Arakan see Rakhine Arensburg see Kuressaare Aranjuez (town, central Spain) : Roman Ara Jovis Arezzo (city, north central Italy) : Roman Aranyoszmarót see Zlaté Moravce Arretium Araquari (town, southern Brazil) : to 1944 Parati Argenta see North Little Rock Ararat (mountain, eastern Turkey) : Turkish A˘grq Argentia (village, Newfoundland and Labrador, Da˘gq (The English and biblical name relates to eastern Canada) : formerly Little Placentia the Assyrian kingdom of Urartu, around Lake Argentina (republic, southern South America) : Van.) officially Argentine Republic; colloquially the Araripina (city, northeastern Brazil) : to 1944 Argentine Portuguese São Gonçalo dos Campos Argentine, the see Argentina Aras (river, eastern Turkey) : ancient Greek Argentine Republic see Argentina Araxas (The river, which for about half its Argentoratum see Strasbourg course forms the border between Armenia and Argovie see Aargau Azerbaijan to the north and Turkey and Iran Argyrokastron see Gjirokastër to the south, was confused by the historian Århus (city, eastern Denmark) : alternate Aarhus Herodotus with the Oxus or Amu Darya.) Ariccia (town, central Italy) : Roman Aricia Arausio see 1Orange Aricia see Ariccia Araxas see Aras Ariconium see Weston under Penyard Arbe see Rab Arn∏I see Jericho Arbeia see South Shields Ariminum see Rimini Arberth see Narberth Arizona City see Yuma Arbon (town, northeastern Switzerland) : Roman Arkadelphia (town, Arkansas, south central Arbor Felix United States) : to 1838 Blakelytown Arborea (village, western Sardinia, Italy) : Arkadioúpolis see Lüleburgaz c.1935–c.1944 Mussolinia di Sardegna; to Arkansas City (town, Kansas, central United c.1935 Villaggio Mussolini States) : to 1872 Creswell, earlier Adelphi; origi- Arbor Felix see Arbon nally Walnut City Arbroath (town, eastern Scotland) : formerly Arkhangelo-Pashiysky Zavod see Pashiya Aberbrothock (The town’s name means “mouth Arkhangel’sk (city, northwestern Russia) : En- of the Brothock” and the river here is still glish conventional Archangel; to 1613 Russian known by this name. The old name was popu- Novyye Kholmogory (The English name became larized by Robert Southey’s 1802 ballad “The familiar in World War II as that of the port re- Inchcape Rock.” See also Bell Rock.) ceiving convoys of lend-lease goods from Archangel see Arkhangel’sk Britain and the USA.) Arcobriga see Arcos de la Frontera Arklow (town, eastern Ireland) : Irish An Arcos de la Frontera (town, southwestern Spain) tInbhear Mór : Roman Arcobriga Arles (city, southeastern France) : Roman Are- Arcoverde (city, northeastern Brazil) : to 1944 late Portuguese Rio Branco Arles-les-Bains see Amélie-les-Bains-Palada Arctic Bay (village, Nunavut, northern Canada) 1Arlington (county, Virginia, eastern United : alternate Inuit Ikpiarjuk States) : to 1920 Alexandria; originally Belle- Arctic Red River see Tsiigehtchic haven Ardennes (wooded plateau, southwestern Bel- 2Arlington (town, Massachusetts, northeastern gium/northeastern France) : Roman Arduenna United States) : 1807–1867 West Cambridge; to Silva 1807 Menotomy Ardino (town, southern Bulgaria) : to 1878 Arlington Heights (town, Illinois, north central Turkish Egridere United States) : to 1874 Dunton Ard Mhic Nasca see Holywood Arlon (town, southeastern Belgium) : Flemish Arduenna Silva see Ardennes Aarlen; Roman Orolaunum Area see Mundelein Arman see Kardam Areia see Ubaíra Armavir (city, western Armenia) : 1938–1992 17 Ashkelon

Oktemberyan; to 1938 Sardarabad (The city Arti (town, west central Russia) : to 1929 Artin- should not be confused with the town of the sky Zavod same name in southwestern Russia, although Artigas (city, northwestern Uruguay) : to 1930s both are named for the historic capital of Spanish San Eugenio Urartu, the ancient kingdom that became Ar- Artigas see Río Branco menia.) Artinsky Zavod see Arti Armenia (republic, western Asia) : [Armenian Artur de Paiva see Matala Hayasdan] (This Armenia should not be con- Artyomovo see Artemove fused with the much larger ancient country of Artyomovsk (town, eastern Russia) : to 1939 the name, now occupied by modern Armenia, Ol’khovsky Turkey, and Iran and commonly identified Artyomovsk see Artemivs’k with the biblical Minni.) Artyomovsky (town, west central Russia) : to Armenierstadt see Gherla 1938 Yegorshino Armenopolis see Gherla Aruanã (town, central Brazil) : to 1944 Por- Armorica see Brittany tuguese Leopoldina Arnheim see Arnhem Arun (river, southern England) : formerly Tar- Arnhem (city, eastern Netherlands) : 1939–1945 rant; Roman Trisantona German Arnheim; Roman Arenacum Arunachal Pradesh (state, northeastern India) : Arnissa (village, northeastern Greece) : to 1913 1954–1972 North East Frontier Agency Turkish Ostrovo Arundel see Kennebunkport Arnswalde see Choszczno Arviat (village, Nunavut, north central Canada) : Arorae (island, west central Kiribati) : formerly to 1989 Eskimo Point Hurd Island Arys see Orzysz Arpino (town, central Italy) : Roman Arpinum Arzew (town, northwestern Algeria) : Roman Arpinum see Arpino Arsenaria Arrabona see Gyâr A§ (town, western Czech Republic) : to 1918, Ar Raqqah (town, northern Syria) : ancient 1938–1945 German Asch Greek Nicephorium 1Asaka (city, eastern Uzbekistan) : formerly Rus- Arras (city, northern France) : Roman Nemeta- sian Leninsk; 1935–1937 Assake; 1934–1935 cum Atrebatum; Celtic Nemetocenna Russian Zelensk; to 1934 Assake Arretium see Arezzo 2Asaka (city, central Japan) : to 1932 Hizaori Arriaca see Guadalajara Asba Littoria see Asebe Tefere Ar RiyIö see Riyadh Asbest (town, west central Russia) : to 1933 Arroyo de la Luz (town, western Spain) : to Kudel’ka c.1940 Arroyo del Puerco Asbestos Hill see Purtuniq Arroyo del Puerco see Arroyo de la Luz Ascension Island see Pohnpei Arsenaria see Arzew Asch see A§ Arsen’yev (town, eastern Russia) : to 1952 Sem- Ascoli Piceno (town, central Italy) : Roman As- yonovka culum Picenum Arshaly (town, north central Kazakhstan) : for- Ascoli Satriano (town, southeastern Italy) : merly Russian Vishnyovka (This Arshaly, near Roman Asculum Apulum the capital, Astana, should not be confused Asculum Apulum see Ascoli Satriano with the settlement of the same name in the Asculum Picenum see Ascoli Piceno east of the country, south of Semey.) Asebe Tefere (town, east central Ethiopia) : Arsinoë see El Faiyum 1936–1941 Italian Asba Littoria Arta (town, northwestern Greece) : to 1912 Turk- Asenovgrad (town, southern Bulgaria) : to 1934 ish Narda; ancient Greek Ambracia Stanimaka Artashat (town, southern Armenia) : to 1945 Ka- Asfeld (village, northeastern France) : 1671–1728 marlu Avaux-la-Ville; to 1671 Écry Artemove (town, eastern Ukraine) : (Russian A£gabat (city, southern Turkmenistan) : (Russian Artyomovo); to 1921 Nelipivs’kyy Khutir (Rus- Ashkhabad); 1919–1927 Russian Poltoratsk sian Nelepovsky Khutor) Ashdod (city, southwestern Israel) : Roman Azo- Artemivs’k (city, eastern Ukraine) : (Russian tus Artyomovsk); to 1923 Bakhmut Asheville (city, North Carolina, eastern United Artesia (town, New Mexico, southwestern States) : to 1797 Morristown United States) : to 1905 Stegman Ashkelon see Ashqelon Ashkhabad 18

Ashkhabad see A£gabat Aswan (city, southeastern Egypt) : ancient Greek Ashland (city, Kentucky, east central United Syene States) : to 1854 Poage’s Settlement Asyut (city, east central Egypt) : ancient Greek Ashley Center see Vernal Lycopolis Ashmyany (town, northwestern Belarus) : (Rus- Atakent (village, southern Kazakhstan) : for- sian Oshmyany); 1921–1945 Polish Oszmiana merly Russian Il’ich Ashots’k’ (village, northwestern Armenia) : for- Atamyrat (town, southeastern Turkmenistan) : merly Gukasyan formerly Kerki Ashqelon (city, southwestern Israel) : biblical Atella di Caserta (town, southern Italy) : 1927– Ashkelon 1945 Atella di Napoli Ashraf see Behshahr Atella di Napoli see Atella di Caserta Ash ShIm see (1) Damascus; (2) Syria Aternum see Pescara Ash ShIriqah (emirate, United Arab Emirates) : Ateste see Este conventional Sharjah Ath (town, southwestern Belgium) : Flemish Aat Asht see Shaidan Athenae see 1Athens Ashur see Qal‘at SharqIt Athenry (town, western Ireland) : Irish Baile Asia Minor see Anatolia Átha an Rí Asisium see Assisi 1Athens (city, eastern Greece) : [modern Greek Asloga see Oslo Athínai]; Roman Athenae Asmara (city, northern Eritrea) : alternate 2Athens (village, Ontario, southeastern Canada) : Asmera formerly Farmersville Asmera see Asmara Athens see Oshkosh Asolo (town, northeastern Italy) : Roman Athínai see 1Athens Acelum Athlone (town, central Ireland) : Irish Baile Átha Aspadana see E£fahIn Luain Asparukhovo (village, eastern Bulgaria) : to 1934 Athol (town, Massachusetts, northeastern United Chenge States) : to 1762 Pequoiag Aspinwall see Colón Athy (town, east central Ireland) : Irish Baile Aspropotamos see Achelous Átha Í Assab (former administrative region, southeast- Atig (town, west central Russia) : to 1929 Atigsky ern Eritrea) : 1936–1941 Italian Dancalia Meri- Zavod dionale Atigsky Zavod see Atig Assake see 1Asaka Atlanta (city, Georgia, southeastern United Assiniboia (town, Saskatchewan, southern Can- States) : 1843–1845 Marthasville; to 1843 Ter- ada) : to 1913 Leeville minus Assisi (town, central Italy) : Roman Asisium Atlixco (city, south central Mexico) : originally Assling see Jesenice Villa de Carrión Assomption see Anticosti Atria see Adria As S¨dIn see Sudan Attaleia see Antalya Assur see Qal‘at SharqIt Attalia see Antalya As Suways see Suez Attinianum see Vodnjan Asta Colonia see Asti Attock (district, central Pakistan) : to 1978 Astacus see jzmit Campbellpur Astana (city, north central Kazakhstan) : 1994– Atwood (village, Ontario, southeastern Canada) 1998 Aqmola; 1961–1994 Russian Tselinograd; : to 1883 Newry Station 1832–1961 Russian Akmolinsk; earlier Akmola Atyrau (city, western Kazakhstan) : to 1992 Rus- Asta Pompeia see Asti sian Gur’yev Astapovo see Lev Tolstoy Aubigny see Lévis Asterabad see GorgIn 1Auburn (city, New York, northeastern United Asti (city, northwestern Italy) : Roman Asta Pom- States) : originally Hardenberg’s Corners peia; alternate Roman Asta Colonia 2Auburn (city, Washington, northwestern United Astorga (town, northwestern Spain) : Roman As- States) : to 1893 Slaughter turica Augusta 3Auburn (village, east central Ireland) : Irish Astrakhan’-Bazar see Cälilabad Achadh na Gréine; formerly Lissoy (The village Astrida see Butare is said to be the original of Oliver Goldsmith’s Asturica Augusta see Astorga “Sweet Auburn! loveliest village of the plain,” 19 Avignon

in his 1770 poem The Deserted Village, as the Aurelia Aquensis see Baden-Baden writer spent his childhood here. The literary Aurelianum see Orléans description prompted the name’s adoption Aurelian Way see Via elsewhere, as for the two above.) Aurinx see Jaén Auch (city, southwestern France) : Roman Au- Aurisina (village, northeastern Italy) : to 1918 gusta Auscorum; earlier Roman Elimberrum German Nabresina Audenarde see Oudenaarde 1Aurora (city, Colorado, west central United Auderghem (town, central Belgium) : Flemish States) : to 1907 Fletcher Oudergem 2Aurora (city, Illinois, north central United Auerbakhovsky Rudnik see Rudnichny States) : originally McCarty’s Mills Auezov (town, eastern Kazakhstan) : to 1967 3Aurora (town, Ontario, southeastern Canada) : Bakyrchik to 1854 Mitchell’s Corners Aufidus see Ofanto Ausa see Vich Augsburg (city, southern Germany) : Roman Auschwitz see O¢widcim Augusta Vindelicorum Auspitz see HustopeVe Augst (village, northern Switzerland) : Roman Aussig see Ústí nad Labem Augusta Raurica Aust-Agder (county, southern Norway) : to 1919 1Augusta (city, southern Italy) : alternate Agosta Nedenes 2Augusta (city, Maine, northeastern United Austerlitz see Slavkov u Brna States) : to 1797 Harrington; earlier Fort West- Austin (city, Texas, southern United States) : to ern; originally Cushnoc 1839 Waterloo Augusta see London Australia (country, Oceania) : to 1817 New Hol- Augusta Auscorum see Auch land (A former alternate name for the land was Augusta Nemetum see Speyer New South Wales, later limited in area to that Augusta Praetoria see Aosta of the present southeastern state.) Augusta Raurica see Augst Australian Capital Territory (territory, south- Augusta Suessionum see Soissons eastern Australia) : to 1938 Federal Capital Ter- Augusta Taurinorum see Turin ritory Augusta Trajana see Stara Zagora Austria (republic, central Europe) : [German Augusta Treverorum see Tr i e r Österreich] Augusta Vangionum see Worms Austria-Hungary (former monarchy, central Eu- Augusta Vindelicorum see Augsburg rope) : [German Österreich-Ungarn] (The Augustobona see Tr oy e s “dual monarchy” was formed in 1867 but col- Augusto Cardosa see Metangula lapsed in 1918 at the end of World War I.) Augustodunum see Autun Autesiodorum see Auxerre Augustodurum see Bayeux Autricum see Chartres Augustonemetum see Clermont Autun (town, east central France) : Roman Au- Augustoritum see Limoges gustodunum Augustów (town, northeastern Poland) : to 1919 Auxerre (town, central France) : Roman Aute- Russian Avgustov siodorum Aujuittuq see Grise Fiord Auximum see Osimo Aulenbach see Kalinovka Auyuittuq National Park (Nunavut, northeastern Aulie-Ata see Taraz Canada) : to 1975 Baffin Island National Park Auliyekol’ (town, northern Kazakhstan) : for- Avaricum see Bourges merly Russian Semiozyornoye Avaux-la-Ville see Asfeld Aulon see Vlorë Avellaneda (city, east central Argentina) : to 1904 Aulowönen see Kalinovka Spanish Barracas al Sur Aumale see Sour el Ghozlane Avellino (town, southern Italy) : Roman Aunglan (town, central Myanmar) : formerly Al- Abellinum lanmyo Avenches (town, western Switzerland) : Roman Aunus see Olonets Aventicum Aupaluk (village, Quebec, eastern Canada) : for- Avennio see Avignon merly Hopes Advance Bay Aventicum see Avenches Aurangabad (city, western India) : formerly Avgustov see Augustów Khadki Avignon (city, southeastern France) : Roman Auray (town, northwestern France) : [Breton Alre] Avennio Avila 20

Ávila (city, central Spain) : Roman Albicella Babcock’s Grove see Glen Ellyn Avliköy see Zhivkovo Babaeski (town, northwestern Turkey) : 1920– Avlonya see Vlorë 1992 modern Greek Eleutherai Avon (river, southwestern England) : Roman Babelsberg (city district, eastern Germany) : to Abona (The Roman name was given to a num- 1938 Nowawes (Babelsberg was united with ber of Avon rivers in southern England, in- Neubabelsburg in 1938 and incorporated into cluding the one on which Sea Mills stands.) Potsdam in the early 1940s.) Avratalan see Koprivshtitsa Babimost (town, western Poland) : 1793–1807, Axona see Aisne 1815–1945 German Bomst Axum see Aksum BIbol (city, northern Iran) : to 1930 BIrfurush Axumis see Aksum BIbol Sar (town, northern Iran) : to 1930s Ayacucho (city, south central Peru) : to 1825 Meshed-e Sar Huamanga Baborów (town, southern Poland) : to 1945 Ger- Ayagoz (town, eastern Kazakhstan) : to 1939 man Bauerwitz Russian Sergiopol’ Babruysk (city, central Belarus) : (Russian Bo- Aydqn (city, southwestern Turkey) : formerly bruysk); to 1918 Russian Bobruysk Güzelhisar 1Babushkin (city, western Russia) : to 1938 Losi- Ayers Rock (monolith, Northern Territory, cen- noostrovskaya (Babushkin became part of Mos- tral Australia) : Aboriginal Uluru cow in 1960.) 1Aylmer (town, Quebec, southeastern Canada) : 2Babushkin (town, southern Russia) : to 1941 to 1847 Symnes Landing Mysovsk 2Aylmer (town, Ontario, southeastern Canada) : Babushkina, imeni (village, western Russia) : to formerly Troy c.1940 Ledengskoye Ayodhya (city, northern India) : formerly Oudh BaVka Palanka (town, northwestern Serbia) : to Ayteke Bi (town, southern Kazakhstan) : for- 1918, 1941–1944 Hungarian Palánka merly Zhangaqazaly; earlier Russian Novokaza- BaVka Topola (town, northern Serbia) : to 1918, linsk 1941–1944 Hungarian Topolya Ayutinsky (town, southwestern Russia) : for- Back River (Nunavut, northern Canada) : alter- merly Vlasovo-Ayuta nate Great Fish River Ayutla see Ciudad Tecúm Umán Bactra see Balkh Ayvalqk (town, northwestern Turkey) : ancient Badajoz (city, southwestern Spain) : Roman Pax Greek Heraclea Augusta Azania see South Africa Badalona (town, northeastern Spain) : Roman Azerbaijan (republic, central Asia) : ancient Baetulo Greek Media Atropotene (The Greek name lo- Bad Altheide see Polanica Zdrój cates the territory in the part of ancient Media Bad Düben (town, east central Germany) : to that was named after Atropates.) 1948 Düben Azincourt see Agincourt 1Baden (town, northeastern Austria) : Roman Azores (island group, North Atlantic) : [Por- Aquae Pannoniae tuguese Açores] 2Baden (town, northern Switzerland) : Roman Azotus see Ashdod Aquae Helveticae Azov, Sea of (southeastern Ukraine/southwestern Baden-Baden (city, southwestern Germany) : Russia) : Roman Maeotis Palus Roman Aurelia Aquensis Azovs’ke (town, southern Ukraine) : (Russian Bad Flinsberg see ¡wieradów Zdrój Azovskoye); to 1945 Kolay Bad Königsdorf see Jastrzdbie Zdrój Azovskoye see Azovs’ke Bad Kudowa see Kudowa Zdrój Azurduy (town, south central Bolivia) : to 1900s Bad Landeck see LRdek Zdrój Pomabamba Bad Polzin see Poùczyn Zdrój A≤¥ahrIn see Dhahran Bad Reinerz see Duszniki Zdrój Baalbek (town, eastern Lebanon) : ancient Greek Bad Salzbrunn see Szczawno Zdrój Heliopolis Bad Schönfliess in Neumark see Tr z c i üsko Baarle-Hertog (town, northern Belgium) : Zdrój French Baer-le-Duc (The town is a Belgian ex- Bad Segeberg (town, northwestern Germany) : clave in the Netherlands.) to 1924 Segeberg Babadaykhan (town, southern Turkmenistan) : Bad Warmbrunn see Cieplice ¡lRskie Zdrój formerly Kirovsk Bae Colwyn see Colwyn Bay 21 Balkany

Baer-le-Duc see Baarle-Hertog Baile Shlaine see Slane Baeterrae see Béziers Baile Uí Fhiacháin see 3Newport Baetis see Guadalquivir Baile Uí Mhatháin see Ballymahon Baetulo see Badalona Bailieborough (town, northern Ireland) : Irish Baffin Island (Nunavut, northern Canada) : for- Coill an Chollaigh merly Baffin Land Bailundo (town, west central Angola) : 1930s– Baffin Island National Park see Auyuittuq Na- 1970s Vila Teixeira da Silva tional Park Bailundo see Luau Baffin Land see Baffin Island Baixo Mearim see Vitória do Mearim Bagachka see Velyka Bahachka Bajada de Santa Fe see Paraná Bagenalstown see Muine Bheag Bajocasses see Bayeux Bagh a Chaisteil see Castlebay Bakal (town, west central Russia) : to 1928 Baghdat’i (town, western Georgia) : 1940–1991 Bakalsky Zavod Russian Mayakovsky Bakalsky Zavod see Bakal Baghramyan (village, western Armenia) : for- Bakar (village, western Croatia) : 1941–1944 Ital- merly Norakert ian Buccari Bagni della Porretta see Porretta Terme Baker (town, North Dakota, northwestern Bagni San Giuliano see San Giuliano Terme United States) : to 1908 Lorraine Bagnols-les-Bains (village, southern France) : Baker see Baker City Roman Aquae Calidae Baker City (town, Oregon, western United Bagrationovsk (town, western Russia) : to 1946 States) : to 1989 Baker German Preussisch-Eylau (The German name Baker Lake (village, Nunavut, northern Canada) gave that of the 1807 battle of Eylau in the : alternate Inuit Qamanittuaq Napoleonic Wars, an indecisive encounter be- Bakhmut see Artemivs’k tween the allied Russians and Prussians and Bakhtaran see Kermanshah the French. The town’s current name derives Bakwanga see Mbuji-Mayi from the Russian general Pyotr Bagration, who Bakyrchik see Auezov was present at the battle.) Bala (town, northern Wales) : Welsh Y Bala Bahachka see Velyka Bahachka (Bala Lake, on which the town stands, is Bahia see Salvador known in Welsh as Llyn Tegid.) Bahía Blanca (city, eastern Argentina) : to 1895 Balallan (village, Western Isles, northwestern Nueva Buenos Aires Scotland) : Gaelic Baile Ailein Ba∏r al-Abyaö see White Nile Balanda see Kalininsk Ba∏r al-Azraq see Blue Nile Balázsfalva see Blaj Ba∏r L¨t see Dead Sea Balbunar see Kubrat Baia Mare (town, northwestern Romania) : to Balchik (town, northeastern Bulgaria) : 1913– 1918, 1940–1945 Hungarian Nagybánya 1940 Romanian Balcic; ancient Greek Dio- Baile Ailein see Balallan nysopolis Baile an Chaisil see 2Ballycastle Balcic see Balchik Baile an Mhóta see Ballymote Balclutha (town, southern New Zealand) : for- Baile an Róba see Ballinrobe merly Clutha Ferry Baile Átha an Rí see Athenry Baldenburg see Biaùy Bór Baile Átha Cliath see Dublin Baldy, Mt. see San Antonio, Mt. Baile Átha Í see Athy Bâle see Basel Baile Átha Luain see Athlone Bâle-Ville see Basel-Stadt Baile Átha Troim see Trim Balfour (town, northeastern South Africa) : to Baile Chaisleáin see 1Ballycastle 1905 McHattiesburg Baile Chathail see Charlestown BQlgrad see Alba Iulia Baile Coimín see Blessington Bali Efendi see Knyazhevo Baile Locha Riach see Loughrea Balqhisar (village, central Turkey) : ancient Baile Mhic Andáin see Thomastown Greek and Roman Pessinus Baile Mhistéala see Mitchelstown Balkan Mountains (central Bulgaria) : [Bulgar- Baile Monaidh see Ballymoney ian Stara Planina]; Roman Haemus Baile na Lorgan see Castleblayney Balkansky Priisk see Balkany Baile Nua na hArda see Newtownards Balkany (town, west central Russia) : to 1929 Baile Riobaird see Robertstown Balkansky Priisk Balkh 22

Balkh (town, north central Afghanistan) : an- Bancroft (village, Ontario, southeastern Canada) cient Greek Bactra : to 1878 York River Balkhash (city, eastern Kazakhstan) : to 1936 Bancroft see Chililabombwe Bertys Bandar-e Abbas (city, southern Iran) : to 1622 Balkis (village, southern Turkey) : ancient Greek English Gombroon Zeugma (The Greek name, meaning “junc- Bandar-e Anzali (city, northwestern Iran) : to tion,” referred to the twin colonies that stood 1980 Bandar-e Pahlavi either side of the Euphrates here.) Bandar-e B¨shehr see B¨shehr Balla Balla see Mbalabala Bandar-e EmIm Khomeinn (city, southwestern Ballina (town, western Ireland) : Irish Béal an Iran) : to 1979 Bandar-e Shahpur Átha Bandar-e Pahlavi see Bandar-e Abzali Ballinasloe (town, western Ireland) : Irish Béal Bandar-e Shah see Bandar-e Torkeman Átha na Sluaighe Bandar-e Shahpur see Bandar-e EmIm Kho- Ballinrobe (town, western Ireland) : Irish Baile meinn na Róba Bandar-e Torkeman (town, northern Iran) : to 1Ballycastle (town, northern Northern Ireland) : 1979 Bandar-e Shah Irish Baile Chaisleáin Bandar Maharani see Muar 2Ballycastle (village, northwestern Ireland) : Irish Bandar Seri Begawan (city, northern Brunei) : Baile an Chaisil to 1970 Brunei Town Ballydesmond (town, southeastern Ireland) : to Bandon (town, southern Ireland) : Irish Droi- 1938 Kingwilliamstown chead na Bandan Ballymahon (town, north central Ireland) : Irish Bandundu (city, western Democratic Republic Baile Uí Mhatháin of the Congo) : to 1966 French Banningville Ballymena (town, north central Northern Ire- BanghIzn (city, northern Libya) : conventional land) : Irish An Baile Meánach Benghazi; ancient Greek Berenice; earlier an- Ballymoney (town, northern Northern Ireland) : cient Greek Hesperides; alternate ancient Greek Irish Baile Monaidh Euhesperides Ballymote (town, northwestern Ireland) : Irish Bangkok (city, central Thailand) : locally Krung Baile an Mhóta Thep (The city’s local name, traditionally Ballyshannon (town, northwestern Ireland) : translated “city of angels,” represents the first Irish Béal Átha Seanaidh part of a famously lengthy full name.) Balombo (town, western Angola) : 1920s–c.1979 Bangladesh (republic, southern Asia) : 1947– Portuguese Norton de Matos 1971 East Pakistan; to 1947 East Bengal Balpyk Bi (town, southeastern Kazakhstan) : 1Bangor (town, eastern Northern Ireland) : Irish formerly Russian Kirovsky Beannchar Balsas (city, northeastern Brazil) : to 1944 Santo 2Bangor (city, Maine, northeastern United Antônio de Balsas States) : 1787–1791 Sunbury; to 1787 Ken- BQl´i (town, north central Moldova) : (Russian duskeag Plantation Bel’tsy); to 1918 Russian Bel’tsy Bangor is-coed see Bangor-on-Dee Baltic Port see Paldiski Bangor-on-Dee (village, northeastern Wales) : Baltinglass (town, western Ireland) : Irish Bea- Welsh Bangor is-coed lach Conglais Banias (village, southwestern Syria) : Roman and Baltisch-Port see Paldiski biblical Caesarea Philippi; ancient Greek Paneas Baltiysk (town, western Russia) : to 1945 Ger- Banivs’ke see Slov’yanohirs’k man Pillau Banjul (city, western Gambia) : to 1973 Bathurst Baltiysky port see Paldiski Bankä (town, southeastern Azerbaijan) : 1939– Baltser see 2Krasnoarmeysk c.1940 Russian imeni Kirova; to 1939 imeni Balykchy (town, northern Kyrgyzstan) : Narimanova 1989–1992 Issyk-Kul’; to 1989 Russian Banki see 1Krasnogorsk Rybach’ye Bannack City see Idaho City Banaba (island, western Kiribati) : alternate Bannau Brycheiniog see Brecon Beacons Ocean Island Banningville see Bandundu Banatski Karlovac (village, northern Serbia) : Bannovalium see Horncastle formerly RankoviWevo; to 1947 Karlovac Bannovsky see Slov’yanohirs’k Banbridge (town, south central Northern Ire- Bannu (town, north central Pakistan) : 1869– land) : Irish Droichead na Banna 1903 Edwardesabad; to 1869 Dalipnagar 23 Bashkicheti

Banská Bystrica (town, central Slovakia) : to Barmouth (town, western Wales) : Welsh 1918 Hungarian Besztercebánya; to 1867 Ger- Abermo; alternate Welsh Y Bermo man Neusohl Bärn see Moravskï Beroun Banská ¶tiavnica (town, southern Slovakia) : to Barnsdall (town, Oklahoma, south central 1918 Hungarian Selmecbánya; to 1867 German United States) : to 1921 Bigheart Schemnitz Baroda see Vadodara Bantry (town, southwestern Ireland) : Irish Barotseland see Western Beanntraí Barra (island, Western Isles, northwestern Scot- Banzart see Bizerta land) : Gaelic Barraigh Banzyville see Mobayi-Mbongo Barra Bonita see Ibaiti Bar (town, southwestern Montenegro) : formerly Barracas al Sur see Avellaneda Italian Antivari Barraigh see Barra Barabhas see Barvas Barre (town, Vermont, northeastern United Baran (town, eastern Belarus) : c.1918–1920s States) : originally Wildersburgh Russian Krasny Oktyabr’ Barretts Cross see Kensington Baranavichy (city, western Belarus) : (Russian Barrón Escandón see Apizaco Baranovichi); 1919–1939 Polish Baranowicze; to Barry (town, southern Wales) : Welsh Y Barri 1918 Russian Baranovichi Barstow (city, California, western United States) Baranchinsky (town, west central Russia) : to : to 1886 Waterman Junction; originally Fish- 1928 Baranchinsky Zavod pond Baranchinsky Zavod see Baranchinsky Bartang (village, southeastern Tajikistan) : to Baranovichi see Baranavichy c.1935 Siponzh Baranowicze see Baranavichy Bartenstein see Bartoszyce Barão de Cocais (city, southeastern Brazil) : to Bártfa see Bardejov 1944 Morro Grande Bartfeld see Bardejov Barbuda (island, eastern West Indies) : formerly Bartholomew Island see Malo Dulcina Bartolo see Betanzos Barbudo see El Banco Bartoszyce (town, northeastern Poland) : to 1945 Barca see Al Marj German Bartenstein Barce see Al Marj Barvas (village, Western Isles, northwestern Barcelona (city, northeastern Spain) : formerly Scotland) : Gaelic Barabhas Barcinona; Roman Barcino (The full title of Bärwalde see Barwice the Roman port city was Colonia Julia Augusta Barwice (town, northwestern Poland) : to 1945 Paterna Barcino.) German Bärwalde Barcino see Barcelona Baryshnikovo see 1Krasnogorskoye Barcinona see Barcelona Basarabeasca (town, southern Moldova) : (Rus- Barczewo (town, northeastern Poland) : to 1945 sian Bessarabka); formerly Russian Romanovka German Wartenburg Basargechar see Vardenis Bardejov (town, northeastern Slovakia) : to 1918 Basel (city, northern Switzerland) : conventional Hungarian Bártfa; to 1867 German Bartfeld English Basle; French Bâle; Italian Basilea; Bardo (town, southwestern Poland) : to 1945 Roman Basilea; earlier Roman Robur (English German Wartha generally uses the German form of the name, Bardsey (island, western Wales) : Welsh Ynys although older French Basle was long current Enlli and the spelling Basil also existed. The city is Bardstown (town, Kentucky, east central United capital of, and virtually coextensive with, the States) : originally Salem demicanton of Basel-Stadt.) BIrfurush see BIbol Basel-Landschaft (demicanton, northern Bar Harbor (town, Maine, northeastern United Switzerland) : French Bâle-Campagne (The States) : to 1918 Eden demicanton was formed in 1833 by the divi- Bari (city, southeastern Italy) : Roman Barium sion of Basel canton into two half-cantons.) Barium see Bari Basel-Stadt (demicanton, northern Switzerland) Bar-le-Duc (town, northeastern France) : Me- : French Bâle-Ville (The demicanton was dieval Latin Castrum Barrum formed in 1833 by the division of Basel canton Barlinek (town, northwestern Poland) : to 1945 into two half-cantons.) German Berlinchen Bashanta see Gorodovikovsk Barmen-Elberfeld see Wuppertal Bashkicheti see Dmanisi Bashkiria 24

Bashkiria see Bashkortostan Baudens see Belarbi Bashkortostan (republic, western Russia) : to Baudouinville see Moba 1991 Bashkiria Bauerwitz see Baborów Bashtanka (town, southern Ukraine) : to c.1930 Bauman see Shofirkon Poltavka Baumanabad see Panj Basil see Basel Bausk see Bauska Basilea see Basel Bauska (town, southern Latvia) : to 1918 Russian Basilicata (region, southern Italy) : Roman Luca- Bausk nia Bauyrzhan Momyshuly (town, southern Kaza- Basle see Basel khstan) : formerly Russian Burnoye 1Basque Country (region, northern Spain) : Bauzanum see Bolzano [Spanish País Vasco; Basque Euskadi] (The Bavaria (state, southern Germany) : [German Roman region of Vasconia gave the Spanish Bayern] name of this region as well as that of Gascony, Baxt (town, eastern Uzbekistan) : to 1963 Rus- France, and ultimately the word Basque itself. sian Velikoalekseyevsky Cp. 2Basque Country.) Bayan Tumen see Choybalsan 2Basque Country (region, southwestern France) Bayern see Bavaria : [French Pays Basque] (Unlike Spain’s 1Basque Bayeux (town, northwestern France) : Roman Country, which is both a historical region and Augustodurum; Celtic Bajocasses an autonomous community, the French region Bayganin (village, west central Kazakhstan) : is cultural only.) formerly Karaulkeldy Basses-Alpes see Alpes-de-Haute-Provence Bayhead (village, Western Isles, northwestern Basses-Pyrénées see Pyrénées-Atlantiques Scotland) : Gaelic Ceann a Bhaigh Bassett-town see 2Washington Bayit veGan see Bat Yam Bassopiano Orientale see Massawa Baykadam see Saudakent Bastenaken see Bastogne Baykonur see Baykonyr Basti see Baza Baykonyr (town, south central Kazakhstan) : Bastogne (town, southeastern Belgium) : Flem- (Russian Baykonur); formerly Russian Leninsk ish Bastenaken (The town is the site of the Soviet space- Basutoland see Lesotho launch complex, which for purposes of disin- Batalhão see Taperoá formation borrowed the name of another Batalpashinsk see Cherkessk Baykonyr, 220 miles to the northeast, near Batalpashinskaya see Cherkessk Zhezkazgan.) Batavia see Jakarta Bayley’s Reward see Coolgardie Batbakkara see Amangeldy Baymak (town, west central Russia) : to 1944 1Bath (city, southwestern England) : Medieval Baymak-Tanalykovo Latin Bathonia; Roman Aquae Sulis; alternate Baymak-Tanalykovo see Baymak Roman Aquae Calidae 1Bayonne (town, southwestern France) : Roman 2Bath (village, Ontario, southeastern Canada) : Lapurdum to 1812 Ernestown 2Bayonne (city, New Jersey, northeastern United Bath see Berkeley Springs States) : to 1869 Konstable Hoeck Bathonia see 1Bath Bayrak see Kalinins’k Bathurst (town, New Brunswick, eastern Bayram-Ali see Bayramaly Canada) : to 1826 St. Peters; originally Nepisi- Bayramaly (city, southeastern Turkmenistan) : guit formerly Bayram-Ali Bathurst see Banjul Bayr¨t see Beirut Bathurst Inlet (village, Nunavut, northern Bayt La∏m see Bethlehem Canada) : alternate Inuit Qingaq Baza (city, southern Spain) : Roman Basti Batken (town, western Kyrgyzstan) : to 1945 Bazarcik see Dobrich Batken-Buzhum Bazargic see Dobrich Batken-Buzhum see Batken Bazin see Pezinok Batna (city, northeastern Algeria) : to 1849 Beaconsfield (town, Victoria, southeastern Aus- French Nouvelle-Lambèse tralia) : to 1879 Brandy Creek Bat’ovany see Partizánske Bealach Conglais see Baltinglass Bat Yam (city, west central Israel) : to 1936 Bayit Béal an Átha see Ballina veGan Béal an Mhuirthead see Belmullet 25 Belgoray

Béal Átha na Muice see Swinford Beinn na Faoghla see Benbecula Béal Átha na Sluaighe see Ballinasloe Beirut (city, western Lebanon) : [Arabic Bayr¨t]; Béal Átha Seanaidh see Ballyshannon formerly French Beyrouth; Roman Berytus Béal Feirste see Belfast (The city was captured by the French in 1918 Béal na mBuillí see Strokestown in a campaign against Turkey.) Béal Tairbirt see Belturbet Beit Guvrin (kibbutz, western Israel) : ancient Beannchar see 1Bangor Greek Eleutheropolis Beanntraí see Bantry Beitsch see Biecz Beaucaire (town, southern France) : Medieval Beja (city, southern Portugal) : Roman Pax Julia Latin Belli Quadrum; Roman Ugernum Béja (town, northern Tunisia) : Roman Vacca Beaufort (village, southeastern Wales) : Welsh Bejaïa (city, northeastern Algeria) : to c.1962 Cendl French Bougie; Roman Saldae Beaufort see Montmorency-Beaufort Bekabad see Bekobod Beaumaris (town, northwestern Wales) : Welsh Bek-Budi see Qarshi Biwmares Bekobod (city, eastern Uzbekistan) : (Russian Beaumont (city, Texas, southern United States) : Bekabad); to 1964 Begovat to 1835 Tevis Bluff Bela Aliança see Rio do Sul Beaune (town, east central France) : Roman Belna Bela-Bela (town, northern South Africa) : Beauvais (town, northern France) : Roman 1920–2002 Warmbad (alternate English Bellovacum; earlier Roman Caesaromagus Warmbaths); to 1920 Hartingsburg Beaver River see Beaverton Bela Crkva (town, eastern Serbia) : to 1918 Hun- Beaverton (village, Ontario, southeastern Can- garian Fehértemplom; to 1867 German Weiss- ada) : to 1928 Beaver River kirchen BeVej (town, northern Serbia) : to 1918, 1941– Bela Palanka (town, southeastern Serbia) : to 1944 Hungarian Óbecse (The town was also 1878 Turkish Akpalanka known as Stari BeVej, “Old BeVej,” matching Bfilá pod Bezdfizem (town, western Czech Re- the former Hungarian name.) public) : to 1918, 1939–1945 German Weiss- Béchar (town, western Algeria) : to c.1962 wasser French Colomb-Béchar Belarbi (village, northwestern Algeria) : to c.1962 Bechuanaland see Botswana French Baudens Bécs see Vienna Belarus (republic, eastern Europe) : to 1991 Be- Beda Littoria see Sidi Rafa lorussia [Russian Belorossiya]; earlier English Bedeau see Ras el Ma traditional White Russia Bedford (town, Quebec, southeastern Canada) : Bela Slatina see Byala Slatina formerly Stanbridge Falls Belavezha see Biaùowie∞a Bedloe’s Island see Liberty Island Bela Vista see Echaporã Bednodem’yanovsk (town, western Russia) : to Belaya Kalitva (city, western Russia) : to 1941 1925 Spassk Ust’-Belokalitvenskaya Bddzin (town, southeastern Poland) : 1940–1945 Belaya Padleskaya see Biaùa Podlaska German Bendsburg; to 1915 Russian Bendin Belaya Podlyashskaya see Biaùa Podlaska Beekmanton see Sleepy Hollow Belaya Tserkov’ see Bila Tserkva Beeroth see Al Bnrah Belém (city, northern Brazil) : alternate Pará Beersheba (town, southern Israel) : [Hebrew Belém see Palmeirais Be’er Sheva‘; Arabic Bnr as-Saba‘] Belerium see Land’s End Be’er Sheva’ see Beersheba Belfast (city, eastern Northern Ireland) : Irish Beeson’s Town see Uniontown Béal Feirste Beeton (village, Ontario, southeastern Canada) : Belfast see Port Fairy to 1878 Clarksville Belgard see Biaùogard Begovat see Bekobod Belgian Congo see Congo, Democratic Re- Behshahr (town, northern Iran) : to mid–1930s public of the Ashraf België see Belgium Bei-alan see Smirnenski Belgique see Belgium Beijing (city, northeastern China) : formerly Belgium (kingdom, northwestern Europe) : conventional Peking; 1368–1403, 1928–1949 [Flemish België; French Belgique]; to 1830 Peiping; 13th century Khanbalik (conventional Spanish Netherlands Cambaluc); earlier Yen Belgoray see Biùgoraj Belgorod 26

Belgorod see Bilhorod-Dnistrovs’kyy Belorussia see Belarus Belgorod-Dnestrovsky see Bilhorod-Dnistro- Beloretsk (town, west central Russia) : to 1923 vs’kyy Beloretsky Zavod Belgrade (city, central Serbia) : [Serbo-Croat Beloretsky Zavod see Beloretsk Beograd]; Roman Singidunum Beloshchel’ye see Nar’yan-Mar Belhaven see 2Alexandria Belostok see Biaùystok Beligrad see Berat Belotsarsk see Kyzyl Belingwe see Mberengwa Belovár see Bjelovar Belinsky (town, southwestern Russia) : to 1948 Belovezha see Biaùowie∞a Chembar Belovo see Zemen Belize (country, northeastern Central America) : Belovodsk see Bilovods’k 1840–1971 British Honduras Belovodskoye see Bilovods’k Bella Unión (city, northwestern Uruguay) : to Belsk see Bielsk Podlaski 1930s Santa Rosa Bel’tsy see BQl´i Bella Vista (town, southern Mexico) : to 1934 Belturbet (town, northern Ireland) : Irish Béal San Pedro Remate Tairbirt Belle-Anse (town, southern Haiti) : formerly Bely Bychek see Chagoda Saltrou Bely Klyuch see Krasny Klyuch Belle Glade (town, Florida, southeastern United Belyye Kresty see Sazonovo States) : to 1921 Hillsborough Canal Settlement Belyye Vody see 2Aksu Bellehaven see Arlington Beman’s Corners see Newmarket Belleville (city, Ontario, southeastern Canada) : Benacus see Garda to 1816 Meyers’ Creek Benares see Varanasi Bellingham (city, Washington, northwestern Benbecula (island, Western Isles, northwestern United States) : to 1903 Whatcom (The city Scotland) : Gaelic Beinn na Faoghla was formed when Whatcom merged with three Bend (city, Oregon, western United States) : other communities.) originally Farewell Bend Bellingshausen Island see Motu One Bender see Tighina Belli Quadrum see Beaucaire Bendery see Tighina Bellovacum see Beauvais Bendigo (city, Victoria, southeastern Australia) : Bell Rock (island, eastern Scotland) : alternate to 1891 Sandhurst Inchcape Rock (The alternate name was popu- Bendin see Bddzin larized by Robert Southey’s 1802 ballad “The Bendix see Teterborough Inchcape Rock.” See also Arbroath.) Bendsburg see Bddzin Belluno (city, northeastern Italy) : Roman Bel- Beneditinos (town, northeastern Brazil) : to lunum 1944 São Benedito Bellunum see Belluno Benefactor see 1San Juan Belmeken see Kolarov Beneschau see (1) Bene§ov; (2) Dolní Bene§ov Belmonte see Kuito Bene§ov (town, central Czech Republic) : to Belmullet (town, western Ireland) : Irish Béal an 1918, 1939–1945 German Beneschau Mhuirthead Benevento (city, southern Italy) : Roman Ben- Belna see Beaune eventum; earlier Roman Maleventum Belogorsk (city, eastern Russia) : 1935–1957 Beneventum see Benevento Kuybyshevka-Vostochnaya; 1931–1935 Krasno- Benghazi see BanghIzn partizansk; 1926–1931 Aleksandrovsk; 1860– Benin (country, western Africa) : to 1975 Da- 1926 Bochkarevo homey Belogorsk see Bilohirs’k Bennachie (upland area, northeastern Scotland) : Belogor’ye see Bilohirya Roman Graupius Mons (The Roman name has Belo Horizonte (city, eastern Brazil) : to 1901 been spuriously connected with the Grampian Cidade de Minas mountains in this part of Scotland.) Belokamensk see Inkerman Ben Slimane (town, northwestern Morocco) : Belolutsk see Biloluts’k formerly French Boulhaut Belolutskaya see Biloluts’k Bentinck see 3Durham Belomorsk (town, northwestern Russia) : to Benton Harbor (town, Michigan, north central 1938 Soroka United States) : originally Brunson Harbor Belorossiya see Belarus Bentschen see ZbRszyü 27 Beverly

Beograd see Belgrade 2Berlin (town, New Hampshire, northeastern Berane (town, eastern Montenegro) : 1949–1992 United States) : to 1821 Maynesborough Ivangrad Berlin see Kitchener Bérard see Aïn Tagourit Berlinchen see Barlinek Berat (town, south central Albania) : Medieval Bermuda (island group, northwestern Atlantic) : Slavonic Beligrad; ancient Greek Antipatria formerly English Somers Islands Beraun see Beroun Bern (city, west central Switzerland) : French Berdichev see Berdychiv Berne; Italian Berna (English generally prefers Berdyansk see Berdyans’k the German form of the name, although the Berdyans’k (city, southeastern Ukraine) : (Rus- French form is sometimes used alternately.) sian Berdyansk); 1939–1958 Osypenko (Russian Berna see Bern Osipenko) Bernardsville (town, New Jersey, northeastern Berdychiv (city, west central Ukraine) : (Russian United States) : to 1840 Vealtown Berdichev); to 1918 Russian Berdichev Berne see Bern Berea see Véroia Bernolákovo (town, southwestern Slovakia) : to Beregovo see Berehove 1918, 1938–1945 Hungarian Cseklész Beregovoy (village, eastern Russia) : formerly Bernstadt see Bierutów Kharino Bernstein see Peùczyce Beregszász see Berehove Beroea see Aleppo Berehove (city, western Ukraine) : (Russian Bere- Beroun (town, western Czech Republic) : to govo); 1944–1945 Czech Berehovo; 1938–1945 1918, 1938–1945 German Beraun Hungarian Beregszász; 1919–1938 Czech Bere- Berrahal (village, northeastern Algeria) : for- hovo; to 1918 German Sächsisch-Bereg merly Aïn Mokra Berehovo see Berehove Berriam see Kewanee Berenice see BanghIzn Bertolínia (town, northeastern Brazil) : to 1944 Berenicia see Préveza Aparacida Berent see Ko¢cierzyna Bertys see Balkhash Bereza Kartuska see Byaroza Beruniy (town, western Uzbekistan) : to 1958 Berezanka (town, southern Ukraine) : to c.1960 Shabbaz Tylyhulo-Berezanka (Russian Tiligulo-Berezanka) Berwyn see Gene Autry Berezhany (town, western Ukraine) : 1919–1939 Beryoza see Byaroza Polish Brze∞any Berytus see Beirut Bereznik (town, northwestern Russia) : to 1962 Besançon (city, eastern France) : Roman Vesontio Semyonovskoye Beshariq (town, western Uzbekistan) : Berezniki (town, western Russia) : to 1933 c.1940–1983 Russian Kirovo; 1937–c.1940 Rus- Usol’ye-Solikamskoye sian imeni Kirova Bergama (town, western Turkey) : Roman Perga- Bessarabka see Basarabeasca mum; ancient Greek Pergamon Beszterce see Bistri´a Bergamo (city, northern Italy) : Roman Bergo- Besztercebánya see Banská Bystrica mum Betanzos (town, southeastern Bolivia) : to 1900s Bergen (city, southwestern Norway) : originally Bartolo Bjørgvin Bethany see Al-‘Ayzarnyah Bergen see Mons Bethlehem (city, south central West Bank) : Bergen Iron Works see 1Lakewood [Arabic Bayt La∏m] Bergomum see Bergamo Beth-shemesh see Heliopolis Bergreichenstein see Ka§perské Hory Bet She’an (town, northeastern Israel) : ancient Bergstadt see Le§nica Greek Scythopolis Bergytown see Hespeler Bettendorf (city, Iowa, north central United Berkeley Springs (town, West Virginia, east States) : to 1902 Lilienthal central United States) : formerly (and still Beuthen see Bytom officially) Bath Beuvray, Mont (mountain, east central France) : Berkovets see Kotsyubyns’ke Roman Bibracte (The Roman name was that of Berkovets’ see Kotsyubyns’ke a hill fort here, the original capital of the Berlengas see Valença do Piauí Aedui, a Celtic people, who later moved to 1Berlin (town, Connecticut, northeastern United Augustodunum, modern Autun.) States) : to 1785 Kensington Beverly see Beverly Hills Beverly Hills 28

Beverly Hills (city, California, western United Bibala (town, southwestern Angola) : to c.1979 States) : 1906–1914 Beverly; to 1906 Rancho Portuguese Vila Arriaga Rodeo de las Aguas Bibracte see Beuvray, Mont Beverwyck see 1Albany Bibrka (town, western Ukraine) : (Russian Bo- Bewcastle (hamlet, northern England) : Roman brka); to 1939 Polish Bóbrka Fanum Cocidi (The assignment of the Roman Biddeford see Saco name to this particular location is tentative but Biecz (town, southeastern Poland) : to 1945 Ger- made on plausible grounds.) man Beitsch Beyläqan (town, southern Azerbaijan) : to 1989 Biel (city, northwestern Switzerland) : French Bi- Russian Zhdanovsk enne Beyrouth see Beirut Bielau see Pilawa Beyuk-Vedi see Vedi Bielawa (town, southwestern Poland) : to 1945 Bezdru±ice (village, western Czech Republic) : German Langenbielau to 1918, 1939–1945 German Weseritz Bielitz see Bielsko Bezhitsa (town, western Russia) : 1936–1943 Or- Bielsko (town, southern Poland) : to 1919, 1939– dzhonikidzegrad (The town was incorporated 1945 German Bielitz (In 1950 Bielsko united into the city of Bryansk in 1956.) with Biaùa to form the city of Bielsko-Biaùa.) Béziers (city, southern France) : Roman Baeter- Bielsk Podlaski (town, northeastern Poland) : rae 1807–1915 Russian Belsk Bezmer (village, southeastern Bulgaria) : to 1934 Bienne see Biel Turkish Khamzoren Bierry-les-Belles-Fontaines (village, north cen- Bhadgaon (town, central Nepal) : formerly tral France) : 1738–1882 Anstrude Bhaktapur Bierutów (town, southwestern Poland) : to 1945 Bhaktapur see Bhadgaon German Bernstadt BhIrat see India Big Boiling Springs see Russellville Bhatner see Hanumangarh Big Bull Falls see Wausau Bhutan (kingdom, southeastern Asia) : local (Ti- Big Glades see Wise betan) Druk-Yul (The local name gave the Bigheart see Barnsdall country’s English byname “Land of the Bight of Biafra see Biafra, Bight of Dragon.”) Big Lick see Roanoke Biafra, Bight of (western Africa) : alternate Bight Big St. Joseph Station see South Bend of Bonny BihaW (town, western Bosnia-Herzegovina) : to Biaùa (town, southwestern Poland) : to 1945 1878 Turkish Bihkeh German Zülz Bihkeh see BihaW Biaùa Piska (town, northeastern Poland) : 1938– Bikini (atoll, central Marshall Islands) : formerly 1945 German Bialla; to 1938 German Gehlen- Eschscholtz Island burg Biläsuvar (town, southeastern Azerbaijan) : for- Biaùa Podlaska (town, eastern Poland) : 1939– merly Russian Pushkino 1941 Belarussian Belaya Padleskaya; to 1918 Bila Tserkva (town, northern Ukraine) : (Rus- Russian Belaya Podlyashskaya sian Belaya Tserkov’); to 1918 Russian Belaya Bialla see Biaùa Piska Tserkov’; to 1155 Russian Yur’yev Biaùogard (town, northwestern Poland) : to 1945 BileWa (town, southern Bosnia-Herzegovina) : to German Belgard 1878 Turkish Bilek Biaùowie∞a (village, eastern Poland) : 1939–1941 Bilek see BileWa Belarussian Belavezha; to 1915 Russian Belo- Biùhoraj (town, eastern Poland) : to 1915 Russian vezha Belgoray Biaùy Bór (town, northwestern Poland) : to 1945 Bilhorod-Dnistrovs’kyy (city, southern German Baldenburg Ukraine) : (Russian Belgorod-Dnestrovsky); Biaùy Kamieü (town, southwestern Poland) : to 1940–1944 Russian Belgorod; 1918–1940 Ro- 1945 German Weiss-stein manian Cetatea AlbQ; 1812–1918 Russian Belgo- Bialystok see Biaùystok rod; 1484–1812 Turkish Akkerman; ancient Biaùystok (city, northeastern Poland) : 1941–1944 Greek Tyras German Bialystok; 1939–1941 Russian Belostok; Bilimbay (town, west central Russia) : to 1929 1795–1807 German Bialystok Bilimbayevsky Zavod Biarritz (town, southwestern France) : [Basque Bilimbayevsky Zavod see Bilibay Miarritze] Bilin see Bílina 29 Björneborg

Bílina (town, northwestern Czech Republic) : to Vizcaya; Roman Mare Cantabricum (English 1918, 1938–1945 German Bilin prefers to name the bay for the Spanish prov- Billings see Monett ince of Vizcaya; French for the French prov- Bilohirs’k (town, southern Ukraine) : (Russian ince of Gascony. The Roman name relates to Belogorsk); to 1944 Karasubazar the modern Spanish province of Cantabria. Bilohirya (town, west central Ukraine) : (Rus- Geographers point out that the English name sian Belogor’ye); to 1946 Lyakhivtsi (Russian generally covers a larger stretch of water Lyakhovtsy) than the French or Spanish.) Bilokam’yans’k see Inkerman Bischoflack see ¶kofja Loka Biloluts’k (town, eastern Ukraine) : (Russian Be- Bischofsburg see Biskupice lolutsk); to 1927 Biloluts’ka (Russian Belolut- Bischofstal see Ujazd skaya) Bischofstein see Bisztynek Biloluts’ka see Biloluts’k Bischofteinitz see Hor§ovskï Tï n Bílovec (town, eastern Czech Republic) : to 1918, Bisert (town, west central Russia) : to 1942 1938–1945 German Wagstadt Bisertsky Zavod Bilovods’k (town, eastern Ukraine) : (Russian Bisertsky Zavod see Bisert Belovodsk); to 1937 Bilovods’ke (Russian Bishkek (city, northern Kyrgyzstan) : 1926– Belovodskoye) 1991 Russian Frunze; 1862–1926 Russian Pish- Bilovods’ke see Bilovods’k pek Bindloe Island see Marchena, Isla Bishopston (village, southern Wales) : Welsh Binghamton (city, New York, northeastern Llandeilo Ferwallt United States) : originally Chenango Point Biskupice (town, southeastern Poland) : to 1945 Binn Éadair see Howth German Bischofsburg Biograd na Moru (town, southern Croatia) : to Biskupiec (town, northeastern Poland) : to 1945 1918 Italian Zaravecchia German Bischofswerder Bioko (island, northwestern Equatorial Guinea) Bismarck (city, North Dakota, northern United 1973–1979 Macías Nguema Biyogo; 1494–1973 States) : to 1873 Camp Hancock; earlier Camp Fernando Po; earlier Portuguese Formosa Greeley; originally Crossing on the Missouri Biorra see Birr Bismarckburg see Kasanga Bipontium see Zweibrücken Bistri´a (city, north central Romania) : 1940– Birgu see Vittoriosa 1944 Hungarian Beszterce; to 1867 German Birkat QIr¨n (lake, northern Egypt) : ancient Bistritz Greek Lake Moeris (The present lake is smaller Bistritz see Bistri´a in size than the original, whose ancient Egypt- Bisztynek (town, northeastern Poland) : to 1945 ian name means “big lake.”) German Bischofstein Bir Mogreïn (town, northern Mauritania) : to Bitola (city, southern Macedonia) : to 1913 Turk- c.1958 French Fort-Trinquet ish Monastir Birnbaum see Middzychód Bitonto (town, southeastern Italy) : Roman Bu- Birobidzhan (city, southeastern Russia) : to 1928 tuntum Tikhon’kaya Bitterne (village, southern England) : Roman Birr (town, central Ireland) : Irish Biorra; for- Clausentum (The Roman name has also been merly English Parsonstown applied to the village of Wickham, 6 miles to Bnr as-Saba‘ see Beersheba the west, but the coastal site, with its historic Biruintsa see ßtefan VodQ naval base, is the traditional one. Bitterne is Biryuch see 1Krasnogvardeyskoye now a suburb of Southampton.) Biryusinsk (town, eastern Russia) : to 1987 Bituricum see Bourges Suyetikha Biwmares see Beaumaris Bir±ai (town, northern Lithuania) : (Russian Biyuk-Onlar see Oktyabrs’ke Birzhay); to 1918 Russian Birzhi Bizerta (city, northern Tunisia) : alternate Ban- Birzhay see Bir±ai zart; Roman Hippo Zarytus, earlier Roman Birzhi see Bir±ai Hippo Diarrhytus Birzula see Kotovs’k Bjelovar (town, central Croatia) : to 1918 Hun- Bisanthe see Tekirda˘g garian Belovár Biscari see Acate Bjørgvin see Bergen Biscay, Bay of (western France/northern Spain) : Björkö see 2Primorsk French Golfe de Gascogne; Spanish Golfo de Björneborg see Pori Blachownia 30

Blachownia (town, southern Poland) : to 1945 Blessington (town, eastern Ireland) : Irish Baile German Blechhammer Coimín Black Forest (wooded region, western Germany) Blestium see Monmouth : [German Schwarzwald] Blindheim see 1Blenheim Black Mountain (southern Wales) : Welsh Y Bloemfontein (city, south central South Africa) : Mynydd Du (The range lies to the west of the [Sotho Mangaung] Black Mountains, which partly extend into Bloom see Chicago Heights England.) 1Bloomfield (town, Connecticut, northeastern Black Mountains (southeastern Wales) : Welsh United States) : to 1835 Wintonbury Mynydd Du (The Welsh name translates as 2Bloomfield (town, New Jersey, northeastern “Black Mountain,” and a plural equivalent, Y United States) : to 1796 Wardsesson Mynyddoedd Duon, is sometimes found.) Blooming Grove see Bloomington Black River (southwestern China/northern Viet- Bloomington (city, Illinois, north central United nam) : Vietnamese Song Da; Chinese Hei Chi- States) : to 1831 Blooming Grove; originally Keg ang Grove Black River see Lorain Bloomington see Muscatine Blackrock (town, eastern Ireland) : Irish An Bloomsburg (town, Pennsylvania, northeastern Charraig Dhubh United States) : to 1870 Eyertown Black Sea (southern Europe) : former alternate Bluefields see Zelaya English Euxine Sea; Roman Pontus Euxinus Blue Nile (river, southern Sudan) : [Arabic Ba∏r Blackwell’s Island see Roosevelt Island al-Azraq] Blackwood (town, southern Wales) : Welsh Bluff (town, southern New Zealand) : formerly Coed-duon Port Macquarie Blaenavon (town, southeastern Wales) : Welsh Bluffs see 1Quincy Blaenafon; formerly often English Blenavon Blumenau see Stettler Blaendulais see Seven Sisters Blyukherovo see 2Leninskoye Blagoevgrad (town, southwestern Bulgaria) : Boa Esperança (town, southeastern Brazil) : to to 1950 Gorna Dzhumaya; to 1913 Turkish 1940 Dores da Boa Esperança Cuma Boa Esperança see (1) Boa Esperança do Sul; Blagoveshchensk (town, west central Russia) : to (2) Esperantina 1942 Blagoveshchensky Zavod Boa Esperança do Sul (town, southeastern Blagoveshchensky Zavod see Blagoveshchensk Brazil) : to 1944 Boa Esperança Blaj (town, central Romania) : to 1918 Hungar- Boat Yard see Kingsport ian Balázsfalva; to 1867 German Blasendorf Boa Vista see (1) Erechim; (2) Tocantinópolis Blakang Mati see Sentosa Bobolice (town, northwestern Poland) : to 1945 Blakelytown see Arkadelphia German Bublitz Blaketown see Greymouth Bobriki see Novomoskovsk Blanco see Luperón Bobrka see Bibrka Blarney (village, southern Ireland) : Irish An Bóbrka see Bibrka Bhlarna Bobruysk see Babruysk Blasendorf see Blaj Bocâina (town, southeastern Brazil) : to 1938 São Blatna see Blatná João da Bocâina Blatná (town, southwestern Czech Republic) : to Bocaiúva see (1) Bocaiúva do Sul; (2) Macatuba 1918, 1939–1945 German Blatna Bocaiúva do Sul (town, southern Brazil) : 1944– Blechhammer see Blachownia 1948 Imbuial; to 1944 Bocaiúva Bled (town, northwestern Slovenia) : to 1918, Bochkarevo see Belogorsk 1941–1945 German Veldes Bod see Tibet Blenavon see Blaenavon Bodenbach see Podmokly 1Blenheim (village, southern Germany) : Ger- Bodensee see Constance, Lake man Blindheim (The English name is famed Bodincomagus see Casale Monferrato for the battle of 1704 in which the English and Bodrum (town, southwestern Turkey) : ancient Austrians defeated the French and Bavarians in Greek Halicarnassus the War of the Spanish Succession. Germans Bogatynia (town, southwestern Poland) : to 1945 usually know the battle as Höchstadt.) German Reichenau 2Blenheim (town, Ontario, southeastern Boghari see Ksar el Boukhari Canada) : formerly Rondeau Bogodukhovka see Chkalovo 31 Bonvilston

Bogomdarovanny see Kommunar Bolivia (republic, west central South America) : Bogomolstroy see Krasnoural’sk to 1825 Upper Peru Bogor (city, southern Indonesia) : to 1945 Dutch Bolkenhain see Bolków Buitenzorg Bolków (town, southwestern Poland) : to 1945 Bogorodsk see (1) Kamskoye Ust’ye; (2) No- German Bolkenhain ginsk Bolnisi (town, southern Georgia) : 1936–1943 Bogorodskoye see 1Leninskoye Lyuksemburgi; 1921–1936 Lyuksemburg; to 1921 Bogoslovsk see Karpinsk Yekaterinofeld Bogotá (city, central Colombia) : formerly Span- Bologhine (town, northern Algeria) : to c.1962 ish (and still official) Santa Fé de Bogotá; earlier French St.-Eugène (The town is now a suburb Santa Fé de Bacatá of Algiers.) Bogoyavlensk see 1Zhovtneve Bologna (city, northern Italy) : Roman Bononia; Bogoyavlenskoye see 1Pervomaysky Etruscan Felsina Bogumin see Bohumín Bolsena (town, central Italy) : Roman Volsinii Boguszów (town, southwestern Poland) : to 1945 Bol’shakovo (village, western Russia) : 1938– German Gottesberg 1945 German Kreuzingen; to 1938 German Bo Hai (gulf, eastern China) : alternate Gulf of Gross-Skaisgirren Chihli Bol’shaya Garmanda see Evensk Bohemia (historic kingdom, central Europe) : Bol’shaya Martynovka (village, western Russia) : [German Böhmen; Czech Techy] (Bohemia to c.1944 Martynovka now occupies the west and center of the Czech Bol’shaya Seydemenukha see Kalinins’ke Republic, Moravia the eastern part.) Bolshevik see Sveta Anastasiya Bohemian Forest (southeastern Germany/south- Bol’shevo (town, western Russia) : 1928–mid– western Czech Republic) : [German Böhmer- 1950s Stalinsky wald; Czech Teskï Les] Bol’shiye Arabuzy see 4Pervomayskoye Böhmen see Bohemia Bol’shiye Soli see Nekrasovskoye Böhmerwald see Bohemian Forest Bol’shoy Kosheley see 2Komsomol’skoye Böhmisch-Brod see Teskï Brod Bol’shoy Tokmak see Tokmak Böhmisch-Kamnitz see Teská Kamenice Bol’shoy Yanisol’ see Velyka Novosilka Böhmisch-Krumau see Teskï Krumov Bolton see Stonefort Böhmisch-Leipa see Teská Lípa Bolzano (town, northern Italy) : to 1918 German Böhmisch-Skalitz see Teská Skalice Bozen; Roman Bauzanum Böhmisch-Trübau see Teská T†ebová Bombay see Mumbai Bohoyavlens’ke see 1Zhovtneve Bombon, Lake see Taal, Lake Bohumín (town, eastern Czech Republic) : Bom Jardim (city, southeastern Brazil) : 1944– 1939–1945 German Oderberg; 1918–1919, 1948 Vergel 1938–1939 Polish Bogumin; to 1918 German Bom Jardim see Bom Jardim de Minas Oderberg Bom Jardim de Minas (town, southeastern Boiling Springs see Rutherford Brazil) : to 1944 Bom Jardim Bois-le-Duc see ’s-Hertogenbosch Bomst see Babimost Boissevain (village, Manitoba, central Canada) : Bonaparte see Réunion to 1886 Cherry Creek Bondyuzhsky see Mendeleyevsk Bojodurum see Passau Bône see Annaba Bokovo-Antratsit see Antratsyt Bonfim see (1) Senhor do Bonfim; (2) Silvâ- Bokovo-Antratsyt see Antratsyt nia Boldumsaz (town, northern Turkmenistan) : Bonin Islands (western Pacific) : Japanese Oga- formerly Kalinin; to 1936 Porsy sawara-gunto (The islands belong to Japan but Bolesùawiec (town, southwestern Poland) : to were under United States administration from 1945 German Bunzlau 1945 to 1968.) Boleszkowice (town, northwestern Poland) : to Bonna (city, western Germany) : Roman Bonna 1945 German Fürstenfelde Bonna see Bonn Bolgar (town, western Russia) : 1935–1991 Kuy- Bonny, Bight of see Biafra, Bight of byshev; 1926–1935 Spassk-Tatarsky; to 1926 Bononia see (1) Bologna; (2) Boulogne; Spassk (3) Vidin Bolívar, Cerro (mountain, eastern Venezuela) : Bonvilston (village, southeastern Wales) : Welsh to 1948 La Parida Tresimwn Boone 32

Boone (town, Iowa, north central United States) Borysthenes see Dnieper : to 1871 Montana Bosanski Brod (town, northern Bosnia-Herze- Boothia Felix see Boothia Peninsula govina) : to 1878 Turkish Brod Boothia Peninsula (Nunavut, northern Canada) Bosanski Novi (town, northwestern Bosnia- : formerly Boothia Felix Herzegovina) : to 1878 Turkish Novi Borbetomagus see Worms Boscawen Island see Niuatoputopu Borchalo see Marneuli Boshnyakovo (town, eastern Russia) : 1905– Borcovicium see Housesteads 1945 Japanese Nishi-shakutan Borda do Campo see São Bernardo do Campo Bösing see Pezinok Bordeaux (city, southeastern France) : Roman Boskovice (town, eastern Czech Republic) : to Burdigala 1918, 1939–1945 German Boskowitz Borden (village, Prince Edward Island, eastern Boskowitz see Boskovice Canada) : to 1916 Carleton Point Bosna i Hercegovina see Bosnia-Herzegovina Bordentown (town, New Jersey, northeastern Bosna-Saray see Sarajevo United States) : originally Farnsworth’s Landing Bosnia-Herzegovina (republic, southeastern Eu- Borders see Scottish Borders rope) : [Serbo-Croat Bosna i Hercegovina] Bordj el Kiffan (town, northern Algeria) : to Bosphorus see Bosporus c.1962 French Fort-de-l’Eau Bosporus (strait, northwestern Turkey) : alter- Bordj Omar Driss (town, east central Algeria) : nate Bosphorus (The spelling of the alternate to c.1962 French Fort-Flatters name is irregular, as the origin is in Greek Borgå see Porvoo -poros, “passage,” not -phoros, “bearing.” This Borgh see Borve Bosporus, connecting the Black Sea with the Borgo San Donnino see Fidenza Sea of Marmara, was known in full as Bosporus Borgonovo see Su§ak Thracius, “Thracian Bosporus,” as distinct Borgotaro see Borgo Val di Taro from the Bosporus Cimmerius, “Cimmerian Borgo Val di Taro (town, north central Italy) : to Bosporus,” now Kerch Strait, between the c.1930 Borgotaro Black Sea and the Sea of Azov.) Borgworm see Waremme Bosquet see Hadjadj Borinquén see Puerto Rico Bossier City (city, Louisiana, southern United Borislav see Boryslav States) : originally Cane’s Landing Borisoglebsk see Daugavpils Boston see Manhattan Borisoglebskiye Slobody see Borisoglebsky Botevgrad (city, western Bulgaria) : to 1934 Borisoglebsky (town, western Russia) : to 1962 Orkhaniye; to 1878 Turkish Orhanie Borisoglebskiye Slobody Botev Peak (central Bulgaria) : to 1950 Turkish Borisovgrad see P≠rvomay Yumrukchal; earlier Ferdinandov Vrukh Borjas Blancas (town, northeastern Spain) : Botswana (republic, southern Africa) : to 1966 Catalan Les Borges Blanques Bechuanaland Borjom see Borjomi Bottle Hill see Madison Borjomi (city, central Georgia) : to 1936 Borjom Boufatis (village, northwestern Algeria) : to Borovsk (town, west central Russia) : to 1949 c.1962 French St.-Louis Ust’-Borovaya (The town is now part of the Bougaa (village, northern Algeria) : to c.1962 city of Solikamsk.) French Lafayette Borshchev see Borshchiv Bougie see Bejaia Borshchiv (town, southwestern Ukraine) : (Rus- Boulder Dam see Hoover Dam sian Borshchev); to 1939 Polish Borszczów Boulhaut see Ben Slimane Borszczów see Borshchiv Boulogne (city, northern France) : Roman Bor u Teské Lípy see Novï Bor Bononia; earlier Roman Gesoriacum (The city’s Borve (village, Western Isles, northwestern Scot- full name is Boulogne-sur-Mer, as distinct from land) : Gaelic Borgh (The Gaelic name is that Boulogne-Billancourt, a suburb of Paris.) of villages in the Isle of Lewis and on Barra. A Bountiful (city, Utah, western United States) : to third Borve in Harris has the Gaelic name Na 1855 Sessions’ Settlement Buirgh. The name itself is of Scandinavian ori- Bourbon see Réunion gin and means simply “fort.”) Bourbontown see 2Paris Boryslav (city, western Ukraine) : (Russian Bourbon-Vendée see La Roche-sur-Yon Borislav); to 1939 Polish Borysùaw Bourges (city, central France) : Roman Avaricum Borysùaw see Boryslav Bourg-Léopold see Leopoldsburg 33 Breage

Bourg-Madame (village, southern France) : to Braine-le-Comte (town, south central Belgium) 1815 La Guingette : Flemish ’s-Gravenbrakel Bourgogne see Burgundy Braintree (town, Massachusetts, northeastern Bourg Royal see Charlesbourg United States) : to 1640 Monoticut Bourne (town, Massachusetts, northeastern Brancaster (village, eastern England) : Roman United States) : to 1884 Monument Branodunum Bous (town, southwestern Germany) : 1936– Brandeis an der Elbe see Brandï s nad Labem 1945 Buss Brandy Creek see Beaconsfield Bovec (village, northwestern Slovenia) : 1919– Brandï s nad Labem (town, north central Czech 1947 Italian Plezzo; to 1918 German Flitsch Republic) : to 1918, 1939–1945 German Bran- Bovium see Cowbridge deis an der Elbe (In 1960 Brandïs nad Labem Bowditch Island see Tokelau joined with neighboring Stará Boleslav to form Bowes (town, northeastern England) : Roman the twin town Brandïs nad Labem-Stará Bole- Lavatris slav.) Box Elder see Brigham City Braniewo (town, northeastern Poland) : to 1945 Boykovo (village, eastern Russia) : 1905–1945 German Braunsberg Japanese Kataoka Branodunum see Brancaster Boyle (town, north central Ireland) : Irish Main- Branogenium see Leintwardine istir na Búille Braüsk (town, northeastern Poland) : 1807–1915, Boyoma Falls (north central Democratic Re- 1939–1941 Russian Bryansk public of the Congo) : to 1972 Stanley Brantovka see 5Oktyabr’sky Falls Brashear City see Morgan City Bozcaada (island, western Turkey) : ancient Brasil see Brazil Greek Tenedos Braslav see Braslaw Boz Da˘g (mountain, western Turkey) : ancient Braslaw (town, northern Belarus) : (Russian Greek Tmolus Braslav); 1919–1939 Polish Brasùaw Bozeman (city, northwestern United States) : Brasùaw see Braslaw originally Missouri Bra£ov (city, central Romania) : 1950–1960 Stalin Bozen see Bolzano or Ora£ul Stalin; 1867–1918 Hungarian Brassó, Bozhedarivka see Shchors’k to 1867 German Kronstadt (The German name Bozhedarovka see Shchors’k should not lead to confusion with the Russian Bozhidar see (1) Kaolinovo; (2) Rozino town of Kronshtadt. In the former alternate Bo±í Dar (village, northwestern Czech Republic) name, Romanian Ora£ul means “city,” giving : to 1918, 1939–1945 German Gottesgab an equivalent to Russian Stalingrad, now Vol- Bracara Augusta see Braga gograd.) Bradford (town, Pennsylvania, northeastern Brassó see Bra£ov United States) : to 1873 Littleton Brasstown Bald (mountain, Georgia, southeast- Braga (city, northwestern Portugal) : Roman ern United States) : formerly Mt. Enotah Bracara Augusta Bratan (mountain, central Bulgaria) : 1950–1969 Bragança (town, northeastern Portugal) : tradi- Morozov; to 1950 Golyam Bratan tional English Braganza; Roman Brigantia Bratislava (city, southwestern Slovakia) : to 1918 (The English spelling is associated with the Hungarian Pozsony; to 1867 German Pressburg royal house that ruled Portugal from 1640 to Brattleboro (town, Vermont, northeastern 1910 and also Brazil, as a Portuguese colony, United States) : to 1753 Fort Dummer from 1822 to 1889.) Brätz see Brojce Bragança see Bragança Paulista Braunau see Broumov Bragança Paulista (city, southeastern Brazil) : to Braunsberg see Braniewo 1944 Bragança Braunschweig (city, northern Germany) : con- Braganza see Bragança ventional English Brunswick (The English Bragg’s Spur see West Memphis name primarily applied to the former duchy.) BrQila (city, southeastern Romania) : to 1829 Bravoniacum see Kirkby Thore Turkish jbrail Bray (town, eastern Ireland) : Irish Bré Braine-l’Alleud (town, central Belgium) : Flem- Brazil (republic, east central South America) : ish Eigenbrakel [Portuguese Brasil] Braine-le-Château (town, central Belgium) : Bré see Bray Flemish Kasteelbrakel Breage see Vermilion Brecknock 34

Brecknock see Brecon Brezno (town, central Slovakia) : to 1918 Hun- B†eclav (city, southern Czech Republic) : to 1918, garian Breznobánya; to 1867 German Bries 1938–1945 German Lundenburg Breznobánya see Brezno Brecon (town, southeastern Wales) : alternate Briançon (town, southeastern France) : Roman dated Brecknock; Welsh Aberhonddu (The al- Brigantium ternate name was more commonly current for Bricksburg see 1Lakewood the former county and subsequent unitary au- Brickton see Park Ridge thority, abolished in 1996, and remains in use Bridgend (town, southern Wales) : Welsh Pen-y- for the town’s Brecknock Museum.) Bont ar Ogwr Brecon Beacons (mountains, southeastern Bridgeport (city, Connecticut, northeastern Wales) : Welsh Bannau Brycheiniog (The United States) : to 1800 Stratfield; originally mountains take their name from the former Newfield county of Breconshire, of which Brecon was Bridgeton (city, New Jersey, northeastern United the county town.) States) : formerly Bridgetown; originally Co- Bregenz (town, western Austria) : Roman Brig- hansey Bridge antium 1Bridgetown (town, southwestern Barbados) : Breisach (town, southwestern Germany) : formerly St. Michael’s Town; originally Indian Roman Mons Brisiacus; earlier Roman Brisia- Bridge cum 2Bridgetown (village, Nova Scotia, eastern Breitenstein see 2Ul’yanovo Canada) : to 1824 Hicks Ferry Breizh see Brittany Bridgetown see (1) Bridgeton; (2) Mount Brejo da Madre de Deus (city, northeastern Holly Brazil) : 1939–1948 Madre de Deus Bridgewater (town, Massachusetts, northeastern Brelsford see Coffs Harbour United States) : originally Titicut Bremenhaven see Bremerhaven Bridlington see 2Burlington Bremenium see 2Rochester Brieg see Brzeg Bremerhaven (city, northern Germany) : English Bries see Brezno formerly often Bremenhaven; 1939–1947 We- Briesen see WRbrzeØno sermünde (Founded in 1827, the city was ab- Brigantia see Bragança sorbed in 1939 by Wesermünde, itself formed Brigantinus Lacus see Constance, Lake in 1924 from the merger of two other towns. Brigantium see (1) Bregenz; (2) Briançon; (3) In 1947 the combined municipality reverted to La Coruña the original name, meaning “port for Bre- Brigetio see Szâny men.”) Brigham City (town, Utah, west central United Bremersdorp see Manzini States) : to 1856 Box Elder Bremetenacum Veteranorum see Ribchester Brighthelmstone see Brighton Brenner see Brennero Brighton (city, southern England) : formerly Brennero (village, northern Italy) : to 1919 Ger- Brighthelmstone man Brenner Brindisi (city, southeastern Italy) : Roman Brun- Brescia (city, northern Italy) : Roman Brixia disium Breslau see Wrocùaw Brisbane (city, Queensland, eastern Australia) : Bressanone (town, northern Italy) : to 1919 Ger- to 1834 Edenglassie man Brixen Brisiacum see Breisach Brest (city, southwestern Belarus) : 1921–1939 Bristol (city, Connecticut, northeastern United Polish Brze¢W nad Bugiem; to 1921 Russian States) : formerly New Cambridge Brest-Litovsk (The Russian name is familiar Bristol see 2Dover from the treaty of 1918 between Germany and Bristol Channel (southeastern Wales/southwest- Russia and from its use in World War II, when ern England) : alternate Severn Sea; Welsh Môr Brest was in German hands.) Hafren (The Welsh name has the same mean- Brest-Litovsk see Brest ing as the alternate English name.) Bretagne see Brittany Britain see (1) Great Britain; (2) United King- Brewster, Cape (eastern Greenland) : [Green- dom landic Kangikajik] Britannia see Great Britain Brezhnev see Naberezhnyye Chelny British Central Africa Protectorate see Malawi Bre±ice (town, southern Slovenia) : to 1918, British Columbia (province, western Canada) : 1941–1945 German Rann 1849–1858 New Caledonia 35 Brussels

British East Africa see Kenya Brooks Islands see Midway Islands British Guiana see Guyana Brossard (city, Quebec, southeastern Canada) : British Honduras see Belize to 1958 Brosseau Station (The city is now a British North America see Canada suburb of Montreal.) Briton Ferry (town, southern Wales) : Welsh Brosseau Station see Brossard Llansawel Brotas see Brotas de Macaúbas Brittany (region, northwestern France) : [French Brotas de Macaúbas (town, eastern Brazil) : to Bretagne; Breton Breizh]; Roman Armorica 1944 Brotas (The eastern part of the Roman region became Brotherstown see Rockwood Normandy, but the Celtic name gave Breton 1Brough (village, east central England, near Armor for its coastal regions, as against Argoat, Newark-on-Trent) : Roman Crococalana the hinterland. The name is present today in 2Brough (village, central England, near Hather- the department of Côtes-d’Armor.) sage) : Roman Navio Briva Curretia see Brive-la-Gaillarde 3Brough (village, eastern England, near Hull) : Briva Isarae see Pontoise Roman Petuaria Brive see Brive-la-Gaillarde 4Brough (village, northwestern England, near Brive-la-Gaillarde (town, south central France) : Kirkby Stephen) : Roman Verteris (The name formerly Brive; Roman Briva Curretia Brough, pronounced “Bruff,” derives from Old Brixen see Bressanone English burh, “fortified place,” referring to the Brixia see Brescia Roman fort in each of these four places.) Brno (city, southeastern Czech Republic) : to Brougham (hamlet, northwestern England) : 1918, 1939–1945 German Brünn Roman Brocavum Bro see Kristinehamn Broughton (village, northeastern Wales) : Welsh Broads, The (region of lakes, eastern England) : Brychdyn alternate Norfolk Broads Broughton see Effingham Brocavum see Brougham Broughton Island see Qikiqtarjuaq Brochów (town, southwestern Poland) : to 1945 Broumov (town, northern Czech Republic) : to German Brockau 1918, 1938–1945 German Braunau Brock see Sunderland Brownsville see Ogden Brockau see Brochów Brownville see Phenix City Brockton (city, Massachusetts, northeastern Bruges (city, northwestern Belgium) : Flemish United States) : to 1874 North Bridgewater Brugge (English generally uses the French form Brockville (town, Ontario, southeastern of the name, although the city is in the Flem- Canada) : formerly Elizabethtown ish-speaking half of the country.) Brod (town, central Macedonia) : to c.1945 Ju±ni Bruges-sur-Mer see Zeebrugge Brod Brugge see Bruges Brod see (1) Bosanski Brod; (2) Slavonski Brundisium see Brindisi Brod Bruneck see Brunico Brodnica (town, north central Poland) : 1772– Brunei Town see Bandar Seri Begawan 1807, 1815–1919, 1939–1945 German Strasburg Brunico (town, northern Italy) : to 1918 German in Westpreussen Bruneck Brojce (town, northwestern Poland) : to 1945 Brünn see Brno German Brätz Brunson Harbor see Benton Harbor Broken Hill (city, New South Wales, southeast- Brunswick (town, Maine, northeastern United ern Australia) : Aboriginal Willyama States) : to 1717 Pejepscot Broken Hill see Kabwe Brunswick see Braunschweig Bromberg see Bydgoszcz Bruntál (town, eastern Czech Republic) : to Bromont (village, Quebec, eastern Canada) : to 1918, 1938–1945 German Freudenthal 1966 West Shefford Brusa see Bursa Bronkhorstspruit (town, northeastern South Bruselas see Puntarenas Africa) : to 1935 Erasmus Brussel see Brussels Bronson see Kalamazoo Brussels (city, central Belgium) : [Flemish Brookfield (town, Illinois, north central United Brussel; French Bruxelles] (The city, officially States) : to 1905 Grossdale bilingual, is geographically in the Flemish- Brookline (town, Massachusetts, northeastern speaking half of Belgium although the major- United States) : to 1705 Muddy River ity of the population speak French.) Bruttium 36

Bruttium see Calabria Builth Wells (town, south central Wales) : Welsh Brüx see Most Llanfair-ym-Muallt (English Builth is an angli- Bruxelles see Brussels cized form of Welsh Buallt, here in its mutated Bryansk see Braüsk form Muallt.) Bryantsivs’kyy Rudnyk see Soledar Buitenzorg see Bogor Bryantsovsky Rudnik see Soledar Bujumbura (city, western Burundi) : to 1962 Brychdyn see Broughton Usumbura Brynbuga see Usk Bukavu (town, eastern Democratic Republic of Bryson (village, Quebec, southeastern Canada) : the Congo) : 1927–1952 Costermansville to 1873 Havelock; earlier Hargreaves Bukitinggi (city, western Indonesia) : formerly Brzeg (town, southwestern Poland) : to 1945 Fort de Kock German Brieg; Roman Civitas Altae Ripae Bulatselivka see 1Shevchenkove Brze¢W nad Bugiem see Brest Bulatselovka see 1Shevchenkove Brze∞any see Berezhany Bulembu (town, northwestern Swaziland) : to Brzeziny (town, central Poland) : 1940–1945 1976 Havelock German Löwenstadt B≠lgarevo (town, eastern Bulgaria) : to 1934 Buayan see General Santos Turkish Urumyenikoy Bublitz see Bobolice Bulgaria (republic, southeastern Europe) : [Bul- Buccari see Bakar garian B≠lgariya] Buccino (village, southern Italy) : Roman Volcei B≠lgariya see Bulgaria Buchanan (town, western Liberia) : formerly Bulung’ur (town, eastern Uzbekistan) : formerly Grand Bassa Russian Krasnogvardeysk; to 1930s Rostovtsevo Bucharest (city, southern Romania) : [Romanian Bunclody (town, southeastern Ireland) : Irish Bucure£ti] Bun Clóidí; to 1950 English Newtownbarry Buckhorn see 1Hastings Bun Clóidí see Bunclody Buckley (town, northeastern Wales) : Welsh Buncrana (town, northwestern Ireland) : Irish Bwcle Bun Cranncha Bucklin see Dearborn Bun Cranncha see Buncrana Buck’s Bridge see 2Hanover Bun Dobhrain see Bundoran Buck’s Crossing see 2Hanover Bundoran (town, northwestern Ireland) : Irish Bucure£ti see Bucharest Bun Dobhrain Budapest (city, north central Hungary) : Roman Bunge Rudnik see Yunokomunarivs’k Aquincum (The Roman name originally ap- Bunge Rudnyk see Yunokomunarivs’k plied to Buda, on the right bank of the Bunzlau see Boleùawiec Danube, which in 1872 joined with Pest, on Burbank see Moorhead the left bank, to form the present city.) Burdigala see Bordeaux Bud’onnivka see Novoazovs’k Bureya-Pristan’ see Novobureysky Budua see Budva Bur Gavo (village, southeastern Somalia) : to Budva (town, southern Montenegro) : to 1918 c.1926 Port Durnford Italian Budua Burgh Castle (village, eastern England) : Roman Budweis see Teské Budfijovice Gariannum (The Roman name was long cited Budwitz see Moravské Budfijovice in the form Gariannonum.) Budyonnovka see Novoazovs’k Burgundy (region, central France) : [French Budyonnovsk (city, southwestern Russia) : Bourgogne] 1957–1973 Prikumsk; 1935–1957 Budyonnovsk; Burkina Faso (republic, western Africa) : to 1984 1920–1935 Prikumsk; to 1920 Svyatoy Krest Upper Volta Budyonnoye see 1Krasnogvardeyskoye 1Burlington (city, North Carolina, eastern Budyonny see Chat-Bazar United States) : to 1887 Company Shops Buena Vista see De Kalb 2Burlington (town, New Jersey, northeastern Buenos Aires (province, eastern Argentina) : United States) : formerly Bridlington; origi- 1946–1955 Eva Perón (The province does not nally New Beverly include the national capital, Buenos Aires, Burlington Bay see 2Hamilton which was not renamed.) Burma see Myanmar Buffalo (city, New York, northeastern United Burnie (town, Tasmania, southeastern Australia) States) : to 1816 New Amsterdam (The city’s : originally Emu Bay Settlement present name was in popular use from the first.) Burnoye see Bauyrzhan Momyshuly 37 Caerhun

Burrium see Usk Byzantium see Istanbul Burry Port (town, southern Wales) : Welsh Porth Caa-Catí see General Paz Tywyn Caála (town, west central Angola) : 1930–c.1975 Bursa (city, northwestern Turkey) : formerly Portuguese Vila Robert Williams Brusa; Roman Prusia ad Olympum Cabaret (town, central Haiti) : formerly Duva- Burundi (republic, east central Africa) : to 1966 lierville Urundi Cabellio see Cavaillon Burwick see Woodbridge Cabillonum see Chalon-sur-Saône Busch see Elk City Cabo Fisterra see Finisterre, Cape B¨shehr (city, southwestern Iran) : alternate Cabo Verde see Cape Verde Bandar-e B¨shehr; conventional Bushir (The Cabo Yubi see Tarfaya original city here may have been named Anti- Cabra (town, southern Spain) : Roman Igabrum och, as was Antakya.) Cabrália see Cabrália Paulista Bushir see B¨shehr Cabrália Paulista (town, southeastern Brazil) : Buss see Bous 1944–1948 Pirajaí; to 1944 Cabrália Butare (town, southern Rwanda) : to 1962 Cacaguatique see Ciudad Barrios Astrida Caçapava see Caçapava do Sul Butler (town, Wisconsin, northern United Caçapava do Sul (city, southern Brazil) : to 1944 States) : to 1930 New Butler Caçapava Bütow see Bytów Cáceres (city, western Brazil) : to 1939 São Luiz Butterworth (town, southeastern South Africa) : de Cáceres 1976–1994 Gcuwa Cacheira do Sul (city, southern Brazil) : to 1944 Buttevant (town, southwestern Ireland) : Irish Cachoeira Cill na Mallach Cachoeira see (1) Cachoeira do Sul; (2) Ca- Butuntum see Bitonto choeira Paulista; (3) Solonópole Butysh see Kama Cachoeira Paulista (city, southeastern Brazil) : Buxentum see Policastro Bussentino 1944–1948 Valparaíba; to 1944 Cachoeira Buxton (town, central England) : Roman Aquae Cachoeiras see Cachoeiras de Macacu Arnemetiae Cachoeiras de Macacu (city, southeastern Buynaksk (town, southwestern Russia) : to 1922 Brazil) : to 1943 Cachoeiras Temir-Khan-Shura Cacongo (town, northwestern Angola) : to Bwcle see Buckley c.1975 Portuguese Guilherme Capelo Byala Slatina (town, northern Bulgaria) : to Tadca (town, northwestern Slovakia) : to 1918 c.1945 Bela Slatina Hungarian Csaca Byam Martin Island see Ahunui Cadillac (town, Michigan, northern United Byaroza (town, southwestern Belarus) : (Russian States) : to 1877 Clam Lake Beryoza); 1919–1939 Polish Bereza Kartuska Cadiz see Cádiz Byblos see Jubayl Cádiz (city, southwestern Spain) : English con- Byczyna (town, southern Poland) : to 1945 Ger- ventional Cadiz; Roman Gades; Phoenician man Pitschen Gadir Bydgoszcz (city, north central Poland) : 1772– Cadoxton (village, southern Wales) : Welsh Tre - 1807, 1815–1919, 1939–1945 German Bromberg gatwg (The village is now a district of Barry.) Byorksky see Krasnoostrovsky Cadoxton-juxta-Neath (village, southern Wales) Byron Island see Nikunau : Welsh Llangatwg Nedd (The additions to the Bystrovka see Kemin respective names distinguish the village from Bystrzyca (river, southwestern Poland) : to 1945 Cadoxton by locating it near Neath.) German Weistritz Cadurcum see Cahors Bystrzyca Kùodzka (town, southwestern Poland) Cadwell’s Corners see Deerfield : to 1945 German Habelschwerdt Caene see Qena BytVa (town, northwestern Slovakia) : to 1918 Caerdydd see Cardiff Hungarian Nagybittse Caere see Cerveteri Bytom (city, southwestern Poland) : to 1945 Caerffili see Caerphilly German Beuthen Caerfyrddin see Carmarthen Bytów (town, northern Poland) : to 1945 Ger- Caergybi see Holyhead man Bütow Caerhun (village, northern Wales) : Roman Bytown see 1Ottawa Canovium (The Roman fort based its name on Caerleon 38

that of the Conwy River here, which itself gave Caia (town, central Mozambique) : 1954–1981 the name of the nearby town of Conwy.) Portuguese Vila Fontes Caerleon (town, southeastern Wales) : Welsh Caiapônia (town, central Brazil) : to 1944 Span- Caerllion-ar-Wysg, Roman Isca (The Roman ish Rio Bonito name is that of the river here, itself giving the Caieta see Gaeta modern name of Usk. The -leon and -llion of Cairlinn see Carlingford the respective names derive from the fuller Cairo (city, northern Egypt) : [Arabic Al QIhi- Roman name Isca Legionum, the latter word rah; alternate Arabic Mi•r] (The alternate Ara- meaning “of the legions.” An alternate Roman bic name is also that of Egypt.) fuller form was Isca Silurum.) Caiseal see Cashel Caerllion-ar-Wysg see Caerleon Caisleán an Bharraigh see Castlebar Caernarfon (town, northwestern Wales) : tradi- Caistor St. Edmund (village, eastern England) : tional English Carnarvon; Roman Segontium Roman Venta Icenorum (The traditional form of the name is preserved Caiuás see Rio Brilhante in an aristocratic title and in placenames in the Takovec (town, northern Croatia) : to 1918, former British colonies, as Australia and South 1941–1944 Hungarian Csáktornya Africa.) Calabria (region, southern Italy) : Roman Brut- Caerphilly (town, southeastern Wales) : Welsh tium Caerffili Calae see Chelles Caerwent (village, southeastern Wales) : Roman Calagurris see Calahorra Venta Silurum Calah see Nimrud Caesaraugusta see Saragossa Calahorra (town, northern Spain) : Roman Caesarea (ancient city, western Israel) : Hebrew Calagurris Horbat Qesari; Roman Caesarea Maritima; al- Calanais see Callanish ternate Roman Caesarea Palaestina; originally Calandula (town, northern Angola) : to c.1975 Greek Strato’s Tower (The Hebrew name Portuguese Duque de Bragança means “ruins of Caesarea,” referring to the bib- Calauria see Póros lical city built by Herod the Great. Nearby is Calcaria see Tadcaster the modern settlement of Kessaria, named for Calcutta see Kolkata it. The additions to the Roman names distin- Caldas (town, southeastern Brazil) : 1940–1948 guished the city from Caesarea Philippi, now Parreiras Banias.) Caldey (island, southwestern Wales) : Welsh Ynys Caesarea see (1) Cherchell; (2) Jersey; (3) Qis- Bˆyr arya Caledonia see Scotland Caesarea Cappadociae see Kayseri Caledonia Australis see Gippsland Caesarea Maritima see Caesarea Cales see Calvi Caesarea Mazaca see Kayseri Calgary (city, Alberta, southwestern Canada) : Caesarea Palaestinae see Caesarea originally Fort Brisebois Caesarea Philippi see Banias Calhoun (town, Georgia, southeastern United Caesarobriga see Talavera de la Reina States) : to 1850 Oothcaloga Caesarodunum see Tours Calicut see Kozhikode Caesaromagus see (1) Beauvais; (2) Chelms- Calidonia see Scotland ford Cälilabad (town, southeastern Azerbaijan) : Caesena see Cesena (Russian Dzhalilabad); to 1967 Russian Cagliari (city, southern Sardinia, Italy) : Roman Astrakhan’-Bazar Caralis Callanish (village, Western Isles, northwestern Caher (town, south central Ireland) : Irish An Scotland) : Gaelic Calanais Chathair Calleva Atrebatum see Silchester Cahersiveen (town, southwestern Ireland) : Irish Callipolis see Gallipoli Cathair Saidhbhín Talovo see Vel’kï Meder Cahors (city, south central France) : Roman Calumet (village, Michigan, north central Cadurcum; earlier Roman Divona United States) : to 1929 Red Jacket Cahul (city, southern Moldova) : (Russian Calumet City (city, Illinois, north central United Kagul ); 1919–1940 Romanian Cahul; 1878– States ) : to 1924 West Hammond (The city is a 1918 Russian Kagul; 1856–1878 Romanian suburb of Chicago.) Cahul; 1812–1856 Russian Kagul Calvary (hill, central Israel) : ancient Greek Gol- 39 Canada East

gotha (The Bible has both English and Greek the French trust territory of Cameroun gained names, respectively of Latin and Aramaic ori- its independence.) gin, for the site of Jesus’ crucifixion.) Cameroons, the see Cameroon Calvi (village, southwestern Italy) : Roman Cales Cameroun see Cameroon Camacupa (town, central Angola) : to 1891 Por- Cammin-in-Pommern see Kamieü Pomorski tuguese Vila General Machado Campagna di Roma (region, west central Italy) : Camagüey (city, eastern Cuba) : to 1903 Puerto Roman Campania (The Roman region was Príncipe, earlier Santa María del Puerto del closely tied to Rome, whereas the modern re- Príncipe (The city was founded at the site of gion of Campania lies further south and is the present coastal town of Nuevitas but was centered on Naples.) later moved inland to its present location.) Campania see (1) Campagna di Roma; Camanongue (town, north central Angola) : to (2) Champagne c.1975 Portuguese Vila Bugaço Camp-Bataille see Souk el Arba de l’Oued Camaquã (city, southern Brazil) : to 1939 Por- Beth tuguese São João de Camaquã Campbell (town, Ohio, north central United Camaracum see Cambrai States) : to 1926 East Youngstown Camaratuba see São Joaquim do Monte Campbellpur see (1) Attock; (2) Hasan Abdal Camarazal see Mulungu Campbellton (town, New Brunswick, eastern Cambaluc see Beijing Canada) : to 1833 Martin’s Point Cambé (city, southern Brazil) : to 1944 Nova Campbelltown (city, New South Wales, south- Dantzig eastern Australia) : to 1820 Airds Camberiacum see Chambéry Camp Eagle Pass see Eagle Pass Cambirela see Santo Amaro da Imperatriz Campestre see São José do Campestre Cambodia (republic, southeastern Asia) : 1976– Camp Greeley see Bismarck 1989 Kampuchea; 1970–1976 Khmer Republic Camp Hancock see Bismarck Cambodunum see (1) Kempten; (2) Leeds Campina Grande (city, northeastern Brazil) : to Camboglanna see Castlesteads 1864 Porta do Sertão Cambrai (city, northern France) : Roman Cama- Campinas (city, southeastern Brazil) : formerly racum Nossa Senhora da Conceição de Campinas de Cambria see Wales Matto Grosso 1Cambridge (city, eastern England) : Medieval Campine see Kempenland Latin Cantabrigia; Roman Duroliponte Campo Belo see Itatiaia 2Cambridge (city, Massachusetts, northeastern Campo Florido (town, southeastern Brazil) : to United States) : to 1638 New Towne 1944 Portuguese Campo Formoso Cambridge Bay (village, Nunavut, northern Campoformido (village, northeastern Italy) : Canada) : alternate Inuit Ikaluktutiak formerly Campo Formio (The former name re- Cambridge Farms see Lexington mains in historical use for the 1797 treaty be- Cambundi-Catembo (town, north central An- tween France and Austria ending the first gola) : to c.1975 Portuguese Nova Gaia phase of the Napoleonic Wars.) 1Camden (town, New South Wales, southeastern Campo Formio see Campoformido Australia) : formerly Camden Park; to 1805 Campo Formoso see (1) Campo Florido; Cowpastures (2) Orizona 2Camden (town, Arkansas, south central United Campo Largo see Araçoiaba da Serra States) : to 1844 Écore à Fabre Campo Quijano (town, northwestern Argen- 3Camden (town, South Carolina, southeastern tina) : to 1930s Kilómetro 1172 United States) : to 1768 Pine Tree Hill Campos see Tobias Barreto Camden Park see 1Camden Camptown see Irvington Camerino (town, central Italy) : Roman Camer- Camulodunum see Colchester inum Canaan see Palestine Camerinum see Camerino Canada (country, North America) : to 1763 New Cameron Bay see Echo Bay France (The former name, representing French Cameroon (republic, western Africa) : formerly Nouvelle-France, is sometimes applied to the English the Cameroons (The former name re- territory now occupied by Canada. Properly, it ferred to the German protectorate of Kamerun. denotes only the lands held or claimed by the After World War I it was divided into British French crown.) and French administrative zones and in 1960 Canada East see Quebec Canada West 40

Canada West see Ontario Cape Island see Cape May Çanakkale (city, northwestern Turkey) : for- Capela (town, northeastern Brazil) : 1944–1948 merly Kale i-Sultanye Portuguese Conceição do Paraíba Canaveral, Cape (Florida, southeastern United Capelle-au-Bois see Kapelle-op-den-Bos States) : 1963–1973 Cape Kennedy Capellen-lez-Anvers see Kapellen Cancello (village, southern Italy) : Roman Sues- Cape May (town, New Jersey, northeastern sula United States) : to 1869 Cape Island Canchungo (town, western Guinea-Bissau) : Cape of Good Hope see Good Hope, Cape of formerly Portuguese Teixeira Pinto Cape Palmas see Harper Candia see (1) Crete; (2) Iráklion Cape Province (former province, southern Canea (city, northern Crete, Greece) : to 1912 South Africa) : to 1910 Cape Colony (The prov- Turkish Hanya; ancient Greek Cydonia ince ceased to exist in 1994 when it was di- Canelones (city, southern Uruguay) : formerly vided into the three provinces Eastern Cape, Guadalupe Northern Cape, and Western Cape. See also Cane’s Landing see Bossier City Good Hope, Cape of.) Cangamba (town, south central Angola) : to Cape Town (city, southwestern South Africa) : c.1975 Portuguese Vila de Aljustrel Afrikaans Kapstad Cangó see General Artigas Cape Verde (island republic, North Atlantic) : Caniçado see Guijá [Portuguese Cabo Verde] Çankqrq (city, north central Turkey) : Roman Cape York Peninsula (Queensland, northeastern Germanicopolis; earlier Roman Gangra Australia) : to 1770 Carpentaria Land Canonium see Kelvedon Capivari see Silva Jardim Canosa di Puglia (town, southeastern Italy) : Capiz see Roxas Roman Canusium Capodistria see Koper Canóvanas see Loíza Caporetto see Kobarid Canovium see Caerhun Cappoquin (town, southern Ireland) : Irish Cea- Cantabria (province, northern Spain) : formerly pach Choinn Santander Capreae see Capri Cantabrigia see 1Cambridge Caprese Michelangelo (village, central Italy) : Canterbury (city, southeastern England) : Eccle- formerly Caprese (The village added the name siastical Latin Cantuaria; Roman Durovernum of the famous Renaissance artist Michelangelo, Canterbury see 1Christchurch who was born here in 1475.) Cantium see 1Kent Capri (island, western Italy) : Roman Capreae 1Canton (city, southeastern China) : Chinese Capsa see Gafsa Guangzhou (The English name represents Chi- Capua (town, southern Italy) : Roman Casilinum nese Kwangtung, the name of the province of (The town took its present name from the which Guangzhou is the capital.) nearby Roman city of Capua, now the village 2Canton (town, Massachusetts, northeastern of Santa Maria di Capua Vetere, whose in- United States) : to 1797 Punkapoag habitants settled here in A.D. 656 after fleeing 3Canton (town, South Dakota, north central the Saracens.). United States) : to 1867 Commerce City Capua see Santa Maria di Capua Vetere Cantuaria see Canterbury Caraguatay see Cordillera Canusium see Canosa di Puglia Caralis see Cagliari Cap-de-la-Madeleine (city, Quebec, southeast- Caransebe£ (town, western Romania) : to 1918 ern Canada) : originally Cap-des-Trois-Rivières Hungarian Karánsebes Cap-de-Lévy see Lauzon Caraza see Santiváñez Cap-des-Trois-Rivières see Cap-de-la- Carbonia see 2Ottawa Madeleine Carcaso see Carcassonne Cape : for names of capes see the next word, as Carcassonne (city, southern France) : Roman Colville, Cape Carcaso Cape Breton Island (Nova Scotia, eastern Can- Carcross (village, Yukon Territory, northwestern ada) : formerly French Île Royale (The island Canada) : to 1905 Caribou Crossing takes its present name from its eastern cape.) Cardiff (city, southeastern Wales) : Welsh Cape Colony see Cape Province Caerdydd Cape Dorset (village, Nunavut, northeastern Cardigan (town, western Wales) : Welsh Aberteifi Canada) : alternate Inuit Kingnait (The town’s English name is a corrupt form of 41 Caspian Sea

that of Ceredigion, the county in which it Carpentaria Land see Cape York Peninsula lies.) Carpentoracte see Carpentras Carei (town, northwestern Romania) : to 1918, Carpentras (town, southeastern France) : Roman 1940–1944 Hungarian Nagykároly; to 1867 Carpentoracte German Grosskarol Carradoc see Mount Brydges Caribou (town, Maine, northeastern United Carraig Fhearghasa see Carrickfergus States) : to 1877 Lyndon Village Carraig Mhachaire Rois see Carrickmacross Caribou Crossing see Carcross Carraig na Siúire see Carrick-on-Suir Caribrod see 3Dimitrovgrad Carrhae see Haran Carignan (village, northeastern France) : to 1662 Carrickfergus (town, eastern Northern Ireland) : Ivoy Irish Carraig Fhearghasa Carinthia (region, southern Austria) : [German Carrickmacross (town, northeastern Ireland) : Kärnten] Irish Carraig Machaire Rois Caririaçu (city, northeastern Brazil) : to 1944 Carrick-on-Shannon (town, northwestern Ire- Portuguese São Pedro do Cariry land) : Irish Cora Droma Rúisc Carlabhagh see Carloway Carrick-on-Suir (town, southern Ireland) : Irish Carleton (village, Quebec, eastern Canada) : Carraig na Siúire originally Tracadigetche Carriden (village, southern Scotland) : Roman Carleton Point see Borden Velunia Carlingford (town, northeastern Ireland) : Irish Carrollton (town, Georgia, southeastern United Cairlinn States) : to 1829 Troupsville Carlisle (city, northwestern England) : Roman Carseoli see Carsoli Luguvalium Carsoli (town, central Italy) : Roman Carseoli Carlopago see Karlobag Carson City (city, Nevada, western United Carlos Reyles (town, central Uruguay) : to States) : originally Eagle Station c.1945 Molles Carstensz, Mt. see Jaya, Mt. Carlovitz see Sremski Karlovci Cartagena (city, southeastern Spain) : Roman Carlow (town, eastern Ireland) : Irish Ceathar- Carthago Nova lach Carthage (historic city, northern Tunisia) : Carloway (village, Western Isles, northwestern Roman Carthago Scotland) : Gaelic Carlabhagh Carthago see Carthage Carlsbad (city, New Mexico, southwestern Carthago Nova see Cartagena United States) : to 1899 Eddy Casablanca (city, western Morocco) : alternate Carlsbad see Karlovy Vary Arabic Dar el Beida; formerly French Maison Carmarthen (town, southwestern Wales) : Welsh Blanche; earlier Portuguese Casa Branca (A Caerfyrddin; Roman Moridunum; alternate fuller form of the Arabic name is ad-DIr al- Roman Maridunum (The alternate Roman BayöI’. The French colonial name was also name, though meaning “fort by the sea,” does that of Dar el Beida.) not derive from Latin mare, “sea,” but from a Casa Branca see Casablanca related Celtic source that gave Welsh môr. The Cas-blaidd see Wolf ’s Castle second part of the Welsh name, in its basic Cascavel see Aguaí form -myrddin, gave the name of the Arthur- Casco see Portland ian wizard Merlin, whose name today appears Cas-gwent see Chepstow in that of Merlin’s Bridge.) Cashel (town, south central Ireland) : Irish Carmo see (1) Carmona; (2) Carmópolis Caiseal Carmona (town, southern Spain) : Roman Casilinum see Capua Carmo Casim see General Toshevo Carmópolis (town, northeastern Brazil) : to 1944 Casinum see Cassino Carmo Táslav (city, central Czech Republic) : to 1918, Carnarvon (town, southwestern South Africa) : 1939–1945 German Tschaslau to 1874 Harmsfontein Casllwchwr see Loughor Carnarvon see Caernarfon Cas-mael see Puncheston Carnium see Kranj Casnewydd-ar-Wysg see 1Newport Carnotum see Chartres Caspian Sea (eastern Europe/western Asia) : Carolina (town, northeastern Puerto Rico) : Roman Caspium Mare; alternate Roman Hyr- originally Trujillo Bajo canum Mare (The alternate name of the great Caspium Mare 42

salt lake, bordered in Europe by Russia and in Castrum Barrum see Bar-le-Duc Asia by Azerbaijan, Iran, Turkmenistan, and Castrum Deutonis see Duisburg Kazakhstan, derives from Hyrcania, the Roman Castrum Helenae see Elne name of the former province of northern Iran Castrum Hennae see Enna now known as GorgIn.) Castrum Novum see Santa Marinella Caspium Mare see Caspian Sea Castua see Kastav Cassaigne see Sidi Ali Cas-wis see Wiston Cassian Way see Via Catabola (town, central Angola) : to c.1979 Por- Cassino (town, central Italy) : to 1871 San Ger- tuguese Nova Sintra mano; Roman Casinum Catalonia (region, northeastern Spain) : [Spanish Cassiterides see Scilly, Isles of Cataluña; Catalan Catalunya] Casteggio (village, northern Italy) : Roman Clas- Cataluña see Catalonia tidium Catalunya see Catalonia Castel Giubileo (village, western Italy) : Roman Catamarca (city, northwestern Argentina) : orig- Fidenae inally Londres Castellammare (village, southern Italy) : Roman Catana see Catania Velia; ancient Greek Elea Catandica (town, western Mozambique) : 1915– Castellammare di Stabia (town, southern Italy) 1976 Portuguese Vila Gouveia : Roman Stabiae Catanduva (city, southeastern Brazil) : originally Castell-nedd see Neath Vila Adolfo Castell-newydd see 2Newcastle Catania (city, southern Italy) : Roman Catana Castellnewydd Emlyn see Newcastle Emlyn Cataractonium see Catterick Bridge Castell-paen see Painscastle Catfish’s Camp see 2Washington Castellum Tingitanum see Ech Chélif Cathair na Mart see Westport Castelnuovo see Herceg-Novi Cathair Saidhbhín see Cahersiveen Castelo see (1) Castelo do Piauí; (2) Manuel Cathay see China Urbano Catonsville (town, Maryland, northeastern Castelo do Piauí (town, northeastern Brazil) : United States) : to c.1800 Johnnycake (The 1944–1948 Portuguese Marvão; to 1944 Portu- town is now a suburb of Baltimore.) guese Castelo Cattaro see Kotor Castelrosso see Kastellorizon Catterick Bridge (village, northern England) : Castile (region, central Spain) : [Spanish Roman Cataractonium (The village took its Castilla] present name from the Roman name, which is Castilla see Castile traditionally derived from Latin cataracta, Castlebar (town, western Ireland) : Irish Caisleán “waterfall,” referring to the nearby rapids an Bharraigh (cataract) on the Swale River. But as in many Castlebay (town, Western Isles, northwestern cases the Roman name is of Celtic origin, and Scotland) : Gaelic Bagh a Chaisteil almost certainly means “battle ramparts.”) Castleblayney (town, northern Ireland) : Irish Caucaia (city, northeastern Brazil) : to 1944 Soure Baile na Lorgan Caucasus (mountains, southeastern Castleford (town, northern England) : Roman Europe/southwestern Asia) : [Russian Kavkaz] Lagentium Caunus see Dalyan Castle Mountain (Alberta, western Canada) : Causennis see Ancaster 1946–1979 Mt. Eisenhower Cavaillon (town, southeastern France) : Roman Castlerea (town, north central Ireland) : Irish Cabellio Caisleán Riabhach Cavan (town, northern Ireland) : Irish An Castlereagh see Penrith Cabhán Castlesteads (village, northwestern England) : Cavazuccherina see Iesolo Roman Camboglanna Caviúna see Rolândia Castra Albiensium see Castres Cawnpore see Kanpur Castra Batava see Passau Caxias (city, northeastern Brazil) : formerly São Castra Exploratorum see Netherby José das Aldeias Altas Castra Regina see Regensburg Caxias see Duque de Caxias Castres (city, southern France) : Roman Castra Cayenne (city, northeastern French Guiana) : to Albiensium 1777 La Ravardière Castrogiovanni see Enna Cayo see San Ignacio 43 Châlons-en-Champagne

Ceanannus Mór see Kells Cesena (town, northern Italy) : Roman Caesena Ceann a Bhaigh see Bayhead C`sis (town, northern Latvia) : to 1918 German Ceapach Choinn see Cappoquin Wenden Ceará see Fortaleza Teská Kamenice (town, northern Czech Repub- Ceatharlach see Carlow lic) : to 1918, 1939–1945 German Böhmisch- Techy see Bohemia Kamnitz Cedar Hall see Val-Brillant Teská Lípa (city, northwestern Czech Republic) Cedar Rapids (city, Iowa, north central United : to 1918, 1938–1945 German Böhmisch-Leipa States) : to 1849 Rapids City Teská Republika see Czech Republic Cedynia (town, northwestern Poland) : to 1945 Teská Skalice (town, northeastern Czech Re- German Zehden public) : to 1918, 1939–1945 German Böh- Cefalù (town, southern Italy) : Roman Cepha- misch-Skalitz laedium Teská T†ebová (town, north central Czech Re- Cegidfa see Guilsfield public) : to 1918, 1938–1945 German Böh- Cei Connah see Connah’s Quay misch-Trübau Ceinewydd see New Quay Teské Budfijovice (city, southwestern Czech Celaenae see Dinar Republic) : to 1918, 1939–1945 German Bud- Celbridge (town, eastern Ireland) : Irish Cill weis Droichid Teské Velenice (town, southern Czech Republic) Celebes see Sulawesi : 1938–1945 German Gmünd (The German Celje (city, northeastern Slovenia) : to 1918, name applied both to the present Czech town 1941–1945 German Cilli and, as now, to the Austrian town south of it Cenchrea see Kechries across the Lainsitz River. The railroad station Cenchreae see Kechries at the Czech town was already named Gmünd Cendl see Beaufort as early as 1919.) Centerville see Centralia Teskoslovensko see Czechoslovakia Central African Empire see Central African Teskï Brod (town, west central Czech Republic) Republic : to 1918, 1939–1945 German Böhmisch-Brod Central African Republic (republic, central Teskï Krumlov (town, southwestern Czech Re- Africa) : 1976–1979 Central African Empire; to public) : 1938–1945 German Krumau an der 1958 Ubangi-Shari Moldau; to 1918 German Böhmisch-Krumau Central Arctic see Kitikmeot Teskï Les see Bohemian Forest Centralia (town, Washington, northwestern Teskï Tfi§ín (town, eastern Czech Republic) : United States) : to 1891 Centerville 1939–1945 German Teschen; 1938–1939 Polish Central Provinces and Berar see Madhya Cieszyn Zachodni; to 1918 German Teschen (See Pradesh comments for Cieszyn below.) Centreville see Vernon Cetatea AlbQ see Bilhorod-Dnistrovs’kyy Centum Cellae see Civitavecchia Cette see Sète Centurion (town, northeastern South Africa) : to Ceyhan (river, southern Turkey) : Roman Pyra- 1995 Verwoerdburg mus Centuripae see Centuripe Ceylanpqnar (village, southeastern Turkey) : to Centuripe (town, southern Italy) : Roman Cen- c.1945 Resülayn turipae Ceylon see Sri Lanka Cephalaedium see Cefalù Ceynowa see KuØnica Cerasus see Giresun Chachapoyas (town, northern Peru) : originally Ceredigion (county, western Wales) : to 1974 San Juan de la Frontera de los Chachapoyas Cardiganshire (In the year stated the former Chaco (province, northeastern Argentina) : county became a unitary authority but in 1996 1950–1955 Presidente Juán Perón regained county status. The town of Cardigan Chad see 8Oktyabr’sky has a corrupt form of the name, originally that Chadwick’s Bay see 2Dunkirk of an early kingdom.) Chagoda (town, western Russia) : to 1932 Bely CernQu´i see Chernivtsi Bychek Cerro (Spanish, “mountain”) : for names begin- Chajaya see General Ramón Gonzáles ning thus, see the next word, as Bolívar, Cerro Chalakazaki see Kyzyl-Asker Cerveteri (town, western Italy) : Roman Caere; Chalcedon see Kadqköy ancient Greek Agylla Châlons-en-Champagne (town, northeastern Châlons-sur-Marne 44

France) : to 1995 Châlons-sur-Marne; Roman 1Charleston (city, South Carolina, southeastern Durocatalaunum United States) : 1722–1783 Charles City; origi- Châlons-sur-Marne see Châlons-en-Cham- nally Charles Towne pagne 2Charleston (city, West Virginia, east central Chalon-sur-Saône (city, east central France) : United States) : to 1819 Charles Town Roman Cabillonum Charlestown (town, western Ireland) : Irish Baile Chambarak (town, northeastern Armenia) : for- Chathail merly Russian Krasnosel’sk Charlestown see Lorain Chambéry (city, southeastern France) : Medieval Charles Town see (1) 2Charleston; (2) Wells- Latin Camberiacum burg Champagne (region, northeastern France) : Charles Towne see 1Charleston Roman Campania (The Roman name has re- Charlesville see Djokupunda mained unaltered for the modern region of Charleville see Ráth Luirc Campania, southern Italy.) Charlotte-Amalie (town, western U.S. Virgin Is- Champion see Painesville lands) : 1921–1936 St. Thomas Chanda see Chandrapur Charlottenburg (town, eastern Germany) : orig- Chandrapur (city, western India) : formerly inally Lietzenburg (The town became a district Chanda of Berlin in 1920.) Chang see Yangtze Charlottetown (city, Prince Edward Island, east- Chang’an (town, central China) : to 1942 ern Canada) : to 1763 Port la Joie Wangkü Chartres (city, north central France) : Roman Changchun (city, northeastern China) : 1932– Carnotum; earlier Roman Autricum 1945 Xinjing Chat-Bazar (village, northwestern Kyrgyzstan) : Changning (town, southwestern China) : to 1937–1991 Russian Budyonny 1935 Yutian Châteaudun-du-Rhumel see Chelghoum el Changshun (town, southern China) : to 1942 Aïd Changzhai Châteauroux (town, central France) : 1789–1792 Changzhai see Changshun Indreville Changzhou (city, eastern China) : 1912–1949 Château-Salins (village, northeastern France) : Wutsin 1940–1944 German Salzburgen Channel Islands see Santa Barbara Islands Chatham see 2East Hampton Chanzy see Sidi Ali Ben Youb Chatham Island see 2San Cristóbal Chao Phraya (river, northern Thailand) : tradi- Châtillon-Coligny (village, north central tional English Maenam (The English name is a France) : formerly Châtillon-sur-Loing short form of the full name Mae Nam Chao Châtillon-sur-Loing see Châtillon-Coligny Phraya, in which Thai Mae Nam is “river.”) Chattahoochee (town, Florida, southeastern Chapayev (town, northwestern Kazakhstan) : United States) : to 1941 River Junction 1939–1971 Chapayevo; to 1939 Lbishchensk Chattanooga (city, Tennessee, east central Chapayevo see Chapayev United States) : to 1838 Ross’s Landing Chapayevsk (city, western Russia) : 1919–1929 Chauncey see West Lafayette Trotsk; to 1919 Ivashchenkovo Chaves (city, northern Portugal) : Roman Aquae Chapin see Edinburg Flaviae Chaplygin (town, western Russia) : to 1958 Ra- Cheb (city, western Czech Republic) : to 1918, nenburg; formerly Slobodskoye 1938–1945 German Eger Charazani see Villa General Pérez Chebanka see 2Chornomors’ke Chardzhou see Türkmenabat Cheboygan (town, Michigan, northern United Chardzhuy see Türkmenabat States) : formerly Inverness; originally Duncan Charente-Inférieure see Charente-Maritime Chedabucto see Guysborough Charente-Maritime (department, western Chegutu (town, northeastern Zimbabwe) : to France) : to 1941 Charente-Inférieure 1984 Hartley Ch’arents’avan (city, west central Armenia) : to Chehalis see Grays Harbor 1967 Lusavan Cheju (island, southern South Korea) : formerly Charlesbourg (city, Quebec, eastern Canada) : Quelpart originally Bourg Royal Chekalin (town, western Russia) : to 1944 Likhvin Charles City see 1Charleston 1Chekhov (town, eastern Russia) : 1905–1945 Charles Island see Santa María Japanese Noda 45 Chesterton

2Chekhov (city, western Russia) : to 1954 Lopas- United States) : to 1961 Delaware (The town is nya now a suburb of Philadelphia.) Chelghoum el Aïd (town, northeastern Algeria) Chersky (town, eastern Russia) : to c.1960 Nizh- : to c.1962 French Châteaudun-du-Rhumel niye Kresty Chelles (town, northern France) : Roman Calae Chersonesus see Crimea Cheùm (city, eastern Poland) : to 1915 Russian Chersonesus Aurea see Malay Peninsula. Kholm Cherven’ see Chyerven’ Cheùmno (town, north central Poland) : 1939– 1Chervone (town, northern Ukraine) : (Russian 1945 German Kulm; 1772–1807, 1815–1919 Chervonoye); to 1957 Yesman German Culm 2Chervone (town, west central Ukraine) : (Rus- Chelmsford (city, southeastern England) : sian Chervonoye); to c.1935 Russian Krasnoye Roman Caesaromagus Chervonoarmeysk see (1) Chervonoarmiys’k; Chelmsford Dam see Ntshingwayo Dam (2) Radyvyliv Cheùmsko ¡lRskie (town, southwestern Poland) : Chervonoarmeyskoye see Vily’nyans’k to 1945 German Schömberg Chervonoarmiys’k (town, northern Ukraine) : Cheùm∞a (town, north central Poland) : 1939– (Russian Chervonoarmeysk); to 1935 Pulyny 1945 German Kulmsee; 1772–1807, 1815–1919 (Russian Pulin) German Culmsee Chervonoarmiys’k see Radyvyliv Chelny see Naberezhnyye Chelny Chervonoarmiys’ke see Vil’nyans’k Chembar see Belinsky Chervonograd see Chervonohrad Chemmis see Akhmnm Chervonogrigorovka see Chervonohryhorivka Chemnitz (city, eastern Germany) : 1953–1990 Chervonogvardeyskoye see Chervono- Karl-Marx-Stadt gvardiys’ke Chenango Point see Binghamton Chervonogvardiys’ke (town, eastern Ukraine) : Chengde (city, northeastern China) : conven- (Russian Chervonogvardeyskoye); to 1965 tional Jehol Krynychans’kyy (Russian Krinichansky) (In this Chenge see Asparukhovo name and those below the Russian equivalent Chennai (city, southeastern India) : to 1996 does not translate Ukrainian Chervono- but Madras transliterates it. The proper Russian equivalent Chepstow (town, southeastern Wales) : Welsh would be as Krasnogvardeyskoye.) Cas-gwent Chervonohrad (city, western Ukraine) : (Russian Cherchell (town, northern Algeria) : Roman Chervonograd); to 1939, 1944–1953 Polish Caesarea Krystynopol (Ukrainian Krystynopil’; Russian Cherente see Miracema do Norte Kristinopol’) Cherkas’ke see Zymohir’ya Chervonohryhorivka (town, southeastern Cherkasskoye see Zymohir’ya Ukraine) : (Russian Chervonogrigorovka); to Cherkessk (city, southwestern Russia) : 1937– 1939 Russian Krasnogrigor’yevka 1939 Yezhovo-Cherkessk; 1930–1937 Sulimov; Chervonoye see 1,2Chervone 1880–1930 Batalpashinsk; to 1880 Batalpashin- Chervonozavods’ke (town, east central Ukraine) skaya : (Russian Chervonozavodskoye); to c.1961 Chernenko see (1) Sharypovo; (2) ßoldQne£ti Stalinka Chernivtsi (city, southwestern Ukraine) : (Rus- Chervonozavodskoye see Chervonozavods’ke sian Chernovtsy); 1919–1940 Romanian Cer- Chervonyy Prapor see Rubizhne nQu´i; to 1918 German Czernowitz Cheshnegir see Sadovo Chernomorskoye see 1,2Chornomors’ke Chesnokovka see Novoaltaysk Chernorech’ye (town, southwestern Russia) : to 1Chester (city, northwestern England) : Roman 1940 Novyye Aldy (The town is now incorpo- Deva (The Roman name is that of the Dee rated into the city of Grozny) River, on which Chester stands.) Chernovtsy see Chernivtsi 2Chester (city, Pennsylvania, northeastern United Chernyakhovsk (city, western Russia) : to 1946 States) : to 1681 Upland German Insterburg Chesterfield Inlet (village, Nunavut, north cen- Chernyayevo see Yangiyer tral Canada) : alternate Inuit Igluligaarjuk Chernyshevskoye (town, western Russia) : to Chester-le-Street (town, northeastern England) : 1938 German Eydtkuhnen Roman Concangis Cherry Creek see Boissevain Chesterton (village, east central England) : Cherry Hill (town, New Jersey, northeastern Roman Durobrivae (This Chesterton, near Pe- Chetumal 46

terborough, should not be confused with the Chipata (town, southeastern Zambia) : to 1964 one that is now a district of Cambridge.) Fort Jameson Chetumal (city, eastern Mexico) : originally Payo Chipinga see Chipinge Obispo Chipinge (town, eastern Zimbabwe) : to 1980 Ch’ew Bahir (lake, southwestern Ethiopia) : for- Chipinga merly Lake Stefanie Chipuriro see Guruve Chiange (town, southwestern Angola) : to c.1975 Chirchiq (town, eastern Uzbekistan) : 1932– Portuguese Vila de Almoster 1934 Russian Komsomol’sky; to 1932 Russian Chiari (town, northern Italy) : Roman Clarium Kirgiz-Kulak Chibia (town, southwestern Angola) : 1935–1980 Chirk (town, northern Wales) : Welsh Y Waun Portuguese João de Almeida Chisasibi (village, Quebec, eastern Canada) : Chibizovka see Zherdevka formerly Fort George Chibyu see Ukhta Chishima-retto see Kuril Islands Chicacole see Srikakulam Chi£inQu (city, central Moldova) : (Russian Chicago Heights (city, Illinois, north central Kishinyov); 1919–1940 Romanian Chi£inQu; United States) : 1849–1901 Bloom; originally 1812–1918 Russian Kishinyov Thorn Grove (The city is a southern suburb of Chistyakovo see Tore z Chicago.) Chitato (town, northeastern Angola) : to c.1975 Chichester (city, southern England) : Roman Portuguese Portugália Noviomagus (The Roman name also had the Chitipa (town, northern Malawi) : to 1966 Fort fuller form Noviomagus Regnorum.) Hill Chicualacuala (town, western Mozambique) : to Chittaranjan (town, northeastern India) : to 1981 Malvérnia 1966 Mihidjan Chieti (city, central Italy) : Roman Teate Chiusi (town, central Italy) : Roman Clusium Chiflik see Lovnidol Chivhu (town, central Zimbabwe) : to 1980 Chihli see Hopeh Enkeldoorn Chihli, Gulf of see Bo Hai Chizhev see Czy∞ew Childsburgh see Hillsborough Chkalov (island, eastern Russia) : to 1936 Udd Chilia-NouQb see Kiliya Chkalov see Orenburg Chililabombwe (town, northern Zambia) : to Chkalove (village, southeastern Ukraine) : (Rus- 1964 Bancroft sian Chkalovo); to 1939 Novomykolayivka (Rus- Chililaya see Puerto Pérez sian Novonikolayevka) Chilly see Chilly-Mazarin Chkalovo (town, northern Kazakhstan) : to 1939 Chilly-Mazarin (town, northern France) : to Bogodukhovka 1812 Chilly Chkalovo see Chkalove Chilumba (town, northern Malawi) : to 1966 Chkalovsk (town, western Russia) : 1927–1937 Deep Bay Vasilyovo; to 1927 Vasilyova Sloboda Chimanimani (town, eastern Zimbabwe) : 1Chkalovskoye (village, western Russia) : to 1939 1980–1982 Mandidzuzure; to 1980 Melsetter Shikhirdany Chimkent see Shymkent 2Chkalovskoye (village, southeastern Russia) : to Chimoio (city, south central Mozambique) : 1939 Zenkovka 1916–1975 Vila Pery Chlumec (town, northwestern Czech Republic) : China (republic, eastern and central Asia) : [Chi- to 1918, 1938–1945 German Kulm nese Zhonghua]; formerly English Cathay (The Chobienia (town, southwestern Poland) : to English name, related to Kitay, the Russian 1945 German Köben an der Oder name of China, is preserved in commercial use Chocianów (town, southwestern Poland) : to for the Cathay Pacific airline, based in Hong 1945 German Kotzenau Kong.) Chociwel (town, northwestern Poland) : to 1945 Chinese Turkestan see Xinjiang Uygur German Freienwalde Chinhoyi (town, north central Zimbabwe) : to Chodau see Chodov 1980 Sinoya Chodov (town, western Czech Republic) : to Chinnai see 2Krasnogorsk 1918, 1938–1945 German Chodau Chinnereth, Sea of see Galilee, Sea of Chodzie∞ (town, western Poland) : 1793–1807, Chinomiji see Tyatino 1815–1918, 1939–1945 German Kolmar Chioggia (town, northern Italy) : Roman Fossa Chojna (town, northwestern Poland) : to 1945 Clodia German Königsberg 47 Cieszyn

Chojnice (town, north central Poland) : to 1918, Chubarivka see Polohy 1939–1945 German Konitz Chubarovka see Polohy Chojnów (town, southwestern Poland) : to 1945 Chuchelná (village, eastern Czech Republic) : to German Hoynau 1919, 1938–1945 German Kutelna Chókwé (town, southern Mozambique) : 1971– Chudskoye see Peipus, Lake 1980 Portuguese Trigo de Morais; 1963–1971 Chungking see Chongqing Portuguese Vila Trigo de Moraes; 1960–1964 Chuquisaca see Sucre Portuguese Vila Alferes Chamusca; to 1960 Guijá Chur (town, eastern Switzerland) : French Coire; Choloma (town, northwestern Honduras) : to Italian Coira; Roman Curia Rhaetorum early 1930s Spanish El Paraíso Churchill (river, Newfoundland and Labrador, Chomolungma see Everest, Mt. eastern Canada) : to 1965 Hamilton (The river Chomutov (city, northwestern Czech Republic) : should not be confused with the much longer to 1918, 1938–1945 German Komotau river of the same name in Manitoba.) Chong-Ak-Dzhol see Jangy-Jol Churchill Falls (Newfoundland and Labrador, Chongqing (city, south central China) : tradi- eastern Canada) : to 1965 Grand Falls (The tionally Chungking falls, in Labrador, should be distinguished Chop (town, western Ukraine) : 1944–1945 from the falls for which the town of Grand Czech Top; 1938–1944 Hungarian Csap; Falls, Newfoundland, is named.) 1919–1938 Czech Top; to 1918 Hungarian Csap Churchville see Sweetsburg 1Chornomors’ke (town, southern Ukraine, near Churubay-Nura see 1Abay Yevpatoriya) : (Russian Chernomorskoye); to Chusetown see Seymour 1944 Ak-Mechet’ Chusovoy (town, western Russia) : to 1933 2Chornomors’ke (town, southern Ukraine, near Chusovskoy Zavod Odessa) : (Russian Chernomorskoye); Chusovskoy Zavod see Chusovoy 1945–1988 Gvardiys’ke (Russian Gvardeyskoye); Chust see Khust to 1945 Chebanka Chuuk (islands, central Micronesia) : formerly Chortkiv (town, southwestern Ukraine) : (Rus- Tr u k sian Chortkov); to 1939 Polish Czortków Chwitffordd see Whitford Chortkov see Chortkiv Chyerven’ (town, central Belarus) : (Russian Chorzów (city, southern Poland) : formerly Cherven’); to 1924 Russian Igumen Królewska Huta; to 1921, 1939–1945 German Chyorny Rynok see Kochubey Königshütte (The city passed from Germany to Chystyakove see Torez Poland in 1921 and gained its current name in Chythri see Kythrea 1934 on the union of Królewska Huta with Chyzhew see Czy∞ew three other villages.) Ciarraí see 1Kerry Chos˘on see Korea Cidade de Minas see Belo Horizonte Choszczno (town, northwestern Poland) : to Ciechanów (town, north central Poland) : 1945 German Arnswalde 1940–1945 German Zichenau Chotfibo† (town, central Czech Republic) : to Ciechocinek (town, north central Poland) : 1918, 1938–1945 German Chotieborsch 1939–1945 German Hermannsbad Chotieborsch see Chotfibo† Ciénaga (city, northern Colombia) : originally Choybalsan (city, eastern Mongolia) : 1931–1946 Aldea Grande Bayan Tumen; to 1931 San Beise Cienfuegos (city, central Cuba) : originally Fer- Christburg see Dzierzgoü nandina de Jagua (The city was renamed fol- 1Christchurch (city, southeastern New Zealand) lowing the destruction of the original settle- : originally Canterbury ment in a storm in 1825.) 2Christchurch (village, southeastern Wales) : Cieplice ¡lRskie Zdrój (town, southwestern Eglwys y Drindod (The village is now a district Poland) : to 1945 German Bad Warmbrunn of the city of Newport.) (The town is now part of the city of Jelenia Christiania see Oslo Góra.) Christiansville see Kingsport Tierne (town, northwestern Slovakia) : Christieville see Iberville 1938–1939 Polish Czarne Beskidzkie Christmas Island see Kiritimati Cieszyn (city, southern Poland) : to 1918, Chrysopolis see Üsküdar 1939–1945 German Teschen (Cieszyn lies on Chrzanów (town, southern Poland) : 1940–1945 the border with the Czech Republic, facing German Krenau Teskï Tfi§ín across the Olza River, and origi- Cieszyn Zachodni 48

nally formed a single entity with it. In 1920 Ciudad del Este (city, eastern Paraguay) : to the city was divided into two towns, that on 1989 Puerto Presidente Stroessner; earlier Puerto the Polish side being known to the Czechs as Flor de Lis Polskï Tfi§ín. In 1938 the two were reunited Ciudad de San Cristóbal see San Cristóbal de under Polish rule. The German name thus re- las Casas lates to the whole city, which in 1945 was re- Ciudad Guayana (city, eastern Venezuela) : for- turned to Poland. From 1938 to 1939 the rail- merly Santo Tomé de Guayana road station in Teskï Tfi§ín bore the Polish Ciudad Guzmán (city, southwestern Mexico) : name Cieszyn Zachodni, “Western Cieszyn.”) formerly Zapotlán el Grande Cieszyn Zachodni see Teskï Tfi§ín Ciudad Hidalgo (city, west central Mexico) : Cilgeti see Kilgetty formerly Villa Hidalgo Cill Airne see Killarney Ciudad Ixtepec (city, southern Mexico) : for- Cill Chainnigh see Kilkenny merly San Jerónimo Ixtepec Cill Chaoi see Kilkee Ciudad Juárez (city, northern Mexico) : to 1888 Cill Chaoil see Kilkeel El Paso del Norte (The city, on the Rio Grande Cill Dalua see Killaloe opposite El Paso, United States, originally in- Cill Droichid see Celbridge cluded settlements on both sides of the river Cilli see Celje but these were split by the 1848 Treaty of Cill Mhantáin see Wicklow Guadalupe Hidalgo and the Mexican town Cill Mocheallóg see Kilmallock was renamed 40 years later. For the treaty Cill na Mallach see Buttevant town’s name, see Gustavo A. Madero.) Cill Rois see Kilrush Ciudad Madero (city, northeastern Mexico) : to Cîmpulung (town, south central Romania) : to 1930 Villa de Cecilia 1918 German Kimpolung Ciudad Mante (city, northeastern Mexico) : for- Cincinnati (city, Ohio, east central United merly Villa Juárez States) : to 1790 Losantiville Ciudad Mendoza (city, eastern Mexico) : for- Cinco de Outubro see Xá-Muteba merly Santa Rosa Cintra see Sintra Ciudad Porfirio Díaz see Piedras Negras Cionn tSáile see Kinsale Ciudad Real de Chiapa see San Cristóbal de Cirencester (town, west central England) : las Casas Roman Corinium Ciudad Sandino (town, northwestern Nica- Cirò (town, southern Italy) : ancient Greek ragua) : formerly El Jícaro Crimissa Ciudad Tecúm Umán (town, southwestern Cirta see Constantine Guatemala) : formerly Ayutla Cistercium see Cîteaux Ciudad Trujillo see Santo Domingo Cîteaux (village, eastern France) : Roman Cister- Ciudad Venustiano Carranza (town, western cium Mexico) : formerly San Gabriel Citlaltépetl (volcano, east central Mexico) : al- Cividale del Friuli (town, northeastern Italy) : ternate Orizaba Roman Forum Julii City of Kansas see 1Kansas City Civita Castellana (town, central Italy) : Roman Ciudad Altamirano (town, southwestern Mex- Falerii Novi; earlier Roman Falerii Veteres ico) : to 1936 Pungarabato Civitas Altae Ripae see Brzeg Ciudad Arce (rown, west central El Salvador) : Civitas Ebroicorum see Évreux to c.1948 El Chilamatal Civitas Nemetum see Speyer Ciudad Barrios (town, eastern El Salvador) : to Civitas Nova see Alessandria 1913 Cacaguatique Civitas Tricassium see Tr oy e s Ciudad Bolívar (city, eastern Venezuela) : to Civitavecchia (town, western Italy) : Roman 1846 Angostura (The full form of the original Trajani Portus; earlier Roman Centum Cellae name was San Tomás de la Nueva Guayana de Clairfontaine see El Aouinet la Angostura.) Clam Lake see Cadillac Ciudad Colón (town, central Costa Rica) : for- Clare (county, western Ireland) : Irish An Clár merly Pacaca Clarium see Chiari Ciudad Darío (town, west central Nicaragua) : Clark’s City see Livingston formerly Metapa Clarksdale (town, Mississippi, southeastern Ciudad de las Casas see San Cristóbal de las United States) : originally Clarksville Casas Clarksville see (1) Beeton; (2) Clarksdale 49 Colonia Leopoldina

Clastidium see Casteggio Cochabamba (city, central Bolivia) : to 1786 Clausentum see Bitterne Spanish Villa de Oropeza Clawdd Offa see Offa’s Dyke Cochato see Randolph Clazomenae see Klazumen Coco (river, northern Nicaragua) : formerly Cleaveland see Cleveland Spanish Segovia Clementsport (village, Nova Scotia, eastern Cocos Islands (eastern Indian Ocean) : formerly Canada) : to 1851 Moose River Keeling Islands Clermont (town, south central France) : Roman Coed-duon see Blackwood Augustonemetum (In 1630 Clermont united Coelho Neto (city, northeastern Brazil) : to 1939 with neighboring Montferrand to form the Curralinho city of Clermont-Ferrand.) Coffs Harbour (town, New South Wales, eastern Cleveland (city, Ohio, northeastern United Australia) : to 1861 Brelsford States) : to 1832 Cleaveland Cognac (town, southwestern France) : Roman Cleves see Kleve Comniacum Clifden (town, western Ireland) : Irish An Cohansey Bridge see Bridgeton Clochán Coill an Chollaigh see Bailieborough Clifton see Niagara Falls Coimbra (city, west central Portugal) : Roman Clinton (town, Ontario, southeastern Canada) : Aeminium to 1844 The Corners Coira see Chur Clodian Way see Via Coire see Chur Cloich na Coillte see Clonakilty Colbert see Aïn Oulmene Clonakilty (town, southwestern Ireland) : Irish Colchester (city, southeastern England) : Roman Cloich na Coillte Camulodunum Clones (town, northern Ireland) : Irish Cluain Çölemerik see Hakkâri Eois Coleraine (town, northern Northern Ireland) : Clonmacnoise (village, central Ireland) : Irish Irish Cúil Raithin Cluain Mhic Nóis Coligny (town, north central South Africa) : to Clonmel (town, southern Ireland) : Irish Cluain c.1918 Treurfontein Meala Colinas (city, northeastern Brazil) : to 1944 Picos Cluain Cearbán see Louisburgh College Park (city, Georgia, southeastern United Cluain Eois see Clones States) : to 1895 Manchester Cluainín see Manorhamilton Collegeville see East Lansing Cluain Meala see Clonmel Colleville-Montgomery (village, northwestern Cluain Mhic Nóis see Clonmacnoise France) : to 1946 Colleville-sur-Orne Cluj (town, northwestern Romania) : to 1918, Colleville-sur-Orne see Colleville-Mont- 1940–1945 Hungarian Kolozsvár; to 1867 Ger- gomery man Klausenburg (Cluj united with neighbor- Colliston see Gowanbank ing Napoca in the mid–1970s to form the city Cologne (city, western Germany) : [German of Cluj-Napoca.) Köln]; Roman Colonia Agrippinensis. (The Clunia see Feldkirch Roman city, with full title Colonia Claudia Ara Clusium see Chiusi Agrippinensium, was founded by the emperor Clutha (river, southern New Zealand) : Maori Claudius and named in honor of his wife, Julia Matau; formerly Molyneux Agrippina.) Clutha Ferry see Balclutha Colomb-Béchar see Béchar Clyde see Wairoa Colón (city, north central Panama) : to 1890 As- Clyde River (village, Nunavut, northeastern pinwall Canada) : alternate Inuit Kangiqtugaapik Colonia (city, southwestern Uruguay) : originally Coalbanks see Lethbridge Colônia do Sacramento (The city’s full Spanish Coal Harbour see Wesleyville name is Colonia del Sacramento, translating the Coatzacoalcos (city, east central Mexico) : for- original Portuguese.) merly Spanish Puerto México Colonia Agrippinensis see Cologne Cóbh (town, southwestern Ireland) : Irish An Colonia del Sacramento see Colonia Cóbh; 1849–1922 English Queenstown Colônia do Sacramento see Colonia Coblenz see Koblenz Colonia Julia Fanestris see Fano Coca (town, eastern Ecuador) : formerly Spanish Colonia Leopoldina (town, northeastern Brazil) Puerto Francisco de Orellana : to 1944 Leopoldina Colonia Mineira 50

Colonia Mineira see Siqueira Campos 1Concord (city, California, western United Colonias see Pando States) : to 1869 Todos Santos Colomb-Béchar see Béchar 2Concord (town, Massachusetts, northeastern Colorado City see Yuma United States) : originally Musketaquid Colorado Springs (city, Colorado, west central 3Concord (city, New Hampshire, northeastern United States) : originally Fountain Colony United States) : to 1765 Penacook Plantation 1Columbia (city, Missouri, central United States) Condate see (1) Northwich; (2) Rennes; : to 1821 Smithton (3) St.-Claude 2Columbia (town, Pennsylvania, northeastern Condé-Smendou see Zighoud Youcef United States) : to 1790 Wright’s Ferry (The Condivincum see Nantes name was changed when the town was under Conemaugh see Johnstown consideration as a possible U.S. capital.) Confluentes see Koblenz 1Columbus (city, Indiana, north central United Congo (river, west central Africa) : alternate States) : originally Tiptona Zaire or Zaïre (The name Zaire is preferred 2Columbus (city, Mississippi, southern United in Angola, and Zaïre in the Democratic Re- States) : to 1821 Possum Town public of the Congo, whose former name it Colville, Cape (northern New Zealand) : Maori gave.) Moehau Congo, Democratic Republic of the (central Colville Town see Nanaimo Africa) : 1971–1997 Zaïre; 1965–1971 Congo Colwyn Bay (town, northern Wales) : Welsh Bae (Kinshasa); 1960–1965 Congo (Léopoldville); Colwyn 1908–1960 Belgian Congo; 1885–1908 Congo Comacchio (town, northern Italy) : Roman Free State Comacium Congo, Republic of the (western Africa) : 1960– Comacium see Comacchio 1970 Congo (Brazzaville); 1958–1960 Congo Comandante Arbues see Mirandópolis Autonomous Republic; 1883–1958 Middle Congo Comayagua (city, west central Honduras) : origi- (If the name Congo alone is used, it is this nally Valladolid de Santa María de Comayagua country that is usually meant.) Comber (town, eastern Northern Ireland) : Irish Congo Autonomous Republic see Congo, Re- An Comar public of the Comitán (city, southeastern Mexico) : formerly Congo (Brazzaville) see Congo, Republic of Comitán de las Flores (The city’s present full the name is Comitán de Domínguez.) Congo Free State see Congo, Democratic Re- Comitán de Dominguez see Comitán public of the Comitán de las Flores see Comitán Congo (Kinshasa) see Congo, Democratic Re- Commencement City see Tacoma public of the Commerce see Nauvoo Congo (Léopoldville) see Congo, Democratic Commerce City see 3Canton Republic of the Communism Peak see Ismoili Somoni, Peak Congonhas (city, southeastern Brazil) : to 1948 Comniacum see Cognac Congonhas do Campo Como (city, northern Italy) : Roman Comum Congonhas do Campo see Congonhas Company Shops see 1Burlington Connacht (region, western Ireland) : traditional Compendium see Compiègne English Connaught (The traditional form of Compiègne (town, northern France) : Roman the name became familiar as a ducal title and Compendium hence from its use as a fashionable street or Complutum see Alcalá de Henares commercial name, as London’s Connaught Comum see Como Square and Connaught hotel.) Comunanza (village, central Italy) : c.1937–1945 Connah’s Quay (town, northeastern Wales) : Comunanza del Littorio Welsh Cei Connah Comunanza del Littorio see Comunanza Connaught see Connacht Conca see Cuenca Connecticut Farms see 1Union Concangis see Chester-le-Street Conquista see Vitória da Conquista Conceição de Macabu (town, southeastern Conselheiro Lafaiete (city, southeastern Brazil) : Brazil) : to 1943 Macabu formerly Lueluz Conceição do Almeida (town, eastern Brazil) : Consentia see Cosenza to 1944 Portuguese Afonso Pena Constance see Konstanz Conceição do Paraíba see Capela Constance, Lake (northeastern 51 Corvallis

Switzerland/southwestern Germany) : [Ger- Cordeiro see Cordeirópolis man Bodensee]; Roman Brigantinus Lacus Cordeirópolis (town, southeastern Brazil) : to Constan´a (city, southeastern Romania) : to 1878 1944 Cordeiro Turkish Küstenja; Roman Constantiana; an- Cordillera (department, central Paraguay) : to cient Greek Tomi 1944 Caraguatay Constantia see (1) Coutances, (2) Konstanz Córdoba (city, southern Spain) : traditional En- Constantiana see Constan´a glish Cordova; Roman Corduba Constantine (city, northeastern Algeria) : [Ara- Cordova see Córdoba bic Qusantnnah]; Roman Cirta Corduba see Córdoba Constantinople see Istanbul Coreaú (town, northeastern Brazil) : to 1944 Constant’s Warehouse see Suffolk Palma Conway see Conwy Corfu (island, western Greece) : [modern Greek Conwy (town, northern Wales) : formerly En- Kérkira]; Roman Corcyra (The island gained glish Conway its present Italian name when a Venetian pos- Cook, Mt. (southwestern New Zealand) : Maori session from 1386 to 1797.) Aorangi Cori (town, south central Italy) : Roman Cora Cookstown (town, central Northern Ireland) : Corinium see Cirencester Irish An Chorr Chríochach 1Corinth (city, southeastern Greece) : [modern Coolgardie (town, Western Australia, south- Greek Kórinthos] western Australia) : formerly Fly Flat; earlier 2Corinth (town, Mississippi, southeastern Bayley’s Reward; originally Gnaralbine United States) : to 1857 Cross City Coolidge, Mt. (South Dakota, north central Coriosopitum see Corbridge United States) : to 1927 Sheep Mountain Corito see Cortona Coos Bay (town, Oregon, northwestern United Cork (city, southern Ireland) : Irish Corcaigh States) : to 1944 Marshfield Corneille see Merouana Top see Chop Corneto see Tarquinia Copenhagen (city, eastern Denmark) : [Danish Cornouaille (region, northwestern France) : København] [Breton Kernev-veur] Copperbelt (province, northern Zambia) : to 1Cornwall (county, southwestern England) : 1969 Western (The province was renamed Cornish Kernow when the earlier name was reassigned to Barot- 2Cornwall (city, Ontario, southeastern Canada) : seland in western Zambia.) to 1797 New Johnston Copper City see Valdez Coro (city, northwestern Venezuela) : originally Coppermine see Kugluktuk Santa Ana de Coriana Copperopolis see Anaconda Corona (city, California, southwestern United Coptos see Qift States) : to 1896 South Riverside Coquilhatville see (1) Équateur; (2) Mbandaka Coronium see La Coruña Cora see Cori Corrientes (city, northeastern Argentina) : origi- Cora Droma Rúisc see Carrick-on-Shannon nally San Juan de Vera de las Siete Corrientes Coral Harbour (village, Nunavut, northern Corse see Corsica Canada) : alternate Inuit Salliq Corsica (island, northwestern Mediterranean) : Corbeil (town, northern France) : Roman Cor- [French Corse] bilium (In 1951 Corbeil was united with neigh- Corstopitum see Corbridge boring Essonnes to form the town of Corbeil- Cortazar (city, north central Mexico) : to 1857 Essonnes.) San José de los Amoles Corbilium see Corbeil Cortona (city, central Italy) : Roman Corito Corbinton see Hillsborough Cortracum see Kortrijk Corbridge (town, northeastern England) : Corumbá see Corumbá de Goiás Roman Corstopitum (Although traditionally Corumbá de Goiás (town, central Brazil) : to applied to the town, the Roman name is al- 1944 Corumbá most certainly corrupt, and was probably Corumbalina (town, central Brazil) : to 1933 closer to Coriosopitum. Moreover, it properly Portuguese Santa Cruz applied to the nearby site now named Cor- Corunna see La Coruña chester, not to the town itself.) Corupá (town, southern Brazil) : to 1944 Hansa Corcaigh see Cork Corvallis (city, Oregon, northwestern United Corcyra see Corfu States) : to 1853 Marysville Corvallis 52

Corvallis see Norwalk land,” applied to a number of peninsulas in Coryel’s Ferry see (1) Lambertville; (2) New Europe. This one was known to the Romans as Hope Chersonesus Taurica, “Tauric Chersonese,” as Cosa see Ansedonia distinct from the Chersonesus Thracia, “Thra- Cosedia see Coutances cian Chersonese,” or Gallipoli Peninsula. The Cosel see KoØle city of Kherson in the southwestern Crimea Cosenza (city, southern Italy) : Roman Consentia has a name of the same origin. See also Malay Costa de Monte Grande see San Isidro Peninsula.) Costa Mesa (city, California, western United Crimissa see Cirò States) : to 1921 Harper Cristina see Cristinápolis Costermansville see Bukavu Cristinápolis (town, northeastern Brazil) : to Côte d’Ivoire see Ivory Coast 1944 Cristina Côte-Notre-Dame-de-Liesse see Côte-St.-Luc Crna Gora see 1Montenegro Côte-St.-Luc (city, Quebec, southeastern Can- Croatia (republic, southeastern Europe) : ada) : formerly Côte-Notre-Dame-de-Liesse [Serbo-Croat Hrvatska] (The city is now a suburb of Montreal.) Crococalana see 1Brough Côtes-d’Armor (department, northwestern Crocodilopolis see El Faiyum France) : to 1990 Côtes-du-Nord Crook’s Rapids see 2Hastings Côtes-du-Nord see Côtes-d’Armor Cross City see 2Corinth Co´man see Kitsman’ Crossen see (1) Krosno; (2) Krosno Odrzaü- Cotopaxi (province, north central Ecuador) : to skie 1939 Spanish León Crossing on the Missouri see Bismarck Cotrone see Crotone Cross Plains see Dalton Cottage City see Oak Bluffs Cross River (state, southeastern Nigeria) : to Cottage Hill see Elmhurst 1976 South-Eastern Courtrai see Kortrijk Crossroads see New Market Coutances (town, northwestern France) : Roman Crotona see Crotone Constantia; earlier Celtic Cosedia Crotone (town, southern Italy) : to 1928 Cotrone; Covilhã (city, east central Portugal) : Roman Roman Crotona Silia Hermia Crucywel see Crickhowell Cowansville (town, Quebec, southeastern Cruzeiro see Joaçaba Canada) : to 1876 Nelsonville Cruzeiro do Sul see Joaçaba Cowbridge (town, southern Wales) : Welsh Y Csaca see Tadca Bont-faen; Roman Bovium Csáktornya see Takovec Cow Commons see Somerville Csap see Chop Cowford see 1Jacksonville Cseklész see Bernolákovo Cowpastures see 1Camden Csikszereda see Miercurea Ciuc Coxim (city, western Brazil) : 1939–1948 Her- Csorba see ¶trba culânia Cuamba (city, northwestern Mozambique) : Cracow see Kraków 1942–1975, Portuguese Nova Freixo Crane Creek see Melbourne Cuando (river, southeastern Angola/southwest- Craneville see Cranford ern Zambia) : alternate Kwando (The river is Cranford (town, New Jersey, northeastern known by the Portuguese name Cuando in An- United States) : to 1871 Craneville gola and as Kwando in Zambia, for part of its Crayford (town, southeastern England) : Roman course forming the border between the two Noviomagus countries. Cp. Cuango.) Crescent City see Greymouth Cuango (river, northern Angola/western Demo- Creswell see Arkansas City cratic Republic of the Congo) : alternate Crete (island, southern Greece) : [modern Greek Kwango (The river is known by the Portuguese Kríti]; Roman Candia name Cuango in Angola and as Kwango in the Crickhowell (village, southeastern Wales) : Democratic Republic of the Congo, for part of Welsh Crucywel its course forming the border between the two Crimea (peninsula, southern Ukraine) : [Ukrain- countries. Cp. Cuando.) ian and Russian Krym]; formerly Taurida Cuatreros see General Daniel Cerri (Russian Tavrida); ancient Greek Chersonesus Cuatro de Junio see La Toma (The Greek name, meaning literally “dry is- Cubujuquí see Heredia 53 Dairen

Cúcuta (city, northeastern Colombia) : to 1793 Czaplinek (town, northwestern Poland) : to 1945 San José de Guasimal (The city’s full name is German Tempelburg San José de Cúcuta) Czarna Woda (town, northern Poland) : to 1918, Cuenca (city, east central Spain) : Roman 1939–1945 German Schwarzwasser Conca Czarne (town, northwestern Poland) : to 1945 Cuevas del Almanzora (town, southeastern German Hammerstein Spain) : formerly Cuevas de Vera Czarne Beskidzkie see Tierne Cuevas de Vera see Cuevas del Almanzora Czarnikau see Czarnków Cuicul see Djemila Czarnków (town, western Poland) : 1939–1945 Cúil an tSúdaire see Portarlington German Scharnikau; 1793–1919 German Cúil Raithin see Coleraine Czarnikau Culebra see Dewey Czechoslavakia (former republic, central Eu- Culebra Cut see Gaillard Cut rope) : [Czech Teskoslovensko] (In 1993 the Culm see Cheùmno country was divided into the present Czech Culmsee see Cheùm∞a Republic and Slovakia.) Cuma see Blagoevgrad Czech Republic (republic, central Europe) : Cumaná (city, northeastern Venezuela) : origi- [Czech Teská Republika] (The country was nally Nueva Córdoba formed in 1993 from the western part of Cumbe see Euclides da Cunha Czechoslovakia, the eastern part becoming Cumberland (city, Maryland, northeastern Slovakia.) United States) : to 1763 Will’s Creek Czernina (town, western Poland) : 1937–1945 Cunetio see Mildenhall German Lesten; to 1937 German Tschirnau Cupcina (village, northern Moldova) : formerly Czernowitz see Chernivtsi Russian Kalininsk Czdstochowa (city, southern Poland) : 1939– =uprija (town, east central Serbia) : to 1830 1945 German Tschenstochau Turkish Köprü Czùopa (town, northwestern Poland) : to 1945 Curador see Presidente Dutra German Schloppe Curia Rhaetorum see Chur Czùuchów (town, northwestern Poland) : to 1945 Curicó (city, central Chile) : originally San José German Schlochau de Buena Vista de Curicó Czortków see Chortkiv Curralinho see Coelho Neto Czy∞ew (town, eastern Poland) : 1939–1941 Be- Curt-Bunar see Ter vel larussian Chyzhew; to 1915 Russian Chizhev Curzola see KorVula (The town is now formally known as Czy∞ew- Cushnoc see 2Augusta Osada.) Cuyo see Puerto Princesa Daber see Dobra Cwmbran (town, southeastern Wales) : Welsh DRbie (city district, northwestern Poland) : to Cwmbrân 1945 German Altdamm (DRbie was incorpo- Cwmbrân see Cwmbran rated into what is now Szczecin in 1939.) Cwm Ogwr see Ogmore Vale DRbromierz (village, southwestern Poland) : to Cybinka (town, western Poland) : to 1945 Ger- 1945 German Hohenfriedeberg man Ziebingen DRbrowa Górnicza (city, southwestern Poland) : Cyclades (islands, southeastern Greece) : [mod- 1939–1945 German Dombrowa; to 1915 Rus- ern Greek Kikládhes] sian Dombrova Cydonia see Canea DRbrowno (town, northeastern Poland) : to 1945 Cydweli see Kidwelly German Gilgenburg Cymru see Wales Dacca see Dhaka Cyprus (island republic, eastern Mediterranean) Dachnoye (village, eastern Russia) : 1905–1945 : [modern Greek Kypros; Turkish Kibris] (The Japanese Shimba southern two-thirds of Cyprus are occupied by DaVice (town, southern Czech Republic) : to Greece, the original and still internationally 1918, 1939–1945 German Datschitz recognized government of the island. The Dagon see Yangôn northern third is occupied by Turkey, who in Dahomey see Benin 1983 unilaterally proclaimed it the Turkish Re- Daingean (village, east central Ireland) : Irish An public of Northern Cyprus.) Daingean; to 1920 Philipstown Cyrene see Sha∏∏It Dairbhre see 3Valencia Cyropolis see Khujand Dairen see Dalian Dairyland 54

Dairyland see La Palma Romanian DunQrea; Russian Dunay]; Roman Dajabón (province, northwestern Dominican Danubius (The Romans were in awe of the Republic) : to 1961 Spanish Libertador Danube. In his Panegyricus Pliny writes: Mag- Dakhla (town, western Western Sahara) : alter- num est, imperator auguste, magnum est stare in nate Ad Dakhla; to 1976 Spanish Villa Cisneros Danubii ripa, “It is a great thing, O noble em- Dalarna (region, west central Sweden) : formerly peror, great, to stand on the banks of the Dalecarlia Danube.”) Dalby (town, Queensland, eastern Australia) : to Danubius see Danube 1854 Myall Creek Station Danum see Doncaster Dalecarlia see Dalarna Danvers (town, Massachusetts, northeastern Dalence see Teniente Bullaín United States) : to 1775 Salem Village 1Dali (city, southern China) : to 1980s Xiaguan Danzig see Gdaüsk (The city’s present name is that of its former Daoud see Aïn Beïda prefecture.) Dapsang see K2 2Dali (village, central Cyprus) : Roman Idalium; Dara Dere see Zlatograd ancient Greek Idalion Darasun see Vershino-Darasunsky Dalian (city, eastern China) : 1945–1955 Russian Dardanelles (strait, northwestern Turkey) : tra- Dal’ny; 1905–1945 Japanese Dairen; 1898–1905 ditional English Hellespont (The classical Russian Dal’ny (The city subsequently merged name, associated in legend with the Greek with Lüshun, combining the first part of each lovers Hero and Leander, is historically famed name to become Lüda.) from the crossing of the strait by the Persian Dalipnagar see Bannu king Xerxes in 480 B.C. in his invasion of Dalle see Yirga Alem Greece and that of Alexander the Great in 334 Dalmacija see Dalmatia B.C. in his expedition against Persia.) Dalmatia (region, southern Croatia) : [Serbo- Dardania see Kosovo Croat Dalmacija] Dar el Beida (town, northern Algeria) : to c.1962 Dal’negorsk (city, eastern Russia) : to 1972 French Maison Blanche (The French colonial Tetyukhe name was also that of Casablanca.) Dal’nerechensk (city, eastern Russia) : to 1973 Dar el Beida see Casablanca Iman Darqdere see Zlatograd Dal’ny see Dalian Darien (town, Georgia, southeastern United Dalton (city, Georgia, southeastern United States) : originally New Inverness States) : originally Cross Plains Darkau see Darkov Dalyan (village, southwestern Turkey) : ancient Darkehmen see Ozyorsk Greek Caunus Darkov (village, eastern Czech Republic) : 1939– Damanhur (city, northern Egypt) : Roman Her- 1945 German Darkau; 1938–1939 Polish Dar- mopolis Parva ków; to 1918 German Darkau Damascus (city, southwestern Syria) : [Arabic Darków see Darkov Dimashq; alternate Arabic Ash ShIm] (The Darùowo (town, northwestern Poland) : to 1945 city’s alternate Arabic name, meaning “the German Rügenwalde north,” is identical to that of Syria.) Darwin (city, Northern Territory, northern Aus- Damietta (city, northern Egypt) : [Arabic tralia) : to 1911 Palmerston DumyI™] Dashev see Dashiv Da Nang (city, central Vietnam) : French colo- Dashiv (village, central Ukraine) : (Russian Da- nial Tourane shev); to c.1930 Staryy Dashiv (Russian Stary Danastris see Dniester Dashev) Danby see Glen Ellyn Dashkesan see Da£käsän Dancalia Meridionale see Assab Dashtobod (town, eastern Uzbekistan) : for- Dangriga (town, central Belize) : formerly Stann merly Russian Ul’yanovo; to 1974 Russian Creek Obruchevo Danish West Indies see Virgin Islands of the Da£käsän (town, western Azerbaijan) : (Russian United States Dashkesan); to 1948 Russian Verkhny Dashke- Danmark see Denmark san Dansalan see Marawi Da£oguz (city, northern Turkmenistan) : to 1994 Danube (river, central Europe) : [Bulgarian Russian Tashauz Dunav; German Donau; Hungarian Duna; Datschitz see DaVice 55 Delyatyn

Dauba see Dubá Dedea˘gaç see Alexandroúpolis Daugavgriva see Daugavgrnva Dedeagach see Alexandroúpolis Daugavgrnva (town, northern Latvia) : (Russian Dedford see East Greenwich Daugavgriva); 1917–1918, 1940–1944 German Dedovsk (town, western Russia) : 1925–1940 Dünamünde; to 1917 Russian Ust’-Dvinsk Dedovsky; to 1925 Guchkovo Daugavpils (city, southeastern Latvia) : 1941– Dedovsky see Dedovsk 1944 German Dünaburg; 1893–1920 Russian Dee (river, northeastern Wales/northwestern En- Dvinsk; 1656–1667, Russian Borisoglebsk; to gland) : Welsh Dyfrdwy; Roman Deva (The 1656 German Dünaburg Roman name gave that of the city of Chester, Daulatabad (village, western India) : to 1327 which stands on the river.) Devagiri Deep Bay see Chilumba Dauphin Island (Alabama, southeastern United Deep Hollow see Scranton States) : to 1708 Massacre Island Deep River (town, Connecticut, northeastern David-Gorodok see Davyd Haradok United States) : to 1947 Saybrook Davos (town, eastern Switzerland) : Romansh Deer Creek see Roseburg Tavau Deerfield (town, Illinois, central United States) : Davyd-Haradok (town, southern Belarus) : originally Cadwell’s Corners (Russian David-Gorodok); 1919–1939 Polish Deer Lodge (town, Montana, northwestern Dawidgródek; to 1919 Russian David-Gorodok United States) : originally La Barge Dawidgródek see Davyd-Haradok De˘girmenlik see Kythrea Dawley see Telford Dehqonobod (village, southern Uzbekistan) : Dawson (village, Yukon Territory, northwestern (Russian Dekhkanabad); to c.1935 Tengi- Canada) : formerly Dawson City Kharam Dawson City see Dawson Deichow see Dychów Dax (town, southwestern France) : Roman Aquae Dej (city, northwestern Romania) : to 1918, Augustae; earlier Roman Aquae Tarbellicae 1940–1944 Hungarian Dés Dayton (town, Tennessee, southeastern United De Kalb (city, Illinois, central United States) : to States) : to 1895 Smith’s Crossroads 1856 Buena Vista Dead Sea (eastern West Bank/western Jordan) : Dekhkanabad see Dehqonobod [Arabic Ba∏r L¨t]; alternate biblical Salt Sea; De Laage Prairie see South Holland Roman Mare Mortuum Delatyn see Delyatyn Dearborn (city, Michigan, northeastern United Delaware see Cherry Hill States) : 1833–1893 Dearbornville; previously Delémont (town, northwestern Switzerland) : Pekin; earlier Bucklin; originally Ten Eyck German Delsberg Dearbornville see Dearborn Delhi (city, northern India) : alternate official Death Valley (California, western United States) New Delhi; alternate popular Old Delhi; local : locally Tomesha (The great depression, now a alternate Shahjahanabad (Delhi is really two national park, received its English name in cities in one. The local name refers to Shah 1849 from goldseekers attempting to cross it.) Jahan, who built the seventh city of Delhi in Debar (town, western Macedonia) : to 1913 1638. Construction of New Delhi, just south of Turkish Dibra; Roman Deborus Old Delhi, began in 1912, and the capital was Ddbica (town, southeastern Poland) : 1939–1945 moved there from the older city in 1931.) German Dembica Dél˛ine (village, Northwest Territories, north- Ddblin (town, eastern Poland) : 1940–1945 Ger- western Canada) : to 1999 Fort Franklin man Demblin; to 1915 Russian Ivangorod Delray see Delray Beach Ddbno (town, northwestern Poland) : to 1945 Delray Beach (city, Florida, southeastern United German Neudamm States) : to 1923 Delray Deborus see Debar Del Rio (city, Texas, southern United States) : to Debrecen (city, eastern Hungary) : to 1867 Ger- 1833 San Felipe del Rio man Debreczin Delsberg see Delémont Debreczin see Debrecen Delvinë (town, southern Albania) : 1919–1921 Debrzno (town, northwestern Poland) : to 1945 modern Greek Delvinon German Preussisch-Friedland Delvinon see Delvinë De Cantillon see North Little Rock Delyatin see Delyatyn DfiVín (city, northern Czech Republic) : to 1918, Delyatyn (town, southwestern Ukraine) : (Rus- 1938–1945 German Tetschen sian Delyatin); to 1939 Polish Delatyn De Malherbe 56

De Malherbe see Aïn Tolba 1802–1967 La Haye-Descartes; to 1802 La Dembica see Ddbica Haye-en-Touraine (The town first added then Demblin see Ddblin wholly adopted the name of the philosopher Demersville see Victoriaville René Descartes, who was born here.) Demidov (town, western Russia) : to 1918 Deschnaer Kuppe see Velká De§tná Porech’ye Deseret see Utah Demirhisar see Sidirókastro Desiderii Fanum see St.-Dizier Dem’yanovka see Uzynkol’ Des Plaines (city, Illinois, north central United Denali see McKinley, Mt. States) : to 1869 Rand Denali National Park and Preserve (Alaska, Desterro see Florianópolis northwestern United States) : to 1980 Mt. Dfitmarovice (town, eastern Czech Republic) : McKinley National Park 1939–1945 German Dittmarsdorf; 1918–1919, Denbigh (town, northern Wales) : Welsh Din- 1938–1939 Polish DzieWmorowice; to 1918 Ger- bych man Dittmarsdorf Den Bosch see ’s-Hertogenbosch Détrie see Sidi Lahssen Dendera (village, eastern Egypt) : ancient Greek Detroit (city, Michigan, northeastern United Tentyra States) : originally French Fort-Pontchartrain- Dendermonde (town, northern Belgium) : du-Détroit French Termonde Detskoye Selo see Pushkin Den Haag see Hague, The Deutsch-Brod see HavlíVkÀv Brod Denia (city, eastern Spain) : Roman Dianium Deutschendorf see Poprad Deniliquin (town, New South Wales, southeast- Deutsch-Eylau see Iùawa ern Australia) : to 1850 Sandhills Deutsch-Gabel see Jablonné v Podje§tfidí Deninoo Kue see Fort Resolution Deutsch-Krawarn see Krava†e Denisovka (town, northern Kazakhstan) : for- Deutsch-Krone see Waùcz merly Ordzhonikidze Deutschland see Germany Denmark (kingdom, northwestern Europe) : Deutsch-Proben see Nitrianske Pravno [Danish Danmark] Deux-Ponts see Zweibrücken Denver (city, Colorado, west central United Deux-Rivières see St.-Stanislas States) : to 1858 St. Charles Deva (city, west central Romania) : to 1918 Hun- Denwood see Wainwright garian Déva Deodoro see Piraquara Deva see (1) 1Chester; (2) Dee De Panne (town, western Belgium) : French La Déva see Deva Panne Devagiri see Daulatabad Derbeshka see Derbeshkinsky Devana see Kintore Derbeshkinsky (town, western Russia) : to 1940 Dévén see 2Devín Derbeshka 1Devin (town, southwestern Bulgaria) : to 1934 Derbinskoye see Tymovskoye Dovlen 1Derby (city, north central England) : Roman 2Devín (town, southwestern Slovakia) : 1938– Derventio (The Roman name is either that of 1945 German Theben; to 1918 Hungarian the Derwent River here or of the Roman fort Dévén; to 1867 German Theben (Devín is now at Little Chester, north of the city center.) a district of Bratislava.) 2Derby (town, Kansas, central United States) : to Devona see Kintore 1930 El Paso Devonport (town, southwestern England) : to Derry see Londonderry 1824 Plymouth Dock (The town is now a dis- Derryfield see 2Manchester trict of Plymouth.) Dertona see Tor tona Dewdney see Okotoks Dervent see Klisura Dewey (town, eastern Puerto Rico) : to c.1940 Derventio see (1) 1Derby; (2) Derwent; (3) Culebra Malton; (4) Papcastle Dhahran (town, eastern Saudia Arabia) : [Arabic Derwent (river, northern England) : Roman A≤¥ahrIn] Derventio (There are several Derwent rivers in Dhaka (city, central Bangladesh) : formerly con- England, as those at 1Derby, Malton, and ventional Dacca Papcastle, but not all had the Roman name.) Diamantina (city, southeastern Brazil) : formerly Dés see Dej Tejuco Descartes (town, west central France) : Dianium see Denia 57 Dobra

Dibio see Dijon Divodurum see Metz Dibra see Debar Divona see Cahors Dicaearchia see Pozzuoli Dixmude see Diksmuide Didymoteichon (town, northeastern Greece) : Diyarbakqr (city, southeastern Turkey) : Roman 1915–1919 Bulgarian Dimotika; to 1915 Turkish Amida Dimetoka Djailolo see Halmahera Diedenhofen see Thionville Djakovica (town, western Kosovo) : to 1913 Diefurt see Õnin Turkish Yakova Diégo-Suarez see Antsiranana Djanet (town, northeastern Algeria) : to c.1962 Dieppe (town, New Brunswick, eastern Canada) French Fort-Charlet : to 1946 Leger Corner Djemila (town, central Algeria) : Roman Cuicul Dievenow see Dziwnów Djeneral Hanri see Gor´ Ve Petrov Diez y Ocho de Julio (village, southeastern Djevdjelija see Gevgelija Uruguay) : to 1909 San Miguel Djibouti (republic, eastern Africa) : 1967– Dignano d’Istria see Vodnjan 1977 Afars and Issas; 1888–1967 French Soma- Dijon (city, eastern France) : Roman Divio; al- liland ternate Roman Dibio Djokupunda (town, south central Democratic Dikaia (town, northeastern Greece) : 1915–1919 Republic of the Congo) : to 1972 French Bulgarian Kad≠koy; to 1913 Turkish Kadqköy Charlesville Diksmuide (town, western Belgium) : French Dmanisi (town, southern Georgia) : to 1947 Dixmude Bashkicheti Dillon (town, Montana, northwestern United Dmitriyevskoye see Talas States) : to 1881 Terminus Dmitrovsk see Dmitrovsk-Orlovsky Dimashq see Damascus Dmitrovsk-Orlovsky (town, western Russia) : to Dimetoka see Didymoteichon 1929 Dmitrovsk Dimitrov see Dymytrov Dnepr see Dnieper 1Dimitrovgrad (city, southern Bulgaria) : to 1947 Dneprodzerzhinsk see Dniprodzerzhyns’k Rakovski (The city was built in 1947 and in- Dnepropetrovsk see Dnipropetrovs’k corporated three villages, the largest of which Dneprovskoye (village, western Russia) : to was Rakovski.) c.1960 Andreyevskoye 2Dimitrovgrad (city, western Russia) : to 1972 Dnestr see Dniester Melekess Dnieper (river, western Russia) : [Russian 3Dimitrovgrad (town, southeastern Serbia) : to Dnepr]; ancient Greek Borysthenes 1950 Caribrod (The town was in Bulgaria from Dniester (river, western Ukraine) : [Ukrainian 1913 to 1919.) Dnistro]; (Russian Dnestr); Roman Danastris; Dimitrovo see Pernik ancient Greek Tyras Dimotika see Didymoteichon Dniprodzerzhyns’k (city, east central Ukraine) : Dinbych see Denbigh (Russian Dneprodzerzhinsk); to 1936 Kamyan- Dinbych-y-pysgod see Tenby s’ke (Russian Kamenskoye) Dingle (town, southwestern Ireland) : Irish An Dnipropetrovs’k (city, south central Ukraine) : Daingean (Russian Dnepropetrovsk); 1802–1926 Katery- Diomede Islands (eastern Russia/northwestern noslav (Russian Yekaterinoslav); 1796–1802 United States) : alternate Russian Gvozdev Is- Novorossiysk; to 1796 Katerynoslav (Russian lands (Big Diomede, which belongs to Russia, is Yekaterinoslav) alternately known as Ratmanov Island.) Dnistro see Dniester Dionysopolis see Balchik Dobbiaco (town, northern Italy) : to 1919 Ger- Dioscurias see Sokhumi man Toblach Diospolis see Thebes Dobele (town, west central Latvia) : to 1918 Rus- Dirizhabl’stroy see Dolgoprudny sian Doblen Dirschau see Tczew Doberai (peninsula, eastern Indonesia) : to 1963 Disko see 1Qeqertarsuaq Dutch Vogelkop Dittmarsdorf see Dfitmarovice Dobiegniew (town, western Poland) : to 1945 Divinópolis (city, southeastern Brazil) : to 1912 German Woldenberg Espírito Santo da Itapecerica Doblen see Dobele Divio see Dijon Dobra (town, northwestern Poland) : to 1945 Divnogorsk (city, eastern Russia) : to 1963 Skit German Daber Dob†any 58

Dob†any (town, western Czech Republic) : to Dolgelley see Dolgellau 1918, 1939–1945 German Wiesengrund Dolgoprudny (city, western Russia) : 1935–1938 Dobre Miasto (town, northeastern Poland) : to Dirizhabl’stroy 1945 German Guttstadt Dolina see Dolyna Dobrich (town, northeastern Bulgaria) : 1949– Dolinsk (town, eastern Russia) : 1905–1945 1991 Tolbukhin; 1940–1949 Dobrich; 1913–1940 Japanese Ochiai Romanian Bazargic; 1878–1913 Dobrich; to Dolinskaya see Dolyns’ka 1878 Turkish Bazarcik Dolinskoye see Dolyns’ke Dobrinka (village, western Russia) : to c.1940 Dolisie see Loubomo Nizhnyaya Dobrinka Dolní Bene§ov (town, eastern Czech Republic) : Dobrna (village, western Slovenia) : to 1918 Ger- to 1919, 1938–1945 German Beneschau man Neuhaus Dolni Chiflik (town, eastern Bulgaria) : to 1989 Dobrodzieü (town, southern Poland) : to 1945 Georgi Traykov German Guttentag Dolnï Kubín (town, northern Slovakia) : to 1918 Dobromil’ see Dobromyl’ Hungarian Alsókubin Dobromyl’ (town, western Ukraine) : (Russian Dolyna (town, western Ukraine) : (Russian Dobromil’); to 1939 Polish Dobromil Dolina); to 1939 Polish Dolina Dobropillya (town, eastern Ukraine) : (Russian Dolyns’ka (town, central Ukraine) : (Russian Dobropol’ye); 1941–1946 Russian Krasnoarmey- Dolinskaya); mid–1920s, 1940–1944 sky Rudnik; c.1935–1941 Rot-Front; c.1918– Shevchenkove (Russian Shevchenkovo) c.1935 Val’dgeym; to c.1918 Russian Svyato- Dolyns’ke (village, southern Ukraine) : (Russian gorovsky Rudnik (The city’s German-influenced Dolinskoye); to 1945 Valegotsulovo history gave the names Rot-Front, “Red Dolzhikovo-Orlovskoye see Sverdlovs’k Front,” and Val’dgeym, a transliteration of Doma±lice (town, western Czech Republic) : to Waldheim.) 1918, 1939–1945 German Taus Dobropol’ye see Dobropillya Dombarovka see Dombarovsky Dobrovol’sk (town, western Russia) : 1938–1945 Dombarovsky (town, southwestern Russia) : to German Schlossberg; to 1938 German Pillkal- 1939 Dombarovka len Dombasle see El Hachem Dobroye (village, eastern Russia) : 1905–1945 Dombrowa see DRbrowa Górnicza Japanese Naibo Dominican Republic (central West Indies) : for- Dobru§ka (town, north central Czech Republic) merly Santo Domingo (The former name, now : to 1918, 1929–1945 German Gutenfeld that of the republic’s capital, was originally ap- Dobrzany (town, northwestern Poland) : to 1945 plied to the whole island of Hispaniola of German Jacobshagen which the Dominican Republic now occupies Doc Penfro see Pembroke Dock the eastern two thirds.) Doctor Petru Groza see ßtei Dominion (town, Nova Scotia, eastern Canada) Doha (city, eastern Qatar) : [Arabic Ad Daw∏ah] : to 1906 Dominion No. 1 (The numeric name Doire see Londonderry referred to a local mine shaft.) Dojran (village, southeastern Macedonia) : to Dominion City (village, Manitoba, southern 1913 Turkish Doyran Canada) : to 1878 Roseau (The name was Dokshitsy see Dokshytsy changed to avoid confusion with Roseau, Min- Dokshukino see Nartkala nesota, USA, and Rosseau, Ontario.) Dokshytsy (town, northern Belarus) : (Russian Dominion No. 1 see Dominion Dokshitsy); 1919–1939 Polish Dokszyce Domitian Way see Via Dokszyce see Dokshytsy Domman-Asfal’tovy Zavod see 1Leninsky Doktor Yosifovo (village, northwestern Bulgaria) Domnau see Domnovo : to 1950 V≠lkova Slatina Domnovo (village, western Russia) : to 1945 Dokuchayevka see Karamendy German Domnau Dokuchayevsk see Dokuchayevs’k Don (river, southwestern Russia) : ancient Greek Dokuchayevs’k (city, eastern Ukraine) : (Russian and Roman Tanais (The classical name was Dokuchayevsk); to 1954 Olenivs’ki Kar’yery also that of a city at the river’s estuary. See (Russian Yelenovskiye Kar’yery) Nedvigovka.) Dolban see Liman Donau see Danube Dolgellau (town, western Wales) : formerly con- Doncaster (city, north central England) : Roman ventional Dolgelley Danum 59 Drumshanbo

Donegal (town, northwestern Ireland) : Irish Downpatrick (town, southeastern Northern Ire- Dún na nGall land) : Irish Dún Pádraig Donetsk (town, southwestern Russia) : to 1955 Doyran see Dojran Gundorovka Draa Ben Khedda (town, northern Algeria) : to Donetsk see Donets’k c.1962 French Mirabeau Donets’k (city, eastern Ukraine) : (Russian Draa Esmar (village, northern Algeria) : to Donetsk); 1924–1961 Stalino; to 1924 Yuzivka c.1962 French Lodi (Russian Yuzovka) Drable see José Enrique Rodó Donetsko-Amvrosiyevka see Amvrosiyivka Dragomirovo see 2Proletarsk Donets’ko-Amvrosiyivka see Amvrosiyivka Drahichyn (town, southwestern Belarus) : (Rus- Dongbei see Manchuria sian Drogichin); 1919–1939 Polish Drohiczyn; Dong Kinh see Hanoi to 1918 Russian Drogichin 1Donskoye (village, western Russia, near Kalin- Dramburg see Drawsko Pomorskie ingrad) : to 1945 German Grossdirschkeim Drauburg see Dravograd 2Donskoye (village, western Russia, near Dravograd (town, northeastern Slovenia) : to Lipetsk) : 1930s–c.1965 Vodop’yanovo; to 1930s 1918, 1941–1945 German Drauburg Patriarsheye Drawno (town, northwestern Poland) : to 1945 Doornik see Tournai German Neuwedell Dorchester (town, southern England) : Roman Drawsko Pomorskie (town, northwestern Durnovaria Poland) : to 1945 German Dramburg Dordogne (river, southwestern France) : Roman Drenewydd Gelli-farch see Shirenewton Duranius Drepanum see Trapani Dores da Boa Esperança see Boa Esperança Dresser (village, Wisconsin, northern United Doristhal see Razino States) : to 1940 Dresser Junction Dorna Watra see Vatra Dornei Dresser Junction see Dresser Dorpat see Tartu Dreux (town, north central France) : Roman Dorris Bridge see Alturas Drocae; Celtic Durocassis Dosmahlen see 1Pushkino Drezdenko (town, western Poland) : to 1945 Dostyk (village, eastern Kazakhstan) : formerly German Driesen Russian Druzhba Driesen see Drezdenko Dothan (city, Alabama, southeastern United Drissa see Vyerkhnyadzvinsk States) : to 1911 Dothen; originally Poplar Drocae see Dreux Head Drogheda (town, northeastern Ireland) : Irish Dothen see Dothan Droichead Átha Double Springs see Gadsden Drogichin see Drahichyn Douglas (town, Wyoming, western United Drogobych see Drohobych States) : originally Tent Town Drohiczyn see Drahichyn Douro (river, northern Spain/northern Portugal) Drohobych (city, western Ukraine) : (Russian : alternate Spanish Duero; Roman Durius Drogobych); to 1939 Polish Drohobycz Dovbysh (town, west central Ukraine) : to 1944 Drohobycz see Drohobych Markhlevsk (From 1925 to the 1930s the region Droichead Átha see Drogheda here was organized as a Polish district, with Droichead na Bandan see Bandon the town known as Marchlewsk.) Droichead na Banna see Banbridge 1Dover (town, southeastern England) : Roman Droichead Nua (town, eastern Ireland) : for- Dubris merly (and still alternate) Newbridge 2Dover (city, New Hampshire, northeastern Droim Seanbho see Drumshanbo United States) : originally Bristol Droitwich (town, west central England) : Dover, Strait of (southeastern England/northern Roman Salinae. (The Roman name referred to France) : French Pas de Calais (The French the saltworks here, as it did at Middlewich.) name gave that of a department in northern Dromore (town, east central Northern Ireland) : France. Cp. English Channel.) Irish An Droim Mór Dovey (river, western Wales) : Welsh Dyfi (The Drossen see O¢no Lubuskie English form of the name gave that of Aber- Drug see Durg dovey.) Druk-Yul see Bhutan Dovlen see 1Devin Drumshanbo (town, northern Ireland) : Irish Dovzhykove-Orlovs’ke see Sverdlovs’k Droim Seanbho Druskenniki 60

Druskenniki see Druskininkai Duna see Danube Druskienniki see Druskininkai Dünaburg see Daugavpils Druskininkai (town, southern Lithuania) : Dunajská Streda (town, southwestern Slovakia) 1919–1939 Polish Druskienniki; to 1918 Russian : to 1918, 1938–1945 Hungarian Dunaszerda- Druskenniki hely 1Druzhba (town, northern Ukraine) : to 1962 Dünamünde see Daugavgriva Khutir-Mykhaylivs’kyy (Russian Khutor- DunQrea see Danube Mikhaylovsky) (The town was formed on the Dunaszerdahely see Dunajská Streda merger of Khutir-Mykhaylivs’kyy with two Dunaújváros (city, west central Hungary) : other settlements.) 1951–1961 Sztálinváros 2Druzhba (town, western Ukraine) : to 1957 Ze- Dunav see Danube lena Dunay see Danube 3Druzhba (village, western Russia) : to 1945 Dunbarton (former county, west central Scot- German Allenburg land) : formerly Dumbarton (The county, also Druzhba see (1) Dostyk; (2) Sveti Konstantin known as Dunbartonshire, originally had a Druzhkivka (city, eastern Ukraine) : (Russian name identical to that of its administrative Druzhkovka); to 1938 Havrylivs’kyy Zavod center, the town of Dumbarton. The spelling (Russian Gavrilovsky Zavod ) of the county name with n instead of m was Druzhkovka see Druzhkivka then adopted to avoid confusion between the Dry Diggings see Placerville two.) Duarte, Pico (mountain, central Dominican Re- Duncan see Cheboygan public) : 1936–1961 Monte Trujillo Dundalk (town, northeastern Ireland) : Irish Dubá (town, northern Czech Republic) : to 1918, Dún Dealgan 1939–1945 German Dauba Dún Dealgan see Dundalk Düben see Bad Düben Dunedin (city, southeastern New Zealand) : Dubh Linn see Dublin originally New Edinburgh Dublin (city, eastern Ireland) : local Irish Dubh Dunedin see Edinburgh Linn; alternate (official) Irish Baile Átha Dungannon (town, southern Northern Ireland) : Cliath; Roman Eblana (The Roman name first Irish Dún Geanainn appeared in the writings of the 2d-century Dún Garbhán see Dungarvan A.D. geographer Ptolemy and although lacking Dungarvan (town, southern Ireland) : Irish Dún an initial D is basically identical with the mod- Garbhán ern name.) Dún Geannain see Dungannon Dubris see 1Dover Dungloe (town, northwestern Ireland) : Irish An Dubrovnik (town, southern Croatia) : to 1918 Clochán Liath Italian Ragusa Dunkerque see 1Dunkirk Duchcov (town, northwestern Czech Republic) : 1Dunkirk (city, northern France) : [French to 1918, 1938–1945 German Dux Dunkerque] (The English form of the name, Duck Creek Cross Roads see Smyrna although long current, gained particular favor Duero see Douro following the evacuation of British troops Duisburg (city, western Germany) : 1929–1934 from France against the odds in 1940, a feat Duisburg-Hamborn; Roman Castrum Deutonis which gave the patriotic phrase “Dunkirk Duisburg-Hamborn see Duisburg spirit” for a gallant effort.) Duke of Clarence Island see Nukunonu 2Dunkirk (town, New York, northeastern United Dukhovsky see Guliston States) : originally Chadwick’s Bay Dulcigno see Ulcinj Dún Laoghaire (town, eastern Ireland) : 1821– Dulcina see Barbuda 1921 English Kingstown; earlier Dunleary D≠lgopol (town, eastern Bulgaria) : formerly Dunleary see Dún Laoghaire Novo Selo; to 1878 Turkish Yeni Derbent Dún na nGall see Donegal Dulovo (town, northeastern Bulgaria) : formerly Dunnet Head (promontory, northeastern Scot- Akkad≠nlar; 1913–1940 Romanian Accadînlar; land) : Roman Tarvedunum to 1878 Turkish Akkadqnlar Dún Pádraig see Downpatrick Dumbarton see Dunbarton Dunstable (town, southeastern England) : Dumnonium Promontorium see Lizard, The Roman Durocobrivis Dumontville see St.-Jerôme Dunstable see Nashua DumyI™ see Damietta Dunton see Arlington Heights 61 Dzhambul

DuPage Center see Glen Ellyn Duszniki Zdrój (town, southwestern Poland) : Duperré see Aïn Defla to 1945 German Bad Reinerz Düpnice see Dupnitsa Dutch East Indies see Indonesia Dupnitsa (city, western Bulgaria) : 1952–1990 Dutch Guiana see Surinam Stanke Dimitrov; 1949–1952 Marek; to 1949 Dutch New Guinea see Irian Jaya Stupnitsa; to 1878 Turkish Düpnice (Marek was Dutch West Indies see Netherlands Antilles the nom de guerre of the Bulgarian Communist Duvalierville see Cabaret leader Georgi Dimitrov, who gave the name of Duvno see Tomislavgrad 1Dimitrovgrad.) Dux see Duchcov Düppel see Dybbøl Duzdab see ZIhedIn Duque de Bragança see Calandula Duzkend see Akhuryan Duque de Caxias (city, southeastern Brazil) : 26 Bakinskikh Kommunarov, imeni see 1931–1943 Caxias; to 1931 Meriti Station (The Neftçala city is is now a suburb of Rio de Janeiro.) Dvigatel’stroy see Kaspiysk Duranius see Dordogne Dvinsk see Daugavpils Durazzo see Durrës DvÀr Králové nad Labem (city, northern Czech Durban (city, eastern South Africa) : [Zulu Republic) : to 1918, 1938–1945 German König- eThekwini]; 1835–1854 D’Urban; to 1835 Port inhof an der Elbe Natal Dybbøl (town, southern Denmark) : 1850–1920 D’Urban see Durban German Düppel Düren (city, western Germany) : Romann Mar- Dychów (village, western Poland) : to 1945 Ger- codurum man Deichow Durg (town, east central India) : formerly Drug Dyffryn Taf see Merthyr Vale 1Durham (city, North Carolina, eastern United Dyfi see Dovey States) : formerly Durhamville Dyfrdwy see Dee 2Durham (town, New Hampshire, northeastern Dyme see Kato Achaia United States) : to 1732 Oyster River Dymytrov (city, eastern Ukraine) : (Russian 3Durham (town, Ontario, southeastern Canada) Dimitrov); 1957–1972 Novoekonomichne (Rus- : to 1866 Bentinck sian Novoekonomicheskoye); 1937–1957 Novyy Durhamville see 1Durham Donbas (Russian Novy Donbass) Durius see Douro Dyrrhachium see Durrës Durlas see Thurles Dysna (town, northern Belarus) : 1919–1939 Pol- Durnovaria see Dorchester ish Dzisna Durobrivae see (1) Chesterton; (2) 1Rochester Dyushambe see Dushanbe Durocassis see Dreux Dzagidzor see Tumanyan Durocatalaunum see Châlons-en-Champagne Dzaudzhikau see Vladikavkaz Durocobrivis see Dunstable Dzerzhinsk (city, western Russia) : formerly Durocortorum see Reims Rastyapino (The city was formed in 1930 on Duroliponte see 1Cambridge the amalgamation of Rastyapino with two Durostorum see Silistra other communities.) Durovernum see Canterbury Dzerzhinsk see (1) 1,2Dzerzhyns’k; Durovigutum see Godmanchester (2) Dzyarzhynsk Durrës (city, western Albania) : 1939–1943 Ital- Dzerzhinskogo, imeni see Nar’yan-Mar ian Durazzo; Roman Dyrrhachium; ancient Dzerzhinskoye (village, eastern Russia) : for- Greek Epidamnus (The Roman name was orig- merly Rozhdestvenskoye inally that of the headland here on which the Dzerzhinsky (city, western Russia) : to 1938 Greek city arose.) Trudovaya Kommuna imeni Dzerzhinskogo D’Urville Island (central New Zealand) : Maori Dzerzhinsky see Sorsk Rangitoto 1Dzerzhyns’k (city, eastern Ukraine) : (Russian Dushanbe (city, southwestern Tajikistan) : Dzerzhinsk); to 1938 Shcherbynivka (Russian 1929–1961 Stalinabad; to 1929 Dyushambe Shcherbinovka) Dushet see Dusheti 2Dzerzhyns’k ((town, west central Ukraine) : Dusheti (town, east central Georgia) : to 1936 (Russian Dzerzhinsk); to 1933 Romanov Dushet Dzhalal-ogly see Stepanavan D≠stí (town, southwestern Tajikistan) : formerly Dzhalilabad see Cälilabad Pyandzh Dzhambul see Taraz Dzhansugurov 62

Dzhansugurov (town, eastern Kazakhstan) : for- States) : to 1834 Fawcettstown; originally St. merly Abakumova Clair Dzharkent see Zharkent East London (city, southeastern South Africa) : Dzhirgalantu see Hovd originally Port Rex Dzhugeli see Zestap’oni East Maitland see Maitland Dzhumaya see Blagoevgrad East Moline (city, Illinois, north central United Dziaùdowo (town, northern Poland) : to 1919, States) : originally Port Byron Junction 1939–1945 German Soldau East Pakistan see Bangladesh DzieWmorowice see Dfitmarovice Eastpointe (town, Michigan, northern United Dzierzgoü (town, northern Poland) : to 1945 States) : 1929–1992 East Detroit; to 1929 Half- German Christburg way Village Dzier∞oniów (town, southwestern Poland) : to Eastport (town, Maine, northeastern United 1945 German Reichenbach States) : to 1798 Moose Island (The earlier Dzisna see Dysna name remains for the island on which the Dziwnów (town, northwestern Poland) : to 1945 town lies.) German Dievenow East Providence (city, Rhode Island, northeast- Dzurchi see Pervomays’ke ern United States) : to 1862 West Seekonk Dzyarzhynsk (city, central Belarus) : (Russian East River see Wallingford Dzerzhinsk); to c.1935 Kaydanovo East Rockport see 2Lakewood Éadan Doire see Edenderry East St. Louis (city, Illinois, north central Eagle Nest (village, New Mexico, southwestern United States) : to 1861 Illinoistown United States) : to 1935 Therma East Thomaston see Rockland Eagle Pass (city, Texas, southern United States) : East Timor (republic, eastern Malay Archipel- formerly Camp Eagle Pass; originally El Paso de ago) : 1975–1999 Timor Timur; to 1975 Por- Aquila tuguese Timor Eagle Rock see Idaho Falls Eastview see 2Vanier Eagle Station see Carson City East Windsor (town, Ontario, southeastern Earlston (town, southeastern Scotland) : for- Canada) : to 1929 Ford City (East Windsor merly Ercildoune (The original name became merged with the city of Windsor in 1935.) an alternate byname of the 13th-century Scot- East Youngstown see Campbell tish poet Thomas the Rhymer.) Ebbw Vale (town, southeastern Wales) : Welsh Earp’s Corner see Fairfax Glynebwy East Bengal see Bangladesh Ebchester (village, northeastern England) : East Chelmsford see Lowell Roman Vindomora East Detroit see Eastpointe Ebenrode see Nesterov Easter Island (eastern Pacific) : alternate native Eberswalde (town, northeastern Germany) : for- Rapa Nui merly Neustadt (The earlier name, meaning Eastern Transvaal see Mpumalanga simply “new town,” was gradually superseded East Gary see Lake Station by the present one. In 1970 the town merged East Greenwich (town, Rhode Island, northeast- with neighboring Finow to form the city of ern United States) : 1686–1689 Dedford Eberswalde-Finow.) East Hamburg see Orchard Park Eblana see Dublin 1East Hampton (town, New York, northeastern Ebora see Évora United States) : originally Maidstone (The Eboracum see 1York town is one of the fashionable Long Island re- Eborakon see 1York sorts that make up the Hamptons.) Ebro (river, northeastern Spain) : Roman Iberus 2East Hampton (town, Connecticut, northeast- Ebudae see Hebrides ern United States) : to 1915 Chatham Eburodunum see (1) Embrun; (2) Yverdon East Haven (town, Connecticut, northeastern Ebytown see Kitchener United States) : to 1707 Iron Works Village Ecbatana see Hamadan East Hoosuck see Adams Echaot’l Koe see Fort Liard East Indies see Indonesia Echaporã (town, southeastern Brazil) : to 1944 East Lansing (city, Michigan, north central Portuguese Bela Vista United States) : to 1907 Collegeville Ech Chélif (town, northern Algeria) : 1964–1981 East Livermore see Livermore Falls El Asnam; to 1964 French Orléansville; Roman East Liverpool (city, Ohio, north central United Castellum Tingitanum 63 El Asnam

Echmiadzin see Ejmiatsin Eesti see Estonia Echo Bay (village, Northwest Territories, north- Éfaté (island, central Vanuatu) : formerly Sand- ern Canada) : formerly Port Radium; to 1937 wich Island Cameron Bay (The mines here, yielding pitch- Effingham (town, Illinois, north central United blende ore from which radium was extracted, States) : to 1859 Broughton closed in 1960.) Egedesminde see Aasiaat Eckengraf see Viesnte Eger (town, northern Hungary) : to 1867 Ger- Ecolisma see Angoulême man Erlau Economy see Ambridge Eger see Cheb Écore à Fabre see 2Camden Eglwys y Drindod see 2Christchurch Ecorse (town, Michigan, north central United Egmont, Mt. (northwestern New Zealand) : States) : originally Grandport Maori Taranaki (The Maori name is official for Écry see Asfeld the region and former province here.) Eddy see Carlsbad E˘gribos see Khalkís Eden see (1) Aden; (2) Bar Harbor Egridere see Ardino Edenburg see Knox E˘gripalanka see Kriva Palanka Edenderry (town, east central Ireland) : Irish Egypt (republic, northeastern Africa) : [Arabic Éadan Doire Mi•r]; Roman Aegyptus (In 1958 Egypt formed Edenglassie see Brisbane a union with Syria as the United Arab Repub- Edessa (town, northeastern Greece) : to 1913 lic. Syria left in 1961 but the name continued Turkish Vodena for Egypt alone until 1971. The Arabic name is Edessa see ßanlqurfa also that of Cairo.) Edgartown (town, Massachusetts, northeastern Ehrenforst see Sùawidcice United States) : originally Nunnepog Eibenschitz see IvanVice Edgeworthstown (town, north central Ireland) : Eigenbrakel see Braine-l’Alleud Irish Meathas Troim; formerly alternate Mos- Eighty Mile Beach (coastal region, Western Aus- trim tralia, northwestern Australia) : to 1946 Ninety Edinburg (city, Texas, southern United States) : Mile Beach (The region, actually about 85 to 1911 Chapin miles in length, was renamed to avoid confu- Edinburgh (city, southeastern Scotland) : histor- sion with Ninety Mile Beach in Victoria, ical and literary Dunedin (The historical name, southeastern Australia.) properly Gaelic Dun Eideann, gave that of Eilean Leodhais see Isle of Lewis Dunedin, New Zealand.) Eilean Siar see Western Isles Edingen see Enghien Eimeo see Moorea Edirne (city, western Turkey) : formerly English Einsiedeln (town, east central Switzerland) : Adrianople; 1930–1922 modern Greek Adria- French Notre-Dame-des-Ermites noupolis; to 1913 Bulgarian Odrin; Roman Éire see Ireland Adrianopolis (The former English name is that Eisenbrod see ≥ eleznï Brod of a battle of A.D. 378 in which the Roman Eisenburg see Vasvár emperor Valens fell to the Visigoths.) Eisenhower, Mt. (New Hampshire, northeastern Edison (city, New Jersey, northeastern United United States) : formerly Mt. Pleasant States) : to 1954 Raritan Eisenhower, Mt. see Castle Mountain Edith Cavell, Mt. (Alberta, southwestern Can- Eisenstadt (town, eastern Austria) : to 1920 ada) : to 1916 Montagne de la Grande Traverse Hungarian Kismarton Edith Ronne Land see Ronne Ice Shelf Eisenstein see ≥ elezná Ruda Edmundston (town, New Brunswick, eastern Ei§i§kcs (town, southern Lithuania) : (Russian Canada) : to 1848 Petit-Sault Eyshishkes); 1921–1939 Polish Ejszyszki Edo see Tokyo Ejmiatsin (city, western Armenia) : (Russian Edremit (town, northwestern Turkey) : Roman Echmiadzin); to 1945 Vagarshapat Adramyttium Ejszyszki see Ei§i§kcs Edson (town, Alberta, west central Canada) : to Ekeli see Zahirabad 1911 Heatherwood El Aouinet (village, northeastern Algeria) : to Edward, Lake (east central Africa) : 1973–1979 c.1962 French Clairfontaine Lake Idi Amin Dada; to 1908 Albert Edward Elar see Abovyan Nyanza El Araïche see Larache Edwardesabad see Bannu El Asnam see Ech Chélif Elath 64

Elath see Aqaba Elizabeth (city, New Jersey, northeastern United Elba (island, western Italy) : Roman Ilva; ancient States) : to 1740 Elizabethtown Greek Aethalia Elizabeth City (town, North Carolina, eastern El Banco (city, northern Colombia) : formerly United States) : originally Redding Nuestra Señora de la Candelaria de El Banco; Elizabethtown see (1) Brockville; (2) Eliza- 1544–1749 Tamalameque; earlier Barbudo; beth; (3) Hagerstown; (4) Hopkinsville originally Sompallón Elizabeth Town see New Norfolk El Bayadh (town, northwestern Algeria) : to Elizabethville see Moundsville c.1962 French Géryville El Jadida (city, western Morocco) : to 1821 Elbing see ElblRg Mazagan ElblRg (city, northern Poland) : 1772–1945 Ger- El Jícaro see Ciudad Sandino man Elbing El Jovero see Miches Elbogen see Loket Eùk (town, northeastern Poland) : to 1945 Ger- Elbow see Portland man Lyck El Cerrito (city, California, western United El Kala (town, northeastern Algeria) : to c.1962 States) : originally Rust French La Calle Elche (city, southeastern Spain) : Roman Ilici Elk City (town, Oklahoma, south central United El Chilamatal see Ciudad Arce States) : originally Busch El Chorro see General Enrique Mosconi Elkhovo (town, southeastern Bulgaria) : to 1878 El Djem (town, northeastern Tunisia) : Roman Turkish Kqzqlagaç Thysdrus Elkton (town, Maryland, northeastern United Eldorado (city, southeastern Brazil) : to 1948 States) : to 1787 Head of Elk; originally Friend- Xiririca ship Eldorado see New Denver Ellás see Greece Elea see Castellammare Ellensburg (town, Washington, northwestern Eleftheroupolis (town, northeastern Greece) : United States) : originally Robber’s Roost formerly Bulgarian Pravishta Ellice Islands see Tuvalu Elektrogorsk (city, western Russia) : to 1946 Elliotdale (town, southeastern South Africa) : Elektroperedacha locally Xhora Elektroperedacha see Elektrogorsk Ellis Island (New York, northeastern United Elektrostal’ (city, western Russia) : to 1938 Za- States) : originally Oyster Island tish’ye Elmhurst (city, Illinois, north central United Elektrougli (town, western Russia) : to 1935 States) : to 1869 Cottage Hill (The town is now Kudinovo a suburb of Chicago.) Elektrovoz see Stupino Elmina (town, southern Ghana) : formerly Por- El Eulma (town, northeastern Algeria) : to tuguese São Jorge da Mina c.1962 French St.-Arnaud Elmira (city, New York, northeastern United Eleutherai see Babaeski States) : to 1828 Newtown Eleutheropolis see Beit Guvrin Elne (town, southern France) : Roman Castrum El Fahs (town, north central Tunisia) : formerly Helenae; earlier Roman Illiberis French Pont-du-Fahs El Paraíso see Choloma El Ferrol (city, northwestern Spain) : 1939–1982 El Paso (city, Texas, southern United States) : El Ferrol del Caudillo originally El Paso del Norte El Ferrol del Caudillo see El Ferrol El Paso see 2Derby Elgin see Niagara Falls El Paso del Norte see (1) El Paso; (2) Juárez El Hachem (town, northwestern Algeria) : to El Progreso (town, east central Guatemala) : to c.1962 French Dombasle c.1920 Guastatoya El Harrach (town, northern Algeria) : to c.1962 El Pueblito (town, central Mexico) : 1946–1989 French Maison-Carrée (El Harrach is now a Spanish Villa Corregidora suburb of Algiers.) El Pueblo see Los Angeles Elimberrum see Auch El Pueblo de la Reyna de Los Angeles see Los Elin Pelin (town, western Bulgaria) : to 1950 Angeles Novoseltsi El Salvador (republic, western Central America) Eliocroca see Lorca : alternate dated Salvador (The alternate Élisabethville see (1) Katanga; (2) Lubumbashi name risks confusion with San Salvador, the Elista (city, western Russia) : 1944–1957 Stepnoy country’s capital, whose own name is in 65 Erechim

turn sometimes mistaken for that of the coun- England see United Kingdom try.) English Bazar (city, northeastern India) : alter- Elsass see Alsace nate Angrezabad Elsene see Ixelles English Channel (southern England/northern Elsinore (town, eastern Denmark) : Danish France) : French La Manche (The French name Helsingør (The traditional English name has gave that of a department in northern France. remained current largely thanks to Shake- Cp. Dover, Strait of.) speare’s use of it as the setting of Hamlet.) Engyum see Gangi Elvas (town, east central Portugal) : Roman Enham Alamein (village, southern England) : to Alpesa 1945 Knights Enham Elvershagen see úagiewniki Enkeldoorn see Chivhu Ely (town, Minnesota, northern United States) : Enna (city, southern Italy) : to 1927 Castrogio- originally Florence vanni; Roman Castrum Hennae El Zapallar see General José de San Martín Ennis (town, western Ireland) : Irish Inis Embarcadero see Redwood City Enniscorthy (town, southeastern Ireland) : Irish Embrun (town, southeastern France) : Roman Inis Córthaidh Eburodunum Enniskillen (town, southwestern Northern Ire- Emerita Augusta see Mérida land) : Irish Inis Ceithleann; traditional English Emesa see Homs Inniskilling (The traditional spelling is associ- Emilia see Emilia-Romagna ated with the Royal Inniskilling Fusiliers, the Emilia-Romagna (region, north central Italy) : British army regiment raised in 1689 to defend to 1948 Emilia the town.) Emirli see Orestiada Ennistimon (town, western Ireland) : Irish Inis Emmahaven see Telukbayur Díomáin Emmitsburg (town, Maryland, northeastern Enotah, Mt. see Brasstown Bald United States) : to c.1786 Poplar Fields Enso see Svetogorsk Emona see Ljubljana Entre Rios see (1) Malema; (2) Ribeirão Prêto; Emporion see Empùries (3) Rio Brilhante; (4) Três Rios Empingham Reservoir see Rutland Water Eochaill see Youghal Empùries (village, notheastern Spain) : ancient Eoforwic see 1York Greek Emporion Eolie Islands see Lipari Islands Ems (river, northwestern Germany) : Roman Eperjes see Pre§ov Amisia Épernay (town, northeastern France) : Roman Emu Bay Settlement see Burnie Sparnacum Encarnación (city, southeastern Paraguay) : for- Epidamnus see Durrës merly Itapúa Epiphania see Hama Encina see Uvalde Epitácio Pessoa see Pedro Avelino Encinal see Sunnyvale Eporedia see Ivrea Encruzilhada see Encruzilhada do Sul Équateur (province, northwestern Democratic Encruzilhada do Sul (city, southern Brazil) : to Republic of the Congo) : 1935–1947 French 1944 Encruzilhada Coquilhatville Enderby (town, British Columbia, southwestern Equatoria (former province, southern Sudan) : Canada) : to 1887 Lambly’s Landing to 1936 Mongalla Energetichesky see Otegen Batyr Equatorial Guinea (republic, western Africa) : Enez (town, southwestern Turkey) : 1920–1922 to 1968 Spanish Guinea modern Greek Ainos; ancient Greek Aenos Erasmus see Bronkhorstspruit Engel’s (city, western Russia) : 1914–1931 Erastivka see Vyshneve Pokrovsk; to 1914 Pokrovka (The city, named in Erastovka see Vyshneve honor of the German socialist philosopher and Ercildoune see Earlston founder of Communism Friedrich Engels, was Ercolano (town, southern Italy) : formerly the capital of the former Volga German Au- Resina; Roman Herculaneum tonomous Soviet Socialist Republic.) Erdély see Transylvania Engerau see PetrØalka Erechim (city, southern Brazil) : 1939–1944 Por- Enghien (town, west central Belgium) : Flemish tuguese José Bonifácio; to 1939 Portuguese Boa Edingen Vista Enghien see Montmorency Erechim see Getúlio Vargas Ere˘gli 66

1Ere˘gli (town, northwestern Turkey) : ancient Estonia (republic, northeastern Europe) : [Esto- Greek Heraclea Pontica nian Eesti]; alternate English dated Esthonia 2Ere˘gli (town, south central Turkey) : ancient Estremadura see Extremadura Greek Heraclea Cybistra Esutoru see Uglegorsk Eretz Yisra’el see Palestine Esztergom (town, northern Hungary) : to 1867 Erice (town, southern Italy) : to 1934 Monte San German Gran; Roman Strigonium Giuliano Étampes (town, northern France) : Low Latin Eridanus see Po Stampae Erikdere see Kallithea eThekwini see Durban Erin see Ireland Ethiopia (republic, northeastern Africa) : for- Erivan see Yerevan merly usually Abyssinia (The former name was Erlau see Eger introduced by the Portuguese in the 16th cen- Ernestown see 2Bath tury, adopted from an Arabic original.) Er Rachidia (city, east central Morocco) : to Etna (volcano, southern Italy) : [Sicilian Mongi- 1979 Ksar es Souk bello]; Roman Aetna Erseka see Ersekë Euboea (island, east central Greece) : Medieval Ersekë (town, southern Albania) : 1919–1921 Italian Negroponte modern Greek Erseka Euclides da Cunha (city, eastern Brazil) : to Érsekújvár see Nové Zámky 1939 Cumbe Erzgebirge (mountain range, central Europe) : Eugenópolis (city, southeastern Brazil) : to 1944 dated English Ore Mountains Portuguese São Manuel Erzsébetfalva see Pesterzsébet Eugubium see Gubbio Escaut see Scheldt Euhesperides see BanghIzn Eschenbach see Wolframs-Eschenbach Eulau see Jílové Eschscholtz Island see Bikini Eupen (town, eastern Belgium) : French Néau Esenguly (town, western Turkmenistan) : for- Euphrates (river, southeastern Syria/central Iraq) merly Gasan-Kuli : [Arabic Al Furat. ] E•fahIn (city, west central Iran) : traditional Isfa- Eurymedon see Köprü han, alternate traditional Ispahan; Roman As- Eusebeia see Kayseri padana Euskadi see 1Basque Country Esigodini (town, southwestern Zimbabwe) : to Euxine Sea see Black Sea 1982 Essexvale Evan see Penrith Eskice see Xánthi Evanston (city, Illinois, north central United Eskicumaa see T≠rgovishte States) : formerly Ridgeville; to 1850 Grosse Eski Dzhumaya see T≠rgovishte Pointe Eskifoça see Foça Eva Perón see (1) Buenos Aires; (2) La Pampa; Eskihisar (village, southwestern Turkey) : an- (3) La Plata cient Greek Stratonicea Evensk (town, eastern Russia) : to 1951 Bol’shaya Eskimo Point see Arviat Garmanda Eski Stambul see Veliki Preslav Everest, Mt. (northeastern Nepal/southern Eskiza˘gra see Stara Zagora Tibet) : alternate Tibetan Chomolungma EslImIbId-e Gharb : (city, western Iran) : to Everett (city, Massachusetts, northeastern United 1982 ShIhIbId States) : to 1870 South Malden Esopus see 1Kingston Évora (city, south central Portugal) : Roman Lib- España see Spain eralitas Julia; ealier Roman Ebora Española see Hispaniola Évreux (city, northwestern France) : Roman Medi- Esperantina (city, northeastern Brazil) : to 1944 olanum; alternate Roman Civitas Ebroicorum Portuguese Boa Esperança Exeter (city, southwestern England) : Roman Isca Espírito Santo see Indiaroba Dumnoniorum Espírito Santo da Itapecerica see Divinópolis Extremadura (region, west central Spain) : alter- Essaouira (city, western Morocco) : to 1959 Mo- nate Estremadura gador Eydtkuhnen see Chernyshevskoye Esseg see Osijek Eyertown see Bloomsburg Essexvale see Esigodini Eyshishkes see Ei§i§kcs Este (town, northern Italy) : Roman Ateste Ezhva (town, western Russia) : formerly Sloboda Esthonia see Estonia (Ezhva is now a suburb of Syktyvkar.) 67 Fergana

Ezion-geber see Aqaba Farmersville see 2Athens Faenza (city, northern Italy) : Roman Faventia Farnsworth’s Landing see Bordentown Faeroe Islands (North Atlantic) : [Danish Farroupilha (city, southern Brazil) : to 1934 Por- Færøerne; Faroese Føroyar] tuguese Nova Vicenza Færøerne see Faeroe Islands FIrs (province, southwestern Iran) : Roman Per- Faesulae see Fiesole sis (FIrs is more or less identical with the an- FQgQra£ (city, central Romania) : to 1918 Hun- cient province of Pars, the nucleus of the Per- garian Fogaras; to 1867 German Fogarasch sian empire. See Iran.) Fairbanks see Presque Isle Farvel, Kap see Farewell, Cape Fairfax (town, Virginia, eastern United States) : Farwell see Revelstoke 1805–1859 Providence; originally Earp’s Corner Fasano (town, southeastern Italy) : ancient Greek Fairfield see 1Hamilton Gnathia Fairmont (town, West Virginia, east central Fashoda see Kodok United States) : to 1843 Middletown Fatu Hiva (island, northern French Polynesia) : Fairmount see West Orange formerly Magdalena Island Fairport see Horseheads Faventia see Faenza Fairview see McCook Fawcettstown see East Liverpool Faisalabad (city, northeastern Pakistan) : to 1979 Faya (town, northern Chad) : formerly French Lyallpur Largeau Fakaofo (atoll, southern Tokelau, South Pacific) : Fayetteville (city, Arkansas, south central United formerly Bowditch Island States) : to 1829 Washington Court House Fakel (town, western Russia) : to c.1960 Sergiyev- Faylakah (island, eastern Kuwait) : ancient Greek sky Icaros Falerii Novi see Civita Castellana Fdérik (town, northwestern Mauritania) : for- Falerii Veteres see Civita Castellana merly French Fort-Gouraud Falkenau see Sokolov Fécamp (town, northern France) : Roman Fis- Falkenberg see (1) Niemodlin; (2) Zùocieniec cannum Falkland Islands (South Atlantic) : alternate Fedala see Mohammedia Spanish Islas Malvinas (Administered as a Federal Capital Territory see Australian Capi- British crown colony, the islands have long tal Territory been claimed by Spanish-speaking Argentina.) Federal Republic of Yugoslavia see Yugosla- Falknov see Sokolov via Fallriver see Fall River Fehértemplom see Bela Crkva Fall River (city, Massachusetts, northeastern Feira see Luangwa United States) : to 1831 Troy ; originally Fall- Feled see Jesenské river Felipe Carrillo Puerto (town, southeastern Falls Station see Kisangani Mexico) : to 1935 Santa Cruz de Bravo Falmouth see Portland Fellin see Viljandi Fama Augusta see Famagusta Felshtin see 2Gvardiys’ke Famagusta (town, eastern Cyprus) : [Turkish Felsina see Bologna Gazima˘gusa]; Roman Fama Augusta; ancient Felsââr see Oberwart Greek Ammokhostos (The town’s Turkish name Feltre (town, northern Italy) : Roman Feltria evolved from the Roman name prefixed by Feltria see Feltre Turkish gazi, “war veteran,” while the Roman Fénérive see Fenoarivo name evolved from the Greek.) Fenoarivo (town, northeastern Madagascar) : Fanning Island see Tabuaeran formerly French Fénérive Fano (town, central Italy) : Roman Colonia Julia Feodosiya (town, southern Ukraine) : to 1783 Fanestris; earlier Roman Fanum Fortunae Italian Kaffa; ancient Greek Theodosia Fanum Cocidi see Bewcastle Ferdinand see Montana Fanum Fortunae see Fano Ferdinandovo see P≠rvenets Farewell, Cape (southern Greenland) : [Danish Ferdinandov Vrukh see Botev Peak Kap Farvel; Greenlandic Nunap Isua] Ferdows (town, northeastern Iran) : to 1920s Tu n Farewell Bend see Bend Ferentino (town, central Italy) : Roman Feren- Farg’ona (city, eastern Uzbekistan) : (Russian tinum Fergana); 1907–1924 Russian Skobelev; to 1907 Ferentinum see Ferentino Russian Novy Margelan Fergana see Farg’ona Fermo 68

Fermo (town, eastern Italy) : Roman Firmum Pi- cian Cabo Fisterra]; Roman Nerium Promonto- cenum rium (The cape’s name is an exact counterpart Fermoy (town, southern Ireland) : Irish Mainistir of the French Finistère.) Fhear Maí Finland (republic, northern Europe) : [Finnish Fernandina (island, western Galápagos Islands, Suomi] Ecuador) : formerly Narborough Island Firchau see Wierzchowo Fernandina de Jagua see Cienfuegos Firenze see 1Florence Fernando Po see Bioko Firmum Picenum see Permo Ferney see Ferney-Voltaire Firusbey see Uro§evac Ferney-Voltaire (town, eastern France) : to 1881 Fiscannum see Fécamp Ferney (The name of the writer Voltaire, who Fischhausen see 1Primorsk lived in the town and died here, was first Fishguard (town, southwestern Wales) : Welsh added during the Revolution of 1789–92.) Abergwaun Ferrara (city, northern Italy) : Roman Forum Fishpond see Barstow Alieni Fisterra, Cabo see Finisterre, Cape Ferreira Gomes (town, northern Brazil) : 1939– Fitchburg (city, Massachusetts, northeastern 1943 Amapari United States) : originally Turkey Hills Ferro see Hierro Fiume see Rijeka Ferryside (village, southwestern Wales) : Welsh Fizuli see Füzuli Glan-y-Fferi Flaminian Way see Via Ferryville see Menzel Bourguiba Flanders (region, northern France/western Bel- Festenberg see Twardogóra gium/southwestern Netherlands) : French Festiniog see Ffestiniog Flandre; Flemish Vlaanderen (The name of the Fethülislâm see Kladovo historical county survives in the adjacent Bel- Fezzan (region, southwestern Libya) : Roman gian provinces of East Flanders and West Flan- Phazania ders, Flemish Oost-Vlaanderen and West- Ffestiniog (town, northern Wales) : formerly Vlaanderen.) conventional Festiniog (The spelling with one f Flandre see Flanders was long current for the Festiniog Railway, a Flatholm (island, southeastern Wales) : Welsh narrow-gauge railroad running from Blaenau Ynys Echni Ffestiniog, north of Ffestiniog, to Porthma- Flatow see Zùotów dog.) Flensborg see Flensburg Fforest Clud see Radnor Forest Flensburg (city, northern Germany) : 1460–1864 Ffynnon Taf see Taff ’s Well Danish Flensborg Fidenae see Castel Giubileo Fletcher see 1Aurora Fidentia see Fidenza Flevo Lacus see IJsselmeer Fidenza (town, northern Italy) : to 1927 Borgo Flint (town, northeastern Wales) : Welsh Y Fflint San Donnino; Roman Fidentia Flitsch see Bovec Fiesole (town, north central Italy) : Roman Fae- Florânia (town, northeastern Brazil) : to 1944 sulae Flores Figueira see Governador Valadares 1Florence (city, central Italy) : [Italian Firenze]; Fila•tnn see Palestine Roman Florentia Filehne see Wieleü 2Florence (city, South Carolina, southeastern Filibe see Plovdiv United States) : to c.1859 Wilds Filipea de Nossa Senhora das Neves see João Florence see Ely Pessoa Florentia see 1Florence Fillmore see Plano Flores see (1) Florânia; (2) Timon Filurina see Florina Florianópolis (city, southern Brazil) : to 1893 Finistère (department, northwestern France) : Portuguese Desterro [Breton Penn-ar-Bed] (The name of the de- Florina (town, north central Greece) : to 1913 partment refers to the peninsula here, known Turkish Filurina traditionally in English as Finisterre, from Florissant (city, Missouri, central United States) Latin finis terrae, “end of the earth,” itself a : to 1939 St. Ferdinand translation of the Breton name.) Flushing see Vlissingen Finisterre see Finistère Fly Flat see Coolgardie Finisterre, Cape (northwestern Spain) : [Gali- Foça (village, western Turkey) : alternate 69 Fort-Royal

Eskifoça; ancient Greek Phocaea (Eskifoça, “old Fort-de-l’Eau see Bordj el Kiffan Foça,” distinguishes the place from Yenifoça, Fort-de-Polignac see Illizi “new Foça,” founded in 1421.) Fort Dummer see Brattleboro Fogaras see FQgQra£ Fort Duquesne see Pittsburgh Fogarasch see FQgQra£ Fortezza (village, northern Italy) : to 1918 Ger- Fokino (town, western Russia) : to 1964 Tse- man Franzenfeste mentny Fort-Flatters see Bordj Omar Driss Foligno (town, central Italy) : Roman Fulginium Fort-Foureau see Kousséri Fondi (town, south central Italy) : Roman Fundi Fort Frances (town, Ontario, southern Canada) : Fondouk see Khemis el Khechna to 1830 Fort St. Pierre Fontarabia see Fuenterrabía Fort Franklin see Dél˛ine Foochow see Fuzhou Fort Garry see Winnipeg Ford City see East Windsor Fort George see (1) Chisasibi; (2) Prince Forest (town, central Belgium) : Flemish Vorst George (The town is now suburb of Brussels.) Fort Good Hope (village, Northwest Territories, Forest Park (village, Illinois, north central northwestern Canada) : alternate Inuit Radili United States) : to 1907 Harlem (The village is Ko now a residential suburb of Chicago.) Fort-Gouraud see Fdérik Forfarshire see Angus Fort Hall see Murang’a Forks of Tar River see 1Washington Fort Hertz see Putao Forlì (city, northern Italy) : Roman Forum Livii Fort Hill see Chitipa Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia see Fort Jameson see Chipata Macedonia Fort Johnston see Mangoche Formia (town, south central Italy) : formerly Fort-Lamy see N’Djamena Mola di Gaeta; Roman Formiae Fort-Laperrine see Tamanrasset Formiae see Formia Fort Lewis see Fort Benton Formosa see (1) Bioko; (2) Ilhabela; (3) Tai- Fort Liard (village, Northwest Territories, west wan central Canada) : alternate Inuit Echaot’l Koe Føroyar see Faeroe Islands Fort Macleod (town, Alberta, southwestern Forst see Zasieki Canada) : to 1952 Macleod Fort-Aleksandrovsky see Fort-Shevchenko Fort McMurray (city, Alberta, central Canada) : Fortaleza (city, northeastern Brazil) : formerly to 1875 Fort of the Forks Fortaleza Nova de Bragança; to 1823 Villa do Fort McPherson (village, Northwest Territories, Forte da Assumpção northwestern Canada) : alternate Inuit Teet’lit Fortaleza see Pedra Azul Zhen Fortaleza Nova de Bragança see Fortaleza Fort Manning see Mchinji Fort-Archambault see Sarh Fort Maurepas see Ocean Springs Fort-Bayard see Zhanjiang Fort Miami see St. Joseph Fort Benton (town, Montana, northwestern Fort Miro see 1Monroe United States) : to 1850 Fort Lewis Fort Nashborough see Nashville Fort Brisebois see Calgary Fort-National see L’Arbaa Naït Irathen Fort Camosun see 2Victoria Fort Norman see Tulita Fort-Carnot see Ikongo Fort of the Forks see (1) Fort McMurray; (2) Fort Carillon see Ticonderoga Fort Simpson Fort-Charles see Waskaganish Fort Orange see 1Albany Fort-Charlet see Djanet Fort Pitt see Pittsburgh Fort Chimo see Kuujjuaq Fort-Pontchartrain-du-Détroit see Detroit Fort Christina see 1Wilmington Fort Providence (village, Northwest Territories, Fort Clark see Peoria north central Canada) : alternate Inuit Zhahti Fort Cornwallis see George Town Koe Fort-Crampel see Kaga Bandoro Fort Resolution (village, Northwest Territories, Fort Crook see Offutt Air Force Base central Canada) : alternate Inuit Deninoo Kue Fort-Dauphin see Tôlanaro Fort Rosalie see Natchez Fort-de-France (city, western Martinique) : orig- Fort Rosebery see Mansa inally Fort-Royal Fort-Rousset see Owando Fort de Kock see Bukitinggi Fort-Royal see Fort-de-France Fort-Rupert 70

Fort-Rupert see Waskaganish eastern Germany, in full Frankfurt an der Fort-St.-Jacques see Waskaganish Oder.) Fort St. Jean Baptiste see Natchitoches Franklin Mills see 2Kent Fort St. Pierre see Fort Frances Franklinville see Valdosta Fort Salisbury see Harare Franti§kovy Láznfi (town, western Czech Fort Sandeman see Zhob Republic) : to 1918, 1938–1945 German Fort-Shevchenko (town, southwestern Kaza- Franzensbad khstan) : 1857–1939 Russian Fort-Aleksan- Franzenfeste see Fortezza drovsky; to 1857 Russian Novopetrovskoye (The Franzensbad see Franti§kovy Láznfi town was briefly renamed Fort Uritskogo in the Fraserburg Road see Leeu-Gamka 1920s.) Fraserville see Rivière-du-Loup Fort Simpson (village, Northwest Territories, Frauenburg see (1) Frombork; (2) Saldus northwestern Canada) : alternate Inuit Liidli Frauenstadt see Wadowice Kue; to 1821 Fort of the Forks Fraustadt see Wschowa Fort Smith (town, Northwest Territories, central Frederickstown see 2Albany Canada) : alternate Inuit Thebacha Fredericktown see 2Winchester Fort Thomas (town, Kentucky, east central Frederikshåb see Paamiut United States) : to 1867 Highlands (The town Frederiksnagar see Serampore is now a residential suburb of Cincinnati.) Frederikstad see João Pessoa Fort-Trinquet see Bir Mogreïn Fredrikshald see Halden Fort Tyson see Quartzsite Fredrikshamn see Hamina Fort Uritskogo see Fort-Shevchenko Freeport see Wayne Fort Utah see Provo Free State (province, east central South Africa) : Fort Victoria see (1) Masvingo; (2) 2Victoria 1854–1900, 1910–1995 Orange Free State Fort Walton see Fort Walton Beach Freguesia de Nossa Senhora da Aparecida see Fort Walton Beach (city, Florida, southeastern Lorena United States) : to 1953 Fort Walton Freguesia de Santo Antônio de Guaratinguetá Fort Western see 2Augusta see Guaratinguetá Forum Alieni see Ferrara Freguesia do Brejo Alegre see Araguari Forum Julii see (1) Cividale del Friuli; (2) Freiberg see P†íbor Fréjus Freiburg see Fribourg Forum Livii see Forlì Freiburg in Schlesien see ¡wiebodzice Fossa Clodia see Chioggia Freienwalde see Chociwel Foucauld see Souk Jemaâ Oulad Abbou Frei Paulo (town, northeastern Brazil) : to 1944 Fountain Colony see Colorado Springs São Paulo Fourth Creek see Statesville Freistadt see (1) Fry§tát; (2) Hlohovec Fraidorf see Novoselivs’ke Freiwaldau see Jeseník France (republic, western Europe) : formerly Freixo (village, north central Portugal) : Roman Gaul; Roman Gallia (The historical name is Longobriga (This Freixo must be distinguished now generally applied to France, although it from the village of the same name northwest originally denoted a wider region, extending of Braga and from Freixo de Espada á Cinta, to over modern France and Belgium, with parts the east.) of Germany and the Netherlands, and at one Fréjus (town, southeastern France) : Roman time also part of northern Italy.) Forum Julii Franciade see St.-Denis French Guiana (department, northeastern South Francisco Morazán (department, south central America) : [French Guyane Française] Honduras) : to 1943 Tegucigalpa French Guinea see Guinea Franconia (region, south central Germany) : French Somaliland see Djibouti [German Franken] French Sudan see Mali Franken see Franconia Frenchtown see 2Monroe Frankenstein see ZRbkowice ¡lRskie Freudenthal see Bruntál Frankfort see Frankfurt Freystadt see (1) Kisielice; (2) Ko∞uchów Frankfurt (city, west central Germany) : for- Fribourg (town, western Switzerland) : German merly traditional English Frankfort (The for- Freiburg; Italian Friburgo mer spelling was current both for this city, in Friburgo see Fribourg full Frankfurt am Main, and its namesake in Friedau see Ormo± 71 Galgóc

Friedeberg see Strzelce Krajeüskie Fuenterrabia (city, northwestern Spain) : Basque Friedeck-Friedberg see Frï dek-Místek Hondarribia; formerly English Fontarabia Friedenfeld see 1Komsomol’skoye Fuerte Constitucional see Mercedes Friedland see (1) Frï dlant; (2) Mieroszów; Fukuyama see Matsumae (3) Pravdinsk Fulginium see Foligno Friedrichshain (town, eastern Germany) : Fulton (town, Missouri, central United States) : 1930s–1945 Horst Wessel Stadt (Friedrichshain originally Volney is now a district of Berlin.) Fundi see Fondi Friedrichstadt see Jaunjelgava Fünfkirchen see Pécs Friedrich-Wilhelmshafen see Madang Furmanov (city, western Russia) : to 1941 Sereda Friendly Islands see Tonga Furmanovka see Moyynkum Friendship see Elkton Furmanovo see Zhalpaktal Frisches Haff see Vistula Lagoon Furneaux Island see Marutea North Friuli see Udine Furnes see Veurne Frobisher Bay see Iqaluit Fürstenfelde see Boleszkowice Frohenbruck an der Lainsitz see Veselí nad Furukamappu see Yuzhno-Kuril’sk Lu±nicí Fusine in Valromana (village, northern Italy) : Frombork (town, northern Poland) : to 1918, to 1918 German Weissenfels 1938–1945 German Frauenburg Fuzhou (city, southeastern China) : conventional Fronteiras (city, northeastern Brazil) : to 1944 English Foochow Socorro Füzuli (town, southern Azerbaijan) : (Russian Frontera (town, southeastern Mexico) : formerly Fizuli); to 1959 Russian Karyagino Álvaro Obregón Gaberones see Gabarone Frosinone (town, central Italy) : Roman Frusino Gabès (town, southeastern Tunisia) : Roman 1Frunze (town, western Kyrgyzstan) : to 1940 Tacape Kadamshay Gablonz an der Neisse see Jablonec nad Nisou 2Frunze (town, eastern Ukraine) : 1910–1930 Gaborone (city, southeastern Botswana) : to Sentyanivka (Russian Sentyanovka); to 1910 1969 Gaberones Novoselivka (Russian Novosyolovka) Gabrova see Gabrovo Frunze see Bishkek Gabrovo (city, north central Bulgaria) : to 1878 Frunzens’ke (town, southern Ukraine) (Russian Turkish Gabrova Frunzenskoye); to 1944 Partenit Gabú (town, northwestern Guinea-Bissau) : for- Frunzenskoye see (1) Frunzens’ke; (2) Pülgön merly Portuguese Nova Lamego Frunzensky see Frunzens’kyy Gades see Cádiz Frunzens’kyy (town, east central Ukraine) : Gadir see Cádiz (Russian Frunzensky); to c.1935 Kam’yanka Gadsden (city, Alabama, southeastern United (Russian Kamenka) (The town is now a suburb States) : originally Double Springs of Dnipropetrovs’k.) Gaeta (town, western Italy) : Roman Caieta Frunzivka (town, southwestern Ukraine) : (Rus- Gafsa (town, west central Tunisia) : Roman sian Frunzovka); to 1926 Zakharivka (Russian Capsa Zakharovka) Gafurov see Ghafurov Frunzovka see Frunzivka 1Gagarin (town, western Russia) : to 1968 Frusino see Frosinone Gzhatsk Frï dek-Místek (city, eastern Czech Republic) : 2Gagarin (town, eastern Uzbekistan) : to 1974 1939–1945 German Friedeck-Friedberg (The Yerzhar twin towns of Frïdek, in Silesia, and Místek, Gago Coutinho see Lumbala N’guimbo in Moravia, were united as a single city in Gaillard Cut (section of Panama Canal, central 1960. Místek was known as Friedberg to 1918.) Panama) : to 1913 Culebra Cut Frï dlant (town, northern Czech Republic) : to Gaillimh see Galway 1918, 1938–1945 German Friedland Galanta (town, northwestern Slovakia) : to 1918, Fry§tát (town, eastern Czech Republic) : 1939– 1938–1945 Hungarian Galánta 1945 German Freistadt; 1918–1919, 1938–1939 Galánta see Galanta Polish Frysztat; to 1918 German Freistadt (The Gala´i (city, southeastern Romania) : 1939–1945 town is now part of Karviná.) German Galatz Frysztat see Fry§tát Galatz see Gala´i Frï valdov see Jeseník Galgóc see Hlohovec Galich 72

Galich see Halych Gariannum see Burgh Castle 1Galicia (historical region, east central Europe) : Garmo, Mt. see Ismoili Somoni, Peak 1919–1939 Polish Halicz (The former Austrian Garonne (river, southwestern France) : Roman crown land was the scene of much fighting in Garumna World War I.) Garray (village, north central Spain) : Roman 2Galicia (historical region, northwestern Spain) : Numantia Roman Gallaecia Garrison Reservoir see Sakakawea, Lake Galilee, Sea of (lake, northern Israel) : alternate Garumna see Garonne biblical Lake of Gennesaret or Sea of Chinnereth Gasan-Kuli see Esenguly or Sea of Tiberias Gascony (historic region, southwestern France) : Gallaecia see 2Galicia Roman Vasconia Galle (city, southern Sri Lanka) : formerly Point Gassen see Jasieü de Galle Gastello (town, eastern Russia) : 1905–1945 Gallia see France Japanese Nairo Gallipoli (town, northwestern Turkey) : Turkish Gasten see Gostynin Gelibolu; ancient Greek Callipolis (The English Gatchina (city, western Russia) : 1929–1944 name has been in common use since World Krasnogvardeysk; 1923–1929 Trotsk War I, when the peninsula here was the scene Gatooma see Kadoma of determined Turkish resistance to Allied Gaul see France forces. This Gallipoli should not be confused Gauteng (province, northeastern South Africa) : with the town of the same name in southeast- April–December 1994 Pretoria-Witwatersrand- ern Italy, also anciently known as Callipolis. Vaal Modern references to the Turkish town mostly Gavarr (town, central Armenia) : formerly Kamo; use the Turkish name.) to 1959 Nor-Bayazet Galt (city, Ontario, southeastern Canada) : to Gavren see Milkovitsa 1827 Shade’s Mills (In 1973 Galt merged with Gavrilovka see Taldykorgan Hespeler and Preston to form the new city of Gavrilovsky Zavod see Druzhkivka Cambridge.) Gaya see Kyjov Galway (town, western Ireland) : Irish Gaillimh Gaza (city, northern Gaza Strip) : [Arabic Ghaz- Gameti see Rae Lakes zah] Gamlakarleby see Kokkola Gaziantep (city, south central Turkey) : to 1922 Gäncä (city, western Azerbaijan) : (Russian Aintab; earlier Hamtap (The city’s name repre- Gyandzha); 1935–1989 Russian Kirovabad; sents the earlier name prefixed by Turkish gazi, 1918–1935 Russian Gyandzha; 1804–1918 Rus- “war veteran,” as for Famagusta.) sian Yelizavetpol’ Gazima˘gusa see Famagusta Gancheshty see Hînce£ti Gcuwa see Butterworth Gand see Ghent Gdaüsk (city, northern Poland) : 1793–1945 Ganda (town, western Angola) : to 1980 Vila German Danzig (During the period 1920 to Mariano Machado 1939, when Danzig, for the second time, had Gangi (town, southern Italy) : Roman Engyum the status of a free city, the Polish name was in Gangra see Çankqrq use for the railroad station and by the postal Ganko see Hanko authorities. The German name still has reso- Gant’iadi (town, northwestern Georgia) : to nance from the period of World War II, which 1948 Russian Pilenkovo was precipitated by Poland’s refusal to accede Ganxian see Ganzhou to Hitler’s demand in 1939 that Danzig be Ganzhou (city, southeastern China) : 1911–1949 given to Germany.) Ganxian Gdingen see Gdynia Gap (town, southeastern France) : Roman Vap- Gdyel (village, northwestern Algeria) : to c.1962 incum French St.-Cloud Gára Kritsim see Stamboliyski Gdynia (city, northern Poland) : 1940–1945 Garda (town, northern Italy) : Roman Benacus German Gotenhafen; to 1919 German Gdin- Gardabani (town, southern Georgia) : to 1947 gen Karayazy Gebal see Jubayl Gardner Island see Nikumaroro Gebel Musa see Sinai, Mt. Garg±dai (town, western Lithuania) : to 1917 Gediz (river, western Turkey) : ancient Greek Gord± Hermus 73 Georgsmarienhütte

Gegechkori see Martvili General Toshevo (town, northeastern Bulgaria) : Gehlenburg see Biaùa Piska 1913–1940 Romanian Casim Geiersberg see Letohrad General Trías (town, northern Mexico) : for- Gela (city, southern Italy) : to 1927 Terranova di merly Santa Isabel Sicilia General Uriburu see Zárate Geldenaken see Jodoigne General Vargas (town, southern Brazil) : to 1944 Gelderland (province, eastern Netherlands) : São Vicente formerly English Guelderland (The English Geneva (city, southwestern Switzerland) : spelling was probably popularly associated [French Genève; German Genf; Italian with the guilder, a former Dutch coin.) Ginevra] Gelibolu see Gallipoli Geneva, Lake (southwestern Switzerland/eastern Gelnica (town, east central Slovakia) : to 1918 France) : French Lac Léman; Roman Lacus Le- Hungarian Gölnicbánya; to 1867 German Göll- manus nitz Genève see Geneva Gembloers see Gembloux Genf see Geneva Gembloux (town, central Belgium) : French Genk (city, northeastern Belgium) : formerly Gembloers Genck Genabum see Orléans Gennesaret, Lake of see Galilee, Sea of Genaro Codina (town, central Mexico) : for- Genoa (city, northwestern Italy) : [Italian merly San Jose de la Isla Genova]; Roman Genua Genck see Genk Genova see Genoa Gene Autry (village, Oklahoma, south central Gent see Ghent United States) : to 1942 Berwyn Genua see Genoa General Alvarado see Miramar George see 3Georgetown General Artigas (town, southeastern Paraguay) : Georgenswalde see Otradnoye formerly Cangó Georges Clemenceau see Stidia General Câmara (town, southern Brazil) : to 1Georgetown (city, northeastern Guyana) : 1938 Santo Amaro 1784–1812 Dutch Stabroek General Daniel Cerri (town, eastern Argentina) 2Georgetown (town, Kentucky, east central : formerly Cuatreros United States) : to 1790 McClelland’s Station General Enrique Martínez (town, east central 3Georgetown (town, Washington, DC, north- Uruguay) : to early 1930s La Charqueada eastern United States) : to 1789 George General Enrique Mosconi (village, northern Ar- (Georgetown is one of the District of Colum- gentina) : formerly El Chorro bia’s original three towns.) General Freire see Muxaluando Georgetown see Janjanbureh General Grant National Park see Kings George Town (city, western Malaysia) : occa- Canyon National Park sionally Penang; formerly usually Pinang; origi- Generalissimul Suvorov (village, east central nally Fort Cornwallis (The name Pinang re- Romania) : formerly PlQine£ti mains current for the island on which the General José de San Martín (town, northern city lies and for the state of which it is the cap- Argentina) : formerly El Zapallar ital.) General Lazarevo see Alfatar Georgia (republic, southwestern Asia) : [Geor- General Paz (village, northeastern Argentina) : gian Sak’art’velo]; Roman Iberia (The Roman formerly Caa-Catí name should not be confused with that of General Ramón Gonzáles (town, western Bo- modern Iberia, the European peninsula occu- livia) : formerly Chajaya pied by Spain and Portugal.) General San Martín (town, central Argentina) : Georgi Damyanovo (village, northwestern Bul- formerly Villa Alba (The town, southeast of garia) : to 1950 Lopusha General Acha, should not be confused with Georgi Dimitrov see Koprinka the cities of the same name respectively north- Georgi Traykov see Dolni Chiflik west of Buenos Aires and in northeastern Ar- Georgiu-Dezh see Liski gentina.) Georgiye-Osetinskoye see Nazran’ General Santos (city, southern Philippines) : to Georgsmarienhütte (city, northwestern Ger- 1954 Buayan many) : to 1856 Malbergen (The city grew General Simón Bolívar (town, northern Mex- from the Georgs-Marien-Bergwerks- und Hüt- ico) : formerly San Bartolo tenverein, the iron and steel works set up in Geraardsbergen 74

1856 in the municipality of Malbergen, which Ghazaouet (town, northwestern Algeria) : to itself became part of the future city in 1937.) c.1962 French Nemours Geraardsbergen (town, west central Belgium) : Ghazzah see Gaza French Grammont Ghent (city, northwestern Belgium) : [Flemish Gerace (village, southern Italy) : ancient Greek Gent; French Gand] Locri Epizephyrii Gheorge Gheorgiu-Dej see One£ti Geraldton see Innisfail Gheorgeni (town, east central Romania) : to Gerdauen see 2Zheleznodorozhny 1918, 1940–1944 Hungarian Gyergyâszentmiklós Gerlachovka see Gerlachovskï Peak Gherla (town, northern Romania) : 1940–1945 Gerlachovskï Peak (northern Slovakia) : early Hungarian Szamosújvár; to 1867 German Ar- 1950s Stalin Peak; to 1949 Gerlachovka menierstadt; Roman Armenopolis German Flats see Ilion Ghistelles see Gistel Germania see Germany Ghriss (town, northwestern Algeria) : to c.1962 Germanicopolis see Çankqrq French Thiersville German Ocean see North Sea Giannitsa (town, northern Greece) : to 1913 German South West Africa see Namibia Turkish Yenice Germany (republic, western Europe) : [German Giant Mountains see Riesengebirge Deutschland]; Roman Germania (The Roman Gibson’s Pasture see Lancaster name applied to territory east of the Rhine and Gila Bend (town, Arizona, southwestern United north of the Danube that only approximately States) : originally Santos Apóstoles San Simón y corresponds to the present country. It was Judas never part of the Roman empire. Germania Gilan see Gnjilane was also the name of the megacity planned by Gilbert Islands see Kiribati Adolf Hitler to replace Berlin.) Gilgenburg see DRbrowno Gernika-Lumo see Guernica Ginevra see Geneva Gerona (city, northeastern Spain) : Catalan G.I. Petrovskogo, imeni see Horodyshche Girona; Roman Gerunda Gippsland (region, Victoria, southeastern Aus- Geroyskoye (village, western Russia) : to 1945 tralia) : to 1840 Caledonia Australis German Gertlauken Girált see Giraltovce Gertlauken see Geroyskoye Giraltovce (town, eastern Slovakia) : to 1918 Gertsa see Hertsa Hungarian Girált Gerunda see Gerona Girard see Woodland Hills Geryusy see Goris Girardot (city, central Colombia) : originally Géryville see El Bayadh Pastor Montero Gesoriacum see Boulogne Giresun (city, northeastern Turkey) : Roman Gettysburg (town, Pennsylvania, northeastern Cerasus; earlier Pharnacia United States) : to 1800 Gettystown Girgenti see Agrigento Gettystown see Gettysburg Girne see Kyrenia Getúlio Vargas (city, southern Brazil) : to 1934 Girona see Gerona Erechim Gisborne (city, northeastern New Zealand) : Gevaram (kibbutz, southwestern Israel) : for- Maori Turanga (The earlier name was changed merly Kibbutz Mahar to avoid confusion with the town of Tauranga Gevgeli see Gevgelija to the northwest.) Gevgelija (town, southeastern Macedonia) : Gistel (town, western Belgium) : French Ghis- 1913–1941 Serbian Djevdjelija; to 1913 Turkish telles Gevgeli Gitschin see JiVín Geyre (village, southwestern Turkey) : ancient Giurgiu (city, southern Romania) : originally Greek Aphrodisias Italian San Giorgio Gha’em Shahr (city, northern Iran) : to 1980 Shahi Giza (city, northern Egypt) : [Arabic Al Gnzah] Ghafurov (town, northern Tajikistan) : (Russian Gi∞ycko (town, northeastern Poland) : to 1945 Gafurov); 1953–1978 Sovetobod (Russian Sovet- German Lötzen abad); to 1953 Ispisar Gjirokastër (town, southern Albania) : 1919–1921 Ghana (republic, western Africa) : to 1957 Gold modern Greek Argyrokastron Coast Gjoa Haven (village, Nunavut, northern Can- Ghar al-Milh (town, northern Tunisia) : for- ada) : alternate Inuit Uqsustuq merly Porto Farina Gladville see Wise 75 Gombroon

Glamorgan (region, southern Wales) : Welsh Gnadenburg see Vinogradnoye Morgannwg (In 1974 the county of Glamor- Gnadenflyur see 1Pervomayskoye ganshire was divided into the three counties Gnaralbine see Coolgardie Mid Glamorgan, South Glamorgan, and West Gnathia see Fasano Glamorgan. These were abolished in 1996 but Gnesen see Gniezno the name remains current for the present Gniezno (town, west central Poland) : 1793– county of Vale of Glamorgan.) 1807, 1815–1919, 1939–1945 German Gnesen Glannoventa see Ravenglass Gnjilane (village, eastern Kosovo) : to 1913 Turk- Glan-y-Fferi see Ferryside ish Gilan Glaris see Glarus Gobannium see Abergavenny Glarona see Glarus Gobi (desert, central Asia) : alternate Chinese Glarus (town, east central Switzerland) : French Shamo Glaris; Italian Glarona Godhavn see 2Qeqertarsuaq Glasbury (village, eastern Wales) : Welsh Y Clas- Göding see Hodonín ar-Wy Godmanchester (town, eastern England) : Glasgow see 1Scarborough Roman Durovigutum Glasgow Junction see Park City Godthåb see Nuuk Glatz see Kùodzko Godwin Austen, Mt. see K2 Gleann Dá Loch see Glendalough Godwinville see Ridgewood Gùdbokie see Hlybokaye Goedgegun see Nhlangano Gleiwitz see Gliwice Gökçeada (island, western Turkey) : to 1973 Glendalough (wooded valley, eastern Ireland) : Imroz; ancient Greek Imbros Irish Gleann Dá Loch Gokpala see Mikhaylovo Glen Ellyn (village, Illinois, north central United Golaya Snova see Golosnovka States) : 1882–1889 Prospect Park; 1851–1882 Goldap see Goùdap Danby; 1849–1851 Newton’s Station; 1835–1849 Goùdap (town, northeastern Poland) : to 1945 Stacy’s Corners; 1834–1835 DuPage Center; to German Goldap 1834 Babcock’s Grove (The name changes mark Goldberg see Zùotoryja the village’s seven stages of development from Gold Coast see Ghana the year of its founding in 1833.) Golden Khersonese see Malay Peninsula Glens Falls (town, New York, northeastern Goldingen see Kuldnga United States) : to 1788 Wing’s Falls Goleniów (town, northwestern Poland) : to 1945 Glenview (village, Illinois, north central United German Gollnow States) : to 1895 Oak Glen; formerly Hutchings; Golfe de Gascogne see Biscay, Bay of earlier The Grove; originally South Northfield Golfe du Lion see Lion, Golfe du (The village is now a suburb of Chicago.) Golfo de Vizcaya see Biscay, Bay of Glevum see Gloucester Golgotha see Calvary Gliwice (city, southwestern Poland) : to 1945 Goliad (town, Texas, southern United States) : to German Gleiwitz 1829 Nuestra Señora del Espíritu Santo Zuñiga Glogau see Gùogów Göllnitz see Gelnica Gùogów (city, southwestern Poland) : to 1945 Gollnow see Goleniów German Glogau Gölnicbánya see Gelnica Gùogówek (town, southern Poland) : to 1945 Golodnaya Step’ see Guliston German Oberglogau Golosnovka (village, western Russia) : to c.1938 Gloucester (city, west central England) : Roman Golaya Snova Glevum Golovnina (village, eastern Russia) : 1905–1945 Gloversville (town, New York, northeastern Japanese Tomari United States) : to 1832 Kingsboro Golubovka see Komisarivka Gùubczyce (town, southwestern Poland) : to Golubovsky Rudnik see 1Kirovs’k 1945 German Leobschütz Golyama Kutlovitsa see Montana Glubokaya see Hlyboka Golyam Bratan see Bratan Glubokoye see Hlybokaye Goly Karamysh see 2Krasnoarmeysk Gùuchoùazy (town, southern Poland) : to 1945 Golyshi see Vetluzhsky German Ziegenhals Golyshmanovo (town, southern Russia) : to Glynebwy see Ebbw Vale 1948 Katyshka Gmünd see Teské Velenice Gombroon see Bandar Abbas Good Hope, Cape of 76

Good Hope, Cape of (southwestern South Gornyak (town, southern Russia) : to 1946 Zolo- Africa) : originally Cape of Storms (The cape is tushino said to have been first named, as Portuguese Gornyak see Hirnyk Cabo Tormentoso, by its discoverer in 1488, Gorodenka see Horodenka Bartholomeu Dias. The present name, Por- Gorodishche see (1) Horodyshche; (2) Marha- tuguese Cabo da Boa Esperança, is generally nets’ stated to have been given soon after by John II Gorodishche-Shevchenkovskoye see Horo- of Portugal, but may really have been given by dyshche Dias himself. See also Cape Province.) Gorodok see (1) Horodok; (2) Zakamensk Gopher Creek see Virden Gorodovikovsk (town, southwestern Russia) : to Góra (town, western Poland) : to 1945 German 1971 Bashanta Guhrau Gorokhov see Horokhiv Goranboy (town, west central Azerbaijan) : for- Gorongosa (village, central Mozambique) : to merly Russian Shaumyanovsk; to 1938 Russian 1980 Portuguese Vila Paiva de Andrada Nizhny Agdzhakend Górowo Iùaweckie (town, northeastern Poland) : Gor´ Ve Petrov (town, northern Macedonia) : to 1945 German Landsberg 1913–1941 Serbian Djeneral Hanri Gorsko-Ivanovskoye see Hirs’ke Gordion see Yassqhüyük Gorskoye see Hirs’ke Gordium see Yassqhüyük Goryacheistochnenskaya (village, southwestern Gord± see Garg±dai Russia) : to c.1940 Goryachevodsk (The health Gorey (town, southeastern Ireland) : Irish Guaire resort’s name was changed from general “hot GorgIn (city, northern Iran) : to 1930s Asterabad water” to specific “hot springs.”) (The modern name is also that of the former Goryachevodsk see Goryacheistochnenskaya province here known to the Romans as Hyrca- Görz see Gorizia nia.) Gorzów Wielkopolski (city, western Poland) : to Gorgeana see 2York 1945 German Landsberg an der Warthe Gorinets see Horyniec Górzyca (town, western Poland) : to 1945 Ger- Goris (city, southwestern Armenia) : to 1924 man Göritz Geryusy Goskopi see Kopeysk Göritz see Górzyca GospiW (town, western Croatia) : to 1867 Ger- Gorizia (city, northeastern Italy) : to 1919 Ger- man Gospich man Görz (In 1947 Yugoslavia gained the Gospich see GospiW northern part of the town and named it Nova Gostingen see Gostyü Gorica, “new Gorizia.” In World War I the Gostinopolye see Volkhov town was the scene of an Italian victory over Gostyn see Gostyü Austrian forces in 1916.) Gostyü (town, western Poland) : 1939–1945 Görkau see Jirkov German Gostingen; 1793–1807, 1815–1919 Ger- Gor’ky see Nizhny Novgorod man Gostyn Gor’ky-Pavlovy see Kaminsky Gostynin (town, central Poland) : 1940–1945 Görlitz-Moys see Zgorzelec German Gasten Gorlovka see Horlivka Göteborg (city, southwestern Sweden) : tradi- Gorna Dzhumaya see Blagoevgrad tional English Gothenburg Gornja Radgona (town, northeastern Slovenia) : Gotenhafen see Gdynia 1941–1944 German Ober-Radkersburg (Gornja Gotera see San Francisco Gotera Radgona lies on the Mura River opposite the Gothenburg see Göteborg Austrian town of Bad Radkersburg.) Gotnya see 1Proletarsky Gorno-Altay see Altay Gotse Delchev (town, southwestern Bulgaria) : Gorno-Altaysk (city, southern Russia) : 1932– to 1950 Nevrokop 1948 Oyrot-Tura; to 1932 Ulala Gotsev Vrukh (mountain, southwestern Bul- Gorno Derekoi see Momchilovtsi garia) : to 1953 Alibotush (The peak is on the 1Gornozavodsk (town, eastern Russia) : 1905– border with Greece, where it is known as Ali 1945 Japanese Naihoro Boutous.) 2Gornozavodsk (town, west central Russia) : to Gottesberg see Boguszów 1965 Novopashiysky Gottesgab see Bo±í Dar Gorny (village, southeastern Russia) : to 1965 Gottschee see KoVevje Solnechny Gottwaldov see Zlín 77 Gresford

Gotval’d see Zmiyiv Great Britain (kingdom, western Europe) : Governador Valadares (city, southeastern Brazil) alternate colloquial Britain; Roman Britan- : to 1939 Figueira nia; earlier Albion (Roman Britannia strictly Gowanbank (village, eastern Scotland) : for- applied to modern England, Wales, and merly Colliston (The village was presumably Scotland south of the Antonine Wall, which renamed to avoid confusion with Collieston, extended from the Forth River in the east to north of Aberdeen.) the Clyde in the west. Great Britain is itself Gower (peninsula, southern Wales) : Welsh Gˆwyr the largest and main part of the United King- Gower Road see Gowerton dom. The colloquial name is associated with Gowerton (town, southern Wales) : Welsh Tre - the 1940 Battle of Britain between German gˆwyr; to 1886 Gower Road and British air forces, intended by Hitler as a Gracias see Lempira preliminary to his planned invasion of Gräfenberg see Láznfi Jeseník Britain.) Graham Land see Antarctic Peninsula Greater St. Lucia Wetlands Park see iSiman- Graham Peninsula see Antarctic Peninsula galiso Wetlands Park Grama see São Sebastião da Grama Great Falls see Somersworth Grammont see Geraardsbergen Great Fish River see Back River Gran see Esztergom Great Grimsby see Grimsby Gran Canaria (island, central Canary Islands, Great Haystack see Lafayette, Mt. Spain) : traditional English Grand Canary Great Salt Lake City see Salt Lake City Grand Bassa see Buchanan Great Whale River see Kuujjuarapik Grand-Brûlé see Laterrière Great Yarmouth see Yarmouth Grand Canary see Gran Canaria Grebyonka see Hrebinka Grand Chute see Appleton Grebyonkovsky see Hrebinka Grande Comore see Njazidja Greece (republic, southern Europe) : [modern Grande Prairie see 2Grand Forks Greek Ellás]; ancient Greek Hellas Grand Falls see Churchill Falls Greeley (city, Colorado, west central United 1Grand Forks (city, North Dakota, northern States) : originally Union Colony United States) : originally Les Grandes Fourches Green Bay (city, Wisconsin, northern United 2Grand Forks (town, British Columbia, south- States) : originally La Baye western Canada) : to 1897 Grande Prairie Greenbriar see Parma Grandport see Ecorse Greenfield (village, northeastern Wales) : Welsh Grand Rapids see Wisconsin Rapid Maes-glas Granite Creek see Mareeba Greenland (island, northeastern North America) Granville see Vancouver : [Danish Grønland; Greenlandic Kalaallit Graslitz see Kraslice Nunaat] Grassholm (island, southwestern Wales) : Welsh Green’s Bluff see 3Orange Gwales Green’s Shore see Summerside Grassy Mountain see Oglethorpe, Mt. 1Greenville (city, North Carolina, eastern United Gråsten (town, southern Denmark) : formerly States) : to 1786 Martinsborough German Gravenstein 2Greenville (city, South Carolina, southeastern Gratianopolis see Grenoble United States) : to 1821 Pleasantburg Gratz see Graz Greenwood (town, Mississippi, southeastern Grätz see Grodzisk Wielkopolski United States) : to 1844 Williams Landing Graubünden (canton, eastern Switzerland) : Greifenberg see Gryfice French Grisons; Italian Grigioni Greifenhagen see Gryfino Graudenz see GrudziRdz Greiffenberg see Gryfów ¡lRski Graupius Mons see Bennachie Grelibre see Grenoble Grave Creek see Moundsville Grenoble (city, southeastern France) : 1793 Gre- Gravelly Bay see Port Colborne libre; Roman Gratianopolis (The Revolutionary Gravenstein see Gråsten name replaced an aristocratic noble with an Grays Harbor (county, Washington, northwest- egalitarian libre, “free.”) ern United States) : to 1915 Chehalis Grenville Island see Rotuma Graz (city, southeastern Austria) : formerly Gratz Gresffordd see Gresford Great Barrier Island (northeastern New Gresford (town, northeastern Wales) : Welsh Zealand) : Maori Aotea Gresffordd Gretna 78

Gretna (town, Louisiana, southern United Gross-Müllen see Mielno States) : to 1913 Mechanicsham Gross-Opatowitz see Velké Opatovice Greyerz see Gruyères Gross-Pawlowitz see Velké Pavlovice Greymouth (town, western New Zealand) : for- Gross-Popowitz see Velké Popovice merly Greytown; earlier Blaketown, originally Gross-Priesen see Velké B†ezno Crescent City Gross-Salze see Wielicka Greystones (town, eastern Ireland) : Irish Na Gross-Schönau see Velkï¶enov Clocha Liatha Gross-Skaisgirren see Bolshakovo Greytown see Greymouth Gross-Steffelsdorf see Rimavská Sobota Griffintown see Smithville Gross-Strehlitz see Strzelce Grigioni see Graubünden Gross-Ullersdorf see Velké Losiny Grimm see Kamensky Grosswardein see Oradea Grimsby (town, eastern England) : from 1979 Gross-Wartenberg see Syców officially Great Grimsby (The formal name dis- Grosulovo see Velyka Mykhaylivka tinguishes the town from the nearby village of Grottau an der Niesse see Hrádek nad Nisou Little Grimsby.) Grottkau see Grodków Grimshader (village, Western Isles, northwestern Grover see Tiltonsville Scotland) : Gaelic Griomaisiader Groves (town, Texas, southern United States) : Griomaisiader see Grimshader originally Pecan Grove Grise Fiord (village, Nunavut, northern Canada) Grovesend (village, southern Wales) : Welsh : alternate Inuit Aujuittuq Pengelli Grishino see Krasnoarmiys’k Grozdyovo (village, eastern Bulgaria) : 1934– Grisons see Graubünden 1950 Rakovets; to 1878 Turkish Köprüköy Grobin see Grobi¸na Grubeshov see Hrubieszów Grobi¸na (town, western Latvia) : (Russian Grudovo see Sredets Grobinya); to 1918 Russian Grobin GrudziRdz (city, north central Poland) : 1772– Grobinya see Grobi¸na 1919, 1939–1945 German Graudenz Gródek Jagielloüski see Horodok Grukhi see Novovyatsk Grodekovo see Pogranichny Grumbkowfelde see Pravdino Grodisk see Grodzisk Mazowiecki Grumbkowkeiten see Pravdino Grodków (town, southwestern Poland) : to 1945 Grumento Nova (village, southern Italy) : German Grottkau Roman Grumentum Grodno see Hrodna Grumentum see Grumento Nova Grodzisk Mazowiecki (town, east central Grunau see Je∞ów Poland) : to 1915 Russian Grodisk Grünberg see Zielona Góra Grodzisk Wielkopolski (town, western Poland) Grünfelde see Stdbark : to 1945 German Grätz Grünheide see Kaluzhskoye Grønland see Greenland Grunwald see Stdbark Grosmont (village, eastern Wales) : Welsh Y Grushka see 1Ul’yanovka Grysmwnt Grüssau see Krzeszów Gross-Bitesch see Velká Bíte§ Gruyères (town, western Switzerland) : German Grossdale see Brookfield Greyerz Grossdirschkeim see 1Donskoye Gruzitsino see Krasny Profintern Grossendorf bei Putzig see Wielka Wie¢ Gryfice (town, northwestern Poland) : to 1945 Grosse Pointe see Evanston German Greifenberg Grosse Pointe Woods (town, Michigan, north- Gryfino (town, northwestern Poland) : to 1945 ern United States) : to 1939 Lochmoor (The German Greifenhagen town, one of five named Grosse Pointe, is now Gryfów ¡lRski (town, southwestern Poland) : to a residential suburb of Detroit.) 1945 German Greiffenberg Grosshammer see Velké Hamry Guachalla (town, western Bolivia) : to c.1945 Il- Grossheidekrug see 1Vzmor’ye abaya Grosskanischa see Nagykanizsa Guaçuí (city, southeastern Brazil) : to 1944 Por- Gross-Karlowitz see Velké Karlovice tuguese Siqueiro Campos Grosskarol see Carei Guadalajara (city, central Spain) : Roman Arri- Gross-Lindenau see Ozyorki aca Gross-Meseritsch see Velké Mezi†íVí Guadalupe see Canelones 79 Güssing

Guadalupe Hidalgo see Gustavo A. Madero 1980 Portuguese Vila Alferes Chamusca; to 1964 Guaíba (city, southern Brazil) : to c.1925 Portu- Portuguese Caniçado guese Pedras Brancas Guijá see Chókwé Guaire see Gorey Guilford (town, Connecticut, northeastern Guanahani see 1San Salvador United States) : to 1643 Menunketuck Guangzhou see 1Canton Guilherme Capelo see Cacongo Guantánamo (city, eastern Cuba) : to 1843 Santa Guilsfield (village, eastern Wales) : Welsh Cegidfa Catalina del Saltadero del Guaso Guinea (republic, western Africa) : to 1958 Guapó (town, east central Brazil) : to 1944 Por- French Guinea tuguese Ribeirão Guinea-Bissau (republic, western Africa) : to Guaporé see 1Rondônia 1973 Portuguese Guinea Guarani see Pacajus Guiratinga (town, western Brazil) : 1939–1943 Guaratinguetá (city, southeastern Brazil) : origi- Portuguese Lajeado; to 1939 Portuguese Santa nally Freguesia de Santo Antônio de Rita do Araguaia Guaratinguetá Gukasyan see Ashots’k’ Guaraúna (town, southern Brazil) : to 1944 Por- Gulbahor (town, northeastern Uzbekistan) : to tuguese Valinhos 1977 Kirda Guarulhos (city, southeastern Brazil) : originally Gulbene (town, northeastern Latvia) : to 1918 Nossa Senhora da Conceição dos Guarulhos German Schwanenburg (Under German rule, Guastatoya see El Progreso the town was properly Altschwanenburg, “Old Guayama (town, southeastern Puerto Rico) : Schwanenburg,” as against the village of originally San Antonio de Padua de Guayama Neuschwanenburg, “New Schwanenburg,” now Guayaquil (city, southwestern Ecuador) : origi- Jaungulbene, 10 miles to the southwest.) nally Santiago de Guayaquil Gulcha-Guzar see Gülchö Gubadag (town, northern Turkmenistan) : Gülchö (town, southern Kyrgyzstan) : to 1938 formerly Russian Tel’mansk; to 1938 Taza- Gulcha-Guzar Kala Gulf, The see Persian Gulf Gubbio (town, central Italy) : Medieval Latin Gulf of Chihli see Bo Hai Eugubium; Roman Iguvium Gulf of Lions see Lion, Golfe du Guben (city, eastern Germany) : 1961–1990 Wil- Gulistan see Guliston helm-Pieck-Stadt Guliston (city, east central Uzbekistan) : (Rus- Gubin (town, western Poland) : to 1945 German sian Gulistan); c.1905–1961 Mirzachul (Russian Guben (The town was originally part of the Golodnaya Step’); to c.1905 Russian Dukhovsky German city of Guben, but came under Polish Gumbinnen see Gusev administration when East Germany was di- Gumpolds see Humpolec vided along the Oder River in 1945.) Gum Pond see Tupelo Gubkin (town, western Russia) : to 1939 Korob- Gum Springs see Shawnee kovo Gümülcine see Komotiní Guchkovo see Dedovsk Gundorovka see Donetsk Güeciapam see Ahuachapán Güns see Kâszeg Guelderland see Gelderland Gurkfeld see Kr§ko Guened see Vannes Gurkovo (town, southeastern Bulgaria) : to 1878 Guernica (town, northern Spain) : Basque Turkish Gyavur Kuyusu Gernika-Lumo (The Basque name is the equiv- Guruve (town, northern Zimbabwe) : 1980–1982 alent of Spanish Guernica y Luno, “Guernica Chipuriro; to 1980 Sipolilo (The two former and Luno,” the latter being the surrounding names are really one and the same.) district with which the original town was Gur’yev see Atyrau united as a municipality in 1882.) Gur’yevsk (town, western Russia) : to 1945 Ger- Guernsey (island, Channel Islands, southern man Neuhausen United Kingdom) : Roman Sarnia (The Gusev (city, western Russia) : to 1945 German Roman name has also been assigned to the Gumbinnen smaller island of Herm, east of Guernsey.) Gusevka see Novosibirsk Gugark’ (village, western Armenia) : formerly Gusinoozersk (city, eastern Russia) : to 1953 Megrut Shakhty Guhrau see Góra Güssing (town, eastern Austria) : to 1919 Hun- Guijá (town, southern Mozambique) : 1964– garian Németújvár Gustavo A. Madero 80

Gustavo A. Madero (city, central Mexico) : to Hadersleben see Haderslev 1931 Guadalupe Hidalgo (The city, now a part Haderslev (city, southwestern Denmark) : 1864– of Mexico City, gave its name to the 1848 1920 German Hadersleben Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo, ending the Hadjadj (village, northwestern Algeria) : to Mexican War.) c.1962 French Bosquet Gusyatin see Husyatyn Hadjout (town, northern Algeria) : to c.1962 Gúta see Kolárovo French Marengo Gutenfeld see Dobru§ka Hadranum see Adrano Guttentag see Dobrodzieü Hadrumetum see Sousse Guttstadt see Dobre Miasto Haemus see Balkan Mountains Guyana (republic, northern South America) : to Hafren see Severn 1966 British Guiana Hagerstown (city, Maryland, northeastern Guyane Française see French Guiana United States) : to 1814 Elizabethtown Guyotville see Aïn Benian Hagioi Saranta see Saranda Guysborough (village, Nova Scotia, eastern Hague, The (city, southwestern Netherlands) : Canada) : to 1901 Chedabucto [Dutch ’s-Gravenhage] (The formal Dutch Güzelhisar see Aydqn name has a shorter common form Den Haag.) Gvardeysk (town, western Russia) : to 1945 Ger- Hahndorf (town, South Australia, southern Aus- man Tapiau tralia) : 1918–1935 Ambleside Gvardeyskoye see (1) 2Chornomors’ke; Hailar (city, northeastern China) : 1910–1947 (2) 1,2Hvardiys’ke Hulun Gvozdev Islands see Diomede Islands Hainaut (province, southwestern Belgium) : Gwales see Grassholm Flemish Henegouwen Gwelo see Gweru Haindorf see Hejnice Gwenfô see Wenvoe Hainspach see Lipová Gweru (city, southwestern Zimbabwe) : to 1982 Haiti (republic, central West Indies) : to 1802 Gwelo French St.-Domingue (See also Hispaniola.) Gwy see Wye Hakkâri (city, southeastern Turkey) : formerly Gwyrˆ see Gower Çölemerik Gyachrypsh (village, northwestern Georgia) : Hal see Halle 1944–1992 Leselidze; to 1944 Russian Yermo- πalab see Aleppo lovsk Halbstadt see Mezimfistí Gyanafalva see Jennersdorf Halden (town, southeastern Norway) : 1665– Gyandzha see Gäncä 1928 Swedish Fredrikshald G.Ya. Sedova, imeni see Syedove Halfmoon Bay see Oban Gyavur Kuyusu see Gurkovo Halfway Village see Eastpointe Gyergyâszentmiklós see Gheorgeni Halicarnassus see Bodrum Gyâr (city, northwestern Hungary) : to 1867 Halicz see (1) 1Galicia; (2) Halych German Raab; Roman Arrabona Hall Beach (village, Nunavut, northern Canada) Gyârszentmárton see Pannonhalma : alternate Inuit Sanirajak Gyulafehérvár see Alba Iulia Halle (town, central Belgium) : French Hal Gyumri (city, northwestern Armenia) : 1924– Hallerowo see Wielka Wie¢ 1990 Russian Leninakan; 1840–1924 Russian Hallowell see 1Picton Aleksandropol’; to 1840 Kumayri (The earliest Halmahera (island, northeastern Indonesia) : name, from which the present name evolved in formerly Djailolo a corrected form, remains current for the city’s Halq el Oued (town, northern Tunisia) : for- historical center.) merly French La Goulette Gyumyurdzhina see Komotiní Halych (town, western Ukraine) : (Russian Gzhatsk see 1Gagarin Galich); 1919–1939 Polish Halicz Haapsalu (town, western Estonia) : to 1918 Ger- Halys see Kqzqlqrmak man Hapsal Hama (city, western Syria) : ancient Greek Habelschwerdt see Bystrzyca Kùodzka Epiphania Habitancum see Risingham Hamadan (city, western Iran) : ancient Greek Hacieles see P≠rvomay Ecbatana Hackensack (city, New Jersey, northeastern Hamadia (town, northern Algeria) : to c.1962 United States) : to 1921 New Barbadoes French Victor Hugo 81 Haut-Zaïre

Hämeenlinna (city, southern Finland) : to 1809 Hansa see Corupá Swedish Tavastehus Hanumangarh (city, northwestern India) : to Hamelin see Hameln 1805 Bhatner Hameln (city, north central Germany) : tradi- Hanya see Canea tional English Hamelin Hapsal see Haapsalu Hamqdabad see Isparta Haran (village, southeastern Turkey) : Roman 1Hamilton (city, Ohio, north central United Carrhae States) : originally Fairfield (In 1986 the city Harare (city, north central Zimbabwe) : 1897– added an exclamation point to its name as 1982 Salisbury; originally Fort Salisbury Hamilton! in a bid to draw attention to itself, Harbin (city, northeastern Russia) : 1932–1945 although the addition was not widely or even Japanese Pinkiang officially adopted.) Hardenberg’s Corners see 1Auburn 2Hamilton (city, Ontario, southeastern Canada) Hardscrabble see Streator : to 1815 Burlington Bay Hargreaves see Bryson Hamilton see Churchill Haridwar (city, northern India) : originally Hamina (town, southeastern Finland) : to 1809 Kapila Swedish Fredrikshamn Harlem see Forest Park Hammerstein see Czarne Harmanli see Kharmanli Hammond (city, Indiana, north central United Harmonie see New Harmony States) : to 1873 State Line; originally Hohman Harmsfontein see Carnarvon Hamônia see Ibirama Harper (town, southeastern Liberia) : to 1857 Hampden see Murchison Cape Palmas Hampton see Ruth Harper see Costa Mesa Hamtap see Gaziantep Harrington see 2Augusta Hamza (town, northeastern Uzbekistan) : (Rus- Harris see Isle of Lewis sian Khamza); 1963–1974 Russian imeni Harrisburg (city, Pennsylvania, northeastern Khamzy Khakimzade; c.1929–1963 Russian United States) : formerly Louisbourg; to 1785 Vannovsky; to c.1929 Shakhimardan Harris’ Ferry Hanan’s Bluff see Yazoo City Harris’ Corner see Winter Haven Handlová (town, west central Slovakia) : for- Harris’ Ferry see Harrisburg merly Hungarian Nyitrabánya Harrison see Scranton Hangö see Hanko Harrodsburg (town, Kentucky, east central Hangtown see Placerville United States) : formerly Oldtown; originally Hanko (town, southwestern Finland) : to 1809 Harrodstown Swedish Hangö (The Soviet naval base leased Harrodstown see Harrodsburg from Finland here in 1940 after the Russo- Hartingsburg see Bela-Bela Finnish War was named Ganko.) Hartley see Chegutu Hannover see 1Hanover Harvey (city, Illinois, north central United Hannuit see Hannut States) : originally South Lawn Hannut (town, east central Belgium) : French Hasan Abdal (town, northern Pakistan) : for- Hannuit merly Campbellpur Hanoi (city, northern Vietnam) : 1428–1787 Hasei Nameche (village, northwestern Algeria) : Chinese Dong Kinh; alternate French Tonquin, to c.1962 French Rivoli English Tonkin or Tongking (From 1883 to Haselberg see Krasnoznamensk 1945, during the French colonial period, the Hasenpoth see Aizpute European form of the Chinese name was ap- Hasköy see Khaskovo plied to the entire region around the city.) 1Hastings (town, Minnesota, northern United 1Hanover (city, northern Germany) : [German States) : originally Buckhorn Hannover] (The English spelling has historical 2Hastings (village, Ontario, southeastern resonance from the British royal house of Canada) : to 1847 Crook’s Rapids Hanover, which provided six monarchs over Hatra see Al πaör the 18th and 19th centuries, from George I to Hatzfeld see Jimbolia Victoria.) Haussonvillers see Naciria 2Hanover (town, Ontario, southeastern Canada) Haut-Congo see Orientale : formerly Buck’s Bridge; originally Buck’s Hauturu see Little Barrier Island Crossing. Haut-Zaïre see Orientale Havana 82

Havana (city, western Cuba) : [Spanish La Ha- Hel (village, northern Poland) : 1772–1919, bana] 1939–1945 German Hela Havelock see (1) Bryson; (2) Bulembu Hela see Hel Haverfordwest (town, southwestern Wales) : Helena (town, Arkansas, south central United Welsh Hwlffordd States) : to 1821 St. Francis; originally Monti- Haví†ov (city, eastern Czech Republic) : 1939– cello 1945 German Schlesisch-Schumbarg; 1938–1939 Helgoland see Heligoland Polish Szumbark ¡lRski; to 1918 German Schle- Heligoland (island, eastern North Sea) : German sisch-Schumbarg Helgoland (The English name has a historic HavlíVkÀv Brod (city, central Czech Republic) : legacy. The island was seized by the British in to 1918, 1939–1945 German Deutsch-Brod 1807, ceded to Germany in 1890, attacked by (The Czech name Nfimeckï Brod, “German the Allies as a German naval stronghold in ford,” was formerly also current as a translation World War II, and after the war used as a of the German.) bombing range by the Royal Air Force until Havre-St.-Pierre (village, Quebec, eastern Can- 1952, when it was returned to Germany.) ada) : to 1930 St.-Pierre-de-la-Pointe-aux- Heliopolis (ancient city, northern Egypt) : bibli- Esquimaux cal On; alternate biblical Beth-shemesh Havrylivs’kyy Zavod see Druzhkivka Heliopolis see Baalbek Hawaii (island state of United States, central Hellas see Greece Pacific) : formerly Sandwich Islands Hellespont see Dardanelles Hawarden (town, northeastern Wales) : Welsh Hellgate see Missoula Penarlâg Helsingfors see Helsinki Hayasdan see Armenia Helsingør see Elsinore Hayden see Ampezzo Helsinki (city, southern Finland) : to 1809 Hayden’s Ferry see Tempe Swedish Helsingfors (The Swedish name was Haynesville see Johnson City originally that of the city founded in 1550 Hay-on-Wye (town, eastern Wales) : Welsh Y north of the present city, which arose in 1640. Gelli Gandryll The name prevailed until 1917, when Finland Hayrabolu (town, northwestern Turkey) : 1920– gained independence from Russia.) 1922 modern Greek Khairepolis Helvetia see Switzerland Hay River (town, Northwest Territories, central Hendy-gwyn see Whitland Canada) : alternate Inuit Xatl’o Dehe Henegouwen see Hainaut Head of Elk see Elkton Henkenhagen see Ustronie Morskie Heatherwood see Edson Heraclea see (1) Ayvalqk; (2) Policoro Heaton’s Furnace see Niles Heraclea Cybistra see 2Ere˘gli Hebrides (island group, northwestern Scotland) : Heraclea Pontica see 1Ere˘gli Roman Hebudae (The Roman name was ap- Heracleum see Iráklion plied to the Inner Hebrides, and did not in- Heraklion see Iráklion clude the Outer Hebrides or Western Isles.) Herbertshöhe see Kokopo Hebron (town, southern West Bank) : [Arabic Al Hercegfalva see Mezâfalva Khalnl], biblical Kiriath-Arba (The name Herceg-Novi (town, southwestern Montenegro) Kiriath-Arba predates the better-known bibli- : to 1918 Italian Castelnuovo cal name Hebron.) Herch-la-Ville see Herk-de-Stad Hebudae see Hebrides Herculândia (town, southeastern Brazil) : to Heerwegen see Polkowice 1944 Herculânia Hefei (city, eastern China) : to 1912 Luzhou Herculaneum see Ercolano Hegyeshalom (village, northwestern Hungary) : Herculânia see (1) Coxim; (2) Herculândia to 1867 German Strass-Sommerein Herdonia see Ordona Hei Chiang see Black River Heredia (town, central Costa Rica) : formerly Heidekrug see ¶ilutc Villavieja; originally Cubujuquí Heiligenbeil see Mamonovo Heretaunga see Hutt Heilsberg see Lidzbark Warmiüski Héristal see Herstal Heinrichswalde see Slavsk Herk-de-Stad (town, east central Belgium) : Heisternest see Jastarnia French Herch-la-Ville Hejnice (town, northern Czech Republic) : to Herm see Guernsey 1918, 1939–1945 German Haindorf Hermannsbad see Ciechocinek 83 Hoggar

Hermannstadt see Sibiu Himarë (town, southern Albania) : 1919–1921 Hermanus (town, southwestern South Africa) : modern Greek Kheimarra to 1904 Hermanuspietersfontein Hînce£ti (town, south central Moldova) : for- Hermanuspietersfontein see Hermanus merly Russian Kotovsk; 1940–1965 Russian Ko- Hermon, Mt. (ridge, southern Lebanon) : Ara- tovskoye; to 1940 Gancheshty bic Jabal ash-Shaykh (The ridge is mentioned Hindenburg see Zabrze several times in the Bible, where it is also H.I. Petrovs’koho, imeny see Horodyshche called Senir or Sirion, and the three names may Hippo Diarrhytus see Bizerta have originally been those of the mountain Hipponium see Vibo Valentia cluster’s three main peaks.) Hippo Regius see Annaba Hermopolis Magna see Al Ashmunein Hippo Zarytus see Bizerta Hermopolis Parva see Damanhur Hirnyk (town, eastern Ukraine) : (Russian Hermsdorf see Sobidcin Gornyak); to 1958 Sotshorodok (Russian Sots- Hermus see Gediz gorodok) Hernandarias (town, eastern Paraguay) : for- Hirochi see Pravda merly Tacurupucú Hirschberg see Jelenia Góra Heroica Ciudad de Tlaxiaco see Tlaxiaco Hirs’ke (town, eastern Ukraine) : (Russian Heroica Matamoros see Matamoros Gorskoye); to c.1940 Hirs’ko-Ivanivs’ke (Russian Heroica Puebla de Zaragoza see Puebla Gorsko-Ivanovskoye) Herriott’s Falls see Lakefield Hirs’ko-Ivanivs’ke see Hirs’ke Herrnstadt see WRsosz Hispalis see Seville Herstal (town, eastern Belgium) : French Hispania see Spain Héristal Hispaniola (island, central West Indies) : for- Her´a see Hertsa merly Spanish Española (The French name St.- Hertsa (town, western Ukraine) : (Russian Domingue, now usually associated with Haiti, Gertsa); to 1940 Romanian Her´a which occupies the western third of Hispan- Hervey Island see 1Manuae iola, was sometimes also applied to the entire Hesperides see BanghIzn island, of which the eastern two thirds are now Hespeler (town, Ontario, southeastern Canada) : occupied by the Dominican Republic, with to 1858 Bergytown (In 1973 Hespeler com- capital Santo Domingo.) bined with two other towns, Galt and Preston, Histonium see Vasto to form the new city of Cambridge.) Hizaori see 2Asaka Hesse (state, central Germany) : [German Hlohovec (town, western Slovakia) : to 1918 Hessen] Hungarian Galgóc; to 1867 German Freistadt Hessen see Hesse HluVín (town, eastern Czech Republic) : to 1919, Heydebreck see Kddzierzyn-KoØle 1938–1945 German Hultschin Hezargrad see Razgrad Hlyboka (town, southwestern Ukraine) : (Rus- Hibernia see Ireland sian Glubokaya); 1919–1940 Romanian Adîn- Hickory see 1Warren cata Hicks Ferry see 2Bridgetown Hlybokaye (town, northern Belarus) : (Russian Hidalgo del Parral (city, north central Mexico) : Glubokoye); 1919–1939 Polish Gùdbokie formerly Parral Hnú§t’a (town, south central Slovakia) : to 1918 Hiddekel see Tigris Hungarian Likér Hierapolis see Pamukkale Ho Chi Minh City (city, southern Vietnam) : to Hierosolyma see Jerusalem 1976 Saigon (The old name continues to have Hierro (island, western Canary Islands, Spain) : local and popular currency, if only from the formerly Ferro 1989 musical Miss Saigon.) Higashi-naibuchi see Uglezavodsk Hochstadt see Vysoké nad Jizerou Highlands see Fort Thomas Hodeida see Al ¸Hudaydah Hillsboro see Hillsborough Hodonín (town, eastern Czech Republic) : to Hillsborough (town, North Carolina, eastern 1918, 1939–1945 German Göding United States) : 1766–1965 Hillsboro; Hoei see Huy 1759–1766 Childsburgh; earlier Corbinton; Hoek van Holland see Hook of Holland originally Orange Hofmeyr (town, southern South Africa) : to 1911 Hillsborough Canal Settlement see Belle Maraisburg Glade Hoggar see Ahaggar Hog Heaven 84

Hog Heaven see 2Moscow Hook of Holland (cape, southwestern Nether- Hog Island see Paradise Island lands) : [Dutch Hoek van Holland] (The cape Hohenbruck see T†ebechovice pod Orebem is named not for the country of Holland, Hohenelbe see Vrchlabí meaning the Netherlands, but for its western, Hohenfriedeberg see DRbromerz low-lying part, now divided into the provinces Hohenfurth see Vy§§í Brod of North Holland and South Holland, Dutch Hohenmauth see Vysoké Mï to Noord-Holland and Zuid-Holland.) Hohensalza see Inowrocùaw Hoover Dam (Colorado River, Arizona/Nevada, Hohensalzburg see Lunino western United States) : to 1947 Boulder Dam Hohenstadt see Záb†eh Hope (village, northeastern Wales) : Yr Hôb Hohenstein see (1) Olsztynek; (2) Pszczólki Hopeh (province, northeastern China) : to 1911 Hohhot (city, northern China) : alternate Huhe- Chihli hot; to 1954 Kweisui (The earlier name com- Hopes Advance Bay see Aupaluk bined those of the formerly adjacent cities Hopewell see 2Paris Kuei-hua and Suiyuan.) Hopkinsville (city, Kentucky, east central United Hohman see Hammond States) : to 1797 Elizabethtown Hokkaido (island, northern Japan) : to 1869 Yezo Hopkinsville see Kirksville Holcomb see Mundelein Horbat Qesari see Caesarea Hole§ov (town, eastern Czech Republic) : to Horeb, Mt. see Sinai, Mt. 1918, 1939–1945 German Holleschau Horgos see Horgo§ Holman (village, Northwest Territories, north- Horgo§ (village, northern Serbia) : to 1918, 1941– ern Canada) : alternate Inuit Uluqsaqtuua 1944 Hungarian Horgos Holland see Netherlands Ho†ice (town, northern Czech Republic) : to Hollandia see Jayapura 1918, 1939–1945 German Horschitz Holleschau see Hole§ov Horlivka (city, eastern Ukraine) : (Russian Holmgard see Veliky Novgorod Gorlovka) Holsteinsborg see Sisimiut Horncastle (town, eastern England) : Roman Holt City see Lake Louise Bannovalium (A case has been made for locat- Holubivka see Komisarivka ing the named Roman settlement at the mod- Holubivs’kyy Rudnyk see 1Kirovs’k ern town of Caistor, 25 miles to the north, but Holy Cross, Mount of the (peak, Colorado, the identification given here is generally pre- west central United States) : 1929–1950 Holy ferred, if only because Celtic Banno- means Cross National Monument “horn.”) Holy Cross National Monument see Holy Hornell (town, New York, northeastern United Cross, Mount of the States) : to 1820 Upper Canisteo Holyhead (town, northwestern Wales) : Welsh Horní Dvo†i§tfi (village, southwestern Czech Caergybi Republic) : to 1918, 1938–1945 German Ober- Holy Island (northwestern Wales) : Welsh Ynys haid Gybi Horochów see Horokhiv Holy Island see Lindisfarne Horodenka (town, western Ukraine) : (Russian Holywell (town, northeastern Wales) : Welsh Gorodenka); to 1939 Polish Horodenko Treffynnon Horodok (town, western Ukraine) : (Russian Holywood (town, eastern Northern Ireland) : Gorodok); to 1939 Polish Gródek Jagielloüski Irish Ard Mhic Nasca Horodyshche (town, central Ukraine) : (Russian Homonna see Humenné Gorodishche); 1933–1944 imeny H.I. Petro- Homs (city, west central Syria) : Roman Emesa vs’koho (Russian imeni G.I. Petrovskogo); 1929– Homs see Al Khums 1933 Horodyshche-Shevchenkivs’ke (Russian Hondarribia see Fuenterrabía Gorodishche-Shevchenkovskoye) Honey Creek see West Allis Horodyschche see Marhanets’ Hong see Red River Horodyschche-Shevchenkivs’ke see Horo- Hong Kong (special administrative zone, south- dyshche eastern China) : Chinese Xianggang (The cur- Horokhiv (town, western Ukraine) : (Russian rent name, a corruption of the Chinese, be- Gorokhov); 1919–1939 Polish Horochów came established over the period 1898–1997, Ho†ovice (town, west central Czech Republic) : when the territory was leased to Britain.) to 1918, 1939–1945 German Horschowitz Honto see Nevel’sk Horschitz see Ho†ice 85 Huntly

Horschowitz see Ho†ovice Hsia-men see Xiamen Horseheads (town, New York, northeastern Huaicho see Puerto Acosta United States) : to 1840s Fairport Huamanga see Ayacucho Hor§ovskï Tï n (town, western Czech Republic) Huambo (city, west central Angola) : 1928–1975 : to 1918, 1938–1945 German Bischofteinitz Portuguese Nova Lisboa Horst Wessel Stadt see Friedrichshain Huancavelica (town, central Peru) : originally Horton Corner see Kentville Vila Rica de Oropesa Horyniec (village, southeastern Poland) : 1939– Huang Hai see Yellow Sea 1941 Russian Gorinets Huang He see Huango Ho Hot Springs see Truth or Consequences Huang Ho (river, north central and eastern Hotval’d see Zmiyiv China) : alternate Hwang He; traditional En- Hotzenplotz see Osoblaha glish Yellow River (The Pinyin form of the Housesteads (historic site, northeastern En- name, Huang He, is usually preferred on maps. gland) : Roman Vercovicium (The name of the The river flows through the Bo Hai into the Roman fort here on Hadrian’s Wall was long Yellow Sea.) cited as Borcovicium.) Huangyuan (town, northwestern China) : to Hovd (town, western Mongolia) : formerly 1912 Tangar Dzhirgalantu (The former name became an Huánuco (city, central Peru) : originally León de official alternate name in 1928.) los Caballeros de Huánuco Howth (town, eastern Ireland) : Irish Binn Hudson Island see Nanumanga Éadair (Howth is now a suburb of Dublin.) Hueneme see Port Hueneme Hoynau see Chojnów Huesca (city, northeastern Spain) : Roman Osca Hradec Králové (town, northwestern Czech Re- Huhehot see Hohhot public) : to 1918, 1939–1945 German König- Huicheng see Shexian grätz (The German name is associated with 1Hull (city, northeastern England) : alternate the nearby site of the battle of 1866 in which (official) Kingston upon Hull the Prussians decisively defeated the Austrians 2Hull (city, Quebec, southeastern Canada) : to during the Austro-Prussian War.) 1875 Wrightstown Hrádek nad Nisou (town, northern Czech Re- Hull Island see Orona public) : to 1918, 1939–1945 German Grottau Hultschin see HluVín an der Niesse Hulun see Hailar 1Hranice (town, eastern Czech Republic) : to Humenné (town, eastern Slovakia) : to 1918 1918, 1939–1945 German Mährisch-Weiss- Hungarian Homonna kirchen Hummelstadt see Lewin Kùodski 2Hranice (town, western Czech Republic) : to Hummock Hill see Whyalla 1918, 1938–1945 German Rossbach (This Ross- Humphrey Island see Manihiki bach should not be confused with the village Humphreyville see Seymour of the same name in eastern Germany that was Humpolec (town, south central Czech Republic) the scene of a Prussian victory over the French : to 1918, 1939–1945 German Gumpolds and Austrians in 1757 during the Seven Years’ Hunedoara (city, west central Romania) : to 1918 War.) Hungarian Vajdahunyad Hrazdan (town, central Armenia) : (Russian Hunericopolis see Sousse Razdan); to 1959 Akhta Hungary (republic, central Europe) : [Hungarian Hrebinka (town, north central Ukraine) : (Rus- Magyarország; German Ungarn] (The German sian Grebyonka); to 1959 Hrebinkivs’kyy (Rus- name became historically associated with the sian Grebyonkovsky) monarchy of Austria-Hungary.) Hrebinkivs’kyy see Hrebinka Hungerburg see Narva-Jõesuu Hrodna (city, western Belarus) : (Russian Huntersville see North Little Rock Grodno); 1919–1939 Polish Grodno; to 1918 Huntington Beach (city, California, southwest- Russian Grodno ern United States) : 1901–1904 Pacific City; to Hrosulove see Velyka Mykhaylivka 1901 Shell Beach Hrubieszów (town, eastern Poland) : to 1915 Huntington Park (city, California, southwestern Russian Grubeshov United States) : to 1904 La Park (The city is a Hrushka see 1Ul’yanovka residential suburb of Los Angeles.) Hrvatska see Croatia Huntly (town, northern New Zealand) : Maori Hryshyne see Krasnoarmiys’k Rahuipukeko Huntsville 86

Huntsville (city, Alabama, south central United Ibirama (town, southeastern Brazil) : to 1944 States) : to 1811 Twickenham Portuguese Hamônia Hurbanovo (town, southern Slovakia) : to 1948 Ibirarema (town, southeastern Brazil) : to 1944 Stará 7ala; to 1918, 1939–1945 Hungarian Portuguese Pau d’Alho Ógyalla (Both of the earlier names mean “Old Ibiúna (city, southeastern Brazil) : to 1944 Por- 7ala.”) tuguese Una Hurd Island see Arorae Iboti see Neves Paulista Huron see Point Edward jbrail see BrQila Husiatyn see Husyatyn Içana (town, northwestern Brazil) : to 1944 Por- Hüsnümansur see Adqyaman tuguese São Felipe HustopeVe (town, southeastern Czech Republic) Icaros see Faylakah : to 1918, 1938–1945 German Auspitz Icaturama see Santa Rosa do Viterbo Husyatyn (town, western Ukraine) : (Russian Iceland (island republic, North Atlantic) : [Ice- Gusyatin); to 1939 Polish Husiatyn landic Ísland] Huszt see Khust Ichki-Grammatikovo see Sovyets’kyy Hutchings see Glenview Iconium see Konya Hutt (river, central New Zealand) : Maori Here- Icosium see Algiers taunga Idaho City (village, Idaho, northwestern United Huy (town, eastern Belgium) : Flemish Hoei States) : originally Bannack City Hvar (town, southern Croatia) : to 1918 Italian Idaho Falls (city, Idaho, northwestern United Lesina (The town is on the island of the same States) : to 1890 Eagle Rock name, known to the ancient Greeks as Pharos.) Idalion see 2Dali 1Hvardiys’ke (town, southern Ukraine) : (Rus- Idalium see 2Dali sian Gvardeyskoye); to 1944 Sarabuz Idi Amin Dada, Lake see Edward, Lake 2Hvardiys’ke (village, western Ukraine) : (Rus- Idria see Idria sian Gvardeyskoye); to 1946 Felshtin Idrija (town, western Slovenia) : 1919–1947 Ital- Hvardiys’ke see Chornomors’ke ian Idria Hviezdoslavov (village, southwestern Slovakia) : Ieper see Ypres to 1918, 1938–1945 Hungarian Uszor Iesolo (town, northern Italy) : to c.1930 Hwaining see Anqing Cavazuccherina Hwange (town, western Zimbabwe) : to 1982 Iferten see Yverdon Wankie Igabrum see Cabra Hwang Hai see Yellow Sea Iglau see Jihlava Hwang Ho see Huang Ho Igló see Spi§ská Nová Ves Hwlffordd see Haverfordwest Igluligaarjuk see Chesterfield Inlet H.Ya. Syedova, imeny see Syedove Iguaçu see (1) Itaetê; (2) Laranjeiras do Sul Hydaspes see Jhelum Iguaratinga see São Francisco do Maran- Hydruntum see Otranto hão Hyrcania see GorgIn Iguatama (town, southeastern Brazil) : to 1944 Hyrcanum Mare see Caspian Sea Portuguese Pôrto Real Ialoveni (town, central Moldova) : (Russian Igumen see Chyerven’ Yaloven’); formerly Russian Kutuzov Iguvium see Gubbio Ia£i (city, northeastern Romania) : formerly Ger- jhtiman see Ikhtiman man Jassy (The town received its German IJsselmeer (lake, northwestern Netherlands) : name when it became a customs post in the formerly Zuider Zee; Roman Flevo Lacus late 14th or early 15th century.) Ikaahuk see Sachs Harbour Ibaiti (city, southern Brazil) : to 1944 Barra Ikaluktutiak see Cambridge Bay Bonita Ikhtiman (town, west central Bulgaria) : to 1878 Ibatuba see Soledade de Minas Turkish jhtiman Iberia see (1) Georgia; (2) Spain Ikongo (town, southeastern Madagascar) : for- Iberus see Ebro merly French Fort-Carnot Iberville (town, Quebec, southeastern Canada) : Ikpiarjuk see Arctic Bay to 1854 Christieville Ikramovo see Juma Ibiapinópolis see Soledade Ilabaya see Guachalla Ibiraçu (town, southeastern Brazil) : to 1944 Ilava (town, western Slovakia) : to 1918 Hungar- Portuguese Pau Gigante ian Illava 87 Inis Córthaidh

Iùawa (town, northern Poland) : to 1945 German Illizi (town, eastern Algeria) : to c.1962 French Deutsch-Eylau Fort-de-Polignac Ilchester (village, southern England) : Roman Illukst see Il¨kste Lindinis Ilmenau see (1) Jordanów; (2) Limanowa Ilebo (town, southwestern Democratic Repub- Ilston (village, southern Wales) : Welsh Llanill- lic of the Congo) : to 1972 French Port-Franc- tud Gˆwyr qui Il¨kste (town, southeastern Latvia) : to 1918 Île de France see Mauritius Russian Illukst Ilek (village, southwestern Russia) : to 1914 Ilet- Ilulissat (town, western Greenland) : to 1985 sky Gorodok Danish Jakobshavn Ilerda see Lérida Ilva see Elba Île Royale see Cape Breton Island Iman see Dalnerechensk Île St.-Jean see Prince Edward Island Imbros see Gökçeada Ilet see Krasnogorsky Imbuial see Bocaiúva do Sul Iletsk see Sol’-Iletsk imeni (Russian, “named after”) : for names start- Iletskaya Zashchita see Sol’-Iletsk ing thus, see the next word, as Kirova, imeni Iletsky Gorodok see Ilek imeny (Ukrainian, “named after”) : for names Ilhabela (town, southeastern Brazil) : to 1944 starting thus, see the next word, as Sverdlova, Portuguese Formosa; originally Portuguese imeny Villa Bella Imperatorskaya Gavan’ see Sovetskaya Gavan’ Ili see Kapchagay Imperia (province, northwestern Italy) : to 1923 Il’ich see Atakent Porto Maurizio (The province is named for its Il’ichyovsk see ßärur capital, the city of Imperia, formed in 1923 Ilici see Elche from the union of Porto Maurizio with various Il’insky (town, eastern Russia) : 1905–1945 Japa- villages.) nese Kushunnai Imroz see Gökçeada Ilion (town, New York, northeastern United In see Smidovich States) : to 1852 Remington’s Corners; earlier Inchcape Rock see Bell Rock Morgan’s Landing; originally German Flats Indefatigable Island see Santa Cruz Ilion see 1Tr oy India (republic, southern Asia) : [Hindi BhIrat] Ilirska Bistrica (town, southwestern Slovenia) : (When India achieved independence in 1947 it 1941–1945 German Windisch-Feistritz; was thought that the new republic would 1919–1947 Italian Villa del Nevoso; to 1918 Ger- adopt its native name, but Prime Minister man Windisch-Feistritz (The town was part of Nehru demanded that his country retain its Italy over the period 1919 to 1947.) long-familiar name.) Ilium see 1Tr oy Indiana Colony see Pasadena Iliysk see Kapchagay Indian Bridge see 1Bridgetown Ilkenau see Olkusz Indian Head see Nashua Ilkley (town, northern England) : Roman Oli- Indiaroba (town, northeastern Brazil) : to 1944 cana (The Roman name is popularly associated Portuguese Espírito Santo with the town but may in fact, and in a better Indigreat see Portland form Olenacum, have been that of the Roman Indonesia (republic, southeastern Asia) : alter- fort at Elslack, some 12 miles to the west. See nate East Indies; to 1949 Dutch East Indies also Wharfe.) (The alternate name is also more widely ap- Illava see Ilava plied to India, Indochina, and the Malay Illiberis see Elne Archipelago, of which last Indonesia is the Illiers see Illiers-Combray chief constituent part.) Illiers-Combray (town, north central France) : Indrapura Peak see Kerinci, Mt. to 1970 Illiers (The addition to the town’s Indreville see Châteauroux name is the fictional name assigned to it by the jnebahti see Návkatos writer Marcel Proust, who although born else- Ingá see Andirá where spent many of his childhood holidays Ingichka (town, eastern Uzbekistan) : formerly here. He may have based the name on the Russian Rudnik-Ingichka nearby village of Combres, although there is a Inian’s Ferry see New Brunswick real Combray in northwestern France.) Inis see Ennis Illinoistown see East St. Louis Inis Córthaidh see Enniscorthy Inis Díomáin 88

Inis Díomáin see Ennistimon Irish Éire; 1922–1937 English Irish Free State; Inkerman (town, southern Ukraine) : 1976–1991 Roman Hibernia (The Roman name was for Bilokam’yans’k (Russian Belokamensk) (When the whole island of Ireland, which in 1920 was the village of Inkerman was raised to town sta- divided into northern and southern parts, as tus in 1976 its name was retained for the rail- the present Northern Ireland, part of the UK, road station. The name went down in history and republic of Ireland. The Irish name still as the scene of the 1854 Crimean War battle in has some official use, as in postal addresses, al- which the British and French gained victory though the Post Office prefers “Republic of over the Russians.) Ireland” for this purpose.) Inkermann see Oued Rhiou Irian Barat see Papua Inland Sea (southwestern Japan) : [Japanese Irian Jaya see Papua Seto-naikai] Irian Jaya Barat see West Papua Inner Mongolia see Mongolia Irish Free State see Ireland Innichen see San Candido Iriston (village, southwestern Russia) : to 1941 Innisfail (town, Queensland, northeastern Aus- Tulatovo tralia) : to 1911 Geraldton Irmine see Teplohirs’k Inniskilling see Enniskillen Irmino see Teplohirs’k Innokent’yevskaya see 2Lenino Irminsky Rudnik see Teplohirs’k Inowrocùaw (city, north central Poland) : 1904– Irmins’kyy Rudnyk see Teplohirs’k 1919, 1939–1945 German Hohensalza Iron Works Village see East Haven Insterburg see Chernyakhovsk Iruña see Pamplona Insula see Lille Irvington (town, New Jersey, northeastern Interamna Lirenas see Pignataro Interamna United States) : to 1852 Camptown Interamna Nahars see Terni Is (town, west central Russia) : to 1933 Interamnium see Teramo Sverdlovsky Priisk Interamnium Flavium see Ponferrada Isaacson see Nogales Inukjuak (village, Quebec, eastern Canada) : Isady see Semibratovo formerly Port Harrison Isayevo-Dedovo see 2Oktyabr’skoye Invercargill (city, southern New Zealand) : to Isca see (1) Caerleon; (2) Usk 1857 Kelly’s Point Isca Dumnoniorum see Exeter Invermein see Scone Isca Legionum see Caerleon Inverness see Cheboygan Isca Silurum see Caerleon Ioannina (city, northwestern Greece) : to 1913 Ischia (island, southern Italy) : Roman Aenaria; Turkish Yanya ancient Greek Pithecusae Iolcus see Volos Ise (city, southeastern Japan) : to 1956 Uji- Ionio (village, southeastern Italy) : Roman Man- yamada duria (The Italian name is now primarily that Isernia (town, south central Italy) : Roman Ae- of the Ionian Sea.) sernia Ipatovo (town, southwestern Russia) : to 1930s Isfahan see E•fahIn Vinodel’noye Ishanovo see Pioner jpek see PeW iSimangaliso Wetland Park (southeastern South Ipiaú (city, eastern Brazil) : to 1944 Portuguese Africa) : to 2007 Greater St. Lucia Wetland Rio Novo Park (Many nature reserves in this part of Ipswich (town, Massachusetts, northeastern South Africa now have Zulu names. This one, United States) : to 1634 Agawam a World Heritage Site of more than 1,000 Iqaluit (town, Nunavut, northern Canada) : to square miles, was renamed both to cast off its 1987 Frobisher Bay colonial name and to avoid confusion with the Iráklion (city, northern Crete, Greece) : conven- Caribbean island of St. Lucia.) tional Heraklion; to 1912 Turkish Kandiye; Me- Isiro (town, northeastern Democratic Republic dieval Italian Candia; Roman Heracleum (The of the Congo) : formerly Paulis city is the capital of Crete.) Isis see 1Thames Iran (republic, southwestern Asia) : to 1935 Per- jskenderun (city, southern Turkey) : traditional sia English Alexandretta; formerly English Skan- Irapiranga see Itaporanga d’Ajuda deroon (The city takes its name from the Irbitsky Zavod see Krasnogvardeysky nearby Roman city of Alexandria ad Issum, Ireland (republic, western Europe) : 1937–1949 founded by Alexander the Great, whose 89 Ivanishchi own name is preserved in that of Alexan- Byzantine Empire and retained his name for dria.) 1600 years.) j£kodra see Shkodër jstanbul see Istanbul Iskra (village, south central Bulgaria) : to 1950 j£tip see ¶tip Popovo; to 1906 Turkish Karadzhilar Istra (town, western Russia) : to 1930 Voskresensk Isla (Spanish, “island”) : for names starting thus, jstrumca see Strumica see the next word, as Pinta, Isla Isurium Brigantum see Aldborough Isla de la Juventud see Juventud, Isla de la Itabaiana (city, northeastern Brazil) : 1944–1948 Isla de León see 2San Fernando Tabaiana Isla de Pinos see Juventud, Isla de la Itabira (city, southeastern Brazil) : 1944–1948 Islamabad see Anantnag Portuguese Presidente Vargas Islam-Terek see 3Kirovs’ke Itaetê (town, eastern Brazil) : to 1944 Iguaçu Ísland see Iceland Itaguatins (town, north central Brazil) : to 1944 Island Flats see Kingsport Portuguese Santo Antônio da Cachoeira Islas Malvinas see Falkland Islands Itajahy do Sul see Rio do Sul Isle Mascareigne see Réunion Italia see Italy Isle of Lewis (Western Isles, northwestern Scot- Italica see Santiponce land) : Gaelic Eilean Leodhais (The name Italy (republic, southern Europe) : [Italian Italia] Lewis is also applied to the larger, northern Itamorotinga see Serra Branca part of the island, as distinct from Harris, the Itapagé (city, northeastern Brazil) : to 1944 Por- smaller, southern part, joined to it by an isth- tuguese São Francisco mus at Tarbert.) Itaparica see Petrolândia Isle of Pines see Juventud, Isla de la Itapecerica see Itapecerica da Serra Isle of Thanet see Thanet, Isle of Itapecerica da Serra (city, southeastern Brazil) : Isle of Wight see Wight, Isle of to 1944 Itapecerica Isle of Youth see Juventud, Isla de la Itapetininga (city, southeastern Brazil) : formerly jslimie see Sliven Nossa Senhora dos Prazeres de Itapetininga Ismail see Izmayil Itapira see Ubaitaba Ismeli see 4Oktyabr’skoye Itaporanga (town, northeastern Brazil) : to 1939, Ismoili Somoni, Peak (northeastern Tajikistan) : 1944–1948 Portuguese Misericórdia 1952–1998 Communism Peak; 1932–1952 Itaporanga see Itaporanga d’Ajuda Stalin Peak; 1928–1932 Mt. Garmo Itaporanga d’Ajuda (town, northeastern Brazil) : Isola Farnese (village, western Italy) : Roman 1944–1948 Irapiranga; to 1944 Itaporanga Veii Itapúa see Encarnación Ispahan see E•fahIn Itatiaia (town, southeastern Brazil) : to 1943 Por- Isparta (city, western Turkey) : formerly tuguese Campo Belo Hamqdabad Itatupã (town, northern Brazil) : to 1943 Por- Isperikh (town, northeastern Bulgaria) : to 1934 tuguese Sacramento Turkish Kemanlar Itebej (village, northern Serbia) : to 1947 Srpski Ispica (town, southern Italy) : to 1935 Spac- Itebej caforno Ittoqqortoormiit (village, eastern Greenland) : Ispisar see Ghafurov formerly Danish Scoresbysund Israel (republic, southwestern Asia) : [Hebrew Ituberá (town, eastern Brazil) : to 1944 Por- Yisra’el; Arabic IsrI’nl] (The present republic tuguese Santarém adopted the ancient biblical name in 1948, Itumbiara (city, east central Brazil) : to 1944 Por- when it was established in the former British tuguese Santa Rita do Paranaíba mandate of Palestine. A possible new name Iúna (town, southeastern Brazil) : to 1944 Por- Zion was considered at the time, as an alter- tuguese Rio Pardo nate name for the biblical land.) Ivanava (town, southwestern Belarus) : (Russian IsrI’nl see Israel Ivanovo); to 1945 Yanaw (Russian Yanov) Issyk-Kul’ see Balykchy IvanVice (town, southern Czech Republic) : to Istanbul (city, northwestern Turkey) : [Turkish 1918, 1939–1945 German Eibenschitz jstanbul]; alternate English literary Stamboul; Ivangorod see Ddblin 330–1930 Constantinople; to 330 ancient Ivangrad see Berane Greek Byzantium (The city was chosen by Ivanishchi (town, western Russia) : early 1920s– Constantine the Great as the capital of his 1942 Ukrepleniye Kommunizma Ivanivka 90

Ivanivka (town, southern Ukraine) : (Russian jzmit (city, northwestern Turkey) : ancient Greek Ivanovka); 1858–1946 Yanivka (Russian Nicomedia; earlier Astacus Yanovka); to 1858 Malobaranivka (Russian jznik (village, northwestern Turkey) : ancient Malobaranovka) Greek Nicaea (The Greek name is best known Ivano-Frankivs’k (city, western Ukraine) : (Rus- as that of a 13th-century empire and its capi- sian Ivano-Frankovsk); 1945–1962 Ukrainian tal. The Christian creed known as the Nicene Stanislav; 1941–1945 German Stanislau; 1939– Creed is based on the results of the ecumenical 1941 Ukrainian Stanislav; 1919–1939 Polish council held in the town in A.D. 325. A second Stanisùawów; 1772–1919 German Stanislau; council was held in 767.) 1662–1772 Polish Stanisùawów; to 1662 Izobil’no-Tishchenskoye see Izobil’ny Ukrainian Stanislaviv Izobil’noye see Izobil’ny Ivano-Frankove (town, western Ukraine) : (Rus- Izobil’ny (city, southwestern Russia) : mid– sian Ivano-Frankovo); to 1945 Yaniv (Russian 1930s–1965 Izobil’noye; to mid–1930s Izo- Yanov) bil’no-Tishchenskoye Ivano-Frankovo see Ivano-Frankove jzvornik see Zvornik Ivano-Frankovsk see Ivano-Frankivs’k Izyaslavl’ see Zaslawye Ivanopil’ (town, west central Ukraine) : (Russian Jääski see Lesogorsky Ivanopol’); to 1946 Yanushpil’ (Russian Yanush- Jabal ash-Shaykh see Hermon, Mt. pol’) Jabalpur (city, central India) : formerly Jubbul- Ivanopol’ see Ivanopil’ pore Ivanovka see Ivanivka Jablonec nad Nisou (city, northern Czech Re- Ivanovo (city, western Russia) : 1871–1932 public) : to 1918, 1938–1945 German Gablonz Ivanovo-Voznesensk (The former name arose an der Neisse when the original village of Ivanovo merged Jablonka see Jabùonka with neighboring Voznesenskaya.) Jabùonka (town, southern Poland) : 1939–1945 Ivanovo see Ivanava Slovakian Jablonka Ivanovo-Voznesensk see Ivanovo Jablonné v Podje§tfidí (town, central Czech Re- Ivanovskoye see Smychka public) : to 1918, 1938–1945 German Deutsch- Ivanski (village, eastern Bulgaria) : 1878–1950 Gabel Zlokuchen; to 1878 Turkish Köprüköy Jablunkau see Jablunkov Ivanteyevka (city, western Russia) : 1928–1938 Jablunkov (town, eastern Czech Republic) : to Ivanteyevsky 1918, 1938–1945 German Jablunkau Ivanteyevsky see Ivanteyevka Jaboatão see Japoatã Ivashchenkovo see Chapayevsk Jacarézinho see Ourinhos Ivaylovgrad (town, southeastern Bulgaria) : to Jáchymov (town, northwestern Czech Republic) 1934 Turkish Ortaköy : to 1918, 1938–1945 German Sankt Joachim- Ivory Coast (republic, western Africa) : alternate sthal (The German name had the adjectival French Côte d’Ivoire (The French name form Joachimsthaler, the latter half of which was declared the official protocol name in gave the English word dollar, from the coins 1986.) minted here.) Ivoy see Carignan 1Jackson (city, Michigan, north central United Ivrea (town, northwestern Italy) : Roman Epore- States) : to 1833 Jacksonopolis; originally Jack- dia sonburgh Ixelles (town, central Belgium) : Flemish Elsene 2Jackson (city, Mississippi, southern United (The town is now a suburb of Brussels.) States) : to 1822 Le Fleur’s Bluff Izhevsk (city, western Russia) : 1984–1987 Usti- 3Jackson (city, Tennessee, east central United nov; to 1917 Izhevsky Zavod States) : to 1822 Alexandria Izhevsky Zavod see Izhevsk Jacksonburgh see 1Jackson Izhma see Sosnogorsk Jacksonopolis see 1Jackson Izluchistaya see 3Zhovtneve 1Jacksonville (city, Florida, southeastern United Izmail see Izmayil States) : to 1822 Cowford Izmayil (city, southwestern Ukraine) : (Russian 2Jacksonville (city, North Carolina, eastern Izmail); 1856–1878, 1919–1940 Romanian Is- United States) : to 1842 Onslow Courthouse; mail originally Wantland’s Ferry jzmir (city, western Turkey) : ancient Greek and Jacksonville see Old Hickory biblical Smyrna Jacobshagen see Dobrzany 91 Jernigan

Jacob’s Well see 1Marion Jasùo (town, southeastern Poland) : 1940–1945 Jacuí see Sobradinho German Jessel Jadera see Zadar Jassy see Ia£i Jadotville see Likasi Jastrow see Jastrowie Jaén (city, southern Spain) : Roman Aurinx Jastrowie (town, northwestern Poland) : to 1945 Jaffa (city, western Israel) : [Hebrew Yafo]; bibli- German Jastrow cal Joppa (In 1950 the city was incorporated Jastarnia (village, northern Poland) : 1772–1919, into Tel Aviv to become Tel Aviv-Yafo.) 1939–1945 German Heisternest Jägerndorf see Krnov Jastrzdbie Zdrój (town, southwestern Poland) : JagniRtków (village, southwestern Poland) : to to 1945 German Bad Königsdorf 1945 German Agnetendorf Jatobá see Petrolândia Jagodina (city, south central Serbia) : 1946–1992 Jauer see Jawor Svetozarevo Jaungulbene see Gulbene Jaguari see Jaguariúna Jaunjelgava (town, south central Latvia) : to 1918 Jaguariúna (town, southeastern Brazil) : to 1944 German Friedrichstadt (The town, with name Jaguari meaning “New Jelgava,” lies 50 miles east of Jaguaruana (town, southeastern Brazil) : to 1944 Jelgava.) Portuguese União Jaunlatgale see Pytalovo Jakarta (city, southwestern Indonesia) : to 1949 Javorina (village, northern Slovakia) : 1938–1939 Dutch Batavia Polish Jaworzyna Jakobshavn see Ilulissat Jawor (town, southwestern Poland) : to 1945 Jakobstad see Pietarsaari German Jauer Jakobstadt see Y`kabpils Jaworów see Yavoriv Jamaica Square see South Floral Park Jaworzina ¡lRska (town, southwestern Poland) : James Island see 2San Salvador to 1945 German Königszelt Jangy-Jol (village, western Kyrgyzstan) : to 1942 Jaworzyna see Javorina Chong-Ak-Dzhol Jaxartes see Syrdar’ya Janichen see Svoboda Jaya, Mt. (eastern Indonesia) : formerly Mt. Janjanbureh (town, central Gambia) : to 1995 Sukarno; earlier Mt. Carstensz Georgetown Jayapura (city, northeastern Indonesia) : Jan Kempdorp (town, central South Africa) : to 1963–1969 Sukarnapura; earlier Dutch Hollan- 1953 Andalusia dia Janské Láznfi (village, northern Czech Republic) Jayhun see Amu Darya : to 1918, 1939–1945 German Johannisbad Jddrzejów (town, south central Poland) : to 1915 Japan (island state, western Pacific) : [Japanese Russian Andreyev Nihon] Jefferson see (1) Martins Ferry; (2) Watkins Japoatã (town, northeastern Brazil) : to 1944 Glen Jaboatão Jehol see Chengde Jaraguá see Jaraguá do Sul J`kabpils (town, south central Latvia) : (Russian Jaraguá do Sul (city, southern Brazil) : to 1944 Yekabpils); to 1918 German Jakobstadt Jaraguá Jelenia Góra (city, southwestern Poland) : to Jarboesville see Lexington Park 1945 German Hirschberg Jarocin (town, western Poland) : 1793–1807, Jelgava (city, central Latvia) : (Russian Yelgava); 1815–1919, 1939–1945 German Jarotschin 1941–1944 German Mitau; to 1917 Russian Jaromfi† (town, north central Czech Republic) : Mitava to 1918, 1939–1945 German Jermer Jelly’s Corner see 1Shelburne Jaroslau see Jarosùaw Jengish Chokusu see Pobeda Peak Jarosùaw (city, southeastern Poland) : 1772–1919, Jennersdorf (town, eastern Austria) : to 1918 1939–1944 German Jaroslau Hungarian Gyanafalva Jarotschin see Jarocin Jerez de Badajoz see Jerez de los Caballeros Jaryczów Nowy see Novyy Yarychiv Jerez de los Caballeros (town, western Spain) : Ja§a TomiW (town, northeastern Serbia) : to 1918 originally Jerez de Badajoz Hungarian Modos Jericho (town, eastern West Bank) : [Arabic Jasieü (town, western Poland) : to 1945 German Arn∏I]; originally Tell es Sultan Gassen Jermer see Jaromfi† Jasiûa see Yasinya Jernigan see Orlando Jersey 92

Jersey (island, Channel Islands, southern United João de Almeida see Chibia Kingdom) : Roman Caesarea (The Roman João Pessoa (city, northeastern Brazil) : to 1930 name has also been assigned to the much Paraíba; 17th century Frederikstad; originally smaller island of Sark, north of Jersey.) Filipea de Nossa Senhora das Neves Jersey City (city, New Jersey, northeastern João Pessoa see (1) Mimoso do Sul; (2) Pôrto United States) : to 1820 Paulus Hook Joaquín V. González (town, northwestern Ar- Jersey Homesteads see 1Roosevelt gentina) : formerly Kilómetro 1082 Jerusalem (city, central Israel) : [Hebrew Jodoigne (town, east central Belgium) : Flemish Yerushalayim; Arabic Al Quds]; alternate bibli- Geldenaken cal Salem or Zion; ancient Greek and Latin Johannes see Sovetsky Hierosolyma ( Jerusalem was refounded in the Johannisbad see Janské Láznfi 2d century A.D. by the Roman emperor Johannisburg see Pisz Hadrian under the name Aelia Capitolina. Johnnycake see Catonsville See also Palestine.) Johnson City (town, Tennessee, eastern United Jesenice (town, northwestern Slovenia) : to 1918, States) : 1859–1861 Haynesville; to 1859 John- 1941–1945 German Assling son’s Depot Jeseník (town, northeastern Czech Republic) : Johnson’s Depot see Johnson City formerly Frï valdov; to 1918, 1938–1945 Ger- Johnstown (city, Pennsylvania, northeastern man Freiwaldau United States) : to 1834 Conemaugh Jesenské (town, southern Slovakia) : to 1918, Joigny (town, north central France) : Roman 1938–1945 Hungarian Feled Joviniacum Jesi (town, east central Italy) : Roman Aesis Jomboy (town, eastern Uzbekistan) : to 1977 Jessel see Jasùo Khoshdala Jesselton see Kota Kinabalu Joppa see Jaffa Jewie see Vievis Jordan (kingdom, southwestern Asia) : [Arabic Jeziorany (town, northeastern Poland) : to 1945 Al Urdunn]; 1921–1949 Transjordan German Seeburg Jordânia (town, southeastern Brazil) : to 1944 Je∞ów (town, central Poland) : to 1945 German Palestina Grunau Jordanów (town, southern Poland) : 1939–1945 Jezupol see 1Zhovten’ German Ilmenau Jhelum (river, northern India/northeastern Paki- Jórvik see 1York stan) : ancient Greek Hydaspes José Batlle y Ordoñez (town, southeastern Ji’an (city, southeastern China) : to 1914 Luling Uruguay) : to 1907 Nico Pérez (The former Jiangning see Nanjing name remains in use for the part of the town JiVín (town, northern Czech Republic) : to 1918, that extends west into the department of 1939–1945 German Gitschin Florida.) Jihlava (city, western Czech Republic) : to 1918, José Bonifácio see Erechim 1939–1945 German Iglau José de Freitas (town, northeastern Brazil) : to Jilemnice (town, northern Czech Republic) : to 1939 Livramento 1918, 1939–1945 German Starkenbach José Enrique Rodó (town, southwestern Jílové (town, northern Czech Republic) : to 1918, Uruguay) : to 1924 Drable (The former 1939–1945 German Eulau name is still in use for the town’s railroad sta- Jimbolia (town, western Romania) : to 1918 tion.) Hungarian Zsombolya; to 1867 German Hatz- Josephinenhütte see Szklarska Pordba feld Joviniacum see Joigny Jim Thorpe (town, Pennsylvania, northeastern Juan Lazaze (town, southwestern Uruguay) : to United States) : to 1954 Mauch Chunk 1909 Sauce (The town’s port is still sometimes Jimtown see Miami referred to by the former name as Puerto Sauce Jind†ichÀv Hradec (town, southern Czech Re- or Puerto del Sauce.) public) : to 1918, 1939–1945 German Neuhaus Juàzeiro see Juàzeiro do Norte Jinmen see Quemoy Juàzeiro do Norte (city, northeastern Brazil) : to Jirkov (town, northwestern Czech Republic) : to 1944 Juàzeiro 1918, 1939–1945 German Görkau Jubayl (village, western Lebanon) : ancient Joaçaba (city, southern Brazil) : 1939–1943 Cru- Greek Byblos; biblical Gebal (The historic city zeiro; c.1928–1938 Cruzeiro do Sul; earlier exported papyrus to Egypt and its Greek name Limeira actually gave this word, hence also English 93 Kalay-Mirzabay

paper and, via Greek biblion, “book,” Bible and Kaapstad see Cape Town other biblio- words, as bibliography.) Kabalega Falls (northwestern Uganda) : to 1972 Jubbulpore see Jabalpur Murchison Falls Jucás (town, northeastern Brazil) : to 1944 Por- Kabanbay (village, eastern Kazakhstan) : for- tuguese São Mateus merly Russian Andreyevka Judaea (historical region, southern Palestine) : Kaban’ye see Krasnorichens’ke biblical Judah (The historical name, of Kabwe (city, central Zambia) : to 1965 Broken Graeco-Roman origin and alternately spelled Hill Judea, is also biblical. In the 2d century A.D. KaVanik (town, southern Kosovo) : to 1913 the Roman emperor Hadrian expelled all Jews Turkish Orhanie from the province and renamed it Syria Kadamshay see 1Frunze Palaestina. See Palestine.) Kadaû (town, northwestern Czech Republic) : to Judah see Judaea 1918, 1938–1945 German Kaaden Judea see Judaea Kadqköy (town, northwestern Turkey) : ancient Juiz de Fora (city, southeastern Brazil) : formerly Greek Chalcedon Paraibuna Kadqköy see Dikaia Julia Joza see Tarifa Kadiyevka see Stakhanov Juliana Top see Mandala, Mt. Kadiyivka see Stakhanov Julianehåb see Qaqortoq Kadnitsy see Leninskaya Sloboda Julian Way see Via Kadoma (town, central Zimbabwe) : to 1980 Julia Traducta see Tarifa Gatooma Juliobona see Lillebonne Kad≠koy see Dikaia Juliomagus see Angers Kaffa see Feodosiya Juma (town, eastern Uzbekistan) : 1930s Ikra- Kafiristan see Nuristan movo Kaga Bandoro (town, central Central African Jundiaí (city, southeastern Brazil) : formerly Vila Republic) : formerly French Fort-Crampel Formosa de Nossa Senhora do Destêrro de Jun- Kagan see Kogon diaí Kaganovich see (1) Novokashirsk; (2) Polis’ke; Jungbunzlau see Mladá Boleslav (3) Sokuluk; (4) Tovarkovsky Jungwoschitz see Mladá Vo±ice Kaganovichabad see Kolkhozobod Juqueri see Mairiporã Kaganovichi Pervyye see Polis’ke Juripiranga (town, northeastern Brazil) : to 1944 Kagera (region, northwestern Tanzania) : for- Portuguese Serrinha merly Ziwa Magharibi; formerly alternate West Jurupa see Riverside Lake Justinianopolis see (1) Kir£ehir; (2) Sousse Kagul see Cahul Justinopolis see Koper Kahlberg see Krynica Morska Jutland (peninsula, continental Denmark/north- Kaiba-to see Moneron ern Germany) : [Danish Jylland; German Jüt- Kainda see Kayyngdy land] (The name is usually applied only to Kaiser Wilhelm Canal see Kiel Canal continental Denmark, although the territory Kai§iadorys (town, south central Lithuania) : actually extends south to the Eider River, (Russian Kayshyadoris); to 1918 Russian which separates Schleswig from Holstein in Koshedary northern Germany.) Kaiyuan (city, southern China) : to 1931 Ami- Jütland see Jutland chow Juvavum see Salzburg Käkisalmi see Priozyorsk Juventino Rosas (town, central Mexico) : to Kakumabetsu see Shelekhovo 1938 Santa Cruz de Galeana Kalaallit Nunaat see Greenland Juventud, Isla de la (island, western Cuba) : to Kalabak see Radomir 1978 Isla de Pinos (The island is also known by Kalachevsky Rudnik see Lenina, imeny the corresponding English former and present Kalachevs’kyy Rudnyk see Lenina, imeny names Isle of Pines and Isle of Youth.) Kalamazoo (city, Michigan, north central Ju±ni Brod see Brod United States) : to 1836 Bronson Jylland see Jutland Kalata see Kirovgrad K2 (mountain, northeastern Pakistan) : alternate Kalatinsky Zavod see Kirovgrad English Mt. Godwin Austen; locally Dapsang Kalay-Lyabiob see Tojikobod Kaaden see Kadaû Kalay-Mirzabay see Kalininobod Kalay-Valmar 94

Kalay-Valmar see Rushon Kamenets-Podol’sky see (1) Kam’yanets- Kale i-Sultane see Çanakkale Podil’s’kyy; (2) 2Khmel’nyts’kyy Kalemie (city, eastern Democratic Republic of Kamenice nad Lipou (town, southern Czech the Congo) : 1915–1966 French Albertville Republic) : to 1918, 1938–1945 German Kam- Kalevala (town, northwestern Russia) : to 1963 nitz an der Linde Finnish Uhtua (Russian Ukhta) Kamenickï¶enov (town, northern Czech Re- Kalgan see Zhangjiakou public) : to 1918, 1939–1945 German Stein- Kalinin (village, southwestern Tajikistan) : for- schönau merly Russian Voroshilovabad Kamenitsa see Velingrad Kalinin see (1) Boldumsaz; (2) Tver’ Kamenka see (1) Frunzens’kyy; (2) Kam’yanka Kalininabad see Kalininobod Kamenka-Bugskaya see Kam’yanka-Buz’ka Kalinindorf see Kalinins’ke Kamenka-Dneprovskaya see Kam’yanka- Kaliningrad (city, western Russia) : to 1946 Ger- Dniprovs’ka man Königsberg Kamenka-na-Dnepre see Kam’yanka- Kaliningrad see Korolyov Dniprovs’ka Kalinino (village, western Russia) : to 1939 Kamenka-Shevchenkovskaya see Kam’yanka Norusovo Kamen’-Kashirsky see Kamin’-Kashyrs’kyy Kalinino see Tashir Kamenka-Strumilovskaya see Kam’yanka- Kalininobod (village, southwestern Tajikistan) : Buz’ka (Russian Kalininabad); to c.1935 Kalay-Mirz- Kamennogorsk (town, northwestern Russia) : to abay 1948 Finnish Antrea Kalininsk (town, southwestern Russia) : to 1962 Kamenno-Millerovo see 1Kam’yane Balanda Kamennoye see 1,2Kam’yane Kalininsk see (1) Cupcina; (2) Kalinins’k Kamenny Khutor see 2Kam’yane Kalinins’k (town, eastern Ukraine) : (Russian Kamensk see Kamensk-Ural’sky Kalininsk); to c.1935 Bayrak Kamenskaya see Kamensk-Shakhtinsky Kalininskaya (village, southwestern Russia) : to Kamenskoye (village, northeastern Russia) : for- c.1960 Popovichskaya merly Ust’-Penzhino Kalinins’ke (town, southern Ukraine) : (Russian Kamenskoye see Dniprodzerzhyns’k Kalininskoye); 1927–1944 Kalinindorf; to 1927 Kamensk-Shakhtinsky (town, southwestern Velyka Seydemynukha (Russian Bol’shaya Seyde- Russia) : to 1927 Kamenskaya menukha) Kamensk-Ural’sky (town, west central Russia) : Kalininskoye see Kalinins’ke 1935–1940 Kamensk; to 1935 Kamensky Kalininsky see Korolyov Kamensky (town, southwestern Russia) : to 1941 Kalinovka (village, western Russia) : 1938–1945 Grimm (The town’s earlier German name is German Aulenbach; to 1938 German Aulo- due to its location in the former Volga German wönen Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic.) Kalisch see Kalisz Kamensky see Kamensk-Ural’sky Kalisz (city, west central Poland) : 1793–1807, Kamenz see Kamieniec ZRbkowicki 1940–1945 German Kalisch Kamieniec Litewski see Kamyanets Kalisz Pomorski (town, northwestern Poland) : Kamieniec ZRbkowicki (town, southwestern to 1945 German Kallies Poland) : to 1945 German Kamenz Kalkandelen see Tetovo Kamieü Koszyrski see Kamin’-Kashyrs’kyy Kalkfontein-Sud see Karasburg Kamienna Góra (town, southwestern Poland) : Kallies see Kalisz Pomorski to 1945 German Landeshut Kallithea (town, east central Greece) : to 1913 Kamieü Pomorski (town, northwestern Poland) Turkish Erikdere (Kallithea is now a suburb of : to 1945 German Cammin-in-Pommern Athens.) Kamin’-Kashyrs’kyy (town, northwestern Kalmytsky Bazar see Privolzhsky Ukraine) : (Russian Kamen’-Kashirsky); Kaloyanovo (village, west central Bulgaria) : to 1919–1939 Polish Kamieü Koszyrski 1934 Seldzhikovo Kaminsky (town, western Russia) : to 1947 Kaluzhskoye (village, western Russia) : to 1945 Gor’ky-Pavlovy German Grünheide Kamionka Strumiùowa see Kam’yanka-Buz’ka Kama (town, western Russia) : to 1966 Butysh Kami-shikuka see Leonidovo Kamarlu see Artashat Kamnik (town, northern Slovenia) : to 1918, Kamenets see Kamyanets 1941–1944 German Stein 95 Karakol

Kamnitz an der Linde see Kamenice nad Kangirsuk (village, Quebec, eastern Canada) : Lipou formerly Payne Kamo see Gavarr KaNgwane see Swaziland Kampuchea see Cambodia Kanji±a (village, northern Serbia) : to 1918, 1941– Kamskoye Ust’ye (town, western Russia) : to 1944 Hungarian Magyarkanizsa c.1928 Bogorodsk Kanpur (city, northern India) : English tradi- 1Kam’yane (town, eastern Ukraine) : (Russian tional Cawnpore Kamennoye); formerly Kam’yanno-Millerove Kansas see 1Kansas City (Russian Kamenno-Millerovo) 1Kansas City (city, Missouri, central United 2Kamy’ane (town, southeastern Ukraine) : (Rus- States) : 1853–1889 City of Kansas; 1839–1853 sian Kamennoye); 1945–1957 Kam’yanyy Khutir Town of Kansas; 1850–1853 Kansas; to 1850 (Russian Kamenny Khutor); to 1945 Yant- Westport Landing (The added words distin- sivs’kyy Kar’yer (Russian Yantsovsky Kar’yer) guished the city from the territory, now state, Kamyanets (town, southwestern Belarus) : (Rus- of Kansas.) sian Kamenets); 1919–1939 Polish Kamieniec 2Kansas City (city, Kansas, central United States) Litewski : to 1886 Wyandotte (The present city was Kam’yanets-Podil’s’kyy (city, southwestern formed by the amalgamation of eight towns, Ukraine) : (Russian Kamenets-Podol’sky) the earliest of which was Wyandotte.) Kam’yanets-Podil’s’kyy see 2Khmel’nyts’kyy Kanth see KRty Wrocùawskie Kam’yanka (town, central Ukraine) : (Russian Kanukov see Privolzhsky Kamenka); 1930–1944 Kam’yanka-Shevchen- Kaolinovo (town, northeastern Bulgaria) : to kivs’ka (Russian Kamenka-Shevchenkovskaya) 1950 Bozhidar; earlier Shumnu Bokhchalar Kam’yanka see Frunzens’kyy Kapchagay (town, southeastern Kazakhstan) : Kam’yanka-Buz’ka (town, western Ukraine) : c.1969–c.1971 Ili; to c.1969 Iliysk (Russian Kamenka-Bugskaya); to 1939 Polish Kapellen (town, northern Belgium) : French Kamionka Strumiùowa (Russian Kamenka-Stru- Capellen-lez-Anvers (The French suffix, mean- milovskaya) ing “near Antwerp,” distinguishes the town Kam’yanka-Dniprovs’ka (town, southeastern from Kapelle-op-den-Bos.) Ukraine) : (Russian Kamenka-Dneprovskaya); Kapelle-op-den-Bos (town, central Belgium) : formerly Kam’yanka-na-Dnipri (Russian Ka- French Capelle-au-Bois menka-na-Dnepre); to 1920 Mala Znam’yanka Kap Farvel see Farewell, Cape (Russian Malaya Znamenka) Kapila see Haridwar Kam’yanka-na-Dnipri see Kam’yanka- Kapitan Andreevo (village, southeastern Bul- Dniprovs’ka garia) : to 1934 Turkish Viranteke Kam’yanka-Shevchenkivs’ka see Kam’yanka Kaplice (town, southern Czech Republic) : to Kam’yanno-Millerove see 1Kam’yane 1918, 1938–1945 German Kaplitz Kamyans’ke see Dniprodzerzhyns’k Kaplitz see Kaplice Kam’yanyy Khutir see 2Kam’yane Kapsukas see Marijampolc Kananga (city, south central Democratic Repub- Kapuskasing (town, Ontario, southern Canada) lic of the Congo) : to 1972 Luluabourg : to 1917 MacPherson Kanash (city, western Russia) : to 1920 Shikhrany Karaa∑aç see 1Levski Kandahar (city, south central Afghanistan) : Karabagish see Xonobod Roman Alexandria Arachosiorum (The city was Karabalyk (town, northern Kazakhstan) : for- founded by Alexander the Great, whose name merly Russian Komsomolets is preserved in that of Alexandria.) Karabunar see Sredets Kandiye see Iráklion Karachayevsk (town, southwestern Russia) : Kandyagash (town, west central Kazakhstan) : 1944–1957 Klukhori; to 1944 Mikoyan-Shakhar formerly Russian Oktyabr’sk Kara-Darya see Payshanba Kangding (city, central China) : to 1913 Tatsienlu Karadzhilar see Iskra Kangikajik see Brewster, Cape Karaferya see Véroia Kangiqcliniq see Rankin Inlet Karafuto see Sakhalin Kangiqsualujjuaq (village, Quebec, eastern Karakalli see Özalp Canada) : formerly Port-Nouveau-Québec Karakhasan see 1Aleksandrovo Kangiqsujuaq (village, Quebec, eastern Canada) Karaklis see Vanadzor : formerly Wakeham Karakol (city, eastern Kyrgyzstan) : 1889–1921, Kangiqtugaapik see Clyde River 1939–1991 Russian Przheval’sk Karakubbud 96

Karakubbud see 1Komsomol’s’ke Karlovy Vary (city, northwestern Czech Repub- Karakubstroy see 1Komsomol’s’ke lic) : to 1918, 1938–1945 German Karlsbad Karamendy (village, northern Kazakhstan) : for- Karlowitz see Sremski Karlovci merly Russian Dokuchayevka Karlsbad see Karlovy Vary Karánsebes see Caransebe£ Karlsburg see Alba Iulia Karansky Kamenny Kar’yer see Myrne Karlstad (city, south central Sweden) : to 1584 Karans’kyy Kam’yanyy Kar’yer see Myrne Tingvalla Karasburg (town, southern Namibia) : to 1939 Karlstadt see Karlovac Kalkfontein-Sud Karlstein see Karl§tejn Karasubazar see Bilohirs’k Karl§tejn (village, west central Czech Republic) : Karatova see Kratovo to 1918, 1939–1945 German Karlstein Karaul (village, eastern Kazakhstan) : formerly Karnataka (state, southwestern India) : to 1973 Abay Mysore Karaulkeldy see Bayganin Karnobat (town, eastern Bulgaria) : 1953–1962 Karayazy see Gardabani Polyanovgrad Kardam (village, northeastern Bulgaria) : 1913– Kärnten see Carinthia 1940 Romanian Arman Karpacz (town, southwestern Poland) : to 1945 Kardeljevo see PloVe German Krummhübel Karditsa (town, central Greece) : ancient Greek Karpathos (island, southeastern Greece) : 1306– Acraephnium 1540, 1912–1947 Italian Scarpanto Karen see Kayin Karpilovka see Aktsyabrski Karenni see Kayah Karpinsk (town, western Russia) : c.1935–1941 Karfreit see Kobarid Ugol’ny; originally Bogoslovsk Kargalinskoye (village, northwestern Kazakh- Karpuzlu (village, western Turkey) : ancient stan) : formerly Zhilyanka Greek Alinda Kargowa (town, western Poland) : to 1945 Ger- KIrsava (town, eastern Latvia) : to 1917 Russian man Unruhstadt Korsovka Karhumäki see Medvezh’yegorsk Karthaus see Kartuzy Karkeln see Mysovka Kartonnaya Fabrika see M.I. Kalinina, imeni Karkonosze see Riesengebirge Kartsa see 1Oktyabr’skoye Karla Libknekhta, imeni (town, western Rus- Kartuzy (town, northern Poland) : 1772–1807, sia) : to 1930 Pensky Sakharny Zavod 1815–1919, 1939–1945 German Karthaus Karla Libknekhta, imeni see (1) Pokrovs’ke; Karviná (city, eastern Czech Republic) : 1939– (2) Shyrokolanivka; (3) Soledar 1945 German Karwin; 1918–1919, 1938–1939 Karla Libknekhta, imeny see (1) Pokrovs’ke; Polish Karwina; to 1918 German Karwin (2) Shyrokolanivka Karwin see Karviná Karla Marksa, imeni see Karlo-Marksove Karwina see Karviná Karla Marksa, imeny see Karlo-Marksove Karyagino see Füzuli Karlburg see Rusovce Kasanga (town, southwestern Tanzania) : for- Karl-Marx-Stadt see Chemnitz merly German Bismarckburg Karlobag (village, western Croatia) : to 1918 Ital- Kaschau see Ko§ice ian Carlopago Kasevo see Neftekamsk Karlo-Libknekhtivs’k see Soledar Kashgar see Kash Karlo-Libknekhtovsk see Soledar Kashi (city, western China) : conventional En- Karlo-Marksove (town, eastern Ukraine) : glish Kashgar (Russian Karlo-Marksovo); 1924–1965 imeny Kashirinskoye see 2Oktyabr’skoye Karla Marksa (Russian imeni Karla Marksa); Kashiwabara see Severo-Kuril’sk to 1924 Sofiyivs’kyy Rudnyk (Russian Sofiyevsky Kashkatau (town, southwestern Russia) : Rudnik); originally Sofiyivka (Russian Sofi- 1944–1990 Sovetskoye yevka) Kashlaköy see Zimnitsa Karlo-Marksovo see Karlo-Marksove Käsmark see Ke±marok Karlovac (city, central Croatia) : to 1867 German Ka§perské Hory (town, southwestern Czech Re- Karlstadt public) : to 1918, 1939–1945 German Berg- Karlovac see Banatski Karlovac reichenstein Karlovo (town, central Bulgaria) : 1953–1962 Kaspiysk (town, southwestern Russia) : 1936– Levskigrad 1947 Dvigatel’stroy 97 Kempen

Kaspiysky see Lagan’ Cappadociae; alternate Roman Caesarea Ma- Kassa see Ko§ice zaca; ancient Greek Eusebeia Kasserine see Al-Qa•rayn Kayshyadoris see Kai§iadorys Kastav (village, western Croatia) : 1920–1944 Kayyngdy (town, northern Kyrgyzstan) : Italian Castua (Russian Kainda); c.1945–1957 Russian Molo- Kasteelbrakel see Braine-le-Château tovsk Kastellorizon (island, southeastern Greece) : al- Kazakhstan see Aksay ternate Turkish Megisti; 1932–1947 Italian Kazan see Kotel Castelrosso (The island is claimed by Turkey Kazgorodok see Korgalzhyn and its Turkish name is primary on many Kazi-Magomed see QazimImmId maps.) Kazincbarcika (city, northeastern Hungary) : to Katanga (province, southeastern Democratic Re- 1948 Sajókazinc public of the Congo) : 1972–1997 Shaba; Kazinka (village, western Russia) : formerly No- 1947–1972 Katanga; 1935–1947 French Élisa- vaya Zhizn’ bethville; to 1935 Katanga (In 1960 Katanga Kazygurt (village, southern Kazakhstan) : for- proclaimed itself a republic in the former merly Russian Leninskoye Congo but its secession was ended in 1963.) Kechries (village, southeastern Greece) : biblical Kataoka see Boykovo Cenchrea; ancient Greek Cenchreae (Paul sailed Katerynoslav see Dnipropetrovs’k from this eastern port of 1Corinth on his sec- Katharinenstadt see Marks ond missionary journey.) Kato Achaia (town, western Greece) : ancient Kcdainiai (town, central Lithuania) : to 1918 Greek Dyme Russian Keydany Katoomba (town, New South Wales, southeast- Kddzierzyn see Kddzierzyn-KoØle ern Australia) : originally The Crushers Kddzierzyn-KoØle (town, southern Poland) : to Katowice (city, southern Poland) : 1953–1958 1945 German Heydebreck; to 1934 Kddzierzyn Stalinogród; to 1921, 1939–1945 German Katto- Keeler’s Mills see Norwood witz Keeling Islands see Cocos Islands Katscher see Kietrz Keflavík Field (airfield, southwestern Iceland) : Kattowitz see Katowice to 1946 Meeks Field (The present international Katyk see Shakhtars’k airport evolved from the U.S. Army air base Katyshka see Golyshmanovo built here in World War II.) KRty Wrocùawskie (town, southwestern Poland) Keg Grove see Bloomington : to 1945 German Kanth Kegulta see Sadovoye Kaufman Peak see Lenin Peak Kékâ see Modrï Kameû Kaukehmen see Yasnoye Kellogg (town, Idaho, northwestern United Kaunas (city, central Lithuania) : 1795–1918 States) : to 1894 Milo Russian Kovno (The Russian name is associ- Kellomäki see Komarovo ated with the 1915 siege by German troops Kells (town, northeastern Ireland) : Irish which ended in the capture of the town.) Ceanannus Mór (The English name predomi- Kaunchi see Yangiyul nates thanks to the Irish national treasure Kaupangr see Trondheim known as the Book of Kells, an illuminated Kavadar see Kavadarci gospel book originally in the monastery here Kavadarci (village, north central Macedonia) : but now in the library of Trinity College, 1913–1941 Serbian Kavadar Dublin.) Kavaklq see Topolovgrad Kelly’s Point see Invercargill Kavaklii see Topolovgrad Kel’tsy see Kielce Kavala see Kaválla Kelvedon (village, southeastern England) : Kaválla (city, northeastern Greece) : to 1913 Roman Canonium Turkish Kavala Kemanlar see Isperikh Kavkaz see Caucasus Kemer (village, northwestern Turkey) : Roman Kawakami see Sinegorsk Parium; ancient Greek Parion Kaya (state, eastern Myanmar) : to 1952 Karenni Kemerovo (city, southern Russia) : to 1932 Kaydanovo see Dyarzhynsk Shcheglovsk Kayin (state, eastern Myanmar) : formerly Karen Kemin (town, northern Kyrgyzstan) : formerly Kaylar see Ptolemaïs Russian Bystrovka Kayseri (city, central Turkey) : Roman Caesarea Kempen see Kdpno Kempenland 98

Kempenland (region, northern Belgium) : Kernow see 1Cornwall French Campine 1Kerry (county, southwestern Ireland) : Irish Kemper see Quimper Ciarraí Kempten (city, southern Germany) : Roman 2Kerry (village, eastern Wales) : Welsh Cambodunum Llanfihangel-yng-Ngheri Kenduskeag Plantation see 2Bangor Ke£an (town, northwestern Turkey) : 1920–1922 Kenitra (city, northwestern Morocco) : 1932– modern Greek Kesani 1958 French Port-Lyautey Kesani see Ke£an Kenmare (town, southwestern Ireland) : Irish Keshishkend see Yeghegnadzor Neidín Kesmárk see Ke±marok Kennebunkport (town, Maine, northeastern Kessaria see Caesarea United States) : 1717–1821 Arundel (Local au- Ketchenery (town, southwestern Russia) : for- thor Kenneth Roberts used the town’s former merly Sovetskoye name as the title and setting of his 1930 novel Kdtrzyn (city, northern Poland) : to 1945 Ger- about Maine, the first of a series.) man Rastenburg Kennedy, Cape see Canaveral, Cape Kettering (city, Ohio, north central United Kenora (town, Ontario, southern Canada) : to States) : to 1952 Van Buren 1905 Rat Portage (The last two letters of the Kettle Creek Village see St. Thomas town’s present name preserve the first two of Kdty (town, southern Poland) : 1940–1945 Ger- its earlier name.) man Liebenwerde Kenosha (city, Wisconsin, north central United Kewanee (town, Illinois, north central United States) : to 1850 Southport; originally Pike States) : originally Berriam Creek Kexholm see Priozyorsk Kensington (village, Prince Edward Island, east- Keydany see Kcdainiai ern Canada) : to early 1870s Barretts Cross Ke±marok (town, northern Slovakia) : to 1918 Kensington see 1Berlin Hungarian Kesmárk; to 1867 German Käsmark 1Kent (county, southeastern England) : Roman Khabnoye see Polis’ke Cantium (The Roman name applied to the Khadki see Aurangabad peninsula here, between the Thames estuary Khadzhi-Dimitrovo (town, northern Bulgaria) : and the Strait of Dover.) formerly Saryar 2Kent (city, Ohio, north central United States) : Khadzhi-Eles see P≠rvomay to 1867 Franklin Mills; originally Riedsburg Khainboaz see Republic Pass Kentville (town, Nova Scotia, eastern Canada) : Khairepolis see Hayrabolu to 1826 Horton Corner Khakassk see Abakan Kenya (republic, eastern Africa) : to 1920 British Khakkulabad see 2Naryn East Africa Khakurate see Takhtamukay Kdpno (town, southwestern Poland) : 1793– Khalkís (city, central Greece) : to 1830 Turkish 1807, 1815–1919, 1939–1945 German Kempen E˘gribos Kerbi see Poliny Osipenko, imeni Khal’mer-Sede see Tazovsky Kerch (city, southern Ukraine) : ancient Greek Khalturin see Orlov Panticapaeum (The Kerch Strait, connecting Khamza see Hamza the Sea of Azov with the Black Sea, was known Khamzoren see Bezmer to the Romans as the Bosporus Cimmerius, as Khamzy Khakimzade, imeni see Hamza distinct from the Bosporus Thracius, connect- Khanabad see Xonobod ing the Black Sea with the Sea of Marmara. Khanbalik see Beijing The name Bosporus alone usually refers to the Khankendy see Xankändi latter.) Khanty-Mansiysk (city, central Russia) : to 1940 Kerensk see Vadinsk Ostyako-Vogul’sk (Both names are ethnic in Kerinci, Mt. (western Indonesia) : to 1963 In- origin, from the Khanty, formerly the Ostyak, drapura Peak and the Mansi, formerly the Vogul.) Kerki see Atamyrat Kharagauli (town, west central Georgia) : 1949– Kérkira see Corfu 1991 Russian Ordzhonikidze Kermanshah (city, western Iran) : formerly (and Kharino see Beregovoy now also alternate) Bakhtaran Kharkiv (city, northeastern Ukraine) : (Russian Kermine see Navoiy Khar’kov); to 1918 Russian Khar’kov Kernev-veur see Cornouaille Khar’kov see Kharkiv 99 Killarney

Kharmanli (town, southern Bulgaria) : to 1878 Khrushchov see Svitlovods’k Turkish Harmanli Khrushchyov see Svitlovods’k Khaskovo (city, southern Bulgaria) : to 1878 Khujand (city, northwestern Tajikistan) : (Rus- Turkish Hasköy sian Khodzhent); 1936–1991 Leninobod (Rus- Khatsapetivka see Vuhlehirs’k sian Leninabad); to 1936 Russian Khodzhent; Khatsapetovka see Vuhlehirs’k ancient Greek Cyropolis Khavast see Xovos Khust (town, western Ukraine) : 1939–1945 Khebda (village, southwestern Russia) : formerly Hungarian Huszt; 1919–1945 Czech Chust; to Sovetskoye 1918 Hungarian Huszt Kheimarra see Himarë Khutir-Mykhaylivs’kyy see 1Druzhba Khem-Beldyr see Kyzyl Khutor-Mikhaylovsky see 1Druzhba Khemis el Khechna (town, northern Algeria) : Khuzestan (region, southwestern Iran) : formerly to c.1962 French Fondouk Arabestan; ancient Greek Susiana (The name Khemis Miliana (town, northern Algeria) : to Arabestan remains current in Arab countries.) c.1962 French Affreville Kianly see Tarta Kherson (city, southern Ukraine) : ancient Greek Kibbutz Mahar see Gevaram Chersonesus (The Greek name, which gave the Kibris see Cyprus modern one, properly applied to the Crimea, Kidwelly (town, southern Wales) : Welsh Cyd- in which the city is located.) weli Khibinogorsk see 1Kirovsk Kiel Canal (north central Germany) : alternate Khíos (town, eastern Greece) : to 1812 Turkish German Nord-Ostsee Kanal; formerly Kaiser Sakqz (The town lies on the island of the same Wilhelm Canal name.) Kielce (city, southeastern Poland) : to 1915 Rus- Khlebarovo see Tsar Kaloyan sian Kel’tsy Khlynov see Vyatka Kietrz (town, southern Poland) : to 1945 Ger- Khmel’nitsky see 1,2Khmel’nyts’kyy man Katscher 1Khmel’nyts’kyy (city, west central Ukraine) : Kiev (city, north central Ukraine) : [Ukrainian (Russian Khmel’nitsky); to 1954 Proskuriv (Pol- Kyiv]; (Russian Kiyev) to 1918 Russian Kiyev ish Proskurów, Russian Proskurov); to 1780 Kikinda (city, northern Serbia) : to c.1947 Velika Ploskyriv (Polish Ploskirów; Russian Ploskirov) Kikinda; to 1918 Hungarian Nagykikinda 2Khmel’nyts’kyy (administrative region, western Kikládhes see Cyclades Ukraine) : (Russian Khmel’nitsky); to 1954 Kikvidze (town, western Russia) : to 1936 Preo- Kam’yanets-Podil’s’kyy (Russian Kamenets- brazhenskaya Podol’sky) Kilbourn see Wisconsin Dells Khmer Republic see Cambodia Kildare (town, east central Ireland) : Irish Cill Khobda (village, northwestern Kazakhstan) : Dara formerly Russian Novoalekseyevka Kilgetty (village, southwestern Wales) : Welsh Khodzhaakhrar see Ulugbek Cilgeti Khodzhaarif see Shofirkon Kiliya (town, southwestern Ukraine) : 1919– Khodzhent see Khujand 1940 Romanian Chilia-NouQ (Kilya is on the Kholm see Cheùm river of the same name, here forming the bor- Kholmsk (town, eastern Russia) : 1905–1945 der with Romania. The Romanian name Japanese Maoka means “new Kiliya,” as against Chilia-Veche, Khoni (town, western Georgia) : 1936–1991 Tsu- “old Kilya,” on the Romanian side of the lukidze river.) Khorixas (town, northwestern Namibia) : to Kilkee (town, western Ireland) : Irish Cill Chaoi 1974 Welwitschia Kilkeel (town, southeastern Northern Ireland) : Khorramshahr (city, southwestern Iran) : to Irish Cill Chaoil 1924 Mohammerah Kilkenny (town, southeastern Ireland) : Irish Khortitsa see Verkhnya Khortytsya Cill Chainnigh Khortytsya see Verkhnya Khortytsya Kilkis (town, northeastern Greece) : to 1913 Khoshdala see Jomboy Turkish Kükü£ Khovrino see Krasnooktyabr’sky Killaloe (town, western Ireland) : Irish Cill Khrapunovo see Vorovskogo, imeni Dalua Khrisoupolis (town, northeastern Greece) : to Killarney (town, southwestern Ireland) : Irish 1912 Turkish Sarq£aban Cill Airne Killiniq 100

Killiniq (village, Quebec, northeastern Canada) Kingsville see Thetford Mines : formerly Port Burwell Kingwilliamstown see Ballydesmond Killybegs (town, northwestern Ireland) : Irish Kinsale (town, southern Ireland) : Irish Cionn Na Cealla Beaga tSáile Kilmallock (town, southwestern Ireland) : Irish Kinshasa (city, western Democratic Republic of Cill Mocheallóg the Congo) : to 1966 French Léopoldville Kilómetro 924 see Angaco Norte Kinston (city, North Carolina, eastern United Kilómetro 1082 see Joaquín V. González States) : to 1784 Kingston Kilómetro 1172 see Campo Quijano Kintore (village, northeastern Scotland) : Roman Kilrush (town, western Ireland) : Irish Cill Rois Devona (The Roman name, especially in the Kim (town, northern Tajikistan) : to 1929 Rus- form Devana, has also been applied to the city sian Santo (The oil-producing town’s former of Aberdeen, 12 miles to the southeast. The name represents a Russian acronym meaning name is properly that of the Don River, on “Central Asian Oil Trading Organization.”) which both Kintore and Aberdeen stand.) Kimberley (town, British Columbia, southwest- Királyhelmec see Král’ovskï Chlmec ern Canada) : to 1896 Mark Creek Crossing Kirawsk (town, east central Belarus) : (Russian Kimch’aek (city, eastern North Korea) : to 1952 Kirovsk); to c.1940 Staritsy Song jin Kqrcalq see K≠rdzhali Kimmirut see Lake Harbour Kirchdrauf see Spi§ské Podhradie Kimovsk (city, western Russia) : to 1948 Mikhay- Kirchholm see Salaspils lovka Kirda see Gulbahor Kimpolung see Cîmpulung Kirghizia see Kyrgyzstan Kincardine (town, Ontario, southeastern Kirgiz-Kulak see Chirchiq Canada) : to 1858 Penetangore Kiriath-Arba see Hebron Kincraig see Naracoorte Kiribati (island republic, southwestern Pacific) : King Country (region, northwestern New to 1979 Gilbert Islands (The republic takes its Zealand) : Maori Rohe Potae name from the islands now in its western part Kingdom of Serbs, Croats, and Slovenes see but formerly in the British Gilbert and Ellice Yugoslavia Islands colony. The latter islands subsequently King George V National Park see Taman Ne- became the republic of Tuvalu.) gara National Park Kirillovka see 2Shevchenkove Kingisepp (city, western Russia) : to 1922 Yam- Kirillovo (village, eastern Russia) : 1905–1945 burg Japanese Uryu Kingisepp see Kuressaare Kiritimati (island, eastern Kiribati) : formerly Kingnait see Cape Dorset Christmas Island (Kiritimati represents a local Kingsboro see Gloversville pronunciation of the original English name.) Kings Canyon National Park (California, west- Kirkby Thore (village, northwestern England) : ern United States) : to 1940 General Grant Na- Roman Bravoniacum tional Park Kqrk-Kilise see Kqrklareli King’s County see Offaly Kqrklareli (city, northwestern Turkey) : formerly King’s Ferry see Queensferry Kqrk-Kilise; 1920–1922 modern Greek Saranta King’s Lynn (town, eastern England) : to 1537 Ekkl`siai; 1912–1913 Bulgarian Lozengrad (and current local) Lynn; formerly Lynn Regis Kirksville (town, Missouri, central United King’s Mill Station see Kingsport States) : originally Hopkinsville Kingsport (city, Tennessee, east central United Kirmasti see Mustafakemalpa£a States) : formerly King’s Port; earlier King’s Mill Kirov (city, western Russia) : to 1936 Pesochnya Station; originally Island Flats (Other names to Kirov see Vyatka 1774 were Boat Yard and Christiansville.) Kirova, imeni see (1) Bankä; (2) Beshariq; King’s Port see Kingsport (3) Kirove; (4) 2Kirovs’k 1Kingston (city, New York, northeastern United Kirova, imeny see (1) Kirove; (2) 2Kirovs’k States) : 1661–1669 Wiltwyck; to 1661 Esopus Kirovabad see (1) Gäncä; (2) Panj 2Kingston (village, Rhode Island, northeastern Kirovakan see Vanadzor United States) : to 1885 Little Rest Kirove (town, eastern Ukraine) : (Russian Kingston see (1) Kinston; (2) West Lafayette Kirovo); 1938–1965 imeny Kirova (Russian Kingston upon Hull see 1Hull imeni Kirova); to 1938 Syevernyy Rudnyk (Rus- Kingstown see Dún Laoghaire sian Severny Rudnik) 101 Klukhori

Kirove see Kirovohrad 1824–1916 Berlin; earlier Ebytown; originally Kirovgrad (city, western Russia) : 1928–1935 Sand Hill Kalata; to 1928 Kalatinsky Zavod Kitikmeot (region, Northwest Territories, north- Kirovo (village, west central Russia) : to 1939 ern Canada) : to 1982 Central Arctic Voskresenskoye Kitsman’ (town, western Ukraine) : 1919–1940 Kirovo see (1) Beshariq; (2) Kirove;(3) Kiro- Romanian Co´man; to 1918 German Kotzmann vohrad Kittery (town, Maine, northeastern United Kirovograd see Kirovohrad States) : originally Piscataqua Plantation Kirovohrad (city, south central Ukraine) : (Rus- Kivertsi (town, northwestern Ukraine) : (Rus- sian Kirovograd); 1934–1939 Kirove (Russian sian Kivertsy); 1919–1939 Polish Kiwerce Kirovo); 1924–1934 Zinov’yevs’k (Russian Kivertsy see Kivertsi Zinov’yevsk); to 1924 Yelyzavethrad (Russian Kiwerce see Kivertsi Yelizavetgrad) Kiyev see Kiev 1Kirovsk (town, northwestern Russia) : to 1934 Kqzqla˘gaç see Elkhovo Khibinogorsk Kqzqlqrmak (river, north central Turkey) : ancient 2Kirovsk (town, western Russia) : to 1953 Nev- Greek Halys (The ancient name means “salt dubstroy river,” the modern name “red river.”) Kirovsk see (1) Babadaykhan; (2) Kirawsk; Kladovo (village, eastern Serbia) : to 1878 Turk- (3) 1,2Kirovs’k ish Fethülislâm 1Kirovs’k (city, eastern Ukraine, near Stakhanov) Klaipcda (city, eastern Lithuania) : to 1945 Ger- : (Russian Kirovsk); to 1944 Holubivs’kyy Rud- man Memel (The Lithuanian and German nyk (Russian Golubovsky Rudnik) names were both in use over the period 1923– 2Kirovs’k (town, eastern Ukraine, near Krasnyy 1939. The German name is a corrupt form of Lyman) : (Russian Kirovsk); 1941–1965 imeny that of the Neman River, at the mouth of Kirova (Russian imeni Kirova); to 1941 Popivka which the city lies.) (Russian Popovka) Klamath Falls (town, Oregon, northwestern 1Kirovs’ke (city, eastern Ukraine, near Yenaki- United States) : to 1893 Linkville yeve) : (Russian Kirovskoye) to 1956 Nova Klatovy (town, southwestern Czech Republic) : Khrestivka (Russian Novaya Krestovka) to 1918, 1939–1945 German Klattau 2Kirovs’ke (town, eastern Ukraine, near Dnipro- Klattau see Klatovy petrovs’k) : (Russian Kirovskoye); to 1938 Klausberg see Mikulczyce Obukhivka (Russian Obukhovka) Klausenburg see Cluj 3Kirovs’ke (town, southern Ukraine) : (Russian Klazumen (village, southwestern Turkey) : an- Kirovskoye); to 1944 Islam-Terek cient Greek Clazomenae (The original Greek Kirovskoye see (1) 1,2,3Kirovs’ke; (2) Kyzyl- city was on the mainland, but was then moved Adyr to a nearby island for fear of an attack.) 1Kirovsky (town, southwestern Russia) : to 1934 Kléber see Sidi Ben Yekba Nikitinskiye Promysly Klein Boetsap see Reivilo 2Kirovsky (town, eastern Russia) : to 1939 Us- Klein-Schlattern see Zlatna penka Kleve (city, western Germany) : formerly English Kirovsky see Balpyk Bi Cleves (The English name is historically famil- Kisangani (city, northwestern Democratic Re- iar from Anne of Cleves, fourth wife of Henry public of the Congo) : to 1966 Stanleyville; VIII.) originally Falls Station Klimentina see Tr u d Kishinyov see Chi£inQu Klisura (town, central Bulgaria) : to 1878 Turk- Kishkenekol’ (town, northern Kazakhstan) : for- ish Dervent merly Kzyltu KljajiWevo (village, northern Serbia) : to 1948 Kisielice (town, northeastern Poland) : to 1919, Krnjaja 1939–1945 German Freystadt Kùodnica (town, southern Poland) : to 1945 Ger- Kismarton see Eisenstadt man Klodnitz Kisszeben see Sabinov Klodnitz see Kùodnica Kisumu (town, western Kenya) : formerly Port Kùodzko (city, southwestern Poland) : to 1945 Florence German Glatz Kiszucaújhely see Kysucké Nové Mesto Kluczbork (town, southern Poland) : to 1945 Kita-kozawa see Tel’novsky German Kreuzburg Kitchener (city, Ontario, southern Canada) : Klukhori see Karachayevsk Klyuchevsk 102

Klyuchevsk (town, western Russia) : to 1933 Kohlfurt see Wdgliniec Tyoply Klyuch Koivisto see 2Primorsk Klyuchinsky see Krasnomaysky Kokankishlak see Paxtaobod Knelston (village, southern Wales) : Welsh Llan- Kokenhausen see Koknese y-Tair-Mair Kokkola (town, western Finland) : formerly Knighton (town, eastern Wales) : Welsh Trefyclo Swedish Gamlakarleby (The Swedish name Knights Enham see Enham Alamein means “old Karleby,” and almost half of the Knob Lake see Schefferville town’s inhabitants are Swedish-speaking.) Knock (village, western Ireland) : Irish An Cnoc Koknese (village, south central Latvia) : to 1917 Knox (town, Pennsylvania, northeastern United Geman Kokenhausen States) : to 1933 Edenburg Kokopo (town, central Papua New Guinea) : Knoxville (city, Tennessee, east central United formerly German Herbertshöhe States) : to 1791 White’s Fort Kolarov (mountain, western Bulgaria) : to 1949 Knyaginin see Knyaginino Belmeken Knyaginino (town, western Russia) : to 1926 Kolarovgrad see Shumen Knyaginin Kolárovo (town, western Slovakia) : to 1918, Knyaginya Nadezhda see Nova Nadezhda 1938–1945 Hungarian Gúta Knyazheva Polyana see Smirnenski Kolay see Azovs’ke Knyazhevo (town, western Bulgaria) : to 1878 Kolberg see Koùobrzeg Turkish Bali Efendi (The town is now a suburb Kol’chugino see Leninsk-Kuznetsky of Sofia.) Kolin see Kolín Knyaz Simeonovo see Obedinenie Kolín (town, north central Czech Republic) : to Koartac see Quaqtaq 1918, 1939–1945 German Kolin Kobarid (village, northwestern Slovenia) : 1919– Kolkata (city, northeastern India) : conventional 1947 Italian Caporetto; to 1918 German Karfreit English Calcutta (The English name is associ- Kobbelbude see Svetly ated with the Black Hole of Calcutta, the Köben an der Oder see Chobienia small room in which many English were im- København see Copenhagen prisoned by the nawab of Bengal in 1756, as Koblenz (city, western Germany) : Roman Con- well as with the Calcutta Cup, awarded from fluentes 1878 to the winner of an annual rugby match Kobryn (city, southwestern Belarus) : 1919–1939 between England and Scotland.) Polish Kobryü Kolkhozabad see (1) Kolkhozobod (2) Vose Kobryü see Kobryn Kolkhozobod (town, southwestern Tajikistan) : Koçana see KoVani (Russian Kolkhozabad); to 1950s Russian KoVane see KoVani Kaganovichabad KoVani (village, east central Macedonia) : 1913– Kolkhozobod see Vose 1941 Serbian KoVane; to 1913 Turkish Koçana Kolmar see Chodzie∞ KoVevje (town, southern Slovenia) : to 1918 Ger- Köln see Cologne man Gottschee Koùo (town, central Poland) : 1940–1945 Ger- Kochina see Profesor Ishirkovo man Warthbrücken Kochubey (town, southwestern Russia) : to Koùobrzeg (city, northwestern Poland) : to 1945 c.1960 Chyorny Rynok German Kolberg Kochubeyevskoye (village, southwestern Russia) Kolomea see Kolomyya : formerly Ol’ginskoye Koùomyja see Kolomyya Kodok (town, southeastern Sudan) : to 1905 Kolomyya (city, western Ukraine) : to 1939 Pol- Fashoda (The historical name is associated ish Koùomyja; earlier German Kolomea with the 1898 “Fashoda Incident” which Kolosjoki see Nikel’ brought Britain and France to the brink of Kolozsvár see Cluj war. The Anglo-French entente formed in Komárno (city, southwestern Slovakia) : to 1867 1904 prompted the British to change the name German Komorn (Komárno, on the north bank to efface the memory of the incident.) of the Danube, is a twin city of Komárom, on Kofarnihon (city, western Tajikistan) : 1936– the south bank.) 1992 Orjonikidzeobod (Russian Ordzhonikidze- Komárom (city, northwestern Hungary) : to abad); to 1936 Yangi-Bazar 1867 German Komorn (Komárom, on the Kogon (city, southern Uzbekistan) : (Russian south bank of the Danube, is a twin city of Kagan); to c.1935 Russian Novaya Bukhara Komárno, on the north bank.) 103 Korcë

Komarovo (town, western Russia) : to 1948 Königgratz see Hradec Králové Finnish Kellomäki Königinhof an der Elbe see DvÀr Králové nad Komavangard see Sobinka Labem Komintern see (1) Marhanets’; (2) Novo- Königliche Weinberge see Královské Vino- shakhtinsk hrady Kominternivs’ke (town, southern Ukraine) : Königsberg see (1) Chojna; (2) Kaliningrad (Russian Kominternovskoye); to 1933 Antonove- Königshütte see Chorzów Kodyntseve (Russian Antono-Kodintsevo) Königszelt see Jaworzina ¡lRska Kominternovskoye see Kominternivs’ke Konitz see Chojnice Komisarivka (town, eastern Ukraine) : (Russian Konopischt see Konopi§tfi Komissarovka); to 1917 Holubivka (Russian Konopi§tfi (village, central Czech Republic) : to Golubovka) 1918, 1939–1945 German Konopischt Komissarovka see Komisarivka Konradshof see Skawina Kommunar (town, southern Russia) : to 1932 Konstable Hoeck see 2Bayonne Bogomdarovanny Konstadt see Woùczyn Kommunarsk see Alchevs’k Konstantinograd see Krasnohrad Komorn see (1) Komárno, (2) Komárom Konstantinovka see (1) Kostyantynivka; Komotau see Chomutov (2) Yuzhnoukrayins’k Komotiní (town, northeastern Greece) : 1913– Konstanz (city, southwestern Germany) : tradi- 1919 Bulgarian Gyumyurdzhina; to 1913 Turk- tional English (and still current French) Con- ish Gümülcine stance; Roman Constantia (see also Constance, Kompong Som see Sihanoukville Lake) Komsomolabad see Komsomolobod Konuma see 2Novoaleksandrovsk Komsomolets see Karabalyk Konya (city, southwestern Turkey) : Roman Ico- Komsomolobod (village, central Tajikistan) : nium (Russian Komsomolabad); to c.1935 Pombachi Konyrat (town, east central Kazakhstan) : for- Komsomol’sk (village, western Russia) : to 1945 merly Russian Kounradsky German Löwenhagen Koper (town, southwestern Slovenia) : 1919– 1Komsomol’s’ke (town, eastern Ukraine) : (Rus- 1954 Italian Capodistria; Roman Justinopolis; sian Komsomol’skoye); to 1949 Karakubbud earlier Roman Aegidia (From 1947 to 1954, (Russian Karakubstroy) when it passed to Yugoslavia, Koper was in 2Komsomol’s’ke (village, west central Ukraine) : Zone B of the Free Territory of Trieste.) (Russian Komsomol’skoye); to c.1935 Kopeysk (city, southwestern Russia) : 1928–1933 Makhnivka (Russian Makhnovka) Kopi; to 1928 Goskopi; originally Ugol’nyye Kopi 1Komsomol’skoye (village, southwestern Russia) Kopi see Kopeysk : to 1941 German Friedenfeld (The town’s ear- Kopreinitz see Koprivnica lier German name is due to its location in the Koprinka (reservoir, central Bulgaria) : to c.1989 former Volga German Autonomous Soviet So- Georgi Dimitrov cialist Republic.) Koprivnica (town, central Croatia) : to 1867 2Komsomol’skoye (village, western Russia) : to German Kopreinitz 1939 Bol’shoy Kosheley Kop†ivnice (city, eastern Czech Republic) : for- Komsomol’skoye see 1,2Komsomol’s’ke merly German Nesselsdorf 1Komsomol’sky (village, southwestern Russia) : Koprivshtitsa (town, west central Bulgaria) : to formerly Krasny Kamyshanik 1878 Turkish Avratalan 2Komsomol’sky (village, western Russia) : for- Köprü (river, southern Turkey) : ancient Greek merly Zavodskoy Eurymedon Komsomol’sky see (1) Chirchiq; (2) Komso- Köprü see =uprija mol’s’kyy; (3) Yugorsk Köprüköy see (1) Grozdyovo; (2) Ivanski Komsomol’s’kyy (town, eastern Ukraine) : (Rus- Köprülü see Veles sian Komsomol’sky); to 1943 Tsentrosoyuz Kopychintsy see Kopychyntsi Komunars’k see Alchevs’k Kopychyntsi (town, west central Ukraine) : Konakovo (town, western Russia) : to 1930 (Russian Kopychintsy); to 1939 Polish Kopy- Kuznetsovo czyüce Kondinskoye (town, western Russia) : formerly Kopyczyüce see Kopychyntsi Nakhrachi Korcë (city, southeastern Albania) : 1919–1921 Kondinskoye see 3Oktyabr’skoye modern Greek Korytsa KorVula 104

KorVula (town, southern Croatia) : 1941–1943 Koschmin see KoØmin Italian Curzola Ko¢cian (town, west central Poland) : 1793– Korday (town, southeastern Kazakshtan) : for- 1807, 1815–1919, 1939–1935 German Kosten merly Georgiyevka (The town, near the border Ko¢cierzyna (town, northern Poland) : 1772– with Kyrgyzstan, should not be confused with 1919, 1939–1945 German Berent the village of Kurday, 30 miles to the northeast.) Koshedary see Kai§iadorys Korea (country, eastern Asia) : [Korean Chos˘on or Koshu-Kavak see Krumovgrad Taehan] (The Korean names belong respec- Ko§ice (city, southeastern Slovakia) : to 1918, tively to the republics of North Korea and 1938–1945 Hungarian Kassa; to 1867 German South Korea.) Kaschau Korenica see Titova Korenica Kosiorovo see Stanychno-Luhans’ke Korenovsk (city, southwestern Russia) : 1961 Kosiv (town, western Ukraine) : (Russian Kosov); Korenovskaya 1919–1939 Polish Kosów Korenovskaya see Korenovsk Köslin see Koszalin Korets’ (town, northwestern Ukraine) : 1919– Kosmet see Kosovo 1939 Polish Korzec Kosov see Kosiv Korgalzhyn (town, north central Kazakhstan) : Kosovo (republic, southeastern Europe) : 1946– formerly Russian Kurgal’dzhinsky; to 1937 Rus- 1971 Serbian Kosovo-Metohija; alternate former sian Kazgorodok Kosmet; Roman Dardania (Kosmet is a short Kórinthos see 1Corinth form of the longer Serbian name.) Körmöcbánya see Kremnica Kosovo-Metohija see Kosovo Kornevo (village, western Russia) : to 1945 Ger- Kosovska Mitrovica (town, north central man Zinten Kosovo) : formerly Titova Mitrovica; to 1913 Korobkovo see Gubkin Turkish Mitroviça (The first word of the name Korolyov (city, western Russia) : 1938–1996 distinguishes the town from Sremska Mitro- Kaliningrad; 1928–1938 Kalininsky; earlier vica in Serbia.) Podlipki (The city is now a suburb of Moscow. Kosów see Kosiv Its former name should not lead to confusion Kosseir see Quseir with Kaliningrad, in the western exclave of Kossovo see Kosava this name.) Kossów see Kosava Körömezâ see Yasinya Kosta-Khetagurovo see Nazran’ Koromo see Toyota Kosten see Ko¢cian Korovino see Solntsevo Köstendil see Kyustendil Korpona see Krupina Kostolac (town, eastern Serbia) : Roman Vimi- Korsakov (city, eastern Russia) : 1905–1945 Japa- nacium nese Otomari; to 1905 Korsakovsky Kostopil’ (city, northwestern Ukraine) : (Russian Korsakovsky see Korsakov Kostopol’); 1919–1939 Polish Kostopol Korsovka see KIrsava Kostopol’ see Kostopil’ Korsun’ see Korsun’-Shevchenkivs’kyy Kostrzyn (town, western Poland) : to 1945 Ger- Korsun’-Shevchenkivs’kyy (city, north central man Küstrin Ukraine) : (Russian Korsun’-Shevchenkovsky); Kostyantynivka (town, eastern Ukraine) : (Rus- to 1944 Korsun’ (Russian Korsun’) sian Konstantinovka) Korsun’-Shevchenkovsky see Korsun’- Kostyantynivka see Yuzhnoukrayins’k Shevchenkivs’kyy Kostyantynohrad see Krasnohrad Kortrijk (city, northwestern Belgium) : French Kosyorove see Stanychno-Luhans’ke Courtrai; Roman Cortracum (Although the Koszalin (city, northwestern Poland) : to 1945 town is in the Flemish-speaking half of Bel- German Köslin gium, English speakers often refer to it by its Kâszeg (town, western Hungary) : to 1867 Ger- French name, itself historically associated with man Güns the 1302 Battle of the Golden Spurs, in which Kotabaru see Zhezdy the Flemish defeated the French.) Kota Kinabalu (city, northeastern Malaysia) : to Koryakovsky Forpost see Pavlodar 1968 Jesselton Korytsa see Korcë Kotel (town, east central Bulgaria) : to 1878 Korzec see Korets’ Turkish Kazan Kosava (town, southwestern Belarus) : (Russian 1Kotel’nikovo (town, southwestern Russia) : to Kossovo); 1919–1939 Polish Kossów 1929 Kotel’nikovskaya 105 Krasnoarmeyskoye

2Kotel’nikovo (village, western Russia) : to 1949 Kralovice (town, west central Czech Republic) : Salyuzi to 1918, 1939–1945 German Kralowitz Kotel’nikovskaya see 1Kotel’nikovo Královské Vinohrady (village, west central Kotor (town, southwestern Montenegro) : 1941– Czech Republic) : to 1918 German Königliche 1943 Italian Cattaro Weinberge (The village was incorporated into Kotovsk (town, western Russia) : 1930–1940 Prague in 1919 as district Praha XII.) Krasny Boyevik Král’ovskï Chlmec (town, southeastern Slovakia) Kotovsk see (1) Hînce£ti; (2) Kotovs’k : to 1918, 1938–1944 Hungarian Királyhelmec Kotovs’k (city, southwestern Ukraine) : (Russian Kralowitz see Kralovice Kotovsk); to 1935 Birzula Kralup an der Moldau see Kralupy nad Kotovskoye see Hînce£ti Vltavou Kotsmann see Kitsman’ Kralupy nad Vltavou (town, north central Kotsyubinskoye see Kotsyubyns’ke Czech Republic) : to 1918, 1939–1945 German Kotsyubyns’ke (town, north central Ukraine) : Kralup an der Moldau (Russian Kotsyubinskoye); to 1941 Berkovets’ Kranj (city, northern Slovenia) : to 1918, 1941– (Russian Berkovets) (Kotsyubyns’ke is now a 1944 German Krainburg; Roman Carnium suburb of Kiev.) Kranjska Gora (village, northwestern Slovenia) : Kotzenau see Chocianów to 1918 German Kronau Kounradsky see Konyrat Kranz see Zelenogradsk Kousséri (city, northern Cameroon) : formerly Krapkowice (town, southwestern Poland) : to French Fort-Foureau 1945 German Krappitz Kovel’ (city, central Ukraine) : 1919–1939 Polish Krappitz see Krapkowice Kowel Kraskino (town, eastern Russia) : formerly No- Kovno see Kaunas vokiyevskoye Kowary (town, southwestern Poland) : formerly KrIslava (town, southeastern Latvia) : to 1918 Krzy∞atka; to 1945 German Schmiedeberg Russian Kreslavka Kowel see Kovel’ Kraslice (town, northwestern Czech Republic) : Koza see Okinawa to 1918, 1939–1945 German Graslitz Kozhikode (city, southwestern India) : dated Krasnaya Gora see 1Krasnogorsk English Calicut (The city was long in British Krasnaya Sloboda see Krasnoslobodsk hands, and its English name was probably Krasni Okny (town, southern Ukraine) : (Rus- influenced by Calcutta, now Kolkata.) sian Krasnyye Okny); to 1919 Okny KoØle (town, southern Poland) : to 1945 German 1Krasnoarmeysk (town, western Russia, near Cosel Moscow) : 1928–1947 Krasnoarmeysky; to 1928 Kozlikha see Sitniki Voznesenskaya Manufaktura (The earliest name Kozlov see Michurinsk was that of a textile factory, originally renamed Kozludzha see Suvorovo fabrika imeni Krasnoy Armii i Flota, “factory KoØmin (town, west central Poland) : 1793–1807, named for the Red Army and Navy.”) 1815–1919, 1939–1945 German Koschmin 2Krasnoarmeysk (town, western Russia, near Ko∞uchów (town, western Poland) : to 1945 Saratov) : 1926–1942 Bal’tser; to 1926 Goly German Freystadt Karamysh (The name Bal’tser, first given by Kozyol see Mykhaylo-Kotsyubyns’ke German settlers in the form Balzer at the end Krainburg see Kranj of the 18th century, existed in parallel with Krakau see Kraków Goly Karamysh until 1926, when it became the Kraków (city, southern Poland) : conventional sole name.) English Cracow; 1795–1818, 1940–1945 Ger- 3Krasnoarmeysk (town, southwestern Russia) : man Krakau to 1920 Sarepta (The town, now a suburb of Kraljevica (town, western Croatia) : to 1867 Ital- Volgograd, evolved its former name from the ian Porto Rè biblical name Zarephath. See Tsrifin.) Kraljevina Serba, Hrvata i Slovenaca see Krasnoarmeysk see (1) Krasnoarmiys’k; Yugoslavia (2) Tayynsha Kraljevo (city, south central Serbia) : 1949–mid– Krasnoarmeyskaya see Poltavskaya 1960s RankoviWevo Krasnoarmeyskoye (village, western Russia) : to Kralovan see Kral’ovany 1939 Peredniye Traki Kral’ovany (village, northern Slovakia) : to 1918 Krasnoarmeyskoye see (1) Krasnoarmiys’k; Hungarian Kralován (2) Urus-Martan; (3) Vil’nyans’k Krasnoarmeysky 106

Krasnoarmeysky see 1Krasnoarmeysk Krasnomaysky (town, western Russia) : to 1940 Krasnoarmeysky Rudnik see Dobropillya Klyuchinsky Krasnoarmiys’k (city, eastern Ukraine) : (Rus- Krasnooktyabr’sky (town, western Russia) : to sian Krasnoarmeysk); 1938–1964 Krasno- 1928 Khovrino (The town is now part of Mos- armiys’ke (Russian Krasnoarmeyskoye); 1934– cow.) 1938 Postysheve (Russian Postyshevo); to 1934 Krasnooktyabr’sky see Shopokov Hryshyne (Russian Grishino) Krasnooostrovsky (village, western Russia) : Krasnoarmiys’ke see Krasnoarmiys’k 1940–1948 Byorksky (The previous name is a Krasnodar (city, southwestern Russia) : to 1920 Russian adjectival form of the former Finnish Yekaterinodar name Björko.) Krasnodon (city, eastern Ukraine) : to 1938 Krasnopartizansk see Belogorsk Sorokyne (Russian Sorokino) Krasnorechenskoye see Krasnorichens’ke Krasnogorovka see Krasnohorivka Krasnorichens’ke (town, eastern Ukraine) : 1Krasnogorsk (city, western Russia) : to 1932 (Russian Krasnorechenskoye); formerly Kaban’ye Optikogorsk; formerly Krasnaya Gora; origi- Krasnosel’sk see Chambarak nally Banki (The settlement of Krasnaya Gora Krasnoslobodsk (town, southwestern Russia) : arose when an optical factory was moved to to 1955 Krasnaya Sloboda Banki in 1927. The two were then united as Krasnoturansk (town, southern Russia) : for- Optikogorsk.) merly Abakanskoye 2Krasnogorsk (town, eastern Russia) : 1905– Krasnotur’insk (town, west central Russia) : to 1945 Japanese Chinnai 1944 Tur’inskiye Rudniki 1Krasnogorskoye (village, western Russia) : to Krasnoural’sk (town, western Russia) : 1929– 1938 Baryshnikovo 1932 Uralmedstroy; to 1929 Bogomolstroy 2Krasnogorskoye (village, southern Russia) : for- Krasnoural’sky Rudnik see Novoasbest merly Staraya Barda Krasnovodsk see Turkmenbashi Krasnogorsky (town, western Russia) : to 1938 Krasnoyarsk (city, east central Russia) : origi- Ilet nally Krasny Yar Krasnogorsky Rudnik see Krasnohorivka Krasnoye see 2Chervone Krasnograd see Krasnohrad Krasnoye Ekho (town, western Russia) : to 1925 Krasnogrigor’yevka see Chervonohryhorivka Novogordino Krasnogvardeysk see (1) Bulung’ur; Krasnoye Selo (town, western Russia) : formerly (2) Gatchina Krasny (The former village was incorporated 1Krasnogvardeyskoye (town, western Russia) : into Leningrad in 1973.) early 1920s–1960s Budyonnoye; to early 1930s Krasnoye Znamya see Rubizhne Biryuch Krasnozavodsk (town, western Russia) : to 1940 2Krasnogvardeyskoye (village, southwestern Zagorsky Russia, near Krasnodar) : formerly Nikolayev- Krasnoznamensk (town, western Russian) : skoye 1938–1945 German Haselberg; to 1938 Ger- 3Krasnogvardeyskoye (village, southwestern man Lasdehnen Russia, near Stavropol’) : formerly Yevdoki- Krasnoznamenskoye see Yegindykol’ movskoye Krasny see (1) Krasnoye Selo; (2) Mozhga Krasnogvardeyskoye see Krasnohvardiys’ke Krasny Bor (village, western Russia) : formerly Krasnogvardeysky (town, west central Russia) : P’yany Bor to 1938 Irbitsky Zavod Krasny Boyevik see Kotovsk Krasnohirs’kyy Rudnyk see Krasnohorivka Krasny Kamyshanik see 1Komsomol’sky Krasnohorivka (town, eastern Ukraine) : (Rus- Krasny Klyuch (town, southwestern Russia) : sian Krasnogorovka); formerly Krasnohirs’kyy formerly Bely Klyuch Rudnyk (Russian Krasnogorsky Rudnik) Krasny Liman see Krasnyy Lyman Krasnohrad (town, northeastern Ukraine) : Krasny Luch see Krasnyy Luch (Russian Krasnograd); to 1922 Kostyantynohrad Krasny Mayak (town, western Russia) : to 1925 (Russian Konstantinograd) Yakunchikov Krasnohvardiys’ke (town, southern Ukraine) : Krasny Oktyabr’ (village, western Russia, near (Russian Krasnogvardeyskoye); to 1945 Kurman- Kirzhach) : to 1919 Voznesensky Kemelchi Krasny Oktyabr’ see Baran Krasnokokshaysk see Yoshkar-Ola Krasny Profintern (town, western Russia) : Krasnokutsk see Aktogay c.1926–1945 Gruzitsino; to c.1926 Ponizovkino 107 Krynica Morska

Krasny Steklovar (town, western Russia) : to 1941–1943 Italian Veglia (The town lies on the 1939 Kuzhery island of the same name.) Krasny Sulin (city, southwestern Russia) : to Krkono§e see Riesengebirge 1926 Sulin Krn (mountain, northwestern Slovenia) : 1919– Krasny Tekstil’shchik (town, southwestern Rus- 1947 Italian Nero sia) : to 1929 Saratovskaya Manufaktura Krnjaja see KljajiWevo Krasny Ural see Uralets Krnov (town, northeastern Czech Republic) : to Krasny Yar see Krasnoyarsk 1918, 1938–1939 German Jägerndorf Krasnyye Okny see Krasni Okny Królewska Huta see Chorzów Krasnyy Luch (city, eastern Ukraine) : (Russian Kromfi†í± (town, eastern Czech Republic) : to Krasny Luch); to 1926 Kryndachivka (Russian 1867, 1939–1945 German Kremsier Krindachyovka) Kronau see Kranjska Gora Krasnyy Lyman (city, eastern Ukraine) : (Rus- Kronshlot see Kronshtadt sian Krasny Liman); to 1938 Lyman (Russian Kronshtadt (town, western Russia) : to 1723 Liman) Kronshlot (The former name is a Russian Kratovo (village, northern Macedonia) : to 1913 transliterated form of Swedish Kronslott, Turkish Karatova “crown castle.” The present name represents Kratske see Podchinny German Kronstadt, “crown city,” as formerly Krava†e (town, eastern Czech Republic) : to for Bra£ov, Romania.) 1919, 1938–1945 German Deutsch-Krawarn Kronstadt see Bra£ov Kremenets see Kremenets’ 1Kropotkin (town, southwestern Russia) : to Kremenets’ (city, western Ukraine) : 1919–1939 1921 Romanovsky Khutor Polish Krzemieniec; to 1918 Russian Kremenets 2Kropotkin (town, southern Russia) : to 1930 Kremges see Svitlovods’k Tikhono-Zadonsky Kremhes see Svitlovods’k Krosno (town, southeastern Poland) : 1940–1945 Kremnica (town, central Slovakia) : to 1918 German Crossen Hungarian Körmöcbánya; to 1867 German Krosno Odrzaüskie (town, western Poland) : to Kremnitz 1945 German Crossen Kremnitz see Kremnica Krotoschin see Krotoszyn Kremsier see Kromfi†í± Krotoszyn (town, west central Poland) : 1793– Krenau see Chrzanów 1807, 1815–1919, 1939–1945 German Krotoschin Kreslavka see KrIslava Kr§ko (town, southern Slovenia) : to 1918 Ger- Kressendorf see Krzeszowice man Gurkfeld Kreuz see (1) Kri±evci; (2) Krzy∞ Kruglyakov see 7Oktyabr’sky Kreuzberg see Slavskoye Krujë (town, north central Albania) : to 1912 Kreuzburg see (1) Kluczbork; (2) Krustpils Turkish Akhisar Kreuzingen see Bolshakovo Krumau an der Moldau see Teskï Krumlov Krindachyovka see Krasny Luch Krummhübel see Karpacz Krinichansky see Chervonogvardiys’ke Krumovgrad (town, southern Bulgaria) : to 1934 Kristiania see Oslo Turkish Koshu-Kavak Kristiinankaupunki (town, western Finland) : Krumovo (village, south central Bulgaria) : to formerly Swedish Kristinestad (The town is 1893 Turkish Pasha Makhala generally known by its Swedish name and its Krung Thep see Bangkok inhabitants are largely Swedish-speaking.) Krupina (town, southern Slovakia) : to 1918 Kristinehamn (town, west central Sweden) : to Hungarian Korpona 1642 Bro Krustpils (town, central Latvia) : to 1918 Ger- Kristinestad see Kristiinankaupunki man Kreuzburg Kristinopol’ see Chervonohrad Krylovkskaya (village, southwestern Russia) : Kritsim see Stamboliyski formerly Yekaterinovskaya Kriva Palanka (village, northern Macedonia) : to Krym see Crimea 1913 Turkish E˘gripalanka Krymsk (town, southwestern Russia) : formerly Krivaya Kosa see Syedove Krymskaya Krivoy Rog see Kryvyy Rih Krymskaya see Krymsk Kri±evci (town, central Croatia) : to 1867 Ger- Kryndachivka see Krasnyy Luch man Kreuz Krynica Morska (village, northern Poland) : to Krk (town, northwestern Croatia) : to 1918, 1945 German Kahlberg Krynychans’kyy 108

Krynychans’kyy see Chervonogvardiys’ke Kükü£ see Kilkis Krystynopil’ see Chervonohrad Kulan (village, southern Kazakhstan) : formerly Krystynopol see Chervonohrad Russian Lugovoye (The new name avoids con- Kryva Kosa see Syedove fusion with the town of Lugovoy, a few miles to Kryvyy Rih (city, eastern Ukraine) : (Russian the northeast.) Krivoy Rog) Kuldiga see Kuldnga Krzemieniec see Kremenets’ Kuldnga (town, western Latvia) : (Russian Krzeszów (town, southeastern Poland) : to 1945 Kuldiga); to 1918 German Goldingen German Grüssau Kuleli-Burgas see Pithion Krzeszowice (town, southern Poland) : 1940– Küleliburgaz see Pithion 1945 German Kressendorf Kulm see (1) Cheùmno; (2) Chlumec Krzy∞ (town, west central Poland) : 1793–1807, Kulmsee see Cheùm∞a 1815–1945 German Kreuz Kumanova see Kumanovo Krzy∞atka see Kowary Kumanovo (city, northern Macedonia) : to 1913 Ksar Chellala (town, northern Algeria) : to Turkish Kumanova c.1962 French Reïbell Kumayri see Gyumri Ksar el Boukhari (town, northern Algeria) : to Kunersdorf see Kunowice c.1962 French Boghari Kungrad see Qunghirot Ksar el Kebir (city, northern Morocco) : con- Kunming (city, southwestern China) : to 1912 ventional English Alcazarquivir (The English Yunnanfu name is a Spanish corruption of the Arabic Kunowice (village, western Poland) : to 1945 original.) German Kunersdorf Ksar es Souk see Er Rachidia Kuokkala see Repino KsiR∞ Wielkopolski (town, western Poland) : Kuolayarvi (village, northwestern Russia) : 1793–1807, 1815–1919, 1939–1945 German 1937–1940 Salla (In 1940 the original Finnish Xions village of Salla was ceded to the USSR and its Kuala Sepetang (town, western Malaysia) : for- population resettled in the village of Kursu, 30 merly Port Weld miles to the southwest, which was then re- Kubrat (town, northeastern Bulgaria) : to 1878 named Salla.) Turkish Balbunar Kurakhivdres see Kurakhove Kuckerneese see Yasnoye Kurakhivdresbud see Kurakhove Kuçovë (town, south central Albania) : 1950– Kurakhove (town, eastern Ukraine) : (Russian 1991 Qyteti Stalin (Albanian qytet means “city,” Kurakhovo); 1943–1956 Kurakhivdres; earlier and the former name corresponds to both Ro- Kurakhivdresbud (Russian Kurakhovstroy) manian Ora£ul Stalin, now Bra£ov, and Rus- Kurakhovo see Kurakhove sian Stalingrad, now Volgograd.) Kurakhovstroy see Kurakhove Kudelka see Asbest K≠rdzhali (town, southern Bulgaria) : to 1878, Kudinovo see Elektrougli 1885–1913 Turkish Kqrcalq Kudirkos Naumiestis (town, southwestern Kuressaare (town, western Estonia) : 1952–1988 Lithuania) : to 1918 German Neustadt-Schir- Kingisepp; to 1918 German Arensburg windt; earlier Vladislavovas (The town lies on Kurgal’dzhinsky see Korgalzhyn the Russian border across the Sheshupe River Kurganinsk (town, southwestern Russia) : to from Kutuzovo, sharing its former German 1961 Kurgannaya stanitsa name, with Lithuanian Naumiestis correspon- Kurgannaya stanitsa see Kurganinsk ding to German Neustadt, “new town.”) Kurganovka (town, southern Russia) : to 1944 Kudowa Zdróy (town, southwestern Poland) : to Zaboyshchik (The town is now a suburb of 1945 German Bad Kudowa Beryozovsky.) Kugaaruk (village, Nunavut, northern Canada) : Kuril Islands (eastern Russia) : 1875–1945 Japa- to 1999 Pelly Bay nese Chishima-retto Kugluktuk (village, Nunavut, northern Canada) Kuril’sk (town, eastern Russia) : 1905–1945 : to 1999 Coppermine Japanese Shana Kuito (town, central Angola) : to 1976 Portu- Kurman-Kemelchi see Krasnohvardiys’ke guese Silva Porto; earlier Belmonte Kursu see Salla Kukarka see 2Sovetsk Kurtbunar see Ter vel Kukkus see Privolzhskoye Kuryk (town, southwestern Kazakhstan) : for- Kukshik see 2Pervomaysky merly Yeraliyev 109 Labuan

Kushnarenkovo (village, western Russia) : to kosavsk (The city was formed by combining 1930s Topornino the town of Troitskosavsk with the village of Kushunnai see Il’insky Kyakhta, taking the latter’s name.) Kussen see Vesnovo Kyiv see Kiev Küstenja see Constan´a Kyjov (town, southeastern Czech Republic) : to Küstrin see Kostrzyn 1918, 1939–1945 German Gaya Kus’ye-Aleksandrovsky (town, western Russia) : Ky˘omip’o see Songnim to 1946 Kus’ye-Aleksandrovsky Zavod Kypros see Cyprus Kus’ye-Aleksandrovsky Zavod see Kus’ye- Kyrenia (town, northern Northern Cyprus) : Aleksandrovsky Turkish Girne (Kyrenia should not be con- Kutelna see Chuchelná fused with Cyrene, northern Africa.) Kutná Hora (city, central Czech Republic) : to Kyrgyzstan (republic, west central Asia) : to 1991 1918, 1939–1945 German Kuttenberg Kirghizia Kuttenberg see Kutná Hora Kyrylivka see 2Shevchenkove Kutuzov see Ialoveni Ky§perk see Letohrad Kutuzovo (village, western Russia) : to 1945 Kysucké Nové Mesto (town, northwestern Slo- German Schirwindt (The former town lies on vakia) : to 1918 Hungarian Kiszucaújhely the Lithuanian border across the Sheshupe Kythrea (town, northern Cyprus) : Turkish River from Kudirkos-Naumiestis, sharing its Degirmenlik; ancient Greek Chythri former German name.) Kyupriya see Primorsko Kuujjuaq (village, Quebec, eastern Canada) : Kyustendil (city, southwestern Bulgaria) : to formerly Fort Chimo 1878 Turkish Köstendil Kuujjuarapik (village, Quebec, eastern Canada) Kyzyl (city, southeastern Russia) : 1918–1926 : alternate Cree Whapmagoostui; formerly Khem-Beldyr; to 1918 Belotsarsk Poste-de-la-Baleine; to 1965 Great Whale River Kyzyl-Adyr (town, northwestern Kyrgyzstan) : Kuvango (town, south central Angola) : formerly formerly Russian Kirovskoye; to 1937 Russian Portuguese Vila da Ponte Aleksandrovskoye Kuybyshev see (1) Bolgar; (2) Samara Kyzyl-Asker (village, northern Kyrgyzstan) : to Kuybysheva, imeni see Rishtan 1944 Chalakazaki (The village is now a suburb 1Kuybysheve (town, southeastern Ukraine) : of Bishkek.) (Russian Kuybyshevo); to 1926 Tsarekostyanty- Kyzyl-Burun see Siyäzän nivka (Russian Tsarekonstantinovka) Kyzylorda (city, south central Kazakhstan) : 2Kuybysheve (town, southern Ukraine) : (Rus- 1925–1991 Kzyl-Orda; 1917–1925 Ak-Mechet’; sian Kuybyshevo); to 1944 Albat 1853–1917 Russian Perovsk; to 1853 Ak- Kuybyshevka-Vostochnaya see Belogorsk Mechet’ Kuybyshevo see (1) 1,2Kuybysheve; (2) Rishtan Kyzyl-Suu (village, eastern Kyrgyzstan) : for- Kuzhery see Krasny Steklovar merly Pokrovka Kuznetsk (city, western Russia) : to 1780 Kzyl-Mazar see Sovet Naryshkino Kzyl-Orda see Kyzylorda Kuznetsk-Sibirsky see Novokuznetsk Kzyltu see Kishkenekol’ Kuznetsovo see Konakovo Labacum see Ljubljana KuØnica (village, northeastern Poland) : 1772– Laband see úabddy 1919, 1939–1945 German Ceynowa La Barge see Deer Lodge Kvirily see Zestafoni La Baye see Green Bay Kwando see Cuando Labdah (historic site, northwestern Libya) : Kwango see Cuango Roman Leptis Magna KwaZulu-Natal (province, eastern South Africa) úabddy (town, southern Poland) : to 1945 Ger- : to 1994 Natal man Laband (The town is now part of Gli- Kweisui see Hohhot wice.) Kwekwe (city, central Zimbabwe) : to 1980 Que Labes see úobez Que Labiau see Polessk Kwidzyn (town, northern Poland) : to 1919, Labicanan Way see Via 1939–1945 German Marienwerder Labinsk (city, southwestern Russia) : to 1947 Kyaikkami (town, southern Myanmar) : for- Labinskaya merly Amherst Labinskaya see Labinsk Kyakhta (city, southern Russia) : to 1935 Troits- Labuan (town, eastern Malaysia) : formerly Vic- La Calle 110

toria (The town lies on the island of the same La Guingette see Bourg-Madame name.) La Habana see Havana La Calle see El Kala La Haye-Descartes see Descartes Lacasaigh see Laxay La Haye-en-Touraine see Descartes Lacasdal see Laxdale La¸hij (town, southwestern Yemen) : in 1960s Al- Laccadive, Minicoy, and Amindivi Islands see Hawtah Lakshadweep Lähn see Wleü Lac des Quatre Cantons see Lucerne, Lake Laibach see Ljubljana Lacedaemon see Sparta Lajeado see Guiratinga La Chapelle see 2Abbeville La Junta (town, Colorado, west central United La Charqueada see General Enrique Martínez States) : originally Otero Lachin (town, southern Azerbaijan) : to 1926 Lake (or Lake of) : for names beginning thus, Abdalyar see next word, as Constance, Lake Lachine see La Salle Lake City (town, Florida, southeastern United Lackawanna (city, New York, northeastern States) : to 1859 Alligator United States) : to 1909 Limestone Hill Lakefield (village, Ontario, southeastern Lac La Martre see Wha Ti Canada) : to 1874 Herriott’s Falls Lacobriga see Lagos Lake Harbour (village, Nunavut, northeastern La Concepción see Riaba Canada) : alternate Inuit Kimmirut Laconia (town, New Hampshire, northeastern Lakehead see Thunder Bay United States) : formerly Meredith Bridge Lake Louise (village, Alberta, southwestern La Coruña (city, northwestern Spain) : [Galician Canada) : to 1914 Laggan; originally Holt A Coruña]; traditional English Corunna; Me- City dieval Latin Coronium; Roman Brigantium. Lake’s Crossing see Reno (The traditional name is associated with the Lake Station (town, Indiana, north central English victory over the French in 1809 during United States) : formerly East Gary the Peninsular War.) Lakeview see Winter Park Lactodurum see Towcester 1Lakewood (town, New Jersey, northeastern Lacus Lemanus see Geneva, Lake United States) : formerly Bricksburg; previ- LRdek Zdróy (town, southwestern Poland) : to ously Bergen Iron Works; earlier Washington’s 1945 German Bad Landeck Furnace; originally Three Partners’ Mill Ladrones Islands see Mariana Islands 2Lakewood (city, Ohio, north central United Ladushkin (town, western Russia) : to 1945 Ger- States) : 1871–1889 East Rockport; to 1871 Rock- man Ludwigsort port La Estrelleta (province, western Dominican Re- Lakhdaria (town, northern Algeria) : to c.1962 public) : to 1965 San Rafael French Palestro Lafayette (city, Louisiana, southern United Lakinsk (town, western Russia) : to 1969 Lakin- States) : to 1884 Vermilionville sky Lafayette see Bougaa Lakinsky see Lakinsk Lafayette, Mt. (New Hampshire, northeastern Lakshadweep (union territory, southwestern United States) : to 1825 Great Haystack India) : to 1973 Laccadive, Minicoy and Amini- Lagan’ (town, southwestern Russia) : 1944–1991 divi Islands (The first of the multiple names, in Kaspiysky an improved form, gave the present name.) Lagentium see Castleford La Laguna see Padilla Laggan see Lake Louise La Manche see English Channel úagiewniki (town, southwestern Poland) : to Lambaesis see Tazoult-Lambèse 1945 German Elvershagen Lambertville (town, New Jersey, northeastern Lago dei Quattro Cantoni see Lucerne, Lake United States) : originally Coryel’s Ferry (The Lago di Patria (village, south central Italy) : town lies across the Delaware River from New Roman Liternum Hope, and the original ferry plied between the Lagos (city, southern Portugal) : Roman Laco- two.) briga Lambly’s Landing see Enderby La Goulette see Halq el Oued Lamía (city, central Greece) : to 1830 Turkish La Granja see San Ildefonso Zeytun La Guadeloupe (village, Quebec, southeastern Lamoricière see Ouled Mimoun Canada) : to 1949 St.-Évariste Station La Motte-Montfort see La Motte-Servolex 111 La Salle

La Motte-Servolex (town, eastern France) : to La Paz de Ayacucho see La Paz 1802 La Motte-Montfort La Piedad Cavadas (city, northwestern Mexico) Lampedusa (island, central Mediterranean) : an- : to 1871 Zula la Vieja cient Greek Lopadusa La Planche see Amherst Lampeter (town, west central Wales) : Welsh Lapland (region, northern Europe) : [Swedish Llanbedr Pont Steffan Lappland; Finnish Lappi; Russian Laplandiya] Lamphey (village, southwestern Wales) : Welsh (English generally prefers the Norwegian form Llandyfái of the name. The region extends over northern Lamta (historic site, eastern Tunisia) : Roman Scandinavia and the Kola Peninsula in north- Leptis Minor western Russia.) Lancaster (city, Pennsylvania, northeastern Laplandiya see Lapland United States) : originally Gibson’s Pasture La Plata (province, eastern Argentina) : 1946– Lancaster see 3Lincoln 1955 Eva Perón Lanchester (town, northeastern England) : La Plata see Sucre Roman Longovicium Lappeenranta (city, southeastern Finland) : for- úaücut (town, southeastern Poland) : 1940–1945 merly Swedish Villmanstrand German Landshut Lappi see Lapland Landeck see Lddyczek Lappland see Lapland Landeshut see Kamienna Góra Laptevo see Yasnogorsk Landsberg see Górowo Iùaweckie Laptev Sea (northeastern Russia) : to 1913 Nor- Landsberg an der Warthe see Gorzów denskjöld Sea Wielkopolski Lapu-Lapu (city, central Philippines) : formerly Land’s End (peninsula, southwestern England) : Opon Roman Antivestaeum Promontorium; earlier Lapurdum see 1Bayonne Roman Belerium Larache (city, northwestern Morocco) : Arabic El Landshut see úaücut Araïche; Roman Lixus (The Spanish corruption Landskron see Lan§kroun of the Arabic name persists in general use.) Landwarów see Lentvaris Laranjal see Laranjal Paulista Langenbielau see Bielawa Laranjal Paulista (city, southeastern Brazil) : to Langfuhr see Wrzeszcz 1944 Laranjal Langres (town, east central France) : Roman Laranjeiras see (1) Alagoa Nova; (2) Laran- Andemattunnum jeiras do Sul Langtry (village, Texas, southern United States) : Laranjeiras do Sul (city, southern Brazil) : 1944– formerly Vinegaroon 1948 Iguaçu; to 1944 Laranjeiras Lansing (city, Michigan, north central United La Ravardière see Cayenne States) : to 1848 Michigan L’Arbaa Naït Irathen (town, northern Algeria) : Lan§kroun (town, east central Czech Republic) : to c.1962 French Fort-National to 1918, 1938–1945 German Landskron Largeau see Faya Lanuvio (village, central Italy) : Roman Lanuvium Larino (town, south central Italy) : Roman Lari- Lanuvium see Lanuvio num Laodicea ad Mare see Latakia Larinsky see Never Laoighis see Laois Larinum see Larino Laois (county, central Ireland) : alternate La Rioja (autonomous region, northern Spain) : Laoighis; formerly Leix; 1557–1920 English to 1980 Logroño Queen’s County Lárissa (city, northern Greece) : to 1881 Turkish Laon (town, northern France) : Roman Lugdunum Yeni£ehir La Palma (town, California, southwestern Larne (town, northeastern Northern Ireland) : United States) : to 1965 Dairyland Irish Latharna La Pampa (province, central Argentina) : La Rochelle (city, western France) : Medieval 1952–1955 Eva Perón Latin Rupella La Panne see De Panne La Roche-sur-Yon (town, western France) : La Parida see Bolívar, Cerro 1848–1870 Napoléon-Vendée, 1814–1848 Bour- La Park see Huntington Park bon-Vendée, 1804–1814 Napoléon-Vendée La Paz (city, western Colombia) : formerly La La Salle (city, Quebec, southeastern Canada) : to Paz de Ayacucho; to 1825 Nuestra Señora de la 1912 Lachine; originally St. Sulpice (The city, Paz now a southern suburb of Montreal, received Lasdehnen 112

its current name when a group of inhabitants Lavarande see Sidi Lakdar moved to the site of the present western sub- Lavatris see Bowes urb of Lachine and took that name with them, Lavinium see Pratica di Mare allowing the original Lachine to become incor- Lavras see Lavras da Mangabeira porated as a city.) Lavras da Mangabeira (city, northeastern Brazil) Lasdehnen see Krasnoznamensk : to 1944 Lavras La§ko (village, east central Slovenia) : to 1918 Lawnsville see Logan German Tüffer Lawrence (town, southern New Zealand) : for- Las Mulatas see San Blas Islands merly Tuapeka Las Peñas see Puerto Vallarta Laxay (village, Western Isles, northwestern Scot- Las Rosas (town, southern Mexico) : to 1934 land) : Gaelic Lacasaigh Pinola Laxdale (village, Western Isles, northwestern Latakia (city, western Syria) : [Arabic Al Scotland) : Gaelic Lacasdal LIdhiqnyah]; Roman Laodicea ad Mare (This is Lazio (region, central Italy) : Roman Latium not the biblical Laodicea, which was Roman (The Roman name of this district around Laodicea ad Lycum near modern Denizli in Rome gave that of the Latin language, first western Turkey.) spoken here.) Laterrière (town, Quebec, eastern Canada) : Láznfi Jeseník (village, western Czech Republic) originally Grand-Brûlé : to 1918, 1938–1945 German Gräfenberg Latharna see Larne Lazovsk see Sîngerei Latina (city and province, south central Italy) : Lbishchensk see Chapayev to 1947 Littoria Leaf Bay see Tasiujaq Latinum see Meaux Leba see úeba Latin Way see Via úeba (town, northern Poland) : to 1945 German Latium see Lazio Leba La Toma (town, west central Argentina) : for- 1Lebanon (republic, southwestern Asia) : [Arabic merly Cuatro de Junio LubnIn] La Tranche see 2Thames 2Lebanon (city, Pennsylvania, northeastern La Trinitaria (town, southern Mexico) : to 1934 United States) : originally Steitztown Zapaluta Ldbork (city, northern Poland) : to 1945 German Latvia (republic, northwestern Europe) : [Lat- Lauenburg vian Latvija]; (Russian Latviya); 1941–1944 Lebyazh’ye see Akku German Lettland. (None of these names Lecce (city, southeastern Italy) : Roman Lupiae should be confused with those of neighboring Le Center (town, Minnesota, northern United Lithuania.) States) : to 1931 Le Sueur Center Latvija see Latvia údczyca (town, central Poland) : 1940–1945 Ger- Lauban see Lubaü man Lentschütz; to 1915 Russian Lenchitsa Lauenburg see Ldbork LedeV nad Sázavou (town, central Czech Re- Laugharne (village, southwestern Wales) : Welsh public) : to 1918, 1939–1945 German Ledetsch Talacharn an der Saaz Lauis see Lugano Ledengskoye see Babushkina, imeni Laun see Louny Ledetsch an der Saaz see LedeV nad Sázavou Launceston (city, Tasmania, southeastern Aus- Ledo Salinarius see Lons-le-Saunier tralia) : originally Patersonia Ledra see Nicosia Laurahütte see Siemianowice ¡lRskie Lddyczek (town, northwestern Poland) : to 1945 Laurana see Lovran German Landeck Lauriacum see Lorsch Leeds (city, northern England) : Roman Cambo- Lausanne (city, western Switzerland) : Italian dunum (The Roman name was that of an as Losanna; Roman Lausodunum yet unlocated Roman fort. Given the meaning Lausitz see Lusatia of the name, itself of Celtic origin, as “fort at a Lausodunum see Lausanne bend,” it may have been at the confluence of Lautenburg see Lidzbark the Sheepscar Beck with the Aire River.) Lauzon (town, Quebec, southeastern Canada) : Leeu-Gamka (town, southern South Africa) : to 1867 Cap-de-Lévy (In 1989 the town formerly Fraserburg Road merged with Lévis to form the city of Lévis- Leeville see Assiniboia Lauzon.) Lefko£a see Nicosia 113 Leninsky

Le Fleur’s Bluff see 2Jackson Lengwethen see Lunino Leger Corner see Dieppe Lenin (town, western Tajikistan) : formerly Leghorn see Livorno Leninsky; c.1960–1970 imeni Sardarova Kara- Legnano (city, northern Italy) : Roman Leuna- khana; to c.1960 Koktash nium Lenina, imeni see Lenina, imeny Legnica (city, southwestern Poland) : to 1945 Lenina, imeny (town, south central Ukraine) : German Liegnitz (The German name is associ- (Russian imeni Lenina); to c.1926 Kalachevs’kyy ated with the 1760 Prussian defeat of the Aus- Rudnyk (Russian Kalachevsky Rudnik) (The trians during the Seven Years’ War.) town is now a suburb of Kryvyyh Rih.) Legnickie Pole (village, southwestern Poland) : Leninabad see (1) Khujand; (2) Qanliko’l to 1945 German Wahlstatt Leninakan see Gyumri Legohli see Norman Wells Lenine (town, southern Ukraine) : (Russian Le Havre (city, northern France) : originally Le Lenino); to 1957 Sim Kolodyaziv (Russian Sem’ Havre-de-Grâce (The English knew the port as Kolodezey) Newhaven for a time following its founding in Leningrad (town, southwestern Tajikistan) : for- 1517.) merly Russian Leningradsky; to 1973 M≠’mino- Le Havre-de-Grâce see Le Havre bod (Russian Muminabad) Leicester (city, central England) : Roman Ratae Leningrad see St. Petersburg Corieltauvorum Leningradskaya (village, southwestern Russia) : Leiden (city, western Netherlands) : English Ley- to 1930s Umanskaya den; Roman Lugdunum (The Roman name Leningradsky see Leningrad also appears in the expanded form Lugdunum 1Lenino (town, western Russia) : formerly Tsari- Batavorum. The English spelling is tradition- tsyno (The town is now incorporated into ally associated with the 1574 siege of the city Moscow.) during the Netherlands War of Independence, 2Lenino (town, southern Russia) : to 1930s Inno- in which the Dutch were attacked by Walloon kent’yevskaya (The town is now part of the city and German troops.) of Irkutsk.) Léim an Bhradáin see Leixlip Lenino see (1) Lenine; (2) Leninsk-Kuznetsky Léim an Mhadaidh see Limavady Leninobod see (1) Khujand; (2) Qanliko’l Leintwardine (village, western England) : Leninogorsk (town, western Russia) : to 1955 Roman Branogenium Novaya Pis’myanka Leipe see Lipno Leninogorsk see Ridder Leitir Ceannain see Letterkenny Lenin Peak (mountain, southern Kyrgyzstan/ Leitmeritz see Litomfi†ice northern Tajikistan) : to 1928 Kaufman Peak Leitomishl see Litomy§l Leninsk (town, southwestern Russia) : to 1919 Leitrim (county, northwestern Ireland) : Irish Prishib Liatroim Leninsk see (1) Akdepe; (2) 1Asaka; Leix see Laois (3) Baykonyr; (4) Taldom Leixlip (village, eastern Ireland) : Irish Léim an Leninskaya Sloboda (town, western Russia) : to Bhradáin 1935 Kadnitsy Le Kef (town, northern Tunisia) : Roman Sicca Leninsk-Kuznetsky (city, southern Russia) : Veneria 1922–1925 Lenino; to 1922 Kol’chugino Leksura see Lentekhi Leninskoe (village, southern Kyrgyzstan) : to Lemberg (village, Saskatchewan, southern Can- 1937 Russian Pokrovka ada) : to 1905 Sifton 1Leninskoye (town, western Russia) : 1917– Lemberg see L’viv c.1940 Shabalino; to 1917 Bogorodskoye Lemeshensky see Orgtrud 2Leninskoye (town, eastern Russia) : formerly Lempira (department, western Honduras) : to Mikhaylovo-Semyonovskoye; to 1939 Blyukher- 1943 Gracias ovo Lemsal see Limba±i Leninskoye see (1) Kazygurt; (2) Uzynkol’ Lenchitsa see údczyca Leninsk-Turkmensky see Türkmenabat Lençóis see Lençóis Paulista 1Leninsky (town, western Russia, near Tula) : to Lençóis Paulista (city, southeastern Brazil) : 1935 Domman-Asfal’tovy Zavod 1944–1948 Ubirama; to 1944 Lençóis 2Leninsky (town, western Russia, near Koz’- Lendava (town, northeastern Slovenia) : to 1918, modem’yansk) : to 1941 Marino 1941–1944 Hungarian Alsólendva Leninsky see Lenin Lenínváros 114

Lenínváros see (1) Pesterzsébet; (2) Tiszaúj- Leskovac (city, southeastern Serbia) : to 1878 város Turkish Leskovaç Lenox (town, Massachusetts, northeastern Leskovaç see Leskovac United States) : to 1767 Yokuntown Leslau see Wùocùawek Lens (town, northern France) : Roman Lentium Le§nica (town, southern Poland) : 1937–1945 Lensk (city, eastern Russia) : to 1963 Mukhtuya German Bergstadt; to 1937 German Leschnitz Lentekhi (town, northwestern Georgia) : to 1938 Lesnoy see Umba Leksura Lesogorsk (town, eastern Russia) : 1905–1945 Lentia see Linz Japanese Nayoshi Lentini (town, southern Italy) : ancient Greek Lesogorsky (town, northwestern Russia) : 1940– Leontini 1948 Yaski; to 1940 Finnish Jääski (The town Lentium see Lens passed from Finland to the USSR in 1940 but Lentschütz see údczyca was not renamed until 1948.) Lentvaris (town, southeastern Lithuania) : 1919– Lesotho (kingdom, southern Africa) : to 1966 1939 Polish Landwarów; to 1918 Russian Basutoland Lyandvarovo Lesovka see Ukrains’k Leobschütz see Gùubczyce Lesozavodsky see Novovyatsk Leodocia see Red Bluff Les Petites Côtes see St. Charles León see Cotopaxi Lessen see Lessines León de los Caballeros de Huánuco see Lessine (town, west central Belgium) : Flemish Huánuco Lessen Leonidovo (town, eastern Russia) : 1905–1945 Lesten see Czernina Japanese Kami-shikuka Les Trembles see Sidi Hamadouche Leontini see Lentini Le Sueur Center see Le Center Leopold, Lake see Mai-Ndombe, Lake Leszno (city, west central Poland) : 1793–1807, Leopoldina see (1) Aruanã; (2) Colonia Leo- 1815–1919, 1939–1945 German Lissa poldina; (3) Parnamirim Lethbridge (city, Alberta, southwestern Canada) Leopoldov (town, western Slovakia) : to 1918 : to 1885 Coalbanks Hungarian Lipótvár; to 1867 German Leopold- Letocetum see Wall stadt Letohrad (town, north central Czech Republic) : Leopoldsburg (town, northeastern Belgium) : to 1950 Ky§perk; to 1918, 1939–1945 German French Bourg-Léopold Geiersberg Leopoldstadt see Leopoldov Letterkenny (town, northwestern Ireland) : Irish Léopoldville see Kinshasa Leitir Ceanainn Leopolis see L’viv Letterston (village, southwestern Wales) : Welsh Lepanto see Návpaktos Treletert Le Port (town, northwestern Réunion) : formerly Letzeburg see 2Luxembourg Port-des-Galets Leubus see LubiR∞ Leptis Magna see Labdah Leucarum see Loughor Leptis Minor see Lamta Leunanium see Legnano Le Puy (city, south central France) : Medieval Leutensdorf see Litvínov Latin Podium Leuthen see Lutynia Lérida (city, northeastern Spain) : Catalan Leutschau see LevoVa Lleida; Roman Ilerda Leuven see Louvain Lermontov (town, southwestern Russia) : to Léva see Levice 1956 Lermontovsky Leverburgh (village, Western Isles, northwestern Lermontovsky see Lermontov Scotland) : Gaelic An t-Òb; to 1918 Obbe Les Borges Blanques see Borjas Blancas Leverger see Santo Antônio do Leverger Lesbos (island, eastern Greece) : alternate Myti- Leverville see Lusanga lene (The alternate name is in regular use for Levice (town, southern Slovakia) : to 1918, 1938– the island’s chief town, often in its Greek form 1958 Hungarian Léva; to 1867 German Mitilíni.) Lewentz Leschnitz see Le§nica Le Vieux Village see Sainte Genevieve Leselidze see Gyachrypsh Lévis (town, Quebec, southeastern Canada) : to Les Grandes Fourches see 1Grand Forks 1861 Aubigny (In 1989 the town merged with Leskhimstroy see Syeverodonets’k Lauzon to form the city of Lévis-Lauzon.) 115 Limeira

Levittown see Willingboro Liebenwerde see Kdty Levkás (town, western Greece) : formerly Italian Liège (city, eastern Belgium) : Flemish Luik; for- Santa Maura (The town is on the island of the merly German Lüttich (English always uses the same name.) French name, formerly spelled Liége, with an Levkosía see Nicosia acute accent, and in official use in Belgian LevoVa (town, north central Slovakia) : to 1918 French until 1946. The city was part of France Hungarian Lâcse; to 1867 German Leutschau from 1792 to 1815, part of the Netherlands 1Levski (town, northern Bulgaria) : to 1897 from 1815 to 1830, and under German occupa- Turkish Karaa∑aç tion in both world wars.) 2Levski (mountain, north central Bulgaria) : to Liége see Liège 1942 Ambaritsa Liegnitz see Legnica Levskigrad see Karlovo LiepIja (city, western Latvia) : (Russian Liepaya); Lev Tolstoy (town, western Russia) : to 1927 1941–1945 German Libau; to 1918 Russian Astapovo Libava Lewentz see Levice Liepaya see LiepIja Lewes (town, Delaware, northeastern United Lier (town, northern Belgium) : French Lierre States) : to c.1685 Zwaanendael Lierre see Lier Lewin Brzeski (town, southwestern Poland) : to Lietuva see Lithuania 1945 German Löwen Lietzenburg see Charlottenburg Lewin Kùodski (town, southwestern Poland) : to Lievenhof see LnvIni 1945 German Hummelstadt Lifudzin see Rudny Lewis see Isle of Lewis Liger see Loire Lexington (town, Massachusetts, northeastern Ligovo see Uritsk United States) : to 1713 Cambridge Farms Liidli Kue see Fort Simpson Lexington Park (town, Maryland, northeastern Likasi (city, southeastern Democratic Republic United States) : to 1950 Jarboesville of the Congo) : to 1966 French Jadotville Leyden see Leiden Likér see Hnú§t’a Liakoura (mountain, central Greece) : formerly Likhachyovo see Pervomays’kyy Parnassus Likhovskoy (town, western Russia) : to 1930 Liatroim see Leitrim Likhaya Libau see LiepIja Likhvin see Chekalin Libava see LiepIja Lilienthal see Bettendorf Liberalitas Julia see Évora Lille (city, northern France) : formerly L’Isle; Liberec (city, northern Czech Republic) : to earlier Flemish Rijssel; Medieval Latin In- 1918, 1938–1945 German Reichenberg sula Libertador see Dajabón Lillebonne (town, northern France) : Roman Liberty Island (New York, northeastern United Juliobona States) : to 1956 Bedloe’s Island Lilybaeum see Marsala Lnbnyah see Libya Liman (town, southwestern Russia) : to 1944 Liburnum see Livorno Dolban Libya (republic, northern Africa) : [Arabic Liman see Krasnyy Lyman Lnbnyah] Limanowa (town, southern Poland) : 1940–1945 Licata (town, southern Italy) : ancient Greek German Ilmenau Phintias Limavady (town, northern Northern Ireland) : Lichinga (town, northwestern Mozambique) : to Irish Léim an Mhadaidh 1982 Vila Cabral Limbazhi see Limba±i Lidzbark (town, north central Poland) : 1772– Limba±i (town, northern Latvia) : (Russian Lim- 1919, 1939–1945 German Lautenburg (The full bazhi); to 1918 German Lemsal name Lidzbark Wielkopolski distinguished the Limbe (town, southwestern Cameroon) : to 1982 town from Lidzbark Warmiüski.) Victoria Lidzbark Warmiüski (town, northern Poland) : Limbourg see Limburg 1772–1945 German Heilsberg Limburg (province, northeastern Belgium) : Liebau see Lubawka French Limbourg Liebenau bei Schwiebus see Lubrza Limeira (city, southeastern Brazil) : formerly Liebenfelde see Zales’ye Nossa Senhora das Dores de Tatuibi Liebenthal see Lubomierz Limeira see Joaçaba Limerick 116

Limerick (town, southwestern Ireland) : Irish Lipiany (town, northwestern Poland) : to 1945 Luimneach German Lippehne Limestone see Maysville Lipno (town, central Poland) : 1940–1945 Ger- Limestone Hill see Lackawanna man Leipe Limìn Vathéos see Samos Lipótvár see Leopoldov Limoeiro see (1) Limoeiro do Anadia; Lipová (village, northern Czech Republic) : to (2) Limoeiro do Norte 1945 German Hainspach Limoeiro do Anadia (city, northeastern Brazil) : Lippehne see Lipiany to 1944 Limoeiro Liptószentmiklós see Liptovskï Mikul᧠Limoeiro do Norte (city, northeastern Brazil) : Liptovskï Mikul᧠(city, northern Slovakia) : to to 1944 Limoeiro 1952 Liptovskï Svätï Mikulá§; to 1918 Hungar- Limoges (city, west central France) : Roman ian Liptószentmiklós Augustoritum Liptovskï Svätï Mikul᧠see Liptovskï Limonum see Poitiers Mikul᧠Limpopo (province, northern South Africa) : Lisboa see Lisbon 1995–2002 Northern; 1993–1995 Northern Lisbon (city, western Portugal) : [Portuguese Lis- Transvaal boa]; Roman Olisipo Linares (city, central Chile) : 1794–1875 San Lisburn (town, eastern Northern Ireland) : Irish Ambrosio de Linares; to 1794 San Javier de Bella Lios na gCearrbhach Isla Lisdoonvarna (town, western Ireland) : Irish Lios 1Lincoln (city, eastern England) : Roman Lin- Dúin Bhearna dum Lisichansk see Lysychans’k 2Lincoln (town, Illinois, north central United Lisieux (city, northwestern France) : Roman States) : to 1853 Postville Noviomagus 3Lincoln (city, Nebraska, central United States) : Lisivka see Ukrains’k to 1867 Lancaster Liski (city, western Russia) : 1965–1991 Georgiu- Lincolnwood (village, Illinois, north central Dezh; 1943–1965 Liski; 1928–1943 Svoboda United States) : to 1935 Tessville (The village is (The city first took its present name on ab- now a residential suburb of Chicago.) sorbing the village of Liski in 1943.) Lindiacum see Lintgen L’Isle see Lille Lindinis see Ilchester Lismore (town, southern Ireland) : Irish Lios Lindisfarne (island, northeastern England) : al- Mór ternate Holy Island Lissa see (1) Leszno; (2) Vis Lindsay (town, Ontario, southeastern Canada) : Lissoy see 3Auburn originally Purdy’s Mills Listowel (town, southwestern Ireland) : Irish Lios Lindum see 1Lincoln Tuathail Linkville see Klamath Falls Litauen see Lithuania Linlithgowshire see West Lothian Liternum see Lago di Patria Lins (city, southeastern Brazil) : formerly Albu- Lithuania (republic, northwestern Europe) : querque Lins; originally Santo Antônio do [Lithuanian Lietuva]; (Russian Litva); 1941– Campestre 1944 German Litauen. (None of these names Lintgen (town, south central Luxembourg) : should be confused with those of neighboring Roman Lindiacum Latvia.) Linz (city, northern Austria) : Roman Lentia Litomfi†ice (town, northern Czech Republic) : to Lion, Golfe du (sea inlet, southern France) : 1918, 1938–1945 German Leitmeritz dated English Gulf of Lions; Roman Sinus Gal- Litomy§l (town, east central Czech Republic) : to licus 1918, 1939–1945 German Leitomischl Lions, Gulf of see Lion, Golfe du Litovel (town, eastern Czech Republic) : to 1918, Lios Dúin Bhearna see Lisdoonvarna 1939–1945 German Littau Lios Mór see Lismore Littau see Litovel Lios na gCearrbhach see Lisburn Little Barrier Island (northeastern New Zea- Lios Tuathail see Listowel land) : Maori Hauturu Lipari Islands (southern Italy) : English tradi- Littleborough (village, east central England) : tional Aeolian Islands; Italian Isole Eolie or Isole Roman Segelocum Lipari; Roman Aeoliae Insulae (Lipari is the Little Fort see Waukegan largest island of the group.) Little Muddy see 1Williston 117 Locri Epizephyrii

Little Placentia see Argentia Llanelli (town, northern Wales) : formerly often Little Rest see 2Kingston Llanelly Little Russia see Ukraine Llanelly see Llanelli Little Thames see 1Stratford Llanelwy see St. Asaph Littleton see Bradford Llanerch Banna see Penley Littoria see Latina Llaneurgain see Northop Litva see Lithuania Llanfair-ym-Muallt see Builth Wells Litvino see Sosnovoborsk Llanfihangel Troddi see Mitchel Troy Litvínov (city, northwestern Czech Republic) : Llanfihangel-yng-Ngheri see 2Kerry to 1918, 1938–1945 German Leutensdorf (The Llanfihangel-y-Pwll see Michaelston-le-Pit present city was formed in c.1948 from the Llangatwg Nedd see Cadoxton-juxta-Neath union of Horní Litvínov and Dolní Litvínov, Llanilltud Faerdref see Llantwit Fardre formerly German Ober-Leutensdorf and Llanilltud Fawr see Llantwit Major Nieder-Leutensdorf.) Llanilltud Gwyrˆ see Ilston Litzmannstadt see úódØ Llansanffraid-ar-Ogwr see St. Brides Minor LnvIni (town, southeastern Latvia) : to 1917 Ger- Llansanffraid-yn-Elfael see Llansantfraed-in- man Lievenhof Elwell Livermore Falls (town, Maine, northeastern Llansantffraed-in-Elwell (village, east central United States) : to 1930 East Livermore Wales) : Welsh Llansanffraid-yn-Elfael Liverpool (town, Nova Scotia, eastern Canada) : Llansawel see Briton Ferry to 1759 Port Senior; earlier Port Rossignol; origi- Llanthony (village, southeastern Wales) : Welsh nally Ogumkiqueok Llanddewi Nant Hodni Livingston (town, Montana, northwestern Llantwit Fardre (village, southern Wales) : United States) : originally Clark’s City Welsh Llanilltud Faerdref Livingstone see Maramba Llantwit Major (town, southern Wales) : Welsh Livland see Livonia Llanilltud Fawr Livonia (region, Estonia/Latvia) : [German Liv- Llanymddyfri see Llandovery land] Llan-y-Tair-Mair see Knelston Livorno (city, northwestern Italy) : traditional Lleida see Lérida English Leghorn; Roman Liburnum Lleyn (peninsula, northwestern Wales) : Welsh Livramento see (1) José de Freitas; (2) Livra- Llˆyn mento do Brumado; (3) Nossa Senhora do Llˆyn see Lleyn Livramento Llyn Tegid see Bala Livramento do Brumado (city, eastern Brazil) : L.M. Kaganovicha, imeni see Popasna to 1944 Livramento Löbau (town, eastern Germany) : formerly Sor- Lixus see Larache bian (Wendish) Lubij Lizard, The (peninsula, southwestern England) : Löbau see Lubawa Roman Dumnonium Promontorium; earlier Loben see Lubliniec Roman Ocrinum Promontorium úobez (town, northwestern Poland) : to 1945 Ljubljana (city, central Slovenia) : 1941–1944 German Labes Italian Lubiana; to 1918 German Laibach; Me- Lobivka see Yasenivs’kyy dieval Latin Labacum; Roman Emona Lobovka see Yasenivs’kyy Ljutomer (town, northeastern Slovenia) : to Lobva (town, west central Russia) : to 1928 1918, 1941–1945 German Luttenberg Lobinsky Zavod Llanandras see Presteigne Lobvinsky Zavod see Lobva Llanbedr Gwynllwgˆ see Peterstone Wentloog Locarno (town, southern Switzerland) : German Llanbedr Pont Staffan see Lampeter Luggarus Llanbedr-y-fro see Peterston-super-Ely Loch Baghasdail see Lochboisdale Llanddewi Nant Hodni see Llanthony Lochboisdale (village, Western Isles, northwest- Llanddunwyd see Welsh St. Donats ern Scotland) : Gaelic Loch Baghasdail Llandeilo Ferwallt see Bishopston Loch Garman see Wexford Llandovery (town, southern Wales) : Welsh Lochmaddy (village, Western Isles, northwestern Llanymddyfri Scotland) : Gaelic Loch nam Madach Llandrillo-yn-Rhos see Rhos-on-Sea Lochmoor see Grosse Pointe Woods Llandudoch see St. Dogmaels Loch nam Madach see Lochmaddy Llandyfái see Lamphey Locri Epizephyrii see Gerace Lâcse 118

Lâcse see LevoVa supporting the union of Northern Ireland with Lod (city, central Israel) : biblical Lydda Great Britain as part of the United Kingdom, Lodi (city, California, western United States) : to while Derry, without the London prefix, is fa- 1873 Mokelumne Station vored by Catholics and Nationalists or Repub- Lodi see Draa Esmar licans.) Lodz see úódØ Londres see Catamarca úódØ (city, central Poland) : 1940–1945 German Long Beach (city, California, southwestern Litzmannstadt; 1939–1940 German Lodz; to United States) : to 1888 Willmore City 1915 Russian Lodz’ Longford (town, north central Ireland) : Irish An Lodz’ see úódØ Longfort Lofça see Lovech Longobriga see Freixo Logan (town, West Virginia, east central United Longovicium see Lanchester States) : 1852–1907 Aracoma; to 1852 Lawns- Lons-le-Saunier (town, eastern France) : Roman ville Ledo Salinarius Logan, Mt. (Yukon Territory, northwestern Lopadusa see Lampedusa Canada) : formerly Mt. Pierre E. Trudeau (On Lopasnya see 2Chekhov the death in 2000 of Canadian premier Pierre Lopatino see Volzhsk E. Trudeau, it was proposed to rename Can- López de Filippis see Mariscal Estigarribia ada’s highest mountain for him. The name Lopusha see Georgi Damyanovo proved controversial, however, and in 2006 Lorain (city, Ohio, north central United States) : was instead assigned to an unnamed peak in 1836–1874 Charlestown; to 1836 Black River the Cariboo Mountains, British Columbia.) Lorca (town, southeastern Spain) : Roman Logstown see Aliquippa Eliocroca Loire (river, central and western France) : Lord Hood Island see Marutea South Roman Liger Lorena (city, southeastern Brazil) : to 1782 Pôrto Loire-Atlantique (department, western France) : de Guaipacaré; originally Freguesia de Nossa to 1957 Loire-Inférieure Senhora da Aparecida Loire-Inférieure see Loire-Atlantique Lorient (city, western France) : formerly L’Orient Loíza (town, northeastern Puerto Rico) : for- L’Orient see Lorient merly Canóvanas Lorraine (region, northeastern France) : formerly Loket (town, western Czech Republic) : to 1918, German Lothringen; Roman Lotharingia (In 1938–1945 German Elbogen 1871 the northeastern quarter of the former Lombardia see Lombardy province of Lorraine was ceded to Germany Lombardy (region, north central Italy) : [Italian and united with Alsace as French Alsace-Lor- Lombardia] raine, German Elsass-Lothringen. The territory Lomonosov (town, western Russia) : to 1948 returned to France in 1919 but was again held German Oranienbaum by Germany from 1940 to 1944. Lorraine is Lomza see úom∞a now a department of northeastern France.) úom∞a (town, northeastern Poland) : 1941–1945 Lorraine see Baker German Lomza; 1939–1941 Belarussian Lorsch (town, central Germany) : Roman Lauri- Lomzha; to 1915 Russian Lomzha; 1795–1807 acum German Lomza Los Angeles (city, California, southwestern Lomzha see úom∞a United States) : to 1850 formally El Pueblo de Londinium see London la Reyna de Los Angeles (The formal name is London (city, southeastern England) : Roman often confused with that of the river here, now Londinium (London was also known by the known by the same name as that of the city honorific Roman title Augusta. It is not known but originally called the Porciúncula in honor when the title was conferred but it may have of Nuestra Señora la Reyna de los Angeles de been on the occasion of the visit of the em- Porciúncula, “Our Lady the Queen of Angels peror Constantius I in A.D. 306. The original of Porciúncula.” This last word, meaning “Lit- Roman settlement was established in c. A.D. tle Portion,” is the title of a chapel near Assisi, 50.) Italy. In early years the city was long infor- Londonderry (city, northern Northern Ireland) : mally known as simply El Pueblo.) Irish Doire; to 1613 (and still alternate) English Losanna see Lausanne Derry (Londonderry, the official name, is pre- Losantiville see Cincinnati ferred by Protestants and Unionists, the latter Losinoostrovskaya see 1Babushkin 119 Lucca

Losino-Petrovsky (town, western Russia) : to úowicz (town, central Poland) : 1940–1945 Ger- 1928 Petrovskaya Sloboda man Lowitsch; to 1915 Russian Lovich; 1793– Loslau see Wodzisùaw ¡lRski 1807 German Lowitsch Los Llanos see Santa Rosa de Copán Lowitsch see úowicz Los Llanos de Santa Rosa see Santa Rosa de Lozengrad see Kqrklareli Copán Lozno-Aleksandrovka see Lozno-Oleksan- Losonc see LuVenec drivka Lotharingia see Lorraine Lozno-Oleksandrivka (town, eastern Ukraine) : Lötzen see Gi∞ycko (Russian Lozno-Aleksandrovka); to mid–1930s Loubomo (town, southwestern Congo) : to 1975 Oleksandrivka (Russian Aleksandrovka) Dolisie Lú see Louth Loughor (town, southern Wales) : Welsh Casllw- Luanda (city, northern Angola) : formerly Por- chwr; Roman Leucarum tuguese São Paulo de Luanda Loughrea (town, western Ireland) : Irish Baile Luangwa (town, southeastern Zambia) : for- Locha Riach merly Portuguese Feira Louisbourg (town, Nova Scotia, southeastern Luau (town, west central Angola) : 1930s–c.1976 Canada) : to 1966 Louisburg Portuguese Vila Teixeira de Souza Louisbourg see Harrisburg Luba (town, northwestern Equatorial Guinea) : Louisburg see Louisbourg formerly Spanish San Carlos Louisburgh (town, western Ireland) : Irish Clu- Lubaczów (town, southeastern Poland) : 1939– ain Cearbán 1941 Ukrainian Lyubachiv (Russian Lyubachev) Louis-Gentil see Youssoufia Lubaü (city, southwestern Poland) : to 1945 Ger- Louis Trichardt see Makhado man Lauban Louisville see Ottumwa Lubango (city, southwestern Angola) : to 1975 Louny (city, northwestern Czech Republic) : to Portuguese Sá da Bandeira 1918, 1938–1945 German Laun Lubawa (town, northern Poland) : 1772–1807, Lourenço Marques see Maputo 1815–1919, 1939–1945 German Löbau Louth (village, northeastern Ireland) : Irish Lú Lubawka (town, southwestern Poland) : to 1945 Louvain (city, central Belgium) : Flemish Leuven German Liebau (The city is in the Flemish-speaking part of Lübben (town, eastern Germany) : formerly Belgium but its cultural fame has given its Wendish (Sorbian) Lubin French name preference among English speak- Lüben see Lubin ers. The Catholic University of Louvain is di- Lubiana see Ljubljana vided into two distinct bodies: the Katholieke LubiR∞ (village, southwestern Poland) : to 1945 Universiteit te Leuven, in Louvain itself, where German Leubus the language of instruction is Flemish, and the Lubij see Löbau Université Catholique de Louvain, in the new Lubin (town, southwestern Poland) : to 1945 town of Louvain-la-Neuve, some 15 miles to German Lüben the southwest, where the language is French.) Lubin see Lübben Lovech (city, northern Bulgaria) : to 1918 Turkish Lubliniec (town, southern Poland) : 1939–1945 Lofça German Loben; to 1921 German Lublinitz Lovich see úowicz Lublinitz see Lubliniec Lovnidol (village, north central Bulgaria) : for- LubnIn see 1Lebanon merly Chiflik Lubomierz (town, southwestern Poland) : to Lovran (town, western Croatia) : 1919–1947 Ital- 1945 German Liebenthal ian Laurana Luboml see Lyuboml’ Lowell (city, Massachusetts, northeastern United Lubrza (town, western Poland) : to 1945 Ger- States) : to 1826 East Chelmsford man Liebenau bei Schwiebus Löwen see Lewin Brzeski Lubsko (town, western Poland) : to 1945 Ger- Löwenberg see Lwówek ¡lRski man Sommerfeld Löwenhagen see Komsomol’sk Lubumbashi (city, southeastern Democratic Re- Löwenstadt see Brzeziny public of the Congo) : to 1966 French Élisa- Löwentin see Niegocin, Lake bethville Lower Canada see Quebec Luca see Lucca Lower Ferry see Queensferry Lucania see Basilicata Lower King’s Ferry see Queensferry Lucca (city, north central Italy) : Roman Luca LuVenec 120

LuVenec (town, southern Slovakia) : to 1918, Lugovoye see Kulan 1938–1945 Hungarian Losonc Luguvalium see Carlisle Lucentum see Alicante Luhans’k (city, eastern Ukraine) : (Russian Lu- Lucera (town, southeastern Italy) : Roman Luce- gansk); 1970–1990 Voroshylovhrad (Russian ria Voroshilovgrad); 1958–1970 Luhans’k (Russian Luceria see Lucera Lugansk); 1935–1958 Voroshylovhrad (Russian Lucerna see Lucerne Voroshilovgrad) Lucerne (city, central Switzerland) : German Luhans’k see Stanychno-Luhans’ke Luzern; Italian Lucerna (English invariably Luik see Liège prefers the French form of the city’s name.) Luimneach see Limerick Lucerne, Lake (central Switzerland) : [French Luís Correia (city, northeastern Brazil) : to 1939 Lac des Quatre Cantons; German Vierwaldstät- Portuguese Amarração ter See; Italian Lago dei Quattro Cantoni] (The Lukiv (town, northwestern Ukraine) : (Russian continental languages name the lake for the Lukov); to 1946 Matseyiv (Russian Matseyevo) four Forest Cantons that surround it. Three of Lukov see Lukiv these, Schwyz, Uri, and Unterwalden, formed Lüleburgaz (town, northwestern Turkey) : 1920– the original alliance of 1291 from which mod- 1922 modern Greek Arkadioúpolis; to 1913 Bul- ern Switzerland evolved. English names the garian Lyule-Burgas lake for Lucerne, which joined the alliance in Luling see Ji’an 1332.) Luluabourg see Kananga úuck see Luts’k Lumbala N’guimbo (town, southeastern An- Lucus Augusti see Lugo gola) : to 1975 Portuguese Gago Coutinho Lüda see Dalian Lumby (village, British Columbia, southwestern Ludchurch (village, southwestern Wales) : Welsh Canada) : to 1894 White Valley Yr Eglwys Lwyd Lundenburg see B†eclav Lüderitz (town, southwestern Namibia) : for- Luninets (town, southern Belarus) : 1919–1939 merly Portuguese Angra Pequena Polish úuniniec Ludington (town, Michigan, north central úuniniec see Luninets United States) : to 1871 Marquette Lunino (village, western Russia) : 1938–1945 Luditz see ≥ lutice German Hohensalzburg; to 1938 German Leng- Ludlow (town, Massachusetts, northeastern wethen United States) : to 1775 Stony Hill Lun’yevka (town, west central Russia) : to c.1928 Ludwigshafen (city, southwestern Germany) : to Lun’yevskiye Kopi 1843 Rheinschanze Lun’yevskiye Kopi see Lun’yevka Ludwigsort see Ladushkin Lupatia see Altamura Ludza (town, eastern Latvia) : to 1918 Russian Luperón (town, northern Dominican Republic) Lyutsin : to 1927 Blanco Lueluz see Conselheiro Lafaiete Lupiae see Lecce Lugano (town, southern Switzerland) : German Lupilichi (town, northwestern Mozambique) : Lauis (The town, on the lake of the same to 1980 Portuguese Olivença name, should not be confused with Locarno, Lurgan (town, east central Northern Ireland) : further north on Lake Maggiore.) Irish An Lorgain Lugansk see (1) Luhans’k; (2) Stanychno- Lusanga (town, southwestern Democratic Re- Luhans’ke public of the Congo) : to 1972 French Lev- Lugdunum see (1) Laon; (2) Leiden; (3) Lyon erville Lugdunum Batavorum see Leiden Lusatia (region, eastern Germany) : [German Lugdunum Convenarum see St.-Bertrand-de- Lausitz] Comminges Lusavan see Ch’arents’avan Luggarus see Locarno Lüshun (city, northeastern China) : traditional Lugo (town, northwestern Spain) : Roman Lucus English Port Arthur; 1905–1945 Japanese Ryo- Augusti jun (The English name is associated with the Lugoj (city, western Romania) : to 1918 Hungar- Japanese victory over the Russians here in 1905 ian Lugos; to 1867 German Lugosch during the Russo-Japanese War.) Lugos see Lugoj Lusitania see Portugal Lugosch see Lugoj Lü-ta see Dalian Lugovaya Proleyka see 3Primorsk Lutetia see 1Paris 121 McCook

úutselk’e (village, Northwest Territories, central Lyndon Village see Caribou Canada) : to 1999 Snowdrift Lynn (town, Massachusetts, northeastern United Lutsk see Luts’k States) : to 1637 Saugus Luts’k (city, northwestern Ukraine) : (Russian Lynn see King’s Lynn Lutsk); 1919–1939 Polish úuck (The Russian Lynn Regis see King’s Lynn name is historically associated with the fight- Lyon (city, southeastern France) : conventional ing between Austrian and Russian forces in English Lyons; Roman Lugdunum (A more and around the fortified town during World classical form of the Roman name is Lugudu- War I.) num, recorded for an unlocated site in En- Luttenberg see Ljutomer gland, perhaps in the north of the country. Lüttich see Liège The French city’s full formal Roman title was Lutynia (village, southwestern Poland) : to 1945 Colonia Copia Claudia Augusta Lugdunum.) German Leuthen (The German name is associ- Lyons see Lyon ated with the Prussian defeat of Austria in Lysa Hora see Shevchenko 1757 during the Seven Years’ War.) Lysaya Gora see Shevchenko 1Luxembourg (grand duchy, western Europe) : Lysychans’k (city, eastern Ukraine) : (Russian German Luxemburg (The German spelling of Lisichansk) the name is sometimes used to avoid undue Lyttelton (town, southeastern New Zealand) : to French emphasis.) 1858 Port Cooper 2Luxembourg (city, south central Luxembourg) : Lyubachev see Lubaczów [Luxemburgian Letzeburg] Lyubachiv see Lubachów Luxemburg see 1Luxembourg Lyubinsky (town, southern Russia) : to 1947 No- Luxor (town, northern Egypt) : [Arabic Al- volyubino Qusur] Lyuboml’ (town, northwestern Ukraine) : 1919– Luzern see Lucerne 1939 Polish Luboml L≠zhene see Malchika Lyudvipol’ see Sosnove Luzhou see Hefei Lyudvypil’ see Sosnove Luziânia (city, central Brazil) : to 1944 Santa Lyuksemburg see (1) Bolnisi; (2) Rozivka Luzia Lyuksemburgi see Bolnisi Luzilândia (city, northeastern Brazil) : to 1944 Lyule-Burgas see Lüleburgaz Portuguese Pôrto Alegre Lyutsin see Ludza L’viv (city, western Ukraine) : (Russian L’vov); Maarianhamina (town, southwestern Finland) : 1941–1944 German Lemberg; 1919–1941 Polish to 1809 Swedish Mariehamn (The town is in Lwów; to 1918 German Lemberg; Medieval Åland, where the predominance of Swedish Latin Leopolis (The German name was promi- means that its Swedish name is preferred.) nent for the scene of fighting between Austrian Maas see Meuse and Russian forces in World War I.) Maastricht (town, southeastern Netherlands) : L’v ov see L’viv Roman Trajectum ad Mosam (The Roman Lwów see L’viv name locates the town at a crossing of the Lwówek (town, western Poland) : to 1945 Ger- Meuse, just as Utrecht arose by a ford over the man Neustadt bei Pinne Rhine.) Lwówek ¡lRski (town, western Poland) : to 1945 Macabu see Conceição de Macabu German Löwenberg Macaloge (town, northwestern Mozambique) : Lyakhivtsi see Bilohirya to 1976 Miranda Lyakhovtsy see Bilohirya Macapá see Peri Mirim Lyallpur see Faisalabad Macarsca see Makarska Lyandvarovo see Lentvaris Macassar see Ujung Pandang Lychidnos see Ohrid Macatuba (town, southeastern Brazil) : to 1944 Lyck see Eùk Bocaiúva Lycopolis see Asyut Macaubal (town, southeastern Brazil) : to 1944 Lydda see Lod Macaúbas Lykhachive see Pervomays’kyy Macaúbas see Macaubal Lyman see Krasnyy Lyman McCarty’s Mills see 2Aurora Lympne (village, southeastern England) : Roman McClelland’s Station see 2Georgetown Portus Lemanis McCook (town, Nebraska, central United States) Lynchville see 2Rome : originally Fairview McDonald’s Bridge 122

McDonald’s Bridge see Oneonta Macon (city, Georgia, southeastern United Macedonia (republic, southern Europe) : [Mace- States) : to 1823 Newtown donian Makedonija] (When Macedonia se- Mâcon (city, east central France) : Roman Matisco ceded fromYugoslavia in 1992, neighboring Macoraba see Mecca Greece objected to its name, claiming it exclu- MacPherson see Kapuskasing sively for its northern region. Macedonia ac- Macroom (town, southwestern Ireland) : Irish cordingly joined the United Nations in 1993 as Maigh Chromtha the Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, a Madagascar (island republic, western Indian name acceptable to Greece. The first two Ocean) : 1960–1975 Malagasy Republic words were later dropped, giving Republic of Madang (town, north central Papua New Macedonia as a name of continuing concern to Guinea) : originally German Friedrich- Greece. The matter was addressed by the Wilhelmshafen World Council of Hellenes Abroad in a full- Madauros see M’daourouch page ad headed “What’s in a Name?” in the Madhya Pradesh (state, central India) : to 1947 London Times of April 2, 2008.*) Central Provinces and Berar Maceriae see Mézières Madinat ash Sha’b (town, southwestern Yemen) Macguire’s Punt see Shepparton : to 1967 al-Ittihad Machaire Fíolta see Magherafelt Madison (town, New Jersey, northeastern United McHattiesburg see Balfour States) : to 1834 Bottle Hill Machigonne see Portland Madison see 3Orange Macías Nguema Biyogo see Bioko Madona (town, east central Latvia) : formerly Mackeim see Maków Mazowiecki German Modohn Mackensen see Orlyak Madras see (1) Chennai; (2) Tamil Nadu McKinley, Mt. (Alaska, northwestern United Madre de Deus see Brejo da Madre de Deus States) : alternate (Koyukon) Denali (In 1975 Maeander see Menderes the Alaska legislature officially adopted the Maenam see Chao Phraya name Denali for the mountain and a bill was Maenorbˆyr see Manorbier introduced to Congress on the matter in 1977. Maeotis Palus see Azov, Sea of See James Kari, “The Tenada-Denali-Mount Maerun see Marshfield McKinley Controversy,” in Names, Vol. 84, Maes-glas see Greenfield No. 3, September 1986, pp. 347–351.) Maesyfed see New Radnor Macleod see Fort Macleod Mafeking see Mafikeng McLoughlin, Mt. (Oregon, northwestern Mafikeng (town, northern South Africa) : to United States) : formerly Mt. Pitt 1980 Mafeking (The former spelling became MacMahon see Aïn Touta widely known from a famous Boer War siege Macomb (city, Illinois, north central United here. The announcement of the town’s relief States) : to 1830 Washington by British troops on May 17, 1900 brought

*The following is a transcript of the text: Why is the Macedonian question so delicate and complex? The term “Macedonia” is not exclusively related to a specific state. Rather, it has always been used to delineate a wider geographical area, approximately 51 percent of which is part of Greece, 37 percent is in the Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, 11 percent in Bulgaria and 1 percent in Albania. The choice of one state alone to monopolize the name “Macedonia”—the largest part of which lies outside its borders—neither reflects geographi- cal and political reality, nor contributes to stability in the Balkans. Why does Greece oppose the name “Republic of Macedonia”? “Republic of Macedonia,” or just “Macedonia,” fails to solve the problem, as it does not distinguish the new country from the Northern Greek region of Macedonia, or from the parts of the wider Macedonia, which are also in Bulgaria and Albania. Furthermore, it is associated with the argument for the unification of “Greater Macedonia”—a policy conceived by Stalin and Tito and pursued by the leadership in FYROM to the present day. The name is therefore linked with an ongoing policy that foresees territorial claims to a part of Greek teritory, that has had a Greek identity for more than three millennia, and is associated with immense pain and suffering by the peoples in the region. Why does Greece favor a compound name? Greece unlike FYROM has made great strides to try and resolve the name issue under U.N. auspices and has gone more than half-way to find a solution. It has sat at the negotiating table since 1995 and has shown willingness to consider a compound name such as “North Macedonia,” which includes the term “Macedonia” but attaches an adjective to it to distinguish it from the Greek province with the same name. This is sensible, reasonable and fair for both sides. A win-win situation. Why is it time to end the debate? Today, the conditions for achieving a breakthrough are better than ever. Greece is the sin- gle largest investor in the Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia (FYROM). Athens supports FYROM’s bids for NATO and EU membership, but this crucial issue must be resolved first. Alliances and partnerships can only be fostered among countries if there is good will, mutual trust and good neighbourly relations. 123 Maladzyechna

scenes of riotous revelry in London and re- Maisons-Laffitte (town, northern France) : for- sulted in the temporary coining of the verb merly Maisons-sur-Seine. (The town, which maffick to mean “to celebrate joyously.”) added the name of a French banker in the 19th Magallanes see Punta Arenas century, is now a Paris suburb.) Magdalena Island see Fatu Hiva Maisons-sur-Seine see Maisons-Laffitte Magherafelt (town, central Northern Ireland) : Maitland (city, New South Wales, southeastern Irish Machaire Fíolta Australia) : originally Wallis Plains (The city Maghnia (town, northwestern Algeria) : to was formed in 1944 when the two towns of c.1962 French Marnia East Maitland, earlier Maitland and originally Magnesia see Manisa Wallis Plains, and West Maitland, originally Magnus Portus see 1Portsmouth Molly Morgan’s Plains, combined with nearby Maguntan-hama see Pugachyovo Morpeth.) Magyarkanizsa see Kanji±a Majorca (island, central Balearic Islands, western Magyarország see Hungary Mediterranean) : [Spanish Mallorca] Magyaróvár (former town, northwestern Hun- Major Isidoro (town, northeastern Brazil) : to gary) : to 1867 German Ungarisch-Altenburg 1944 Sertãozinho (In 1945 the town combined with Moson to Makanza (town, northwestern Democratic Re- form the city of Mosonmagyaróvár.) public of the Congo) : to 1972 French Nouvelle Mahabad (town, northwestern Iran) : to 1930s Anvers Saujbulagh Makarov (town, eastern Russia) : 1905–1945 Mahilyow (city, eastern Belarus) : (Russian Japanese Shiritoru Mogilyov); to 1918 Russian Mogilyov Makarska (town, southern Croatia) : to 1918 Mahón (town, eastern Balearic Islands, Spain) : Italian Macarsca traditional English Port Mahon; Roman Portus Makedonija see Macedonia Magonis Makeyevka see Makiyivka Mährisch-Budwitz see Moravské Budfijovice Makhachkala (city, southwestern Russia) : 1857– Mährisch-Kromau see Moravskï Krumlov 1922 Petrovsk-Port; to 1857 Petrovskoye Mährisch-Ostrau see Ostrava Makhado (town, northeastern South Africa) : to Mährisch-Schönberg see ¶umperk 2003 Louis Trichardt Mährisch-Trübau see Moravská T†ebová Makharadze see Ozurget’i Mährisch-Weisskirchen see 1Hranice Makhlata see Pelovo Mahto see Pierre Makhmuzlii see Todor Ikonomovo Maidstone see 1East Hampton Makhnivka see 2Komsomol’s’ke Maigh Chromtha see Macroom Makhnovka see 2Komsomol’s’ke Maighean Rátha see Mountrath Makhsudabad see Murshidabad Maigh Eo see Mayo Makinka see Makinsk Maigh Nuad see Maynooth Makinsk (city, northern Kazakhstan) : to 1944 Maimachin see Altanbulag Makinka Main Camp see West Wyalong Makiyivka (city, southeastern Ukraine) : (Rus- Mai-Ndombe, Lake (western Democratic Re- sian Makeyevka); 1920–1931 Dmytriyevs’k (Rus- public of the Congo) : to 1973 Lake Leopold sian Dmitriyevsk) Mainistir Fhear Maí see Fermoy Makkah see Mecca Mainistir Laoise see Abbeyleix Makov see Maków Mazowiecki Mainistir na Búille see Boyle Maków Mazowiecki (town, east central Poland) Mainistir na Corann see Midleton : 1940–1945 German Mackeim; to 1915 Russian Mainland (island, Orkney Islands, northern Makov Scotland) : alternate literary Pomona Mala see Mallow Mainz (city, western Germany) : 1792–1793, Malabo (town, northwestern Equatorial Guinea) 1797–1816, 1918–1930 French Mayence; Roman : to 1973 Spanish Santa Isabel Mogontiacum (The French name was long the Malaca see Málaga usual form in English.) Malacka see Malacky Mairiporã (city, southeastern Brazil) : to 1948 Malacky (town, western Slovakia) : to 1918 Hun- Juqueri garian Malacka Maison Blanche see (1) Casablanca; (2) Dar el Maladzyechna (town, west central Belarus) : Beida (Russian Molodechno); 1919–1939 Polish Maison-Carrée see El Harrach Moùodeczno; to 1918 Russian Molodechno Málaga 124

Málaga (city, northern Spain) : Roman Malaca Malokuril’skoye (village, eastern Russia) : 1905– Malagasy Republic see Madagascar 1945 Japanese Shakotan Malahide (town, eastern Ireland) : Irish Mullach Malpaís see San Nicolás de Buenos Aires Íde Mals see Malles Venosta Malatya (city, east central Turkey) : ancient Malta (island republic, central Mediterranean) : Greek Melitene Roman and biblical Melita Malawi (republic, southeastern Africa) : to 1964 Malton (town, northern England) : Roman Der- Nyasaland ventio (The Roman name was that of the Der- Malawi, Lake (southeastern Africa) : alternate went River here.) Lake Nyasa Maùuowice (village, southwestern Poland) : to Malaya see Malaysia 1945 German Mollwitz Malaya Znamenka see Kam’yanka- Malvérnia see Chicualacuala Dniprovs’ka Malvinas, Islas see Falkland Islands Malay Peninsula (southeastern Asia) : Roman Maly Taymyr (island, northern Russia) : to Chersonesus Aurea (The Roman name trans- c.1918 Tsarevicha Alekseya lates as Golden Chersonese, as which the penin- Mamonovo (town, western Russia) : to 1945 sula was at one time known to English speak- German Heiligenbeil ers. Chersonesus is a name of Greek origin Mamucium see 1Manchester applied to various European peninsulas, one of Man, Isle of (Irish Sea, British Isles) : Roman the best known being the Crimea.) Monapia (The Roman name, which may origi- Malaysia (independent country, southeastern nally have been Manavia, derives from a root Asia) : to 1963 Malaya (The former federation meaning simply “mountain,” as for Anglesey, of Malaya, comprising nine states on the but here referring to the island’s central moun- Malay peninsula, became independent in 1957 tain of Snaefell.) and in 1963 combined with three other states Manáos see Manaus to form the federation of Malaysia.) Manaus (city, northwestern Brazil) : 1850–1939 Mala Znam’yanka see Kam’yanka- Manáos; formerly Villa da Barra; originally São Dniprovs’ka José do Rio Negrinho Malbergen see Georgsmarienhütte Manavia see Man, Isle of Malbork (city, northern Poland) : 1772–1945 Mancetter (village, central England) : Roman German Marienburg Manduessedum Malchika (village, northern Bulgaria) : to 1950 1Manchester (city, northwestern England) : L≠zhene Roman Mamucium (The Roman name was Malebo Pool (southwestern Democratic Repub- long misspelled Mancunium, giving “Mancun- lic of the Congo) : to 1972 Stanley Pool ian” as the adjectival form of the city’s name.) Malema (town, north central Mozambique) : 2Manchester (city, New Hampshire, northeast- 1921–1980 Portuguese Entre Rios ern United States) : 1751–1810 Derryfield; ear- Maleventum see Benevento lier Tyngstown; originally Old Harry’s Town Mali (republic, western Africa) : 1958–1960 Su- Manchester see (1) College Park; (2) Virden; danese Republic; 1920–1958 French Sudan (3) Yazoo City Malines see Mechlin Manchukuo see Manchuria Malinovoye Ozero (town, southern Russia) : Manchuria (historical region, northeastern formerly Mikhaylovsky China) : alternate Chinese Dongbei; 1932–1945 Malko TQrnovo (town, southeastern Bulgaria) : Manchukuo to 1913 Turkish Tqrnova Mandala, Mt. (eastern Indonesia) : formerly Ju- Malles Venosta (village, northern Italy) : to 1919 liana Top German Mals Mandidzuzure see Chimanimani Mallorca see Majorca Manduessedum see Mancetter Mallow (town, southwestern Ireland) : Irish Manduria see Ionio Mala Mangaung see Bloemfontein Mallwen see Mayskoye Mangoche (town, southern Malawi) : to 1964 Mallwischken see Mayskoye Fort Johnston Malo (island, north central Vanuatu) : formerly Manguaba see 1Pilar Bartholomew Island Mangush see Pershotravneve Malobaranivka see Ivanivka Manhattan (city, Kansas, central United States) : Malobaranovka see Ivanivka to 1856 Boston 125 Mari El

Manhattan see New York Marawi (city, southern Philippines) : formerly Manhush see Pershotravneve Dansalan Manica (town, western Mozambique) : to 1976 Marburg see Maribor Portuguese Vila Pery Marchand see Rommani Manihiki (atoll, northern Cook Islands) : for- Marche (region, central Italy) : traditional En- merly Humphrey Island glish The Marches (The English name for a Maniitsoq (village, southwestern Greenland) : border country is found elsewhere, as the formerly Danish Sukkertoppen Welsh Marches between England and Wales.) Manisa (city, western Turkey) : ancient Greek Marchena, Isla (island, northern Galápagos Is- Magnesia lands, Ecuador) : formerly Bindloe Island Manitou (village, Manitoba, central Canada) : to Marches, The see Marche 1881 Manitou City Marchlewsk see Dovbysh Manitou City see Manitou Marcodurum see Düren Manorbier (village, southwestern Wales) : Welsh Mare Adriaticum see Adriatic Sea Maenorbyrˆ Mare Cantabricum see Biscay, Bay of Manorhamilton (town, northwestern Ireland) : Marechal Deodoro (city, northeastern Brazil) : Irish Cluainín to 1939 Alagoas Manra (island, central Kiribati) : formerly Sydney Marechal Floriano see Piranhas Island Mareeba (town, Queensland, northeastern Aus- Mansa (town, northern Zambia) : to 1964 Fort tralia) : originally Granite Creek Rosebery Mare Germanicum see North Sea Mansfield (town, Connecticut, northeastern Mare Internum see Mediterranean Sea United States) : to 1702 Ponde Town Marek see Dupnitsa Mantes-Gassicourt see Mantes-la-Jolie Mare Mortuum see Dead Sea Mantes-la-Jolie (city, northern France) : for- Marengo see Hadjout merly Mantes-Gassicourt; Medieval Latin Mare Nostrum see Mediterranean Sea Medanta Mare Rubrum see Red Sea Mantova see Mantua Marganets see (1) Marhanets’; (2) Zhezdy Mantua (city, northern Italy) : [Italian Mantova] Margecany (town, east central Slovakia) : to 1918 (English has preserved the Roman name of the Hungarian Margitfalu city.) Marggrabowa see Olecko 1Manuae (atoll, southeastern Cook Islands) : for- Margherita, Lake see Abaya, Lake merly Hervey Island Margitfalu see Margecany 2Manuae (atoll, northwestern French Polynesia) : Marhanets’ (city, southeastern Ukraine) : (Rus- formerly Scilly Island sian Marganets); c.1926–1938 Komintern; to Manuel Urbano (town, western Brazil) : to 1944 c.1926 Horodyshche (Russian Gorodishche) Portuguese Castelo Mari (town, northeastern Brazil) : to 1944 Araçá Manyame, Lake (north central Zimbabwe) : for- Mariana (city, southeastern Brazil) : formerly merly Lake Robertson Vila de Albuquerque Manzini (city, central Swaziland) : to 1960 Bre- Mariana Islands (western Pacific) : to 1668 mersdorp Ladrones Islands Manzovka see Sibirtsevo Mariánské Láznfi (town, western Czech Repub- Mao (city, northwestern Dominican Republic) : lic) : to 1918, 1938–1945 German Marienbad to 1959 Valverde Maria Pereira see Mombaça Maoka see Kholmsk Maria Rast see Ru§e Maputo (city, southern Mozambique) : to 1976 Maria-Theresiopel see Subotica Portuguese Lourenço Marques Mari Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic Maracaibo (city, northwestern Venezuela) : orig- see Mari El inally Nueva Zamora Maribor (city, northern Slovenia) : to 1945 Ger- Maraisburg see Hofmeyr man Marburg Marakanda see Samarkand Maridunum see Carmarthen Máramarossziget see Sighetu-Marma´iei Mariehamn see Maarianhamina Maramba (city, southern Zambia) : alternate Mari El (republic, western Russia) : to 1992 Mari Livingstone Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic (The sec- Marandellas see Marondera ond word of the present name is Mari el, Marathus see Amrit “land.”) Marienbad 126

Marienbad see Mariánské Láznfi Marquês de Valença (city, southeastern Brazil) : Marienburg see (1) Al¨ksne; (2) Malbork to 1943 Portuguese Valença Marienhausen see Vi¸laka Marquette (town, Michigan, north central Marienhof see Nikitovka United States) : originally Worcester Mariental see 1Sovetskoye Marquette see Ludington Marienwerder see Kwidzyn Marracuene (town, southern Mozambique) : to Marignano see Melegnano 1975 Portuguese Vila Luísa Mariinskoye see Mar’yevka Marruás see Pôrto Mariinsk Water System see Volga-Baltic Wa- Marsala (town, southern Italy) : Roman Lily- terway baeum Marijampolc (city, southern Lithuania) : (Rus- Marsa Matruh (town, northwestern Egypt) : sian Mariyampole) 1955–1989 Kapsukas Roman Paraetonium Marino see 2Leninsky Marseille (city, southern France) : conventional 1Marion (city, Ohio, north central United States) English Marseilles, Roman Massilia; ancient : to 1822 Jacob’s Well Greek Massalia (The r in the French name is 2Marion (town, Alabama, southeastern United said to have entered by association with the States) : originally Muckle Ridge Roman god Mars.) Mariscal Estigarribia (town, northern Paraguay) Marseilles see Marseille : to 1945 López de Filippis Marshfield (village, southeastern Wales) : Welsh Maritsa see (1) Ognyanovo; (2) Simeonov- Maerun grad Marshfield see Coos Bay Mariupol’ (city, southeastern Ukraine) : 1948– Marthasville see Atlanta 1989 Russian Zhdanov Martil (town, northwestern Morocco) : formerly Mariyampole see Marijampolc Spanish Río Martín Mark Creek Crossing see Kimberley Martimprey-du-Kiss see Ahfir Markhlevsk see Dovbysh Martin (city, northwestern Slovakia) : formerly Märkisch Friedland see Mirosùawiec Tu r Viansky Svätï Martin; to 1918 Hungarian Markovo (town, western Russia) : to 1940 Turócszentmárton Markovo-Sbornoye Martinsborough see 1Greenville Markovo-Sbornoye see Markovo Martins Ferry (town, Ohio, north central Marks (city, western Russia) : 1920–1941 United States) : formerly Martinsville; origi- Marksshtadt; to 1920 Yekaterinenshtadt (The nally Jefferson former names are Russian forms of the respec- Martin’s Point see Campbellton tive German names Marxstadt, “Marx city,” Martinsville see Martins Ferry and Katharinenstadt, “Catherine city.” The re- Martvili (town, western Georgia) : 1939–1991 gion here was settled in the 18th century by Gegechkori Germans invited by decree of Catherine the Martynovka see Bol’shaya Martynovka Great and from 1924 to 1941, in the USSR, Martyropolis see Silvan was organized as the Volga German Autono- Marutea North (atoll, central French Polynesia) : mous Soviet Socialist Republic, with capital formerly Furneaux Island at Engel’s, 30 miles down the Volga River.) Marutea South (atoll, southeastern French Poly- Marksshtadt see Marks nesia) : formerly Lord Hood Island Marmara, Sea of (northwestern Turkey) : an- Marvão see Castelo do Piauí cient Greek Propontis (The sea’s Greek name Marxwalde see Neuhardenberg means “before the sea,” as it lies on the route Mary (city, southeastern Turkmenistan) : to 1937 to the Black Sea via the Bosporus.) Russian Merv (The present city was founded Marmaroschsiget see Sighetu-Marma´iei in 1884 and took its name from the ancient Marne (river, northeastern France) : Roman Ma- city of Merv, 19 miles to the east.) trona Maryborough (town, Victoria, southeastern Marneuli (city, southern Georgia) : to 1947 Bor- Australia) : originally Simson’s Ranges chalo Maryborough see Port Laoise Marnia see Maghnia Mar’yevka (village, northern Kazakhstan) : to Maroc see Morocco 1939 Russian Mariinskoye Marondera (city, east central Zimbabwe) : to Mar’yino see Pristen’ 1982 Marandellas Maryport (town, northwestern England) : Marosvásárhely see Târgu Mure£ Roman Alauna (The Roman fort stood at the 127 Mbini

mouth of the Ellen River here and was named French Mauritanie (The name is also an alter- for it.) nate spelling for Mauretania, the ancient re- Marystown (town, Newfoundland and Labra- gion of northern Africa that was the location dor, eastern Canada) : formerly Mortier Bay of the Roman provinces of Mauretania Cae- Marysville see Corvallis sariensis and Mauretania Tingitana.) Más Afuera see Alejandro Selkirk Mauritanie see Mauritania Más a Tierra see Robinson Crusoe Mauritius (island state, eastern Indian Ocean) : Mason City (city, Iowa, north central United 1721–1810 Ïle de France States) : formerly Masonic Grove; earlier Shib- Mauritius, Cape see Zhelaniya, Cape boleth Mauritzstad see Recife Masonic Grove see Mason City Mavromati (village, southern Greece) : ancient Massa-Carrar (province, central Italy) : c.1938– Greek Messene 1945 Apuania Mawlamyine (city, southeastern Myanmar) : Massacre Island see Dauphin Island conventional Moulmein Massalia see Marseille Maxambamba see Nova Iguaçu Massawa (former administrative region, central Mayagüez (city, western Puerto Rico) : originally and southeastern Eritrea) : to 1941 Italian Nuestra Señora de la Candelaria de Mayagüez Bassopiano Orientale Mayakovsky see Baghdat’i Massilia see Marseille Mayence see Mainz Massow see Maszewo Maynesborough see 2Berlin Masuren see Masuria Maynooth (town, eastern Ireland) : Irish Maigh Masuria (region, northeastern Poland) : [Polish Nuad Mazury]; formerly German Masuren Mayo (county, northwestern Ireland) : Irish Masvingo (town, south central Zimbabwe) : Maigh Eo 1980–1982 Nyanda; to 1980 Fort Victoria Mayskoye (village, western Russia) : 1938–1945 Maszewo (town, northwestern Poland) : to 1945 German Mallwen; to 1938 German Mallwisch- German Massow ken Mata Grande (city, northeastern Brazil) : to 1939 Maysville (town, Kentucky, east central United Portuguese Paulo Affonso States) : originally Limestone Matala (town, southwestern Angola) : formerly Mazagan see El Jadida Portuguese Artur de Paiva Ma±eikiai (city, northwestern Lithuania) : to Matamoros (city, northeastern Mexico) : alter- 1918 Russian Murav’yovo nate Heroica Matamoros; to 1851 San Juan de Mazovetsk see Wysokie Mazowieckie los Esteros Mazsalaca (town, northern Latvia) : to 1917 Ger- Matau see Clutha man Salisburg Mataúna see Palmeiras de Goiás Mazury see Masuria Matisco see Mâcon Mazyr (town, southeastern Belarus) : (Russian Matões see Parnarama Mozyr’); 1919–1939 Polish Mozyrz; to 1918 Matrona see Marne Russian Mozyr’ Matrosovo (village, western Russia) : to 1945 Mbala (town, northeastern Zambia) : to 1968 German Uggehnen Abercorn Matseyevo see Lukiv Mbalabala (town, southwestern Zimbabwe) : to Matseyiv see Lukiv 1982 Balla Balla Matsumae (town, northern Japan) : to 1930s Mbandaka (town, western Democratic Republic Fukuyama of the Congo) : to 1966 French Coquilhatville Matterhorn (mountain, northwestern Italy/ Mbanza-Congo (town, northwestern Angola) : southern Switzerland) : French Mont Cervin; to 1980 São Salvador do Congo Italian Monte Cervino (English prefers the Mbanza-Ngungu (town, western Democratic German name.) Republic of the Congo) : to 1966 French Mattersburg (town, eastern Austria) : to 1924 Thysville Mattersdorf; to 1919 Hungarian Nagymárton Mberengwa (town, southern Zimbabwe) : to Mattersdorf see Mattersburg 1982 Belingwe Mauch Chunk see Jim Thorpe 1Mbini (river, eastern Equatorial Guinea) : for- Maura Gefura see Uzunköprü merly Spanish Río Benito Mauretania see Mautitania 2Mbini (region, eastern Equatorial Guinea) : al- Mauritania (republic, western Africa) : formerly ternate Spanish Río Muni Mbuji-Mayi 128

Mbuji-Mayi (city, south central Democratic Re- Medzilaborce (town, eastern Slovakia) : to 1918 public of the Congo) : to 1966 Bakwanga Hungarian Mezâlaborc Mchinji (town, western Malawi) : to c.1966 Fort Meeks Field see Keflavík Field Manning Meftah (town, northern Algeria) : to c.1962 M’daourouch (village, northeastern Algeria) : French Rivet ancient Greek Madauros Megisti see Kastellorizon Meath (county, eastern Ireland) : Irish An Mhí Megrut see Gugark’ Meathas Troim see Edgeworthstown Mehlauken see Zales’ye Meaux (city, northern France) : Roman Latinum Mehomie see Razlog Mecca (city, western Saudi Arabia) : [Arabic Meirionnydd see Merioneth Makkah]; ancient Greek Macoraba Meklong see Samut Songkhram Mechanics Grove see Mundelein Melbourne (city, Florida, southeastern United Mechanicsham see Gretna States) : originally Crane Creek Mechelen see Mechlin Melegnano (town, northern Italy) : formerly Mechlin (city, northern Belgium) : [Flemish Marignano Mechelen; French Malines] Melekess see 2Dimitrovgrad Mechtal see Miechowice Melenik see Melnik Mecklenburg see Shepherdstown Melfort (town, Saskatchewan, south central Medanta see Mantes-la-Jolie Canada) : to 1904 Stoney Creek Medeia see Midye Melilla (city, northern Morocco) : formerly Ara- Medgyes see Media£ bic Russ Adir (The city has been a Spanish Media Atropatene see Azerbaijan possession since 1497.) Media£ (city, central Romania) : to 1918 Hungar- Melita see Malta ian Medgyes; to 1867 German Mediasch Melitene see Malatya Mediasch see Media£ Melitopol’ (town, southern Ukraine) : to 1841 Medina (city, western Saudi Arabia) : [Arabic Al Novooleksandrivka (Russian Novo-Aleksan- Madnnah]; formerly Arabic Yathrib (The Ara- drovka bic name, meaning simply “the city,” is a Melnik (city, southwestern Bulgaria) : to 1913 short form of Madnnat an-Nabiy, “city of the Turkish Melenik prophet,” to which the name was changed fol- Melnik see Mfilník lowing the arrival of Muhammad here in A.D. Mfilník (town, northwestern Czech Republic) : 622 in flight from Mecca.) to 1918, 1938–1945 German Melnik Mediolanum see (1) Évreux; (2) Milan; Melodunum see Melun (3) 1Whitchurch Melsetter see Chimanimani Mediolanum Santonum see Saintes Melun (town, northern France) : Roman Melo- Mediomatricum see Metz dunum Mediterranean Sea (between Europe, Asia, and Melville Island (Northern Territory, northern Africa) : Roman Mare Internum; alternate Australia) : Aboriginal Yermalner Roman Mare Nostrum (The sea borders Ara- Memel see Klaipcda bic-speaking countries in Asia and Africa and Memmate see Mende its Arabic names include Al Ba∏r al-Abyaö, Memphis (historic city, northern Egypt) : bibli- “the white sea,” Al Ba∏r al-Mutawassi™, “the cal Noph (The ancient city is now partly cov- middle sea,” and Al Ba∏r ar-R¨m, “the sea of ered by the modern village of Mit Rahina.) Rome.” In Turkey, to the northeast, the sea Menai Bridge (town, northwestern Wales) : is known as Akdeniz, “white sea,” like the Welsh Porthaethwy Arabs.) Menai Strait (northwestern Wales) : Welsh Y Medma see Rosarno Fenai Mednogorsk (city, southwestern Russia) : to Menapia see St. David’s 1939 Medny Mende (town, southern France) : Roman Mem- Medny see Mednogorsk mate Medvezh’ya Gora see Medvezh’yegorsk Mendeleyevsk (town, western Russia) : to 1967 Medvezh’yegorsk (town, northwestern Russia) : Bondyuzhsky to 1938 Medvezh’ya Gora; formerly Finnish 1Menderes (river, western Turkey) : ancient Karhumäki Greek Maeander (The river, also known as Medvode (town, central Slovenia) : to 1918 Ger- Büyükmenderes, “Great Menderes,” for distinc- man Zwischenwässern tion from 2Menderes, was famous in ancient 129 Miamisport

legend for its wanderings and its Greek name Roman Antiochia Margiana (The ancient city gave English meander.) gave the original name of the modern city of 2Menderes (river, northwestern Turkey) : ancient Mary.) Greek Scamander (The river is also known as Mesembria see Neseb≠r Küçükmenderes, “Little Menderes,” for distinc- Meseritz see Middzyrzecz tion from 1Menderes.) Meshed-e Sar see BIbol Sar Menen (town, southwestern Belgium) : French Mesolóngion (town, west central Greece) : to Menin 1830 Turkish Misolongi Ménerville see Thenia Messana see Messina Menevia see St. David’s Messene see Mavromati Menin see Menen Messina (city, southern Italy) : ancient Greek Menongue (town, south central Angola) : to Messana; originally ancient Greek Zancle 1975 Portuguese Serpa Pinto Mestia (village, northwestern Georgia) : to Menorca see Minorca c.1955 Seti Menotomy see 2Arlington Metangula (village, northwestern Mozambique) Mentana (town, western Italy) : Roman Nomen- : to 1980 Portuguese Augusto Cardosa tum Metapa see Ciudad Darío Menton (town, southeastern France) : formerly Metapontion see Metapontum Italian Mentone Metapontum (ancient city, southern Italy) : an- Mentone see Menton cient Greek Metapontion Menunketuck see Guilford Metlika (village, southern Slovenia) : to 1918 Menzel Bourguiba (town, northern Tunisia) : to German Möttling 1963 French Ferryville Metz (city, northeastern France) : Roman Meran see Merano Mediomatricum; earlier Roman Divodurum Merano (town, northern Italy) : to 1918 German Meuse (river, western Europe) : Dutch Maas; Meran Roman Mosa (English speakers prefer the Mercedes (city, west central Argentina) : to 1861 French form of the river’s name. The Dutch Fuerte Constitucional form is found in the name of Maastricht.) Meredith Bridge see Laconia Meyers’ Creek see Belleville Merény see Vondri§el Mexico (republic, southern North America) : Mérida (town, southwestern Spain) : Roman [Spanish México] Emerita Augusta México see (1) Mexico; (2) Mexico City Merioneth (county, western Wales) : Welsh Mexico City (city, south central Mexico) : Meirionnydd (The county was abolished in [Spanish México]; to 16th century Nahuatl 1974 and the Welsh name alone is now that of Tenochtitlán an administrative district.) Mezhdurechensk (city, southern Russia) : to Meriti Station see Duque de Caxias 1955 Ol’zheras Merlin’s Bridge (village, southwestern Wales) : Mezhdurech’ye see Shali Welsh Pont Myrddin (The village is now essen- Mézières (town, northeastern France) : Roman tially a suburb of Haverfordwest. The apparent Maceriae (In 1966 Mézières amalgamated with name of the Arthurian wizard Merlin is a cor- neighboring Charleville to form the city of ruption of Mary Magdalen, to whom a former Charleville-Mézières.) chapel here was dedicated.) Mezimfistí (town, northeastern Czech Republic) Merlo (city, eastern Argentina) : originally Villa : to 1918, 1939–1945 German Halbstadt de San Antonio del Camino (The city is now a Mezâfalva (town, west central Hungary) : to suburb of Buenos Aires.) 1951 Hercegfalva Merouana (town, northeastern Algeria) : to Mezâlaborc see Medzilaborce c.1962 French Corneille Mezâszilas (town, west central Hungary) : to Merrittsville see Welland 1942 Szilasbalhás Merry Mount see 2Quincy M’fumbiro see Virunga Merthyr Tudful see Merthyr Tydfil Miadzioù see Myadzel Merthyr Tydfil (town, southern Wales) : Welsh Miami (town, Oklahoma, south central United Merthyr Tudful States) : to 1890 Jimtown Merthyr Vale (village, southern Wales) : Welsh Miami Beach (city, Florida, southeastern United Dyffryn Taf; alternate Welsh Ynysowen. States) : to 1916 Ocean Beach Merv (historic city, southeastern Turkmenistan) : Miamisport see Peru Miarritze 130

Miarritze see Biarritz Mihidjan see Chittaranjan Miastko (town, northwestern Poland) : to 1945 M.I. Kalinina, imeni (town, western Russia) : to German Rummelsburg 1938 Kartonnaya Fabrika Miava see Myjava Mikashevichi (town, southern Belarus) : 1919– Michaelston-le-Pit (village, southeastern Wales) 1939 Polish Mikaszewicze : Welsh Llanfihangel-y-Pwll Mikaszewicze see Mikashevichi Michalovce (town, eastern Slovakia) : to 1918 Mikha Tskhakaya see Senaki Hungarian Nagymihály Mikhaylo-Kotsyubinskoye see Mykhaylo- Michelet see Aïn el Hammam Kotsyubyns’ke Miches (town, eastern Dominican Republic) : to Mikhaylovgrad see Montana 1936 Spanish El Jovero Mikhaylovka see (1) Kimovsk; (2) Sarykemer Michigan see Lansing Mikhaylovo (village, south central Bulgaria) : Michurin see Tsarevo formerly Gokpala Michurinsk (city, western Russia) : to 1932 Koz- Mikhaylovo see Zhelyu Voivoda lov Mikhaylovo-Semyonovskoye see 2Leninskoye Middle Congo see Congo, Republic of the Mikhaylovsk (town, west central Russia) : to Middle East (countries of southwestern Asia/ 1942 Mikhaylovsky Zavod northwestern Africa) : to 1940s Near East Mikhaylovskoye see Shpakovskoye Middle Island see South Island Mikhaylovsky see Malinovoye Ozero Middle Plantation see Williamsburg Mikhaylovsky Zavod see Mikhaylovsk Middletown (village, eastern Wales) : Welsh Mikkeli (city, southeastern Finland) : to 1918 Treberfedd Russian Sankt-Mikhel; to 1809 Swedish Sankt Middletown see Fairmont Michel Middlewich (town, northwestern England) : Mikoùajów see 2Mykolayiv Roman Salinae (The Roman name referred to Mikoyan see Yeghegnadzor the saltworks here, as it did at Droitwich.) Mikoyana, imeni see 1Oktyabr’sky Midilli see Mytilene Mikoyanovka see 2Oktyabr’sky Midiya see Midye Mikoyan-Shakhar see Karachayevsk Midleton (town, southern Ireland) : Irish Maini- Mikulczyce (town, southern Poland) : 1935– stir na Corann 1945 German Klausberg; to 1935 German Midway see Rockford Mikultschütz Midway Islands (central Pacific) : to 1967 Brooks Mikuliüce see Mykulynci Islands Mikulintsy see Mykulynci Midye (village, northwestern Turkey) : 1920– Mikulov (town, southeastern Czech Republic) : 1922 modern Greek Medeia; to 1913 Bulgarian to 1918, 1938–1945 German Nikolsburg Midiya Mikultschütz see Mikulczyce Miechowice (town, southern Poland) : to 1945 Miladinovci (town, north central Macedonia) : German Mechtal 1913–1914 Serbian Aleksandrovo Middzybórz (town, southwestern Poland) : to Milan (city, northern Italy) : [Italian Milano]; 1945 German Neumittelwalde Roman Mediolanum Middzychód (town, western Poland) : to 1945 Milano see Milan German Birnbaum Milazzo (town, southern Italy) : Roman Mylae Middzylesie (town, southwestern Poland) : to Mildenhall (village, southern England) : Roman 1945 German Mittelwalde Cunetio (This Mildenhall, near Marlborough, Middzyrzecz (town, western Poland) : to 1945 should not be confused with the village of the German Meseritz same name near Newmarket in eastern En- Middzyzdroje (town, northwestern Poland) : to gland, despite the latter’s fame for the hoard of 1945 German Misdroy Roman silver found there.) Mielau see Mùawa Milevsko (town, west central Czech Republic) : Mielno (village, northern Poland) : to 1945 Ger- to 1918, 1939–1945 German Mühlhausen man Gross-Möllen Milford Haven (town, southwestern Wales) : Miercurea-Ciuc (city, east central Romania) : to Welsh Aberdaugleddau 1918, 1940–1944 Hungarian Csikszereda Mili (atoll, southeastern Marshall Islands) : for- Mieroszów (town, southwestern Poland) : to merly Mulgrave Islands 1945 German Friedland Milicz (town, southwestern Poland) : to 1945 Miess see St†íbro German Militsch 131 Moçambique

Militsch see Milicz German Friedeberg (For a time after 1945 the Milkovitsa (town, northern Bulgaria) : formerly town took the Polish name Spokojna Góra, Gavren “peaceful mountain,” translating the German.) Millau (town, southern France) : Roman Aemil- Mirzachul see Guliston ianum Mirzoyan see Taraz Milltown see Milton Misamis see Ozamiz Milo see Kellogg Misdroy see Middzyzdroje Milton (town, southern New Zealand) : formerly Misericórdia see Itaporanga Milltown (The perception of the name as liter- Misivri see Neseb≠r ary led to the naming of the town’s streets for Miskin (village, southern Wales) : Welsh Meisgyn poets.) Misolongi see Mesolóngion Milverton (village, Ontario, southeastern Can- Mi•r see (1) Cairo; (2) Egypt ada) : to 1871 West’s Corner Mission (village, British Columbia, southwest- Mimidanum see Minden ern Canada) : 1922–1973 Mission City; to 1922 Mimoso do Sul (city, southeastern Brazil) : to Mission Junction; originally St. Mary’s Mission 1944 João Pessoa Mission City see Mission Minami-nayoshi see Shebunino Mission Junction see Mission Minatitlán (city, south central Mexico) : origi- Missoula (city, Montana, northwestern United nally Paso de la Fabrica States) : originally Hellgate Mindelo (city, northwestern Cape Verde) : alter- Missouri see Bozeman nate Porto Grande Místek see Frï dek-Místek Minden (city, northwestern Germany) : Roman Mitau see Jelgava Mimidanum Mitava see Jelgava Mineiros see Mineiros do Tietê Mitchell Island see Nukulaelae Mineiros do Tietê (town, southeastern Brazil) : Mitchell’s Corners see 3Aurora to 1944 Mineiros Mitchelstown (town, south central Ireland) : Minera (village, northeastern Wales) : Welsh Irish Baile Mhistéala Mwynglawdd Mitchel Troy (village, southeastern Wales) : Minnedosa (town, Manitoba, southern Canada) Welsh Llanfihangel Troddi : to 1880 Tanner’s Crossing Mitilíni see Mytilene Minni see Armenia Mitizirovo see Vasil Levski Minorca (island, eastern Balearic Islands, western Mit Rahina see Memphis Mediterranean) : [Spanish Menorca] Mitroviça see Kosovo Mitrovica Miüsk Mazowiecki (town, east central Poland) : Mitrowitz see Sremska Mitrovica to 1915 Russian Novominsk Mittelwalde see Middzylesie Min’yar (town, southwestern Russia) : to c.1928 Mitterburg see Pazin Min’yarsky Zavod Mittimatalik see Pond Inlet Min’yarsky Zavod see Min’yar Mladá Boleslav (town, northern Czech Repub- Mirabeau see Draa Ben Khedda lic) : to 1918, 1938–1945 German Jungbunzlau Mirabel (city, Quebec, southeastern Canada) : to Mladá Vo±ice (town, central Czech Republic) : 1973 Ste.-Scholastique to 1918, 1939–1945 German Jungwoschitz Miracatus (town, southeastern Brazil) : to 1944 Mùawa (town, north central Poland) : 1940–1945 Prainha German Mielau Miracema see Miracema do Norte Mnichovo Hradi§tfi (town, northern Czech Re- Miracema do Norte (city, north central Brazil) : public) : to 1918, 1939–1945 German 1944–1948 Cherente; to 1944 Miracema Münchengrätz Miramar (town, eastern Argentina) : formerly Moehau see Colville, Cape Spanish General Alvarado Moeris, Lake see Birkat QIr¨n Miranda see Macaloge Moba (town, southeastern Democratic Republic Mirandópolis (city, southeastern Brazil) : to of the Congo) : formerly French Baudouinville 1944 Portuguese Comandante Arbues Mobayi-Mbongo (town, northwestern Democ- Mir-Bashir see Tärtär ratic Republic of the Congo) : to 1972 French Mirnoye see Myrne Banzyville Mirosùawiec (town, northwestern Poland) : to Mobilong see Murray Bridge 1945 German Märkisch Friedland Mobutu Sese Seko, Lake see Albert, Lake Mirsk (town, southwestern Poland) : to 1945 Moçambique see Mozambique Moçâmedes 132

Moçâmedes see Namibe 1991 English Moldavia; to 1918 German Mocha (city, southwestern Yemen) : [Arabic Al Moldau M¨kha’] Molenbeek-St.-Jean (town, central Belgium) : Modena (town, western Italy) : Roman Mutina Flemish Sint-Jans-Molenbeek (The town is Modern see Modra now a suburb of Brussels.) Modica (town, southern Italy) : ancient Greek Molles see Carlos Reyles Motyca Mollwitz see Maùujowice Modicia see Monza Molly Morgan Plains see Maitland Modimolle (town, northeastern South Africa) : Molodechno see Maladzyechna to 2002 Nylstroom Moùodeczno see Maladzyechna Modlin (town, east central Poland) : to 1915 Rus- Molotov see Perm’ sian Novogeorgiyevsk (The town is now part of Molotova, imeni see Uchkuprik the city of Nowy Dwór Mazowiecki.) Molotovabad see Uch-Korgon Modohn see Madona Molotovo see Uchkuprik Modor see Modra Molotovsk see (1) Kayyngdy; (2) Nolinsk; Modos see Ja§a TomiW (3) Severodvinsk Modra (town, western Slovakia) : to 1918 Hun- Molvitino see Susanino garian Modor; to 1867 German Modern Molyneux see Clutha Modrï Kameû (town, southern Slovakia) : to Mombaça (city, northeastern Brazil) : to 1944 1918 Hungarian Kékâ Portuguese Maria Pereira Moeskroen see Mouscron Momchilgrad (town, southern Bulgaria) : to Mogador see Essaouira 1934 Turkish M≠stanli Mogilyov see Mahilyow Momchilovtsi (village, southern Bulgaria) : to Mogilyov Podol’sky see Mohyliv Podil’s’kyy 1934 Gorno Derekoi (The first part of the ear- Mogontiacum see Mainz lier name is Bulgarian, the second part Turk- Mohammadia (town, northwestern Algeria) : to ish.) c.1962 French Perrégaux Môn see Anglesey Mohammedia (town, western Morocco) : to Mona see Anglesey 1960 Fedala Monaghan (town, northern Ireland) : Irish Mohammerah see Khorramshahr Muineachán Mohrin see Moryü Monapia see Man, Isle of Mohrungen see MorRg Monastir (town, northeastern Tunisia) : Roman Mohyliv Podil’s’kyy (town, western Ukraine) : Ruspina (Russian Mogilyov Podol’sky) Monastir see Bitola Mokelumne Station see Lodi Mönchengladbach (city, western Germany) : Mokopane (town, northeastern South Africa) : 1951–1960 Mönchen-Gladbach; to 1951 to 2002 Potgietersrus München-Gladbach (The earlier name was al- Moksobomyo see Shwebo tered to avoid confusion with Munich.) Mokvin see Mokvyn Mönchen-Gladbach see Mönchengladbach Mokvyn (town, western Ukraine) : (Russian Moncton (city, New Brunswick, eastern Canada) Mokvin); formerly Pershotravneve (Russian Per- : to 1855 The Bend shotravnevoye) (The former Russian name does Moneron (island, eastern Russia) : 1905–1945 not translate the Ukrainian, which corre- Japanese Kaiba-to sponds to Russian Pervomayskoye, but simple Monett (town, Missouri, central United States) : transliterates it.) to 1877 Plymouth; originally Billings Mola di Gaeta see Formia Monfestino in Serra Mazzoni see Serramaz- Mold (town, northeastern Wales) : Welsh Yr zoni Wyddgrug Mongalla see Equatoria Moldau see (1) Moldava nad Bodvou; (2) Mol- Mongibello see Etna dova; (3) Vltava Mongolia (republic, east central Asia) : to 1921 Moldautein see Tï n nad Vltavou Outer Mongolia (The earlier name arose by Moldava nad Bodvou (town, southeastern Slo- contrast with Inner Mongolia, or Nei Mongol, vakia) : to 1918, 1938–1945 Hungarian Szepsi; now an autonomous region of northern China, to 1867 German Moldau but formerly the southern part of the more ex- Moldavia see Moldova tensive historic region of Mongolia.) Moldova (republic, southeastern Europe) : to Monmouth (town, southeastern Wales) : Welsh 133 Moravské Budfijovice

Trefynwy; Roman Blestium (The original Monte Santo de Minas (town, southeastern county of Monmouthshire, Welsh Sir Fynwy, Brazil) : 1944–1948 Monsanto was abolished in 1974 but restored in 1996.) Montezuma see Winona Monod see Sidi Allal Bahraoui Montgolfier see Rahouia Monoticut see Braintree Montgomery (town, eastern Wales) : Welsh Tre - 1Monroe (city, Louisiana, southern United faldwyn States) : to 1819 Fort Miro Montgomery see Sahiwal 2Monroe (city, Michigan, north central United Montgomery Court House see Rockville States) : to 1817 Frenchtown Monticello see Helena Monroeville (town, Pennsylvania, northeastern Montjoie see Monschau United States) : to 1951 Patton Township Montmorency (town, northern France) : 1689– Mons (town, southwestern Belgium) : Flemish 1789 Enghien (The town took its former name Bergen from the dukes of Enghien in Belgium.) Monsanto see Monte Santo de Minas Montmorency-Beaufort (village, north central Mons Brisiacus see Breisach France) : to 1689 Beaufort (In the year stated Monschau (town, western Germany) : to 1918 the village added the name of Montmorency Montjoie when that town was renamed, retaining it Montagnac see Remchi when the town regained its original name in Montagne de la Grande Traverse see Edith 1789.) Cavell, Mt. Montpelier see Montpellier Montagu Island see Nguna Montpellier (city, southern France) : traditional Montaigu see Scherpenheuvel English Montpelier (The English spelling is Montana (city, northwestern Bulgaria) : 1945– preserved in the name of Montpelier, Califor- 1990 Mikhaylovgrad; 1891–1945 Ferdinand; nia, United States.) earlier Golyama Kutlovitsa; Roman Montanen- Mont Perdu see Perdido, Monte sia Montreal (city, Quebec, southeastern Canada) : Montana see Boone officially French Montréal; to 1724 French Montanensia see Montana Ville-Marie-de-Montréal Mont Cervin see Matterhorn Montréal see Montreal Monte Alegre see Timbiras Monument see Bourne Monte Azul (city, southeastern Brazil) : to 1939 Monza (city, northern Italy) : Roman Modicia Tremedal Moodyville see North Vancouver Monte Azul see Monte Azul Paulista Mookgophong (town, northeastern South Monte Azul do Turvo see Monte Azul Paulista Africa) : to 2002 Naboomspruit Monte Azul Paulista (town, southeastern Brazil) Moorea (island, west central French Polynesia) : : 1944–1948 Monte Azul do Turvo; to 1944 formerly Eimeo Monte Azul Moore’s Bluff see Selma Monte Cervino see Matterhorn Moorhead (city, Minnesota, north central Monteleone di Calabria see Vibo Valentia United States) : originally Burbank Montellum Aymardi see Montélimar Moose Island see Eastport 1Montenegro (republic, southeastern Europe) : Moose River see Clementsport [Serbo-Croat Crna Gora] Moquegua (city, southern Peru) : originally Villa 2Montenegro (city, southern Brazil) : to 1930s de Santa Catalina del Guadalcázar del Valle de Portuguese São João de Montenegro Moquegua Montenegro see Amapá MorRg (town, northeastern Poland) : to 1945 Monte Nevoso see Sne±nik German Mohrungen Montenotte see Sidi Akacha Morava see Moravia Monte Perdido see Perdido, Monte Moravia (region, eastern Czech Republic) : Monterey see Monterrey [Czech Morava] Montería (city, northwestern Colombia) : origi- Moravská Ostrava see Ostrava nally San Jerónimo de Buenavista Moravská T†ebová (town, eastern Czech Repub- Monterrey (city, northern Mexico) : traditional lic) : to 1918, 1938–1945 German Mährisch- English Monterey (The English spelling is pre- Trübau served in the name of Monterey, California, Moravské Budfijovice (town, southern Czech United States.) Republic) : 1929–1945 German Mährisch-Bud- Monte San Giuliano see Erice witz; to 1918 German Budwitz Moravskï Beroun 134

Moravskï Beroun (town, eastern Czech Repub- Mosonmagyaróvár see (1) Magyaróvár; lic) : to 1918, 1938–1945 German Bärn (2) Moson Moravskï Krumlov (town, southern Czech Re- Mossoró (city, northeastern Brazil) : originally public) : to 1918, 1939–1945 German Santa Luiza de Mossoró Mährisch-Kromau Most (city, northwestern Czech Republic) : to Mordovskaya Bokla see 2Sovetskoye 1918, 1938–1945 German Brüx Morea see Peloponnese Mostrim see Edgeworthstown Morelia (city, west central Mexico) : originally Mostyska (town, western Ukraine) : to 1939 Pol- Valladolid ish Mo¢ciska Morgan City (town, Louisiana, southern United Mosty Wielkie see Velyki Mosty States) : to 1876 Brashear City Mosul (city, northern Iraq) : [Arabic Al Maw•il] Morgannwg see Glamorgan Motodomari see Vostochny Morgan’s Landing see Ilion Möttling see Metlika Morganstown (village, southern Wales) : Welsh Motu One (atoll, western French Polynesia) : Treforgan; alternate Welsh Pentre-poeth formerly Bellingshausen Island Morgenroth see Ruda ¡lRska Motyca see Modica Môr Hafren see Bristol Channel Moulmein see Mawlamyine Moridunum see Carmarthen Mound City see Moundsville Morocco (kingdom, northwestern Africa) : [Ara- Moundsville (town, West Virginia, east central bic Al-Maghrib]; formerly French Maroc (Most United States) : to 1865 Mound City (In the of present Morocco was known as French Mo- year stated the town merged with the nearby rocco from 1912 to 1956, when the country settlement of Grave Creek, renamed Eliza- gained its independence.) bethville in 1798.) Morón (city, east central Argentina) : 1930–1943 Mount (or Mount of or Mount of the) : for Seis de Septiembre names beginning thus, see the next word, as Morozov see Bratan McKinley, Mt. or Olives, Mount of or Holy Morris (village, Manitoba, southern Canada) : Cross, Mount of the formerly Scratching River Mountain Ash (town, southern Wales) : Welsh Morriston (village, southern Wales) : Welsh Tre - Aberpennar forys (The village is now a district of Swansea.) Mountain Home (town, Idaho, northwestern Morristown (town, New Jersey, northeastern United States) : originally Rattlesnake Station United States) : to 1740 West Hanover Mount Brydges (village, Ontario, southeastern Morristown see Asheville Canada) : to 1856 Carradoc Morro Grande see Barão de Cocais Mount Holly (town, New Jersey, northeastern Mortier Bay see Marystown United States) : formerly Bridgetown; origi- Moryü (town, northwestern Poland) : to 1945 nally Northampton German Mohrin Mt. McKinley National Park see Denali Na- Mosa see Meuse tional Park and Preserve Mo¢ciska see Mostyska Mount Marie see Pine Bluff 1Moscow (city, western Russia) : [Russian Mount Pleasant see Richmond Hill Moskva] Mountrath (town, central Ireland) : Irish 2Moscow (town, Idaho, northwestern United Maighean Rátha States) : to 1876 Hog Heaven Mount Shasta (town, California, western United Mosel see Moselle States) : to 1925 Sisson Mosella see Moselle Mount Wollaston see 2Quincy Moselle (river, northeastern France/western Ger- Mouscron (town, western Belgium) : Flemish many) : German Mosel, Roman Mosella Moeskroen Moses Lake (town, Washington, northwestern Moylgrove (village, southwestern Wales) : Welsh United States) : to 1938 Neppel Trewyddel Mosi-oa-Tunya see Victoria Falls Moyobamba (city, north central Peru) : origi- Moskovsky see Shahrihon nally Santiago de los Valles de Moyobamba Moskva see 1Moscow Moyynkum (town, southern Kyrgyzstan) : for- Moson (town, northwestern Hungary) : to 1867 merly Russian Furmanovka German Wieselburg (In 1945 the town com- Mozambique (republic, southeastern Africa) : bined with Magyaróvár to form the city of [Portuguese Moçambique]; formerly Portuguese Mosonmagyaróvár.) East Africa (The present name was current for 135 Mustafapa£a

some time before the country achieved inde- Mumbai (city, western India) : to 1995 Bombay pendence in 1975. The Portuguese name is Mumbles (village, southern Wales) : Welsh Y now generally on the map for Moçambique, the Mwmbwls (The village is now a district of seaport town in the northeast of the country Swansea.) and its capital until 1907.) Muminabad see Leningrad Mozhga (city, western Russia) : c.1920–1926 M≠’minobod see Leningrad Krasny; to c.1920 Syuginsky (The city was München see Munich formed in 1926 on incorporating nearby Syug- München-Gladbach see Mönchengladbach insky Zavod.) Münchengrätz see Mnichovo Hradi§tfi Mozirje (village, northern Slovenia) : to 1918 Mundelein (town, Illinois, east central United German Prassburg States) : originally Mechanics Grove (The vil- Mozyr’ see Mazyr lage was successively named Holcomb, Rocke- Mozyrz see Mazyr feller, and Area before gaining its present name Mpumalanga (province, northeastern South in 1924.) Africa) : 1994–1995 Eastern Transvaal Mundo Novo see Urupês MrRgowo (town, northeastern Poland) : to 1945 Munich (city, southern Germany) : [German German Sensburg München] Mrewa see Murewa Munkács see Mukacheve MrkonjiW-Grad (town, central Bosnia-Herze- Munkatsch see Mukacheve govina) : to 1930s Varcar Vakuf Münsterberg see Zidbice Mstislavl’ see Mstislaw Muqui (town, southeastern Brazil) : to 1944 Por- Mstislaw (town, eastern Belarus) : (Russian tuguese São João do Muqui Mstislavl’); to 1918 Russian Mstislavl’ Murang’a (town, south central Kenya) : to 1963 Muar (city, southwestern Malaysia) : formerly Fort Hall Bandar Maharani Muraszerdahely see Mursko Sredi§We Muckle Ridge see 2Marion Muraszombat see Murska Sobota Muconda (town, northeastern Angola) : formerly Murav’yovo see Ma±eikiai Portuguese Nova Chaves Murchison (town, central New Zealand) : for- Mud Creek see Abilene merly Hampden Muddy River see Brookline Murchison Falls see Kabalega Falls Mud River see Paisley Murewa (town, eastern Zimbabwe) : to 1982 Mud Town see Watts Mrewa Mühlbach see Sebe£ Murgap (town, east central Tajikistan) : to Mühlhausen see Milevsko c.1929 Russian Pamirsky Post Muineachán see Monaghan Murmansk (city, northwestern Russia) : to 1917 Muine Bheag (town, eastern Ireland) : alternate Romanov-na-Murmane Bagenalstown Murphy’s Station see Sunnyvale MukaVevo see Mukacheve Murray Bridge (town, South Australia, southern Mukacheve (city, western Ukraine) : (Russian Australia) : to 1940 Mobilong Mukachevo); 1919–1938, 1944–1945 Czech Murshidabad (city, northwestern India) : to MukaVevo; to 1918, 1938–1945 Hungarian 1704 Makhsudabad Munkács; to 1867 German Munkatsch (The Murska Sobota (town, northeastern Slovenia) : city was under German-Hungarian occupation to 1918, 1941–1944 Hungarian Muraszombat in World War II.) Mursko Sredi§We (town, northern Croatia) : to Mukachevo see Mukacheve 1918, 1941–1944 Hungarian Muraszerdahely Mukden see Shenyang Murviedro see Sagunto Mukhtuya see Lensk Musala (mountain, southwestern Bulgaria) : Mulgrave Islands see Mili 1949–1962 Stalin Peak Mülhausen see Mulhouse Muscat and Oman see Oman Mulhouse (city, northeastern France) : 1871– Muscatine (city, Iowa, north central United 1918, 1940–1944 German Mülhausen States) : to 1850 Bloomington Mullach Íde see Malahide Musketaquid see 2Concord Mullingar (town, central Ireland) : Irish An Mussolinia di Sardegna see Arborea Muileann gCearr Mustafakemalpa£a (town, northwestern Turkey) Mulungu (town, northeastern Brazil) : 1944– : formerly Kirmasti 1948 Camarazal Mustafapa£a see Svilengrad M≠stanli 136

M≠stanli see Momchilgrad My¢libórz (town, northwestern Poland) : to 1945 Mustayevka see Mustayevo German Soldin Mustayevo (village, southwestern Russia) : to Mysùowice (town, southern Poland) : to 1921, c.1940 Mustayevka 1939–1945 German Myslowitz Mutare (town, eastern Zimbabwe) : to 1982 Um- Myslowitz see Mysùowice tali Mysore see Karnataka Mutina see Modena Mysovka (village, western Russia) : to 1945 Ger- Mutum (city, southeastern Brazil) : to 1939 Por- man Karkeln tuguese São Manuel do Mutum Mysovsk see 2Babushkin Muxaluando (town, southern Angola) : to Mytilene (town, eastern Greece) : modern Greek c.1976 Portuguese General Freire Mitilíni; to 1913 Turkish Midilli Muy Vavi see Ayo Mytilene see Lesbos Muztor see Toktogul Naas (town, eastern Ireland) : Irish An Nás Mvuma (town, central Zimbabwe) : to 1982 Nabadwip (city, northeastern India) : formerly Umvuma Nadia Mwenezi (town, southern Zimbabwe) : to 1982 Naberezhnyye Chelny (city, western Russia) : Nuanetsi 1982–1988 Brezhnev; to 1930 Chelny Mwynglawdd see Minera Nabeul (town, northeastern Tunisia) : Roman Myadel’ see Myadzel Neapolis Myadzel (town, northwestern Belarus) : (Russian NIblus (town, northern West Bank) : Roman Myadel’); 1919–1939 Polish Miadzioù; to 1918 Neapolis (Some scholars identify Neapolis as Russian Myadel’ the biblical city of Shechem, but its site is now Myall Creek Station see Dalby usually located around a mile east.) Myanmar (republic, southeastern Asia) : to 1989 Naboomspruit see Mookgophong Burma (The former name is still widely current Nabresina see Aurisina in the media and everyday speech, and is some- Na Buirgh see Borve times preferred on political grounds by those Na Cealla Beaga see Killybegs who object to the country’s military regime.) Nachod see Náchod Myjava (town, western Slovakia) : to 1918 Hun- Náchod (town, northeastern Czech Republic) : garian Miava to 1918, 1939–1945 German Nachod Mykhaylo-Kotsyubyns’ke (town, northern Naciria (town, northern Algeria) : to c.1962 Ukraine) : (Russian Mikhaylo-Kotsyubinskoye); French Haussonvillers to c.1935 Kozyol Na Clocha Liatha see Greystones 1Mykolayiv (city, southern Ukraine) : (Russian Nadezhda (town, western Bulgaria) : formerly Nikolayev); to 1918 Russian Nikolayev Gerdima (The town is now a residential dis- 2Mykolayiv (town, western Ukraine) : (Russian trict of Sofia.) Nikolayev); to 1919 Polish Mikoùajów (The Nadezhdinsk see Serov town is formally known as Mykolayiv na Nadezhdinsky Priisk see Aprel’sk Dnistri, Russian Nikolayev na Dnestre, denot- Nadezhdinsky Zavod see Serov ing its location on the Dniester, for distinc- Nadia see Nabadwip tion from 1Mykolayiv.) Nadterechnaya (town, southwestern Russia) : to Mykolayivka see Novovorontsovka 1944 Nizhny Naur Mykolayivka-Vyrivs’ka see 2Zhovtneve Nadvirna (town, western Ukraine) : (Russian Mykulynci (town, western Czech Republic) : Nadvornaya); to 1939 Polish Nadwórna (Russian Mikulintsy); to 1939 Polish Mikuliüce Nadvornaya see Nadvirna Mykytine see Nikopol’ Nadwórna see Nadvirna Mykytin Rih see Nikopol’ Naga (city, north central Philippines) : to 1914 Mylae see Milazzo Spanish Nueva Caceres Mymensingh (city, north central Bangladesh) : Nagahama see Ozyorsky formerly Nasirabad Nagybánya see Baia Mare Mynydd Du see Black Mountains Nagybecskerek see Zrenjanin Myrne (town, southeastern Ukraine) : (Russian Nagybittse see BytVe Mirnoye); to 1958 Karans’kyy Kam’yanyy Kar’yer Nagykanizsa (city, southwestern Hungary) : to (Russian Karansky Kamenny Kar’yer) 1867 German Grosskanischa Myrzakent (town, southern Kazakhstan) : for- Nagykapos see Vel’ké Kapu§any merly Russian Slavyanka Nagykároly see Carei 137 Nashua

Nagykikinda see Kikinda Nanning (city, southern China) : 1913–1945 Nagymárton see Mattersburg Yongning Nagymegyer see Vel’kï Meder Nanterre (town, northern France) : Roman Nagymihály see Michalovce Nemetodurum Nagyrâce see Revúca Nantes (city, northwestern France) : Breton Nagyszalonta see Salonta Naoned; Roman Condivincum Nagyszeben see Sibiu Nantong (city, eastern China) : to 1724 Tongzhou Nagyszöllös see Vynohradiv (The city was renamed to avoid confusion Nagyszombat see Trnava with Tongzhou near Beijing.) Nagytapolcsány see Topol’Vany Nanumanga (island, northern Tuvalu) : formerly Nagyvárad see Oradea Hudson Island Nahanni Butte (village, Northwest Territories, Naoned see Nantes northwestern Canada) : alternate Inuit Naples (city, southwestern Italy) : [Italian Tthenaagoo Napoli]; Roman Neapolis Na h-Eileanan an Iar see Western Isles Napoléon-Vendée see La Roche-sur-Yon Nahr al- ‘A•n see Orontes Napoléonville see Pontivy Naibo see Dobroye Napoli see Naples Naibuchi see Nayba Naracoorte (town, South Australia, southern Naihoro see 1Gornozavodsk Australia) : to 1869 Kincraig Nairo see Gastello Narberth (town, southwestern Wales) : Welsh Naissus see Ni§ Arberth Nakambe (river, western Africa) : to 1986 White Narbo Martius see Narbonne Volta, formerly alternate Volta Blanche (The Narbonne (city, southern France) : Roman native name is mostly used in Burkina Faso.) Narbo Martius (The full title of the first Nakel see Nakùo nad NoteciR Roman colony in Gaul, following its enlarge- Nakhrachi see Kondinskoye ment by the emperor Claudius, was Colonia Nakùo nad NoteciR (town, north central Poland) Julia paterna Claudia Narbo Martius de- : 1939–1945 German Nakel cumanorum.) Naldrug see Osmanabad Narborough Island see Fernandina Nálepkovo see Vondri§el Narda see Arta Nalubaale Falls (south central Uganda) : to Nardò (town, southern Italy) : Roman Neretum 2000 Owen Falls Narimanov (town, southwestern Russia) : to Namaland see Namaqualand 1984 Nizhnevolzhsk Namaqualand (region, southwestern Africa) : al- Narimanova, imeni see Bankä ternate Namaland Narni (town, central Italy) : Roman Narnia Namen see Namur Narnia see Narni Námestó see Námestovo Nartkala (town, southwestern Russia) : to 1967 Námestovo (town, northern Slovakia) : to 1918 Dokshukino Hungarian Námestó Narva-Jõesuu (town, northeastern Estonia) : to Namibe (town, southwestern Angola) : to 1982 1917 German Hungerburg Portuguese Moçâmedes Nar’yan-Mar (city, northwestern Russia) : 1933– Namibia (republic, southwestern Africa) : 1915– 1935 imeni Dzerzhinskogo; to 1933 Beloshchel’ye 1968 South West Africa; 1884–1915 German 1Naryn (administrative region, central Kyrgyzs- South West Africa tan) : to 1990 Tyan’-Shan’ (The region’s former Namslau see Namysùów name derives from the Tien Shan mountain Namur (city, south central Belgium) : Flemish chain that extends east into China.) Namen 2Naryn (town, eastern Uzbekistan) : formerly Namysùów (town, southwestern Poland) : to Khakkulabad 1945 German Namslau Naryshkino see Kuznetsk Nanaimo (city, British Columbia, southwestern NQsQud (town, north central Romania) : to 1918, Canada) : to 1860 Colville Town 1940–1944 Hungarian Naszód; to 1867 Ger- Nanhyfer see Nevern man Nussdorf Naniwa see Osaka Na Sceirí see Skerries Nanjing (city, east central China) : conventional Nash (village, southeastern Wales) : Welsh Tre - English Nanking; 1644–1912 Jiangning fonnen Nanking see Nanjing Nashua (city, New Hampshire, northeastern Nashville 138

United States) : to 1837 Dunstable (The city Nayoshi see Lesogorsk was formed in the year stated by merging with Nazerat see Nazareth a village of its present name, itself known until Nazaré (city, eastern Brazil) : formerly Nazareth 1803 as Indian Head.) Nazaré see Nazaré da Mata Nashville (city, Tennessee, east central United Nazaré da Mata (city, northeastern Brazil) : to States) : to 1784 Fort Nashborough 1944 Nazaré Nasirabad see Mymensingh Nazareth (town, northern Israel) : [Hebrew Naz- Nasrat see Nawabshah erat; Arabic An NI•irah] (Nazareth was the Naszód see NQsQud childhood home of Jesus and Arabic na•rInn Natal see KwaZulu-Natal means “Christian.”) Natchez (town, Mississippi, southeastern United Nazareth see Nazaré States) : originally Fort Rosalie Nazimovo see Putyatin Natchitoches (city, Louisiana, southern United Nazran’ (town, southwestern Russia) : 1944– States) : originally Fort St. Jean Baptiste 1967 Kosta-Khetagurovo; earlier Georgiye- Natividade see Natividade da Serra Osetinskoye Natividade da Serra (town, southeastern Brazil) Nazyvayevsk (town, southern Russia) : c.1935– : to 1944 Natividade 1945 Novonazyvayevka; to c.1935 Sibirsky Naugatuck (town, Connecticut, northeastern N’dalatando (town, northwestern Angola) : to United States) : originally Salem Bridge 1975 Portuguese Vila Salazar Naugatuck see Seymour N’Djamena (city, southwestern Chad) : to 1973 Naujaat see Repulse Bay French Fort-Lamy Naumburg am Queis see Nowogrodziec Neal’s Station see Parkersburg Naumiestis (town, southwestern Lithuania) : to Neapolis see (1) Nabeul; (2) NIblus; (3) Naples 1918 Polish Wùadysùawów Near East see Middle East Nauportus see Vrhnika Neath (town, southern Wales) : Welsh Castell- Nauru (island republic, southwestern Pacific) : nedd; Roman Nidum formerly Pleasant Island Néau see Eupen Nauvoo (town, Illinois, north central United Nebitdag (city, western Turkmenistan) : to late States) : to 1840 Commerce 1930s Nefte-Dag Navabad (town, west central Tajikistan) : (Rus- Nedenes see Aust-Agder sian Novabad); to 1950 Shul’mak Nederland see Netherlands Navahrudak (town, western Belarus) : (Russian Nedvigovka (village, southwestern Russia) : an- Novogrudok); 1919–1939 Polish Nowogródek cient Greek and Roman Tanais (The village Navan (town, eastern Ireland) : Irish An Uaimh stands at the mouth of the Don River, itself Navarino see Pylos known by the same classical name.) Navarra see Navarre Ñeembucú see 2Pilar Navarre (region, northern Spain) : [Spanish Neenah (city, Wisconsin, north central United Navarra] (English prefers the French form of States) : to 1856 Winnebago Rapids the name for the ancient kingdom, which ex- Neftçala (town, southeastern Azerbaijan) : (Rus- tended into southern France, keeping Navarra sian Neftechala); formerly Russian imeni 26 for the modern Spanish province.) Bakinskikh Kommunarov Navio see 2Brough Neftechala see Neftçala Navoiy (city, central Uzbekistan) : to 1958 Kermine Nefte-Dag see Nebitdag Návpaktos (town, western Greece) : to 1830 Neftekamsk (city, western Russia) : formerly Turkish jnebahti; formerly Italian Lepanto Kasevo (The Italian form of the name is preserved for Nefteyugansk (city, central Russia) : to 1967 the naval battle of 1571, in a nearby strait, in Ust’-Balyk which the Turks were defeated by the Holy Neftezavodsk see Seydi League.) Negotin (village, central Macedonia) : 1913–1941 Návplion (town, southern Greece) : to 1830 Serbian Sveti Djordje Turkish Navpliya Negroponte see Euboea Navpliya see Návplion Neidenburg see Nidzica Nawabshah (city, southern Pakistan) : originally Neidín see Kenmare Nasrat Neisse see Nysa Nayba (river, eastern Russia) : 1905–1945 Japa- Nejdek (town, western Czech Republic) : to nese Naibuchi 1918, 1938–1945 German Neudeck 139 Neustadt

Nekhayevskaya (village, southwestern Russia) : Castra Exploratorum (This is the only example 1956–1992 Nekhayevsky (The village had town in England of Latin castra, “camp,” in a status under the former name.) Roman name although there are several in Nekhayevsky see Nekhayevskaya continental Europe, as Castres in France. As a Nekrasovskoye (town, western Russia) : to 1938 regular word, however, it gave the modern Bol’shiye Soli names of English cities such as Manchester, Nelepovsky Khutor see Artemove Rochester, and Winchester.) Nelipivs’kyy Khutir see Artemove Netherlands (kingdom, western Europe) : 1Nelson (city, central New Zealand) : Maori [Dutch Nederland]; conventional English Hol- Wakatu land (The name Holland strictly applies only 2Nelson (town, British Columbia, southwestern to the two western provinces of North Hol- Canada) : to 1888 Stanley land and South Holland, Dutch Noord-Hol- Nelsonville see Cowansville land and Zuid-Holland.) Neman (town, western Russia) : to 1945 German Netherlands Antilles (island federation, south- Ragnit ern West Indies) : to 1954 Dutch West Indies Nemausus see Nîmes Netherlands East Indies see Indonesia Nfimeckï Brod see HavlíVkÀv Brod Netum see Noto Nemetacum Atrebatum see Arras Neubentschen see ZbRszynek Nemetocenna see Arras Neubidschow see Novï Byd±ov Nemetodurum see Nanterre Neuchâtel (town, western Switzerland) : German Németpróna see Nitrianske Pravno Neuenburg Németújvár see Güssing Neudamm see Ddbno Nemours see Ghazaouet Neudeck see Nejdek Nen see Nene Neuenburg see Neuchâtel Nenagh (town, south central Ireland) : Irish An Neuenburg an der Elbe see Nymburk tAaonach Neufahrwasser see Nowy Port Nene (river, central and eastern England) : alter- Neugard see Nowogard nate Nen (The alternate spelling strictly applies Neugradisca see Nova Gradi§ka to the river’s upper reaches and the main name Neuhardenberg (town, eastern Germany) : to its lower, better-known course.) 1949–1990 Marxwalde Neocaesarea see Niksar Neuhaus see (1) Dobrna; (2) Jind†ichÀv Neokastro see Pylos Hradec Nepisiguit see Bathurst Neuhäusel see Nové Zámky NepolocQu´ii see Nepolokivtsi Neuhausen see Gur’yevsk Nepolokivtsi (town, western Ukraine) : (Russian Neukirch see Timiryazevo Nepolokovtsy); 1919–1940 Romanian Nepolo- Neukuhren see Pionersky cQu´ii; to 1918 German Nepolokoutz Neu-Langenburg see Tukuyu Nepolokoutz see Nepolokivtsi Neumagen (village, western Germany) : Roman Nepolokovtsy see Nepolokivtsi Noviomagus Neppel see Moses Lake Neumarkt see (1) Nowy Targ; (2) ¡roda ¡lRska Neretum see Nardò Neumarktl see Tr ±iV Nerium Promontorium see Finisterre, Cape Neu-Mecklenburg see New Ireland Nero see Krn Neumittelwalde see Middzybórz Neseb≠r (town, eastern Bulgaria) : to 1878 Turk- Neupaka see Nová Paka ish Misivri; ancient Greek Mesembria (The Neu-Pommern see New Britain original Greek name, or a form of it, was cur- Neurode see Nowa Ruda rent until 1934.) Neusalz see Nowa Sól Nesselsdorf see Kop†ivnice Neusandez see Nowy SRcz Nesterov (town, western Russia) : 1938–1945 Neusatz see Novi Sad German Ebenrode; to 1938 German Stallupö- Neuschwanenburg see Gulbene nen Neusiedl am See (town, eastern Austria) : to 1919 Nesterov see Zhovkva Hungarian Nezider Nesvetevich see Proletars’k Neusohl see Banská Bystrica Nesvitovych see Proletars’k Neuss (city, western Germany) : Roman Novae- Nesvizh see Nyasvizh sium Netherby (village, northern England) : Roman Neustadt see (1) Eberswalde; (2) Prudnik Neustadt an der Haardt 140

Neustadt an der Haardt see Neustadt an der New Brunswick (city, New Jersey, northeastern Weinstrasse United States) : formerly Inian’s Ferry; origi- Neustadt an der Mettau see Nové Mfisto nad nally Prigmore’s Swamp Metují Newburyport see St. Joseph Neustadt an der Weinstrasse (city, southwestern New Butler see Butler Germany) : to 1936, 1945–1950, Neustadt an New Caledonia (island territory, southwestern der Haardt; Medieval Latin Nova Civitas Pacific) : French Nouvelle-Calédonie (The is- Neustadt bei Pinne see Lwówek lands were named by the British in 1774 but Neustädtel see Nowe Miasteczko annexed by France in 1853.) Neustadt in Westpreussen see Wejherowo New Caledonia see British Columbia Neustadtl see Nové Mfisto na Moravfi New Cambridge see Bristol Neustadt-Schirwindt see Kudirkos Naumies- 1Newcastle (city, northeastern England) : Roman tis Pons Aelii Neustettin see Szczecinek 2Newcastle (village, southern Wales) : Welsh Neuteich see Nowy Staw Castell-newydd (The village is now a district of Neutitschein see Novï JiVín Bridgend.) Neutomischl see Nowy Tomy§l 3Newcastle (town, southeastern Northern Ire- Neutra see Nitra land) : Irish An Caisleán Nua Neuville (village, Quebec, southeastern Canada) Newcastle see Webster City : to 1919 Pointe-aux-Trembles New Castle (town, Delaware, northeastern Neuwarp see Nowe Warpno United States) : 1655–1664 Dutch Nieuw Neuwedell see Drawno Amstel; originally Santhoeck Nevdubstroy see 2Kirovsk Newcastle Emlyn (town, southwestern Wales) : Nevel’sk (town, eastern Russia) : 1905–1945 Welsh Castellnewydd Emlyn Japanese Honto New Connecticut see Vermont Never (town, eastern Russia) : formerly Larinsky New Delhi see Delhi Nevern (village, southwestern Wales) : Welsh New Denver (village, British Columbia, south- Nyfer, alternate Welsh Nanhyfer western Canada) : to 1892 Eldorado Nevers (town, central France) : Roman Novio- New Edinburgh see Dunedin dunum Newfield see Bridgeport Neves see Neves Paulista New Forest (southern England) : Medieval Latin Neves Paulista (town, southeastern Brazil) : Nova Foresta (As elsewhere in British place- 1944–1948 Iboti; to 1944 Neves names, forest here means specifically “hunting Nevrokop see Gotse Delchev preserve” rather than just “region of trees.”) Nevskoye (village, western Russia) : 1938–1945 New France see Canada German Schlossbach; to 1938 German Pillupö- New Harmony (town, Indiana, north central nen United States) : originally German Harmonie New Amsterdam see (1) Buffalo; (2) New York Newhaven see Le Havre New Anzac-on-Sea see Peacehaven New Haven (city, Connecticut, northeastern Newark (city, New Jersey, northeastern United United States) : to 1640 Quinnipiac States) : formerly New Milford; originally New Hebrides see Vanuatu Pesayak Towne New Helvetia see Sacramento Newark see Niagara-on-the-Lake New Holland see Australia New Barbadoes see Hackensack New Hope (town, Pennsylvania, northeastern New Beverly see 2Burlington United States) : originally Coryel’s Ferry (The Newborough (village, northwestern Wales) : town lies across the Delaware River from Lam- Welsh Niwbwrch bertville, and the original ferry plied between Newbridge (town, southeastern Wales) : Welsh the two places.) Trecelyn New Inverness see Darien Newbridge see Droichead Nua New Ireland (island, eastern Papua New Guinea) Newbridge-on-Wye (village, eastern Wales) : : 1884–1914 German Neu-Mecklenburg (Politi- Welsh Y Bontnewydd-ar-Wy cally, the province of New Ireland includes New Britain (island, eastern Papua New Guinea) other islands, notably New Hanover.) : 1884–1920 German Neu-Pommern New Johnston see 2Cornwall New Britain see Ormond Beach New Liskeard (town, Ontario, southeastern New Brookland see West Columbia Canada) : originally Thornloe 141 Nicosia

New London (city, Connecticut, northeastern New Town see 2Wilmington United States) : to 1658 Pequot Newtownards (town, eastern Northern Ireland) : Newmarket (town, Ontario, southeastern Irish Baile Nua na hArda Canada) : to c.1810 Beman’s Corners Newtownbarry see Bunclody New Market (town, Virginia, eastern United New Towne see (1) 2Cambridge; (2) Newton States) : to 1796 Crossroads New Tredegar (town, southern Wales) : Welsh New Milford see Newark Tredegar Newydd New Moat (village, southwestern Wales) : Welsh New Westminster (city, British Columbia, Y Môt southwestern Canada) : originally Queensbor- New Norfolk (town, Tasmania, southeastern ough Australia) : to 1827 Elizabeth Town New Windsor see 1Windsor New Orleans (city, Louisiana, southern United New York (city, New York, northeastern United States) : to 1803 French Nouvelle-Orléans States) : to 1664 New Amsterdam (Dutch New Orleans Village see Torrington Nieuw Amsterdam) (The city’s name is applied 1Newport (city, southeastern Wales) : Welsh Cas- by many only to the borough of Manhattan, as newydd-ar-Wysg coextensive with New York County, although 2Newport (town, southwestern Wales) : Welsh it is properly that of the whole of New York Trefdraeth City, or Greater New York, including the 3Newport (town, western Ireland) : Irish Baile Uí “outer boroughs” of the Bronx, Brooklyn, Fhiacháin Queens, and Staten Island.) Newport see Newport Beach New Zealand (independent state, southwestern Newport Beach (city, California, southwestern Pacific) : Maori Aotearoa; formerly Dutch United States) : formerly Newport Staaten Landt New Quay (village, western Wales) : Welsh Ney-Val’ter see Sverdlovo Ceinewydd Nezametny see Aldan New Radnor (village, eastern Wales) : Welsh Nezider see Neusiedl am See Maesyfed (The village was the original county Ngaru see Port Hedland town of Radnorshire, Welsh Sir Faesyfed, abol- Nguna (island, central Vanuatu) : formerly Mon- ished in 1974.) tagu Island New Ross (town, southeastern Ireland) : Irish Ngunza see Sumbe Rhos Mhic Thriúin Nhlangano (town, southwestern Swaziland) : Newry (town, southeastern Northern Ireland) : formerly Goedgegun Irish An tIúr Niagara see Niagara-on-the-Lake Newry Station see Atwood Niagara Falls (city, Ontario, southeastern Can- New Sarum see Salisbury ada) : 1856–1881 Clifton; to 1856 Elgin New Siberian Islands (northeastern Russia) : Niagara-on-the-Lake (town, Ontario, south- [Russian Novosibirskiye Ostrova] eastern Canada) : to 1906 Niagara; earlier New Site see 2Andalusia Newark (The addition to the name distin- New South Wales see Australia guished the town from nearby Niagara Falls.) Newstead (village, southeastern Scotland) : Nicaea see (1) jznik; (2) Nice Roman Trimontium Nicaragua see Rivas Newton (city, Massachusetts, northeastern Nice (city, southern France) : 1814–1860 Italian United States) : to 1691 New Towne Nizza; Roman Nicaea Newton see (1) 2Picton; (2) Ridgewood Nicephorium see Ar Raqqah Newtonferry (village, Western Isles, northwest- Nicholas II Land see Severnaya Zemlya ern Scotland) : Gaelic Port nan Long Nicomedia see jzmit Newton in Makerfield see Newton-le-Willows Nico Pérez see José Batlle y Ordoñez Newton-le-Willows (town, northwestern En- Nicopolis see Nikopol gland) : formerly Newton in Makerfield (The Nicosia (city, north central Cyprus) : [modern town’s adoption of the current name causes Greek Levkosía; Turkish Lefko£a]; formerly potential confusion with a village of the same Ledra (In 1974 the city was divided by the At- name in Yorkshire.) tila Line, with the southern sector in the Newton’s Station see Glen Ellyn Greek-speaking Republic of Cyprus and the Newtown (town, east central Wales) : Welsh Y northern in the Turkish Republic of Northern Drenewydd Cyprus. In 2008 the border checkpoint in Newtown see (1) Elmira; (2) Macon Ledra Street, the city’s main shopping street, Nidaros 142

was reopened, leading to hopes of reunification Nikumaroro (atoll, central Kiribati) : formerly for the island as a whole.) Gardner Island Nidaros see Trondheim Nikunau (island, western Kiribati) : formerly Nidum see Neath Byron Island Nidzica (town, northeastern Poland) : to 1945 Nile (river, eastern and northeastern Africa) : German Neidenburg [Arabic An Nnl] Niegocin, Lake (northeastern Poland) : to 1945 Niles (city, Ohio, north central United States) : German Löwentin 1834–1843 Nilestown; to 1834 Heaton’s Furnace Niemcza (town, southwestern Poland) : to 1945 Niles Center see Skokie German Nimptsch Nilestown see Niles Niemodlin (town, southwestern Poland) : to Nimburg see Nymburk 1945 German Falkenberg Nîmes (city, southern France) : Roman Nemausus Nie¢wie∞ see Nyasvizh Nimptsch see Niemcza Nieuport see Nieuwpoort Nimrud (ancient city, northern Iraq) : biblical Nieuw Amstel see New Castle Calah Nieuw Amsterdam see New York Nimwegen see Nijmegen Nieuwpoort (town, western Belgium) : French Nin (village, southern Croatia) : 1941–1943 Ital- Nieuport ian Nona; Roman Aenona Nihon see Japan Ninety Mile Beach see Eighty Mile Beach Niitoi see Novoye Ningbo (city, eastern China) : 1911–1949 Nin- Nijmegen (city, eastern Netherlands) : 1939– gzian 1944 German Nimwegen; Roman Noviomagus Ningxian see Ningbo Nijvel see Nivelles Niquelândia (city, east central Brazil) : to 1944 Nikel’ (town, northwestern Russia) : to 1944 Portuguese São José do Tocantins Finnish Kolosjoki Ni§ (city, southeastern Serbia) : Roman Naissus Nikitino see Nikopol’ Nísia Floresta (town, eastern Brazil) : to 1948 Nikitin Rog see Nikopol’ Papari Nikitinskiye Promysly see 1Kirovsky Nisibis see Nusaybin Nikitovka (village, western Russia) : to 1945 Niterói (city, eastern Brazil) : to 1836 Portuguese German Marienhof Villa Real da Praia Grande Nikolainkaupunki see Vaasa Nitra (city, southwestern Slovakia) : to 1918 Nikolaistad see Vaasa Hungarian Nyitra; to 1867 German Neutra Nikolayev see 1,2Mykolayiv Nitrianske Pravno (village, west central Slova- Nikolayevka see Novovorontsovka kia) : to 1918 Hungarian Németpróna; to 1867 Nikolayevka-Vyrevskaya see 2Zhovtneve German Deutsch-Proben Nikolayevsk see Pugachyov Niuafo’ou (island, northern Tonga) : formerly Nikolayevskoye see 2Krasnogvardeyskoye Proby Island Nikolsburg see Mikulov Niuatoputopu (island, northern Tonga) : for- Nikol’sk (city, western Russia) : to 1954 merly Boscawen Island Nikol’skaya Pestravka Nivelles (town, central Belgium) : Flemish Nijvel Nikol’sk see Ussuriysk Nivenskoye (village, western Russia) : to 1945 Nikol’skaya Pestravka see Nikol’sk German Wittenberg Nikol’skaya Sloboda see Osa Niwbwrch see Newborough Nikol’skoye see Sheksna Nizhnegorsky see Nyzhn’ohirs’kyy Nikol’sk-Ussuriysky see Ussuriysk Nizhnesaraninsky see Sarana Nikol’sky see Satpayev Nizhneserginsky Zavod see Nizhniye Sergi Nikol’sky Khutor see Sursk Nizhnetroitsky (town, western Russia) : to 1928 Nikopol (town, northern Bulgaria) : to 1878 Nizhnetroitsky Zavod Turkish Nyebol; Roman Nicopolis Nizhnetroitsky Zavod see Nizhnetroitsky Nikopol’ (city, east central Ukraine) : to 1782 Nizhneturinsky Zavod see Nizhnyaya Tura Mykytyne (Russian Nikitino); earlier Mykytyn Nizhnevolzhsk see Narimanov Rih (Russian Nikitin Rog) Nizhniye Kresty see Chersky Niksar (town, north central Turkey) : Roman Nizhniye Sergi (town, west central Russia) : to Neocaesarea 1928 Nizhneserginsky Zavod Nik§iW (city, central Montenegro) : formerly Nizhniye Ustriki see Ustrzyki Dolne Onogo§t; Roman Anagastum Nizhny Agdzhakend see Goranboy 143 Norwood

Nizhnyaya Dobrinka see Dobrinka Northampton see (1) Allentown; (2) Mount Nizhnyaya Tura (city, west central Russia) : to Holly 1929 Nizhneturinsky Zavod North Bloomington see Normal Nizhny Naur see Nadterechnaya North Borneo see Sabah Nizhny Novgorod (city, western Russia) : 1932– North Bridgewater see Brockton 1990 Gor’ky (The city’s name, “Lower Nov- North Cape (northern Norway) : [Norwegian gorod,” distinguishes it from Veliky Nov- Nordkapp] gorod, to the north near St. Petersburg, the North Chelsea see Revere adjective describing its status rather than its North East Frontier Agency see Arunachal relative geographical position.) Pradesh Nizov’ye (village, western Russia) : to 1945 Ger- Northern see Limpopo man Waldau Northern Ireland (territory, western United Nizza see Nice Kingdom) : colloquially Ulster (The colloquial No see Thebes name is properly that of the province of nine Nocera Inferiore (town, southern Italy) : Roman counties that existed before the 1922 division Nuceria Alfaterna of Ireland into an independent state in the Nocera Umbra (town, central Italy) : Roman south and a region of the United Kingdom in Nuceria the north. The present Northern Ireland has Noda see 1Chekhov only six counties.) Nogales (town, Arizona, southwestern United Northern Rhodesia see Zambia States) : to 1882 Isaacson Northern Transvaal see Limpopo Nogaysk see Prymors’k North Fork see Norfolk Noginsk (city, western Russia) : 1781–1930 Bogo- North Greenfield see West Allis rodsk; originally Rogozha North Island (northern New Zealand) : Maori Nohays’ke see Prymors’k Te Ika a Maui (The Maori name, meaning “the Nolinsk (town, western Russia) : 1940–1957 fish of Maui,” contrasts with those of South Molotovsk Island and Stewart Island.) Nome (town, Alaska, northwestern United North Land see Severnaya Zemlya States) : originally Anvil City North Little Rock (city, Arkansas, south central Nomentum see Mentana United States) : to 1901 Argenta; earlier Nona see Nin Huntersville; to 1853 De Cantillon (Argenta Nonouti (atoll, western Kiribati) : formerly was annexed by the city of Little Rock in Sydenham Island 1890.) Noph see Memphis Northop (village, northeastern Wales) : Welsh Norakert see Baghramyan Llaneurgain Norashen see ßärur North Sea (northwestern Europe) : formerly Norba see Norma usually German Ocean; Roman Mare German- Nor-Bayazet see Gavarr icum Nordenskjöld Sea see Laptev Sea North Tarrytown see Sleepy Hollow Nordkapp see North Cape Northton (village, Western Isles, northwestern Nord-Ostsee Kanal see Kiel Canal Scotland) : Gaelic Taobh Tuath Norfolk (town, Nebraska, central United States) North Uist (island, Western Isles, northwestern : formerly Norfork; originally North Fork Scotland) : Gaelic Uibhist a’ Tuath Norfolk Broads see Broads, The North Vancouver (city, British Columbia, Norfork see Norfolk southwestern Canada) : 1872–1907 Moodyville Norge see Norway Northwich (town, northwestern England) : Norinberga see Nürnberg Roman Condate Norma (village, western Italy) : Roman Norba North Yakima see Yakima Normal (town, Illinois, north central United Norton de Matos see Balombo States) : to 1857 North Bloomington Norusovo see Kalinino Normandie see Normandy Norwalk (city, California, southwestern United Normandy (region, northern France) : [French States) : originally Corvallis Normandie] Norway (kingdom, northwestern Europe) : Normanton see Port Elgin [Norwegian Norge] Norman Wells (village, Northwest Territories, Norwood (village, Ontario, southeastern northwestern Canada) : alternate Inuit Legohli Canada) : to 1838 Keeler’s Mills Nossa Senhora da Conceição 144

Nossa Senhora da Conceição de Campinas de monarchy, so the authorities shrewdly adapted Matto Grosso see Campinas it to a form meaning “New Hope.”) Nossa Senhora da Conceição dos Guarulhos Novantarum Peninsula see Rinns of Galloway see Guarulhos Nová Paka (town, northern Czech Republic) : to Nossa Senhora das Dores de Tatuibi see 1918, 1939–1945 German Neupaka Limeira Nova Prata (town, southern Brazil) : to 1944 Prata Nossa Senhora do Livramento (town, north- Novara (city, northwestern Italy) : Roman No- eastern Brazil) : 1944–1948 Portuguese São varia José dos Cocais; to 1944 Portuguese Livra- Novaria see Novara mento Nova Sintra see Catabola Nossa Senhora dos Prazeres de Itapetininga Nova Siri (town, southern Italy) : ancient Greek see Itapetininga Siris Nosy Boraha (island, eastern Madagascar) : for- Nova Sofala see Sofala merly French Ste.-Marie Nova Vicenza see Farroupilha Nöteborg see Shlissel’burg Novaya Aleksandriya see Puùawy Noto (town, southern Italy) : Roman Netum Novaya Bukhara see Kogon Notre-Dame-de-Foy see Ste.-Foy Novaya Derevnya see Novosibirsk Notre-Dame-des-Hermites see Einsiedeln Novaya Eushta see Timiryazevsky Nottaway see Senneterre Novaya Krestovka see 1Kirovs’ke Nouadhibou (town, northwestern Mauritania) : Novaya Lyalya (town, west central Russia) : to to 1960s French Port-Étienne c.1928 Novolyalinsky Zavod Nouméa (town, southern New Caledonia, South Novaya Nikol’skaya see Osa Pacific) : formerly French Port-de-France Novaya Pis’myanka see Leninogorsk Nouvelle Anvers see Makanza Novaya Zemlya (island group, northwestern Nouvelle-Calédonie see New Caledonia Russia) : formerly English Nova Zembla Nouvelle-France see Canada Novaya Zhizn’ see Kazanka Nouvelle-Lambèse see Batna Nova Zagora (city, east central Bulgaria) : to Nouvelle-Orléans see New Orleans 1878 Turkish Yeniza∑ra Nouvelles-Hébrides see Vanuatu Nova Zembla see Novaya Zemlya Novabad see Navabad Nové Mfisto nad Metují (town, northern Czech Nová Baûa (town, south central Slovakia) : to Republic) : to 1918, 1939–1945 German Neu- 1918 Hungarian Újbánya stadt an der Mettau Nova Chaves see Muconda Nové Mesto nad ¶atorom see Slovenské Nové Nova Civitas see Neustadt an der Weinstrasse Mesto Nova Dantzig see Cambé Nové Mesto nad Váhom (town, western Slova- Nova Era (town, southeastern Brazil) : 1930– kia) : to 1918 Hungarian Vágújhely; to 1867 1944 Portuguese Presidente Vargas; to 1930 German Waag-Neustadt Portuguese São José da Lagoa Nové Mfisto na Moravfi (town, east central Novaesium see Neuss Czech Republic) : to 1918, 1939–1945 German Nova Freixo see Cuamba Neustadtl Nova Gaia see Cambundi-Catembo Nové Zámky (town, southwestern Slovakia) : to Nova Gorica (town, western Slovenia) : 1919– 1918, 1938–1945 Hungarian Érsekújvár; to 1947 Italian Gorizia Montesanto (See note for 1867 German Neuhäusel Gorizia.) Novgorod see Veliky Novgorod Nova Gradi§ka (town, eastern Croatia) : to 1867 Novgradets see Suvorovo German Neugradisca Novi see (1) Bosanski Novi; (2) Sidi Ghiles Nova Iguaçu (city, eastern Brazil) : formerly Novi Kritsim see Stamboliyski Maxambamba (The city is now a suburb of Noviodunum see (1) Nevers; (2) Nyon Rio de Janeiro.) Noviomagus see (1) Chichester; (2) Crayford; Nova Khrestivka see 1Kirovs’ke (3) Lisieux; (4) Neumagen; (5) Nijmegen; Nova Lamego see Gabú (6) Noyon; (7) Speyer Nova Lisboa see Huambo Noviomagus Regnorum see Chichester Nova Nadezhda (village, southeastern Bulgaria) : 1Novi Pazar (town, eastern Bulgaria) : to 1878 to 1948 Knyaginya Nadezhda (The earlier Turkish Yenipazar name, meaning “Princess Nadezhda,” became 2Novi Pazar (city, southwestern Serbia) : to 1913 unacceptable following the abolition of the Turkish Yenipazar 145 Novosyolovka

Novi Sad (city, northern Serbia) : to 1918, 1941– Novokubansk (city, southwestern Russia) : to 1944 Hungarian Újvidék; to 1867 German 1966 Novokubansky Neusatz Novokubansky see Novokubansk Novi Travnik (town, central Bosnia-Herzego- Novokuznetsk (city, southern Russia) : 1932– vina) : formerly Pucarevo 1961 Stalinsk; to 1931 Kuznetsk-Sibirsky Novo-Aleksandrovka see Melitopol’ Novolakskoye (village, southwestern Russia) : to 1Novoaleksandrovsk (city, southwestern Russia) 1944 Yaryksu-Aukh : to 1971 Novoaleksandrovskaya Novolyalinsky Zavod see Novaya Lyalya 2Novoaleksandrovsk (town, eastern Russia) : Novolyubino see Lyubinsky 1905–1945 Japanese Konuma Novo-Mariinsk see Anadyr’ Novoaleksandrovsk see Zarasai Novo Mesto (town, southeastern Slovenia) : to Novoaleksandrovskaya see 1Novoaleksan- 1918 German Rudolfswerth drovsk Novominsk see Miüsk Mazowiecki Novoalekseyevka see Khobda Novomoskovsk (city, western Russia) : 1934– Novoaltaysk (town, southern Russia) : to 1962 1961 Stalinogorsk; to 1934 Bobriki Chesnokovka Novomykolayivka see (1) Chkalove; Novoarkhangelsk see Sitka (2) Novoazovs’k Novoasbest (town, west central Russia) : to 1933 Novonazyvayevka see Nazyvayevsk Krasnouralsky Rudnik Novonikolayevka see (1) Chkalove; (2) Novo- Novoazovsk see Novoazovs’k azovs’k Novoazovs’k (town, southeastern Ukraine) : Novonikolayevsk see Novosibirsk (Russian Novoazovsk); 1959–1966 Novoazovs’ke Novonikolayevsky see Novosibirsk (Russian Novoazovskoye); 1923–1959 Bud’on- Novooleksandrivka see Melitopol’ nivka (Russian Budyonnovka); to 1923 Novo- Novopashiysky see 2Gornozavodsk mykolayivka (Russian Novonikolayevka) Novopavlovsk (town, southwestern Russia) : to Novoazovs’ke see Novoazovs’k 1981 Novopavlovskaya Novoazovskoye see Novoazovs’k Novopavlovskaya see Novopavlovsk Novobureysky (town, southeastern Russia) : for- Novopetrovskoye see Fort-Shevchenko merly Bureya-Pristan’ Novoradomsk see Radomsko Novocheremshansk (town, western Russia) : Novo Redondo see Sumbe formerly Stary Salavan Novorossiysk see Dnipropetrovs’k Novodvinsk (city, northwestern Russia) : to 1977 Novoselivka see 2Frunze Pervomaysky Novoselivs’ke (town, southern Ukraine) : (Rus- Novoekonomicheskoye see Dymytrov sian Novosyolovskoye); to 1944 Fraidorf (The Novoekonomichne see Dymytrov town was a Jewish settlement from the Novogeorgiyevsk see (1) Modlin; (2) Svit- mid–1920s to World War II.) lovods’k Novo Selo see D≠lgopol Novogordino see Krasnoye Ekho Novosel’skoye see Achkhoy-Martan Novograd-Volynsk see Novohrad-Volyns’kyy Novoseltsi see Elin Pelin Novograd-Volynsky see Novohrad-Volyn Novoshakhtinsk (city, southwestern Russia) : s’kyy 1929–1939 Komintern; earlier imeni III Inter- Novogroznensky see Oyskhara natsionala Novogrudok see Navahrudak Novosibirsk (city, southern Russia) : 1903–1926 Novoheorhiyivs’ke see Svitlovods’k Novonikolayevsk; 1895–1903 Novonikolayevsky; Novohrad-Volyns’kyy (city, northwestern 1894–1895 Aleksandrovsky; to 1894 Novaya Ukraine) : (Russian Novograd-Volynsky); to Derevnya (The current name of the Siberian 1925 Russian Novograd-Volynsk (The earlier city was selected by readers of a regional news- Russian name was adjusted to conform with paper. Other proposals were Krasnograd, Kras- Ukrainian usage.) nokuznetsk, Krasnosibirsk, Obgorod, Oktyabr’- Novokashirsk (town, western Russia) : c.1935– grad, Sibgrad, and Sibkraygrad.) c.1957 Kaganovich; 1932–c.1935 Ternovsk; to Novosibirskiye Ostrova see New Siberian Is- 1932 Ternovsky (The town was incorporated lands into the city of Kashira in 1963.) Novo-Starobinsk see Salihorsk Novokaterynoslav see Svatove Novostroyevo (village, western Russia) : to 1945 Novokazalinsk see Ayteke Bi German Trempen Novokiyevskoye see Kraskino Novosyolovka see 2Frunze Novosyolovskoye 146

Novosyolovskoye see Novoselivs’ke Nowy SRcz (city, southeastern Poland) : to 1945 Novotroitskoye see (1) Sokuluk; (2) Tole Bi German Neusandez Novourgench see Urganch Nowy Staw (town, northern Poland) : 1772–1945 Novovoronezh (city, western Russia) : to 1987 German Neuteich Novovoronezhsky Nowy Targ (town, southern Poland) : to 1918, Novovoronezhsky see Novovoronezh 1940–1945 German Neumarkt Novovorontsovka (town, south central Ukraine) Nowy Tomy§l (town, western Poland) : 1793– : to 1821 Mykolayivka (Russian Nikolayevka) 1807, 1815–1919, 1939–1945 German Neu- Novovyatsk (city, western Russia) : 1939–1955 tomischel Lesozavodsky; to 1939 Grukhi (The former city Noyon (town, northern France) : Roman Novio- was incorporated into Kirov in 1989.) magus Novoye (village, eastern Russia) : 1905–1945 Nozhay-Yurt (village, southwestern Russia) : Japanese Niitoi 1940s–1950s Andalaly Novoyekaterinoslav see Svatove Nsanje (city, southern Malawi) : to 1964 Port Novy Afon see Akhali Ap’oni Herald Novï Bor (town, northern Czech Republic) : to Ntshingwayo Dam (eastern South Africa) : to 1946 Bor u Teské Lípy 2000 Chelmsford Dam Novï Byd±ov (town, north central Czech Re- Nuanetsi see Mwenezi public) : to 1918, 1938–1945 German Neubid- Nuceria see Nocera Umbra schow Nuceria Alfaterna see Nocera Inferiore Novy Donbass see Dymytrov Nuestra Señora de Guadalupe de Ponce see Novï JiVín (city, eastern Czech Republic) : to Ponce 1918, 1938–1945 German Neutitschein Nuestra Señora de la Candelaria de El Banco Novy Margelan see Farg’ona see El Banco Novy Uzen’ see Zhanaozen Nuestra Señora de la Candelaria de Mayagüez Novy Yarychev see Novyy Yarychiv see Mayagüez Novyy Donbas see Dymytrov Nuestra Señora de la Paz see La Paz Novyye Aldy see Chernorech’ye Nuestra Señora del Espíritu Santo Zuñiga see Novyye Aneny see Anenii Noi Goliad Novyye Kholmogory see Arkhangel’sk Nuestra Señora del Puerto de las Conchas see Novyye Petushki see Petushki 1San Fernando Novyy Yarychiv (town, western Ukraine) : (Rus- Nueva Buenos Aires see Bahía Blanca sian Novy Yarychev) : 1349–1772, 1919–1939 Nueva Caceres see Naga Polish Jaryczów Nowy Nueva Ciudad de San Salvador see Nueva San Novy Zay see Zainsk Salvador Nowa Ruda (town, southwestern Poland) : to Nueva Córdoba see Cumaná 1945 German Neurode Nueva Filipina see Pinar del Río Nowa Sól (town, western Poland) : to 1945 Ger- Nueva Isabela see Santo Domingo man Neusalz Nueva Madrid see Ocaña Nowawes see Babelsberg Nueva San Salvador (city, west central El Salva- Nowe Miasteczko (town, western Poland) : to dor) : originally Nueva Ciudad de San Salvador 1945 German Neustädtel Nueva Valencia del Rey see 2Valencia Nowe ¡widciany see ¶venVioncliai Nueva Villa de Salamanca see San Germán Nowe Warpno (town, northwestern Poland) : to Nueva Zamora see Maracaibo 1945 German Neuwarp Nukha see ßäki Nowogard (town, northwestern Poland) : to Nukulaelae (atoll, southern Tuvalu) : formerly 1945 German Neugard Mitchell Island Nowogródek see Navahrudak Nukunonu (atoll, central Tokelau) : formerly Nowogrodziec (town, southwestern Poland) : to Duke of Clarence Island 1945 German Naumburg am Queis Numantia see Garray Nowy Bytom see Ruda ¡lRska Nunap Isua see Farewell, Cape Nowy Dwór Gdaüski (town, northern Poland) : Nunnepog see Edgartown 1772–1945 German Tiegenhof Nurabad see Nurobod Nowy Port (suburban district, northern Poland) Nuremberg see Nürnberg : 1793–1945 German Neufahrwasser (Nowy Nuristan (region, eastern Afghanistan) : formerly Port is a port area of Gdaüsk.) Kafiristan 147 Ofanto

Nürnberg (city, south central Germany) : tradi- Oberdorf see Remennikovo tional English Nuremberg; Medieval Latin Oberglogau see Gùogówek Norinberga (The traditional spelling became Oberhaid see Horní Dvo†i§tfi familiar from the “Nuremberg trials” of Ger- Oberlaibach see Vrhnika man war criminals after World War II.) Obernick see Oborniki Nurobod (town, east central Uzbekistan) : (Rus- Obernigk see Oborniki ¡lRskie sian Nurabad); to 1983 Sovetabad Obernik see Oborniki Nusaybin (town, southeastern Turkey) : ancient Oberpahlen see Põltsamaa Greek Nisibis Ober-Radkersburg see Gornja Radgona Nussdorf see NQsQud Oberwart (town, eastern Austria) : to 1919 Hun- Nuuk (town, southwestern Greenland) : to 1979 garian Felsââr Godthåb Obiralovka see 1Zheleznodorozhny Nyagan’ (town, west central Russia) : formerly Oborniki (town, western Poland) : 1939–1945 Nyakh German Obernick; 1815–1919 German Obernik Nyahururu (town, central Kenya) : to 1975 Oborniki ¡lRskie (town, southwestern Poland) : Thomson’s Falls to 1945 German Obernigk Nyakh see Nyagan’ Obruchevo see Dashtobod Nyanda see Masvingo Obukhivka see 2Kirovs’ke Nyando see Rooseveltown Obukhovka see 2Kirovs’ke Nyasa, Lake see Malawi, Lake Ocaña (city, northern Colombia) : originally Nyasaland see Malawi Nueva Madrid Nyasvizh (city, western Belarus) : (Russian Ocean Beach see Miami Beach Nesvizh); 1919–1939 Polish Nie¢wie∞; to 1918 Ocean Island see Banaba Russian Nesvizh Ocean Springs (town, Mississippi, southeastern Nyebol see Nikopol United States) : 1853–1854 Lynchburg; to 1853 Nyfer see Nevern Fort Maurepas Nyitra see Nitra Ochiai see Dolinsk Nyitrabánya see Handlová Ocriculum see Otricoli Nyland see Uudenmaan Ocrinum Promontorium see Lizard, The Nylstroom see Modimolle Octapitarum Promontorium see St. David’s Nymburk (town, west central Czech Republic) : Head 1939–1945 German Neuenburg an der Elbe; to Ödenburg see Sopron 1918 German Nimburg Odenpäh see Otepää Nyon (town, western Switzerland) : Roman Oder (river, northeastern Czech Republic/south- Noviodunum western Poland/northeastern Germany) : Nysa (city, southern Poland) : to 1945 German Czech and Polish Odra (For much of its course Neisse the river forms the border between Poland and Nystad see Uusikaupunki Germany.) Nyzhn’ohirs’kyy (town, southern Ukraine) : Oderberg see Bohumín (Russian Nizhnegorsky); to 1944 Seitler Odertal see Zdzieszowice N’zeto (town, northwestern Angola) : formerly Oderzo (town, northeastern Italy) : Roman Ambrizete Opitergium Oak Bluffs (town, Massachusetts, northeastern Odesa see Odessa United States) : to 1907 Cottage City Odessa (city, southern Ukraine) : [Ukrainian Oak Glen see Glenview Odesa]; (Russian Odessa); to 1918 Russian Odessa Oak Park (town, Illinois, north central United Odessus see Varna States) : originally Oak Ridge Odolanów (town, western Poland) : 1793–1807, Oak Ridge see Oak Park 1815–1919, 1939–1945 German Adelnau Oban (town, southern New Zealand) : alternate Odorheiu Secuiesc (city, central Romania) : to Half-Moon Bay 1918, 1940–1944 Hungarian Székelyudvarhely Obbe see Leverburgh Odra see Oder Obdorsk see Salekhard Odrin see Edirne Óbecse see BeVej Oea see 2Tripoli Obedinenie (village, northern Bulgaria) : 1941– Oels see Ole¢nica 1978 Knyaz Simeonovo Ofanto (river, southeastern Italy) : Roman Obedovo see 4Oktyabr’sky Aufidus Offaly 148

Offaly (county, east central Ireland) : Irish Uíbh 1Oktyabr’sky (town, eastern Russia, near Ust’- Fhailí; 1577–1920 English King’s County Bol’sheretsk) : formerly imeni Mikoyana Offa’s Dyke (entrenchment, eastern Wales) : 2Oktyabr’sky (town, southwestern Russia, near Welsh Clawdd Offa (The linear earthwork that Belgorod) : 1938–1960 Mikoyanovka; to 1938 today approximately corresponds to the border Voskresenovka between England and Wales was built in the 3Oktyabr’sky (town, western Russia, near Bor) : 8th century by Offa, king of Mercia, to mark to 1957 imeni V.M. Molotova the western boundary of his territory.) 4Oktyabr’sky (town, western Russia, near Offutt Air Force Base (Nebraska, central United Ivanovo) : to 1941 Obedovo States) : to 1924 Fort Crook 5Oktyabr’sky (town, western Russia, near Ogasawara-gunto see Bonin Islands Galich) : to 1939 Brantovka Ogden (city, Utah, western United States) : orig- 6Oktyabr’sky (town, western Russia, near inally Brownsville Mikhaylov) : to 1927 Sapronovo Oglethorpe, Mt. (Georgia, southeastern United 7Oktyabr’sky (town, southwestern Russia, near States) : to 1929 Grassy Mountain Volgograd) : formerly Kruglyakov Ogmore-by-Sea (village, southern Wales) : 8Oktyabr’sky (village, western Russia, near Kras- Welsh Ogwr noufimsk) : formerly Chad Ogmore Vale (village, southern Wales) : Welsh Oktyabr’sky see (1) Aktsyabrski; (2) Takhta- Cwm Ogwr mukay Ognyanovo (village, south central Bulgaria) : to Oùawa (city, southwestern Poland) : to 1945 Ger- 1948 Maritsa man Ohlau Ogumkiqueok see Liverpool Olbia (town, northeastern Sardinia, Italy) : to Ogwr see Ogmore-by-Sea 1939 Terranova Pausania Ógyalla see Hurbanovo Olcinium see Ulcinj O’Higgins Land see Antarctic Peninsula Old Delhi see Delhi Ohlau see Oùawa Old Harry’s Town see 2Manchester Ohri see Ohrid Old Hickory (village, Tennessee, east central Ohrid (town, southwestern Macedonia) : 1915– United States) : to 1923 Jacksonville 1918 Bulgarian Okhrida; to 1913 Turkish Ohri; Old Sarum see Salisbury ancient Greek Lychidnos Oldtown see Harrodsburg Okchelar see 2Aleksandrovo Olecko (town, northeastern Poland) : 1938–1945 Okhrida see Ohrid German Treuburg; 1928–1938 German Okiato see Russell Oletzko; to 1928 Marggrabowa Okinawa (city, southern Japan) : formerly Koza Oleksandrivka see Lozno-Oleksandrivka Okny see Krasni Okny Oleksandrivs’k see Zaporizhzhya Oko see Yasnomorsky Oleksiyeve-Leonove see Torez Okonek (town, northwestern Poland) : to 1945 Oleksiyeve-Orlivka see Shakhtars’k German Ratzebuhr Oleksiyivka see Tore z Okotoks (town, Alberta, southwestern Canada) : Olenacum see Ilkley to 1897 Dewdney Olenegorsk (town, northwestern Russia) : to Oktemberyan see Armavir 1957 Olen’ya Oktyabr’sk see Kandyagash Olenivka see Zoryns’k Oktyabrs’ke (town, southern Ukraine) : (Rus- Olenivs’ki Kar’yery see Dokuchayevs’k sian Oktyabr’skoye); to 1945 Biyuk-Onlar Olen’ya see Olenegorsk 1Oktyabr’skoye (village, southwestern Russia, Oleshky see Tsyurupyns’k near Vladikavkaz) : formerly Kartsa; to 1944 Ole¢nica (town, southwestern Poland) : to 1945 Sholkhi German Oels 2Oktyabr’skoye (village, southwestern Russia, Olesno (town, southern Poland) : to 1945 Ger- near Meleuz) : 1923–1937 Kashirinskoye; to man Rosenberg 1923 Isayevo-Dedovo Oletzko see Olecko 3Oktyabr’skoye (village, west central Russia, Ol’ginskoye see Kochubeyevskoye near Nyagan’) : to 1963 Kondinskoye Olicana see Ilkley 4Oktyabr’skoye (village, western Russia, near Olifantshoek see 4Alexandria Mariinsky Posad) : to 1939 Ismeli Olisipo see Lisbon Oktyabr’skoye see (1) Oktyabrs’ke; (2) 1Zhovt- Olita see Alytus neve Oliva see Oliwa 149 Orense

Olivença see Lupilichi Ootacamund see Udagamandalam Olives, Mount of (ridge, south central West Oothcaloga see Calhoun Bank) : alternate biblical Olivet Opatija (town, western Croatia) : to 1947 Italian Olivet see Olives, Mount of Abbazia Oliwa (city district, northern Poland) : 1772– Opava (city, eastern Czech Republic) : to 1918, 1919, 1939–1945 German Oliva (Oliwa is a res- 1938–1945 German Troppau idential distict of Gdaüsk.) Ópazova see Stara Pazova Olkhivchyk see Shakhtars’k Opitergium see Oderzo Ol’khovchik see Shakhtars’k Opole (city, southern Poland) : to 1945 German Ol’khovsky see Artyomovsk Oppeln Olkusz (town, southern Poland) : 1940–1945 Opon see Lapu-Lapu German Ilkenau Oporto (city, northwestern Portugal) : [Por- Ollila see Solnechnoye tuguese Porto] (English generally prefers the Olmütz see Olomouc city’s earlier Portuguese name, itself simply Olomouc (city, eastern Czech Republic) : to representing o porto, “the port.”) 1918, 1938–1945 German Olmütz Oppeln see Opole Olonets (town, northwestern Russia) : formerly Optikogorsk see 1Krasnogorsk Finnish Aunus Oradea (city, northwestern Romania) : to 1918, Olsztyn (city, northeastern Poland) : 1772–1945 1940–1944 Hungarian Nagyvárad; to 1867 German Allenstein German Grosswardein Olsztynek (town, northeastern Poland) : to 1945 Oral (city, northwestern Kazakhstan) : to 1991 German Hohenstein Russian Ural’sk Ólubló see Stará L’ubovûa Oran (city, northwestern Algeria) : [Arabic Ol’viopil’ see 2Pervomays’k WahrIn] (The city has retained the French co- Ol’viopol’ see 2Pervomays’k lonial spelling of the Arabic name.) Olympia (city, Washington, northwestern 1Orange (town, southeastern France) : Roman United States) : originally Smithfield Arausio Olympus, Mt. see (1) Troodos; (2) Ulu Da˘g 2Orange (city, California, southwestern United Ol’zheras see Mezhdurechensk States) : to 1875 Richland Omagh (town, west central Northern Ireland) : 3Orange (town, Texas, southern United States) : Irish An Ómaigh 1852–1856 Madison; to 1852 Green’s Bluff Oman (sultanate, southeastern Arabia) : to 1970 Orange see Hillsborough Muscat and Oman Orange Free State see Free State Omdurman (city, east central Sudan) : [Arabic Oranienbaum see Lomonosov Umm DurmIn] (The English name is associ- Orany see Varcna ated with the 1898 Anglo-Egyptian victory Ora£ul Stalin see Bra£ov over the Sudanese tribesmen of the khalifah Orcades see Orkney Islands ‘Abd Allah.) Orchard Park (town, New York, northeastern Omi§ (town, southern Croatia) : to 1918 Italian United States) : to 1934 East Hamburg Amissa Ordona (village, southeastern Italy) : Roman Omurtag (town, east central Bulgaria) : to 1878 Herdonia Turkish Osmanpazar Ordzhonikidze see (1) Denisovka; (2) Khara- On see Heliopolis gauli; (3) Vladikavkaz; (4) Yenakiyeve Ondjiva (town, southern Angola) : formerly Por- Ordzhonikidzeabad see Kofarnihon tuguese Vila Pereira de Eça Ordzhonikidzegrad see Bezhitsa Oneonta (town, New York, northeastern United Ordzhonikidze Kray see Stavropol’ Kray States) : to 1832 McDonald’s Bridge Ordzhonikidzevskaya see Sleptsovskaya One£ti (city, eastern Romania) : to 1990 Gheorge Orekhi-Vydritsa see Arekhawsk Gheorgiu-Dej Orekhovsk see Arekhawsk Onogo§t see Nik§iW Ore Mountains see Erzgebirge Onslow Courthouse see 2Jacksonville Orenburg (city, southwestern Russia) : 1938– Ontario (province, southern Canada) : 1841– 1957 Chkalov (The city, founded on the site of 1867 Canada West; 1791–1841 Upper Canada present-day Orsk, moved to its present loca- (The historical names for the province were es- tion in 1743, keeping its original name.) sentially interchangeable. Cp. Quebec.) Orense (city, northwestern Spain) : Roman Oostende see Ostend Aquae Originis Oreshek 150

Oreshek see Shlissel’burg Orono (town, Maine, northeastern United Orestiada (town, northeastern Greece) : to 1913 States) to 1840 Stillwater Turkish Emirli Orontes (river, western Syria) : [Arabic Nahr al- Øresund (strait, western Denmark/southern ‘A•n] Sweden) : dated English The Sound Orontes see Alwand Orgeyev see Orhei Oroszvár see Rusovce Orgtrud (town, western Russia) : 1927-c.1940 Orschowa see Or£ova Lemeshensky Orsk (city, southwestern Russia) : originally Orhanie see (1) Botevgrad; (2) KaVanik Orenburg (The city stands on the original loca- Orhei (city, central Moldova) : (Russian tion of Orenburg.) Orgeyev); to 1918 Russian Orgeyev Orsona see Osuna Orientale (province, northeastern Democratic Orsova see Or£ova Republic of the Congo) : 1997 Haut-Congo; Or£ova (town, southwestern Romania) : to 1971–1997 Haut-Zaïre; 1947–1971 Orientale; 1918 Hungarian Orsova; to 1867 German 1933–1947 Stanleyville; to 1933 Orientale Orschowa Orizaba see Citlaltépetl Ortaköy see Ivaylovgrad Orizona (city, east central Brazil) : to 1944 Ortelsburg see Szczytno Campo Formoso Or¨mnyeh (city, northwestern Iran) : alternate Orjonikidzeobod see Kofarnihon dated Urmia; 1930s-1979 RezI’nyeh (The same Orkhaniye see Botevgrad names apply to the lake near which the city Orkney Islands (northern Scotland) : Roman stands.) Orcades Orvieto (town, central Italy) : Medieval Latin Orlando (city, Florida, southeastern United Urbs Vetus States) : to 1857 Jernigan Orzysz (town, northeastern Poland) : to 1945 Orlau see Orlová German Arys Orleans see Orléans Osa (town, western Russia) : to 1737 Osinskaya; Orléans (city, north central France) : English earlier Novaya Nikol’skaya; originally Orleans; Roman Aurelianum; earlier Roman Nikol’skaya Sloboda Genabum (The English form of the name is Osaka (city, southern Japan) : formerly Naniwa associated with the English siege of the town Osca see Huesca in 1429 relieved by Joan of Arc, the “Maid Osceola see Winter Park of Orleans,” during the Hundred Years’ Ösel see Saaremaa War.) Oshawa (city, Ontario, southeastern Canada) : to Orléansville see Ech Chélif 1842 Skea’s Corners Orlov (town, western Russia) : 1923–1992 Khal- Oshkosh (city, Wisconsin, north central United turin States) : to 1840 Athens Orlová (town, eastern Czech Republic) : 1939– Oshmyany see Ashmyany 1945 German Orlau; 1918–1919, 1938–1939 Osijek (city, eastern Croatia) : to 1867 German Polish Orùowa; to 1918 German Orlau Esseg Orlovo (village, eastern Russia) : 1905–1945 Osimo (town, central Italy) : Roman Auximum Japanese Ushiro Osinskaya see Osa Orùowa see Orlová Osipenko see Berdyans’k Orlyak (village, eastern Bulgaria) : to 1947 Öskemen (town, eastern Kazakhstan) : alternate Mackensen (The former name is that of the Russian Ust’-Kamenogorsk German World War I commander August von Oslo (city, southeastern Norway) : 1877–1924 Mackensen, with his own name of Scottish Kristiania; 1624–1877 Christiania; Medieval origin.) Latin Asloga (The city’s original site was east of Ormond Beach (city, Florida, southeastern the Aker River. After a disastrous fire in 1624, United States) : to 1880 New Britain it was rebuilt on its present site at the head of Ormo± (village, northeastern Slovenia) : to 1918 Oslo Fjord.) German Friedau Osmanabad (district, south central India) : to Orneta (town, northeastern Poland) : to 1945 c.1900 Naldrug German Wormditt Osmanpazar see Omurtag Orolaunum see Arlon Osnabrück (city, northwestern Germany) : for- Orona (island, central Kiribati) : formerly Hull merly English Osnaburg Island Osnaburg see Osnabrück 151 Oued el Abtal

O¢no Lubuskie (town, western Poland) : to 1945 Osuna (city, southwestern Spain) : Roman Or- German Drossen sona; earlier Roman Urso Osoblaha (village, eastern Czech Republic) : to O¢widcim (town, southeastern Poland) : 1940– 1918, 1939–1945 German Hotzenplotz 1945 German Auschwitz (The German name Ossersee see Zarasai continues in use, even among Poles, to refer to Ossining (town, New York, northeastern United the World War II concentration camp here, States) : to 1901 Sing Sing (The former name formally Auschwitz-Birkenau, Polish O¢widcim- continued for the state prison here, renamed Brzezinka.) Ossining Correctional Facility in 1969.) Osypenko see Berdyans’k Ostenburg see Puùtusk Oszmiana see Ashmyany Ostend (town, western Belgium) : [Flemish Oos- Otaihape see Taihape tende; French Ostende] (The English form of Otani see Sokol the name is regularly used not only for the Otdykh see Zhukovsky port but in a historical context for the raid in Otegen Batyr (town, southeastern Kazakhstan) : 1918 by British naval forces on the German formerly Russian Energetichesky submarine base here.) Otepää (town, southeastern Estonia) : to 1917 Ostende see Ostend German Odenpäh Osterode see Ostróda Otero see La Junta Österreich see Austria Otmuchów (town, southern Poland) : to 1945 Österreich-Ungarn see Austria-Hungary German Ottmachau Ostgeym see Tel’manove OtoVac (town, western Croatia) : to 1867 Ger- Ostheym see Tel’manove man Ottochacz Ostian Way see Via Otomari see Korsakov Ostrava (city, eastern Czech Republic) : to 1918, Otpor see Zabaykal’sk 1939–1945 German Mährisch-Ostrau (The Otradnoye (village, western Russia) : to 1945 Czech equivalent of the German name is German Georgenswalde (This Otradnoye, near Moravská Ostrava, “Moravian Ostrava,” the Kaliningrad, should not be confused with the city west of the Ostravice River. East of the larger Otradnoye near St. Petersburg.) river is Slezská Ostrava, “Silesian Ostrava.”) Otradnoye see Otradny Ostróda (city, northeastern Poland) : to 1945 Otradny (city, western Russia) : to 1956 Otrad- German Osterode (When in East Prussia, the noye city was known as Osterode in Ostpreussen, dis- Otranto (town, southeastern Italy) : Roman Hy- tinguishing it from Osterode am Harz in cen- druntum tral Germany, now usually known as simply Otricoli (village, central Italy) : Roman Ocricu- Osterode.) lum Ostrog see Ostroh Otrogovo see Stepnoye Ostróg see Ostroh Otrokovice (town, southeastern Czech Republic) Ostroh (town, western Ukraine) : (Russian Os- : to 1918, 1939–1945 German Otrokowitz trog); 1919–1939 Polish Ostróg Otrokowitz see Otrokovice Ostroùdka (city, northeastern Poland) : 1939– 1Ottawa (city, Ontario, southeastern Canada) : to 1945 German Scharfenwiese; to 1915 Russian 1854 Bytown Ostrolenka 2Ottawa (town, Illinois, north central United Ostrolenka see Ostroùdka States) : originally Carbonia Ostrov see Ostrów Mazowiecka Ottlukköy see Panagyurishte Ostrovo see Arnissa Ottmachau see Otmuchów Ostrovskoye (town, western Russia) : to 1956 Ottochacz see OtoVac Semyonovskoye Ottumwa (town, Iowa, north central United Ostrów Mazowiecka (town, east central Poland) States) : to 1845 Louisville : to 1915 Russian Ostrov Otvazhnoye see Zhigulyovsk Ostrowo see Ostrów Wielkopolski Otvazhny see Zhigulyovsk Ostrów Wielkopolski (city, west central Poland) Oudenaarde (town, western Belgium) : French : 1793–1807, 1815–1919, 1939–1945 German Audenarde Ostrowo Oudergem see Auderghem Ostrzeszów (town, southwestern Poland) : 1793– Oudh see Ayodhya 1807, 1815–1919, 1939–1945 German Schildberg Oued el Abtal (town, northwestern Algeria) : to Ostyako-Vogul’sk see Khanty-Mansiysk c.1962 French Uzès-le-Duc Oued Rhio 152

Oued Rhio (town, northern Algeria) : to c.1962 Özalp (village, southeastern Turkey) : formerly French Inkermann Karakalli Ouessant (island, northwestern France) : tradi- Ozamiz ( city, southern Philippines) : to late tional English Ushant; Roman Uxantis; alter- 1940s Misamis nate Roman Uxisama (The English form of the Oznachennoye see Sayanogorsk name is associated with the naval battle of Ozurget’i (town, southwestern Georgia) : 1934– 1794 between the British and French fleets. 1991 Makharadze Both sides claimed victory, but the English Ozyorki (village, western Russia) : to 1945 Ger- subsequently dubbed the encounter the “Glo- man Gross-Lindenau rious First of June.”) Ozyorsk (town, western Russia) : 1938–1945 Oughterard (town, western Ireland) : Irish German Angerapp; to 1938 German Dark- Uachtar Ard ehmen (The name Angerapp, from the river Ouidah (town, southern Benin) : conventional here, was adopted because the Nazis felt the English Whydah earlier name was “not German enough.”) Ouled Mimoun (town, northwestern Algeria) : Ozyorsky (town, eastern Russia) : 1905–1945 to c.1962 French Lamoricière Japanese Nagahama Ouled Moussa (town, northern Algeria) : to Paamiut (settlement, southern Greenland) : for- c.1962 French St.-Pierre-St.-Paul merly Danish Frederikshåb Oulmès (village, northwestern Morocco) : for- Pabianice (city, central Poland) : 1940–1945 merly Tarmilate German Pabianitz Oulu (city, western Finland) : to 1809 Swedish Pabianitz see Pabianice Uleåborg Pabradc (town, eastern Lithuania) : 1921–1939 Oulx (village, northwestern Italy) : 1937–1960 Polish Podbrodzie; to 1921 Russian Podberez’ye Ulzio Pacaca see Ciudad Colón Ourinhos (city, southeastern Brazil) : formerly Pacajus (city, northeastern Brazil) : to 1944 Jacarézinho Guarani Ouro Prêto (city, eastern Brazil) : originally Vila Pacific City see Huntington Beach Rica Pacific Ocean (between Arctic and Antarctic) : Outer Hebrides see Western Isles formerly South Sea (The Pacific, so named by Outer Mongolia see Mongolia Magellan in 1520, was earlier named South Sea Over-the-River see San Angelo by Balboa on sighting it in 1513.) Overton (village, northeastern Wales) : Welsh Paczków (town, southwestern Poland) : to 1945 Owrtyn German Patschkau Ovetum see Oviedo Padali see Amursk Oviedo (city, northern Spain) : Roman Ovetum Paderno (village, northern Italy) : to 1950 Ovilava see Wels Paderno Ossolaro Owando (town, central Congo) : to 1977 French Paderno Ossolaro see Paderno Fort-Rousset Padilla (town, south central Bolivia) : to 1900s Owen Falls see Nalubaale Falls La Laguna Owensboro (city, Kentucky, east central United Padova see Padua States) : to 1866 Rossborough Padre Las Casas (town, southwestern Domini- Owen Sound (town, Ontario, southeastern can Republic) : to 1928 Túbano Canada) : to 1857 Sydenham Padre Miguelinho see 1Santo Antônio Owrtyn see Overton Padua (city, northeastern Italy) : [Italian Padova]; Oxford (city, south central England) : Medieval Roman Patavium Latin Oxonia Padus see Po Oxford see Woodstock Paestum see Pesto Oxonia see Oxford Pag (town, western Croatia) : to 1918 Italian Oxus see Amu Darya Pago (The town is on the island of the same Oyrot see Altay name.) Oyrot-Tura see Gorno-Altaysk Pagalu see Annobón Oysangur see Oyskhara Pagcgiai (town, southwestern Lithuania) : to Oyskhara (town, southwestern Russia) : 1944– 1945 German Pogegen (The Lithuanian and 1989 Novogroznensky; to 1944 Oysangur German names were equally valid over the pe- Oyster Island see Ellis Island riod 1923–1939.) Oyster River see 2Durham Pago see Pag 153 Panj

Pago Pago (town, southern American Samoa) : Palmeira see Palmeira das Missões formerly Pango-Pango Palmeira das Missões (city, southern Brazil) : to Pahlavi Dezh see Aq Qaleh 1944 Palmeira Paide (town, central Estonia) : to 1918 German Palmeirais (town, northeastern Brazil) : to 1944 Weissenstein Portuguese Belém Painesville (town, Ohio, north central United Palmeiras see (1) Palmeiras de Goiás; (2) Santa States) : to 1816 Champion Cruz das Palmeiras Painscastle (village, eastern Wales) : Welsh Palmeiras de Goiás (town, central Brazil) : Castell-paen 1944–1948 Mataúna; to 1944 Palmeiras Paisley (village, Ontario, southeastern Canada) : Palmer Land see Antarctic Peninsula to 1856 Mud River Palmer Peninsula see Antarctic Peninsula País Vasco see 1Basque Country Palmerston see (1) Darwin; (2) Palmerston Paituk see Vose North Pakhtaabad see Paxtaobod Palmerston North (city, north central New Paklay see Xaignabouli Zealand) : to 1873 Palmerston (The addition to Paknam see Samut Prakan the name obviated confusion with the existing Palaestina see Palestine town of Palmerston to the south. A change of Palánka see BaVka Palanka name to Manawatu was proposed but this also Palantia see Palencia existed as a river and district name.) Palárikovo (town, southern Slovakia) : 1945– Palmnicken see Yantarny 1948 Slovenskï Meder; to 1918, 1938–1945 Palm Springs (city, California, southwestern Hungarian Tótmegyer United States) : to c.1890 Agua Caliente Palashi (village, eastern India) : English Plassey Palmyra see (1) Santos Dumont; (2) Tadmur (The English name became familiar from the Palomar, Mt. (California, southwestern United decisive victory of British forces over the States) : to 1901 Smith Mountain nawab of Bengal here in 1757, so preparing the Pamirsky Post see Murgap way for British dominion over eastern India.) Pampeluna see Pamplona Palawan (island, southwestern Philippines) : for- Pamplona (city, northern Spain) : Basque Iruña; merly Paragua formerly Pampeluna; Roman Pompaelo Paldiski (city, northwestern Estonia) : formerly Pamukkale (village, southwestern Turkey) : an- English Baltic Port; 1917–1939 German cient Greek Hierapolis Baltisch-Port; 1783–1917 Russian Baltiysky port; Pamyati 13 Bortsov (village, southern Russia) : 1723–1783 Rogervik formerly Znamensky Palencia (city, north central Spain) : Roman Panagyurishte (town, west central Bulgaria) : to Palantia 1878 Turkish Ottlukköy Palermo (city, southern Italy) : Roman Panormus Panaji (city, western India) : to 1961 Portuguese Palestina see Jordânia Nova Goa (The former name, “New Goa,” de- Palestine (territory, southwestern Asia) : [Arabic scribes the city’s status as capital of Portuguese Fila•tnn]; Roman Palaestina; biblical Canaan; India after the decline of Old Goa.) alternate biblical Zion (The present name was PanVevo (city, north central Serbia) : to 1918 introduced by the Roman emperor Hadrian in Hungarian Pancsova the 2d century A.D. as Syria Palaestina, from Pancsova see PanVevo Philistia, a small area on the Mediterranean Pandaklii see Tenevo coast north of Gaza occupied by the Philistines Pando (department, northwestern Bolivia) : to in the 12th century B.C. The Jewish name of 1938 Spanish Colonias Palestine is Eretz Yisra’el, “land of Israel.” See Pándorf see Parndorf also Jerusalem.) Paneas see Banias Palestrina (town, central Italy) : Roman Praen- Panevezhis see Panevc±ys este Panevc±ys (city, north central Lithuania) : (Rus- Palestro see Lakhdaria sian Panevezhis); to 1918 Russian Ponevezh Palikao see Tighenif Panfilov see Zharkent Palissy see Sidi Khaled Pango-Pango see Pago Pago Palma see (1) Coreaú; (2) Paranã Panj (town, southwestern Tajikistan) : (Russian Palm Beach (town, Florida, southeastern United Pyandzh); 1936–1963 Russian Kirovabad; 1931– States) : to 1887 Palm City 1936 Russian Baumanabad; to 1931 Saray- Palm City see Palm Beach Komar Pannonhalma 154

Pannonhalma (village, northwestern Hungary) : Parkersburg (city, West Virginia, east central to 1965 Gyârszentmárton United States) : originally Neal’s Station Panopolis see Akhmnm Park Ridge (city, Illinois, north central United Panormus see Palermo States) : to 1873 Brickton; originally Pennyville Panticapaeum see Kerch Parma (city, Ohio, east central United States) : Papari see Nísia Floresta to 1826 Greenbriar (The city is now a suburb Papcastle (village, northwestern England) : of Cleveland.) Roman Derventio (The Roman name derived Parmentier see Sidi Ali Boussidi from the Derwent River here.) Parnamirim (town, northeastern Brazil) : to Papua (province, eastern Indonesia) : formerly 1944 Portuguese Leopoldina Irian Jaya; 1963–1969 Irian Barat; to 1963 Parnarama (city, northeastern Brazil) : 1944– Dutch New Guinea (Papua occupies the west- 1948 Portuguese Matões; to 1944 Portuguese ern part of the island of New Guinea. The São José dos Matões eastern part is occupied by the independent Parnassus see Liakoura state of Papua New Guinea. In 2003 the west- Parndorf (village, eastern Austria) : to 1918 Hun- ern part of Papua was demarcated as the prov- garian Pándorf ince of West Papua.) Pärnu (city, southwestern Estonia) : (Russian Papua Barat see West Papua Pyarnu); to 1918 Russian Pernov Pará see Belém Parral see Hidalgo del Parral Paradise Island (north central Bahamas) : for- Parramatta (city, New South Wales, southeast- merly Hog Island ern Australia) : to 1791 Rose Hill (The city is Paraetonium see Marsa Matruh now a suburb of Sydney.) Paragua see Palawan Parreiras see Caldas Paraguaçu see Paraguaçu Paulista Pars see FIrs Paraguaçu Paulista (city, southeastern Brazil) : Parsonstown see Birr 1944–1948 Araguaçu; to 1944 Paraguaçu Partenit see Frunzens’ke Paraíba see João Pessoa Partizansk (city, eastern Russia) : 1932–1972 Paraibuna see Juiz de Fora Suchan; to 1932 Suchansky Rudnik Paraná (city, northeastern Argentina) : originally Partizánske (town, western Slovakia) : 1948– Bajada de Santa Fe 1949 Bat’ovany; to 1948 ¶imonovany Paranã (town, southern Brazil) : to 1944 Portu- Partizanskoye (village, southern Russia) : to guese Palma 1930s Perovo Paranaíba (city, western Brazil) : to 1939 Portu- Paryz’ka Komuna see Pereval’s’k guese Santana do Paranaíba Pasadena (city, California, southwestern United Parati see Araquari States) : to 1875 Indiana Colony Paratinga (city, eastern Brazil) : to 1944 Portu- Pasarofça see Po±arevac guese Rio Branco Pas de Calais see Dover, Strait of Paravadq see Provadiya Pasha Makhala see Krumovo Parchwitz see Prochowice Pashiya (town, western Russia) : to 1929 Parco see Sinclair Arkhangelo-Pashiysky Zavod Pardubice (town, north central Czech Republic) Pashmakli see Smolyan : to 1918, 1939–1945 German Pardubitz Pa§iWevo see Zmajevo Pardubitz see Pardubice Pasùdk (town, northeastern Poland) : to 1945 Paredón see Anzaldo German Preussisch-Holland Parion see Kemer Paso de la Fabrica see Minatitlán 1Paris (city, northern France) : Roman Parisii; Passaic (city, New Jersey, northeastern United earlier Roman Lutetia States) : to 1854 Acquackanonk 2Paris (town, Kentucky, east central United Passarowitz see Po±arevac States) : to 1790 Bourbontown; originally Hope- Passau (city, southeastern Germany) : Roman well Castra Batava; Celtic Bojodurum Parisii see 1Paris Passenheim see Pasym Parium see Kemer Passo di Resia (village, northern Italy) : to 1918 Parizhskaya Kommuna see Pereval’s’k German Reschen-Scheideck (The name is prop- Párkány see ¶túrovo erly that of an Alpine pass on the border with Park City (village, Kentucky, east central United Austria.) States) : to 1938 Glasgow Junction Pastor Montero see Girardot 155 Penang

Pasym (town, northeastern Poland) : to 1945 Peabody (city, Massachusetts, northeastern German Passenheim United States) : to 1868 South Danvers Pataliputra see Patna PeW (city, western Kosovo) : 1941–1944 Albanian Patavium see Padua Peja; to 1913 Turkish jpek Patersonia see Launceston Peacehaven (town, southeastern England) : to Patna (city, northeastern India) : to 1541 Patal- 1917 New Anzac-on-Sea iputra Pecan Grove see Groves Patos see Patos de Minas Pechenga (town, northwestern Russia) : 1920– Patos de Minas (city, southeastern Brazil) : to 1944 Finnish Petsamo 1944 Patos Pechory (town, western Russia) : 1919–1940 Es- Patrae see Patras tonian Petseri Patras (city, central Greece) : ancient Greek and Pécs (city, southwestern Hungary) : to 1867 Ger- Roman Patrae man Fünfkirchen Patriarsheye see 2Donskoye Pedra Azul (town, southeastern Brazil) : to 1944 Patrimônio dos Inocentes see Piratininga Fortaleza Patrocínio see Pio IX Pedras Brancas see Guaíba Patschkau see Paczków Pedro Avelino (town, northeastern Brazil) : to Patton Township see Monroeville 1948 Epitácio Pessoa Pau d’Alho see Ibirarema Peiping see Beijing Pau Gigante see Ibiraçu Peipus, Lake (eastern Estonia/northwestern Rus- Paulis see Isiro sia) : Russian Chudskoye (The Russian name is Paulista see Paulistana adjectival and in that language followed by Paulistana (city, northeastern Brazil) : to 1944 ozero, “lake.”) Paulista Peiskretscham see Pyskowice Paulo Affonso see Mata Grande Peja see PeW Paulus Hook see Jersey City Pejepscot see Brunswick Pavia (town, northern Italy) : Roman Ticinum Pekin see Dearborn Pavlodar (city, northeastern Kazakhstan) : to Peking see Beijing 1861 Russian Koryakovsky Forpost (Unlike many Peklevskaya see Troitsky towns in Kazakhstan, Pavlodar has retained its Peùczyce (town, western Poland) : to 1945 Ger- Russian name.) man Bernstein Pavlograd see Pavlohrad Pelh†imov (town, south central Czech Republic) Pavlohrad (city, southeastern Ukraine) : (Rus- : to 1918, 1939–1945 German Pilgrams sian Pavlograd) Pelican Waterholes see Winton Pavlovsk (town, northwestern Russia) : 1918– Pelly Bay see Kugaaruk 1944 Slutsk; to 1796 Pavlovskoye Peloponnese (peninsula, southern Greece) : me- Pavlovskoye see Pavlovsk dieval Morea Pawellau see Pawlów Pelotas (city, southern Brazil) : to 1830 São Fran- Pawlów (village, eastern Poland) : 1793–1919, cisco de Paula 1939–1945 German Pawellau Pelovo (town, northern Bulgaria) : to 1950 Payne see Kangirsuk Makhlata Payo Obispo see Chetumal Pelsâc see Ple§ivec Pays Basque see 2Basque Country Pelusium see Tell el-Farama Payshanba (town, east central Uzbekistan) : to Pemba (town, northeastern Mozambique) : to 1960 Kara-Darya 1976 Portuguese Porto Amélia Pax Augusta see Badajoz Pembroke (town, southwestern Wales) : Welsh Pax Julia see Beja Penfro Paxtaobod (town, central Uzbekistan) : (Russian Pembroke Dock (town, southwestern Wales) : Pakhtaabad); to 1975 Kokankishlak Welsh Doc Penfro Pazardzhik (town, west central Bulgaria) : 1878– Penacook Plantation see 3Concord 1934 Tatar-Pazardzhik; to 1878 Turkish Penally (village, southwestern Wales) : Welsh Tatarpazarcik Penalun Pazin (town, western Croatia) : 1919–1945 Italian Penalun see Penally Pisino; to 1918 German Mitterburg (The Italian Penang (island, western Malaysia) : formerly name was also in official use under Austrian Prince of Wales Island rule.) Penang see George Town Pen-ar-Bed 156

Pen-ar-Bed see Finistère Pereyaslavl’, Lake see Pleshcheyevo, Lake Penarlâg see Hawarden Pereyaslavl’-Ryazansky see Ryazan’ Pendine (village, southwestern Wales) : Welsh Pergamon see Bergama Pentywyn Pergamum see Bergama Penetangore see Kincardine Périgotville see Aïn el Kebira Penfro see Pembroke Périgueux (city, southwestern France) : Roman Pengelli see Grovesend Vesuna Penley (village, northeastern Wales) : Welsh Peri Mirim (town, northeastern Brazil) : to 1944 Llannerch Banna Macapá Penmaen Dewi see St. David’s Head Perlepe see Prilep Pennocrucium see Water Eaton Perm’ (city, central Russia) : 1940–1957 Molo- Pennyville see Park Ridge tov Penrith (city, New South Wales, southeastern Përmeti (town, southern Albania) : 1919–1921 Australia) : formerly Castlereagh; originally modern Greek Premetì Evan (The city is now an outer suburb of Syd- Pernambuco see Recife ney.) Pernik (city, west central Bulgaria) : 1949–1963 Pensky Sakharny Zavod see Karla Dimitrovo Libknekhta, imeni Pernov see Pärnu Penthièvre see Aïn Berda Perovo see Partizanskoye Pentre-poeth see Morganstown Perovsk see Kyzylorda Pentywyn see Pendine Perrégaux see Mohammadia Pen-y-Bont ar Ogwr see Bridgend Perry’s Corners see Whitby Penzig see Pieüsk Perserin see Prizren Peoria (city, Illinois, north central United States) Pershotravensk see 1,2Pershotravens’k : 1814–1825 Fort Clark 1Pershotravens’k (city, eastern Ukraine) : (Rus- Peparethos see Skópelos sian Pershotravensk); 1960–1966 Pershotravneve Pepperellboro see Saco (Russian Pershotravnevoye), to 1960 Shakh- Pequoiag see Athol tars’ke (Russian Shakhtyorskoye) (The Russian Pequot see New London name does not translate the Ukrainian as Ok- Peravia (province, southern Dominican Repub- tyabr’sk but merely transliterates it.) lic) : to 1961 Spanish Trujillo Valdéz 2Pershotravens’k (town, west central Ukraine) : Perdido, Monte (northeastern Spain) : French (Russian Pershotravensk); to 1934 Tokarivka Mont Perdu (The peak is on the border with (Russian Tokaryovka) France.) Pershotravnene (town, eastern Ukraine) : (Rus- Perdigão (town, southeastern Brazil) : to 1944 sian Pershotravnevoye); to 1946 Manhush (Rus- Portuguese Saúde sian Mangush) Perdizes see Videira Pershotravneve see (1) Mokvyn; (2) 1Pershotra- Perdu, Mont see Perdido, Monte vens’k Peredniye Traki see Krasnoarmeyskoye Pershotravnevoye see (1) Mokvyn; (2) 1Persho- Peremyshl’ see Przemy¢l travens’k; (3) Pershotravneve Peremyshlyany (town, western Ukraine) : to Persia see Iran 1939 Polish Przemysùany Persian Gulf (southwestern Asia) : alternate Ara- Pereval’sk see Pereval’s’k bian Gulf or The Gulf; Roman Sinus Persicus Pereval’s’k (city, eastern Ukraine) : (Russian (The arm of the Arabian Sea, between Iran Pereval’sk); 1926–1964 Paryz’ka Komuna (Rus- and Arabia, is named simply The Gulf by sian Parizhskaya Kommuna); to 1926 Selez- many Western writers to avoid offending Iraqis nivs’kyy Rudnyk (Russian Seleznevsky Rudnik) and some other Arabs.) (The city is now part of Alchevs’k.) Persis see Fars Perevoz (town, western Russia) : to 1962 P’yan- Perth Amboy (city, New Jersey, northeastern sky Perevoz United States) : originally Amboy Pereyaslav see Pereyaslav-Khmel’nyts’kyy Peru (town, Indiana, north central United Pereyaslav-Khmel’nitsky see Peryaslav- States) : to 1834 Miamisport Khmel’nyts’kyy Perugia (city, central Italy) : Roman Perusia Pereyaslav-Khmel’nyts’kyy (city, central Perusia see Perugia Ukraine) : (Russian Pereyaslav-Khmel’nitsky); Pervomay (village, northern Kyrgyzstan) : for- to 1953 Pereyaslav merly Russian Pervomaysky 157 Petrovs’ke

Pervomaysk (town, western Russia) : to 1941 1Peterborough (city, Ontario, southeastern Tashino Canada) : to 1825 Scott’s Plains Pervomaysk see 1,2Pervomays’k 2Peterborough (town, South Australia, southern 1Pervomays’k (town, eastern Ukraine) : (Russian Australia) : to 1917 Petersburg Pervomaysk); to 1920 Petromar’yivka (Russian Petergof see Petrodvorets Petromar’yevka) Peterhof see Petrodvorets 2Pervomays’k (town, south central Ukraine) : Petersburg see 2Peterborough (Russian Pervomaysk); to 1920 Ol’viopil’ (Rus- Petersdorf see Piechowice sian Ol’viopol’) (The town arose on the merger Peterstone Wentlooge (village, southeastern of Ol’viopil’ with two other villages.) Wales) : Welsh Llanbedr Gwynllˆwg Pervomays’ke (town, southern Ukraine, near Peterston-super-Ely (village, southern Wales) : Dzhankoy) : (Russian Pervomayskoye); to 1944 Welsh Llanbedr-y-fro Dzurchi Pétervárad see Petrovaradin 1Pervomayskoye (village, southwestern Russia, Peterwardein see Petrovaradin near Yershov) : to 1941 Gnadenflyur (The vil- Petitjean see Sidi Kacem lage lies in the former Volga German Au- Petit-Sault see Edmundston tonomous Soviet Socialist Republic and its Petra Stuchki, imeni see Aizkraukle earlier name is a Russian transliteration of Petre see Wanganui German Gnadenflur.) Petrikau see Piotrków Trybunalski 2Pervomayskoye (village, southern Russia, near Petroaleksandrovsk see To’rtko’l Tomsk) : formerly Pyshkino-Troitskoye Petrodvorets (town, western Russia) : to 1944 3Pervomayskoye (village, southern Russia, near Petergof; former alternate German Peterhof Barnaul) : formerly Srednekrayushkino (The town is administratively part of St. Pe- 4Pervomayskoye (village, western Russia, near tersburg.) Kanash) : to 1939 Bol’shiye Arabuzy Petrograd see St. Petersburg Pervomayskoye see Pervomays’ke Petrokov see Piotrków Trybunalski 1Pervomaysky (town, western Russia, near Petrokrepost’ see Shlissel’burg Michurinsk) : formerly Bogoyavlenskoye Petrolândia (city, northeastern Brazil) : 1939– 2Pervomaysky (village, western Russia) : to 1943 1943 Itaparica; to 1939 Jatobá Kukshik (The village is now part of the city of Petromar’yevka see 1Pervomays’k Sterlitamak.) Petromar’yivka see 1Pervomays’k 3Pervomaysky (town, western Russia) : to Petropavlovsk see Petropavlovsk-Kamchat- 1938 Spas (The town is a suburb of Slobod- sky skoy.) Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky (city, eastern Rus- Pervomaysky see (1) Novodvinsk; (2) Pervo- sia) : to 1924 Petropavlovsk may; (3) Pervomays’kyy Petropavlovsky see Severoural’sk Pervomays’kyy (town, east central Ukraine) : Petro£ani (city, west central Romania) : to 1918 (Russian Pervomaysky); formerly Lykhachive Hungarian Petrozsény (Russian Likhachyovo) Petroskoi see Petrozavodsk Pervoural’sk (city, western Russia) : 1928–1933 Petrovaradin (town, northern Serbia) : to 1918, Pervoural’sky; 1920–1928 Shaytansky Zavod; to 1941–1944 Hungarian Pétervárad; to 1867 Ger- 1920 Vasil’yevsko-Shaytansky man Peterwardein (The town is now a suburb Pesaro (city, central Italy) : Roman Pisaurum of Novi Sad.) Pesayak Towne see Newark Petrove-Krasnosillya see Petrovs’ke Pescado see Villa Serrano Petroverovka see 2Zhovten’ Pescara (city, eastern Italy) : Roman Aternum Petrovgrad see Zrenjanin Peschanoye see Yashkul’ Petrovice u Karviné (town, eastern Czech Re- Pesochnya see Kirov public) : 1939–1945 German Petrowitz; 1918– Pessinus see Balqhisar 1919, 1938–1939 Polish Piotrowice; to 1918 Pesterzsébet (town, north central Hungary) : German Petrowitz bei Arnoldsdorf 1919–1924 Lenínváros; to 1919 Erzsébetfalva Petrovo-Krasnosel’ye see Petrovs’ke (The town is now a suburb of Budapest.) Petrovskaya Sloboda see Losino-Petrovsky Pesto (village, southern Italy) : Roman Paestum; Petrovs’ke (town, eastern Ukraine) : (Russian ancient Greek Poseidonia Petrovskoye); 1920–1963 Petrove-Krasnosillya Pestovo see Zavolzh’ye (Russian Petrovo-Krasnosel’ye); to 1920 Petelia see Strongoli Shterivs’ke (Russian Shterovskoye) Petrovskoye 158

Petrovskoye see (1) Makhachkala; 1Picton (town, Ontario, southeastern Canada) : (2) Petrovs’ke; (3) Svetlograd originally Hallowell Petrovsk-Port see Makhachkala 2Picton (town, central New Zealand) : to 1859 Petrovsky Zavod see Petrovsk-Zabaykalsky Newton Petrovsk-Zabaykalsky (town, southern Russia) : Pidhaytsi (town, western Ukraine) : (Russian to 1926 Petrovsky Zavod Podgaytsy); to 1939 Polish Podhajce Petrovyrivka see 2Zhovten’ Pidvolochys’k (town, western Ukraine) : (Rus- Petrowitz bei Arnoldsdorf see Petrovice u sian Podvolochisk); to 1929 Polish Podwoùoczyska Karviné Piechowice (town, southwestern Poland) : to Petrozavodsk (city, northwestern Russia) : for- 1945 German Petersdorf merly local Petroskoi (The local name came Piedmont (region, northwestern Italy) : [Italian from Petrovskoilinna, from Russian Petrovsky, Piemonte] “of Peter,” and Karelian linna, “town.”) Piedras Negras (city, northeastern Mexico) : Petrozsény see Petro£ani 1888–1911 Ciudad Porfirio Díaz PetrØalka (town, southwestern Slovakia) : 1938– Piemonte see Piedmont 1945 German Engerau; to 1918 Hungarian Pieüsk (village, western Poland) : to 1945 Ger- Pozsonyligetfalu; to 1867 German Engerau man Penzig (The town is now a district of Bratislava.) Pierre (town, South Dakota, north central Petsamo see Pechenga United States) : originally Mahto (The original Petseri see Pechory name was current from June to December Pettau see Ptuj 1880.) Petuaria see 3Brough Pierre E. Trudeau, Mt. see Logan, Mt. Petukhovo (town, southern Russia) : to 1944 Pie§t’any (city, western Slovakia) : to 1918 Hun- Yudino garian Pöstyén; to 1867 German Pistyan Petushki (town, western Russia) : to 1965 Novyye Pietarsaari (town, western Finland) : formerly Petushki Swedish Jakobstad (The town was at one time Pevensey (village, southeastern England) : mainly Swedish-speaking.) Roman Anderitum Pietas Julia see Pula Pezinok (town, western Slovakia) : to 1918 Hun- Pietersburg see Polokwane garian Bazin; to 1867 German Bösing Pignataro Interamna (village, central Italy) : Pharnacia see Giresun Roman Interamna Lirenas Pharos see Hvar Pig’s Eye Landing see St. Paul Phasis see (1) Poti; (2) Rioni Pik 20 let VLKSM see Pobeda Peak Phazania see Fezzan Pike Creek see Kenosha Phenix City (city, Alabama, southeastern United Piùa (city, west central Poland) : 1772–1945 Ger- States) : to 1889 Brownville man Schneidemühl Philadelphia see (1) Ala£ehir; (2) Amman 1Pilar (city, northeastern Brazil) : 1944–1948 Philippeville see Skikda Manguaba Philippopolis see Plovdiv 2Pilar (town, southwestern Paraguay) : originally Philipstown see Daingean Ñeembucú Phillips Landing see Van Buren Pilar see Pilar do Sul Philomelion see Ak£ehir Pilar do Sul (city, southeastern Brazil) : to 1944 Phintias see Licata Pilar Phocaea see Foça Pilawa (town, southwestern Poland) : to 1945 Phuthaditjhaba (town, east central South German Bielau Africa) : originally Witsieshoek Pilenkovo see Gant’iadi Piacenza (city, northern Italy) : Roman Placen- Pile O’Bones see Regina tia Pilevne see Pleven Piatã (town, eastern Brazil) : to 1944 Anchieta Pilgrams see Pelh†imov Pibrans see P†íbram Pillau see Baltiysk Picardie see Picardy Pillkallen see Dobrovol’sk Picardy (region, northern France) : [French Pillupönen see Nevskoye Picardie] Pilsen see (1) Pilzno; (2) Plzeû Pico (Spanish, “peak”) : for names beginning Pilten see Piltene thus, see the next word, as Duarte, Pico Piltene (town, northwestern Latvia) : to 1917 Picos see Colinas German Pilten 159 Plata, Río de la

Pilzno (town, southeastern Poland) : 1939–1945 Pirogovsky (town, western Russia) : to 1928 Pro- German Pilsen letarskaya Pobeda Pinang see George Town Pirot (city, southeastern Serbia) : to 1878 Turkish Pinar del Río (city, western Cuba) : formerly ßarköy Nueva Filipina Pisa (city, northwestern Italy) : Roman Pisae Pinciacum see Poissy Pisae see Pisa Pine Bluff (city, Arkansas, south central United Pisaurum see Pesaro States) : to 1832 Mount Marie Piscataqua see 2Portsmouth Pines, Isle of see Juventud, Isla de la Piscataqua Plantation see Kittery Pine Tree Hill see 3Camden Pisek see Písek Pinkiang see Harbin Písek (city, southwestern Czech Republic) : to Pinola see Las Rosas 1918, 1939–1945 German Pisek Pinsk (city, southern Belarus) : 1919–1939 Polish Pishpek see Bishkek Piüsk Pisino see Pazin Piüsk see Pinsk Pisiquid see 2Windsor Pinta, Isla (island, northern Galápagos Islands, Pistoia (city, north central Italy) : Roman Pisto- Ecuador) : formerly Abingdon Island ria Pioner (town, southern Russia) : to 1936 Pistoria see Pistoia Ishanovo (The town is now incorporated Pistyan see Pie§t’any into the city of Kemerovo.) Pisz (town, northeastern Poland) : to 1945 Ger- Pionersky (town, western Russia) : to 1945 Ger- man Johannisburg man Neukuhren Pithecusae see Ischia Pio IX (town, eastern Brazil) : to 1944 Patrocínio Pithion (village, northeastern Greece) : 1915– Piotrków Trybunalski (city, central Poland) : 1919 Bulgarian Kuleli-Burgas; to 1915 Turkish 1940–1945 German Petrikau; to 1915 Russian Küleliburgaz Petrokov Pitschen see Byczyna Piotrowice see Petrovice u Karviné Pitt, Mt. see McLoughlin, Mt. Piperno see Priverno Pittsburgh (city, Pennsylvania, northeastern Piqua (city, Ohio, north central United States) : United States) : 1758–1764 Fort Pitt; to 1758 to 1816 Washington Fort Duquesne Piracanjuba (town, central Brazil) : to 1944 Por- Pittsfield (city, Massachusetts, northeastern tuguese Pouso Alto United States) : to 1761 Pontoosuc Plantation Piracicaba (city, southeastern Brazil) : formerly Pivka (village, southwestern Slovenia) : to 1945 Vila Nova da Constituição; originally Santo An- Italian San Pietro del Carso; to 1918 German St. tônio de Piracicaba Peter am Karst Piraí see Piraí do Sul Placentia see Piacenza Piraí do Sul (town, southern Brazil) : 1944–1948 Placerville (town, California, western United Piraí Mirim; to 1944 Piraí States) : formerly Hangtown; originally Dry Piraí Mirim see Piraí do Sul Diggings Pirajaí see Cabrália Paulista Plage des Contrebandiers see Sidi el Abed Piran (town, southwestern Slovenia) : 1918–1947 PlQine£ti see Generalissimul Suvorov Italian Pirano Plan see Planá Piranhas (town, northeastern Brazil) : Planá (town, western Czech Republic) : to 1918, 1939–1948 Portuguese Marechal Floriano 1938–1945 German Plan Pirano see Piran Plano (city, Texas, southern United States) : to Pirapora see Pirapora do Bom Jesus 1851 Fillmore Piraporo do Bom Jesus (town, southeastern Plaridel (town, northern Philippines) : to 1936 Brazil) : to 1944 Pirapora Quingua Piraquara (city, southern Brazil) : to c.1935 Por- Plasencia (city, western Spain) : to 12th century tuguese Deodoro Ambroz Piratininga (town, southeastern Brazil) : for- Plassey see Palashi merly Patrimônio dos Inocentes Plata, Río de la (estuary, southeastern South Pirchevan see Zängilan America) : conventional English River Plate Piriápolis (town, southern Uruguay) : formerly (The English name of the estuary of the Spanish Puerto del Inglés Paraná and Uruguay rivers is associated in mil- Pirineos see Pyrenees itary history with the battle of 1939 between a Plate, River 160

British cruiser squadron and the German Plzeû (city, western Czech Republic) : to 1918, pocket battleship Graf Spee, as reenacted 1939–1945 German Pilsen in the 1956 movie The Battle of the River Po (river, northern Italy) : Roman Padus; alter- Plate.) nate Roman Eridanus (The Eridanus was orig- Plate, River see Plata, Río de la inally a purely mythical river but was Plathe see Pùoty identified by later classical authors with the Po. P¸lavi¸nas (town, south central Latvia) : to 1917 The mythical Eridanus had islands at its German Stockmannshof mouth, but the Po has none.) Plavsk (town, western Russia) : to c.1928 Poage’s Settlement see Ashland Sergiyevskoye Pobeda Peak (eastern Kyrgyzstan) : to 1943 Rus- Pleasant, Mt. see Eisenhower, Mt. sian Pik 20 let VLKSM (The mountain is on Pleasantburg see 2Greenville the border with China, where it is known as Pleasant Island see Nauru Jengish Chokusu. Its earlier Russian name was Pleschen see Pleszew given in 1938 to mark the 20th anniversary of Pleshcheyevo, Lake (western Russia) : formerly the Komsomol.) Lake Pereyaslavl’ Pobedinsky see Zarechny Ple§ivec (village, southern Slovakia) : to 1918, Pocasset see 3Portsmouth 1938–1945 Hungarian Pelsâc Podberez’ye see Pabradc Pless see Pszczyna Podbo†any (town, western Czech Republic) : to Pleszew (town, west central Poland) : 1793–1807, 1918, 1938–1945 German Podersam 1815–1919, 1939–1945 German Pleschen Podbrodzie see Pabradc Pleven (city, northern Bulgaria) : alternate Podchinny (town, southwestern Russia) : to 1941 Plevna; to 1878 Turkish Pilevne (The alternate Kratske name is associated with the Russian victory Podfibrady (town, north central Czech Republic) over the Turks in 1877 during the Russo- : to 1918, 1939–1945 German Podiebrad Turkish War.) Podersam see Podbo†any Plevna see Pleven Podgaytsy see Pidhaytsi Plezzo see Bovec Podgorica (city, south central Montenegro) : Pljevlja (town, northern Montenegro) : to 1913 1946–1992 Titograd Turkish Ta£lika Podhajce see Pidhaytsi PloVe (town, southern Croatia) : 1949–1991 Podiebrad see Podfibrady Kardeljevo Podillya see Podolia Pùock (city, east central Poland) : 1939–1945 Podium see Le Puy German Schröttersburg Podlein see Podolínec Plöhnen see Ploüsk Podlesnoye (village, southwestern Russia) : to Plokhino see 1Ul’yanovo 1941 Untervalden (The earlier name of the vil- Ploüsk (town, east central Poland) : 1940–1945 lage, in the former Volga German Autono- German Plöhnen mous Soviet Socialist Republic, is a Russian Ploskiriv see 1Khmel’nyts’kyy form of German Unterwalden.) Ploskirov see 1Khmel’nyts’kyy Podlipki see Korolyov Ploskoye see Stanovoye Podmokly (town, northern Czech Republic) : to Ploskyriv see 1Khmel’nyts’kyy 1918, 1939–1945 German Bodenbach (In 1950 Pùoty (town, northwestern Poland) : to 1945 the town was incorporated into the city of German Plathe DfiVín.) Plovdiv (city, southern Bulgaria) : to 1878 Turk- Podolia (region, western Ukraine) : (Russian ish Filibe; Roman Trimontium; ancient Greek Podol’ye) [Ukrainian Podillya] Philippopolis (The original Greek settlement Podolin see Podolínec had a mixed population of dubious repute, Podolínec (town, northern Slovakia) : to 1918 earning it the nickname Poneropolis, “Crook- Hungarian Podolin; to 1867 German Podlein ville,” from poneros, “wicked.”) Podol’ye see Podolia Plymouth (village, Vermont, northeastern Podvolochisk see Pidvolochys’k United States) : to 1797 Saltash Podwoùoczyska see Pidvolochys’k Plymouth see Monett Poetovio see Ptuj Plymouth Dock see Devonport Pofadder (town, western South Africa) : 1917– Plynlimon (mountain, western Wales) : Welsh 1936 Theronsville Pumlumon Pogegen see Pagcgiai 161 Pompei

Pogranichny (town, southeastern Russia) : to Poliny Osipenko, imeni (village, eastern Russia) 1958 Grodekovo : to 1939 Kerbi (The aviatrix Polina Osipenko Pohnpei (island, eastern Micronesia) : formerly also gave the former name of Berdyans’k.) Ascension Island Polis’ke (town, northern Ukraine) : (Russian Po- Poictiers see Poitiers lesskoye); 1940–1958 Russian Kaganovichi Per- Point de Galle see Galle vyye; 1935–1940 Kaganovich; to 1935 Khabne Pointe-aux-Trembles see Neuville (Russian Khabnoye) Point Edward (village, Ontario, southeastern Politschka see PolitVka Canada) : to 1860 Huron Pölitz see Police Poissy (town, northern France) : Roman Pinci- Polkowice (town, northern Poland) : 1938–1945 acum German Heerwegen; to 1938 German Polkwitz Poitiers (city, south central France) : formerly Polkwitz see Polkowice Poictiers; Roman Limonum (The earlier Pollentia see Pollenza spelling was long associated with the 1356 En- Pollenza (town, central Italy) : Roman Pollentia glish victory over the French during the Hun- Pollnow see Polanów dred Years’ War.) Pologi see Polohy Pokrovka see (1) Engel’s; (2) Leninskoe Polohy (town, southeastern Ukraine) : (Russian Pokrovka Druha see Pryazovs’ke Pologi); 1928–1937 Chubarivka (Russian Pokrovka Vtoraya see Pryazovs’ke Chubarovka) Pokrovsk see Engels Polokwane (town, northeastern South Africa) : Pokrovs’ke (town, south central Ukraine) : (Rus- to 2003 Pietersburg sian Pokrovskoye); formerly imeny Karla Polovinka see (1) Ugleural’sky; (2) Umal’tin- Libknekhta (Russian imeni Karla Libknekhta); sky to c.1926 Shmakivs’kyy Rudnyk (Russian Polska see Poland Shmakovsky Rudnik) (The town is now a sub- Poltavka see Bashtanka urb of Kryvyy Rih.) Poltavskaya (village, southwestern Russia) : for- Pokrovs’ke see Pryazovs’ke merly Krasnoarmeyskaya Pokrovskoye see (1) Pokrovs’ke; (2) Prya- Poltoratsk see A£gabat zovs’ke; (3) Velikooktyabr’sky Põltsamaa (town, central Estonia) : to c.1920 Pola see Pula German Oberpahlen Poland (republic, central Europe) : [Polish Polubnï (village, northern Czech Republic) : to Polska] 1918, 1938–1945 German Polaun Polanica Zdrój (town, southwestern Poland) : to Polyanovgrad see Karnobat 1945 German Bad Altheide Polyarny (town, northwestern Russia) : to 1930 Polanów (town, northwestern Poland) : to 1945 Aleksandrovsk German Pollnow Pomabamba see Azurduy Polatovo see Stamboliyski Pomachi see Komsomolabad Polaun see Polubnï Pomba see Rio Pomba Poùczyn Zdrój (town, northwestern Poland) : to Pomerania (region, northeastern 1945 German Bad Polzin Germany/northwestern Poland) : [German Polessk (town, western Russia) : to 1945 German Pommern; Polish Pomorze] Labiau Pomfret see Pontefract Polesskoye see Polis’ke Pommern see Pomerania Polevskoy (city, west central Russia) : to 1928 Pomona see Mainland Polevskoy Zavod Pomoriye (town, eastern Bulgaria) : to 1934 Polevskoy Zavod see Polevskoy Ankhialo; Roman Anchialus Policastro Bussentino (village, southern Italy) : Pomorze see Pomerania formerly Policastro del Golfo; Roman Buxentum Pompaelo see Pamplona Policastro del Golfo see Policastro Bussentino Pompano see Pompano Beach Police (city district, northwestern Poland) : to Pompano Beach (city, Florida, southeastern 1945 German Pölitz (Police was incorporated United States) : to 1945 Pompano into Szczecin in 1939.) Pompei (town, southern Italy) : to 1928 Valle de PoliVka (town, east central Czech Republic) : to Pompei (The town is near the ancient city of 1918, 1939–1945 German Politschka Pompeii, destroyed by the eruption of Vesuvius Policoro (town, southern Italy) : ancient Greek in A.D. 79. Italian does not differentiate be- Heraclea tween the two names.) Pompeii 162

Pompeii see Pompei Popovo (town, northeastern Bulgaria) : to 1878 Pompeiopolis (historic city, southern Turkey) : Turkish Popköy formerly Soli Popovo see Iskra Ponce (city, southern Puerto Rico) : originally Poprad (city, northern Slovakia) : to 1918 Hun- Nuestra Señora de Guadalupe de Ponce garian Poprád; to 1867 German Deutschendorf Pond Bay see Pond Inlet Poprád see Poprad Ponde Town see Mansfield Pordenone (city, northeastern Italy) : Roman Pond Inlet (village, Nunavut, northeastern Portus Naonis Canada) : alternate Inuit Mittimatalik; to 1951 Porech’ye see Demidov Pond Bay Pori (city, southwestern Finland) : formerly Ponevezh see Panevc±ys Swedish Björneborg Ponferrada (city, northwestern Spain) : Roman Poronaysk (town, eastern Russia) : 1905–1945 Interamnium Flavium Japanese Shikuka Ponizovkino see Krasny Profintern Póros (island, southeastern Greece) : ancient Pons Aelii see 1Newcastle Greek Calauria Pons Isarae see Pontoise Porretta Terme (town, north central Italy) : to Pons Vetus see Pontevedra c.1931 Bagni della Porretta Pontafel see Pontebba Porsy see Boldumsaz Pont-du-Chéliff see Sidi Bel Attar Porta do Sertão see Campina Grande Pont-du-Fahs see El Fahs Portadown (town, south central Northern Ire- Pontebba (town, northeastern Italy) : to 1918 land) : Irish Port an Dúnáin German Pontafel Portalegre (town, eastern Portugal) : Roman Pontefract (town, northern England) : formerly Amoea Pomfret (The present name is actually nearer Port an Dúnáin see Portadown its origin in Latin ponte fracto, “[at] the broken Port Angeles (town, Washington, northwestern bridge.”) United States) : originally Puerto de Nuestra Pontevedra (city, northwestern Spain) : Roman Señora de los Angeles Pons Vetus Portarlington (town, east central Ireland) : Irish Ponthierville see Ubundu Cúil an tSúdaire Pontibus see Staines Port Arthur (town, Ontario, southern Canada) : Pontivy (town, northwestern France) : 1805– to 1882 Prince Arthur’s Landing (In 1970 Port 1814, 1848–1871 Napoléonville (The former Arthur merged with Fort William and two name was properly that of a new town built other towns to form Thunder Bay.) here by Napoleon I as the military headquar- Port Arthur see Lüshun ters for Brittany. The second use of the name Port Báros see Su§ak honored Napoleon III.) Port Brabant see Tuktoyaktuk Pontoise (town, northern France) : Roman Pons Port Burwell see Killiniq Isarae; earlier Roman Briva Isarae Port Byron Junction see East Moline Pontoosuc Plantation see Pittsfield Port-Cartier (town, Quebec, eastern Canada) : Pontsenni see Sennybridge to 1962 Shelter Bay Pontus Euxinus see Black Sea Portchester (town, southern England) : Roman Pontypool (town, southeastern Wales) : Welsh Portus Ardaoni (The Roman name is often Pont-y-pˆwl spelled Portus Adurni, but the form given here Pont-y-pˆwl see Pontypool is thought to be more accurate.) Poona see Pune Port Colborne (town, Ontario, southeastern Popasna (city, eastern Ukraine) : (Russian Popas- Canada) : originally Gravelly Bay naya); c.1935–1943 Russian imeni L.M. Kaga- Port Cooper see Lyttelton novicha Port-de-France see Nouméa Popasnaya see Popasna Port-des-Galets see Le Port Popilian Way see Via Port Dinorwic see Y Felinheli Popivka see 2Kirovs’k Port Durnford see Bur Gavo Popköy see Popovo Port Einon see Port Eynon Poplar Fields see Emmitsburg Port Elgin (town, Ontario, southeastern Poplar Head see Dothan Canada) : formerly Normanton Popovichskaya see Kalininskaya Portersville see Valparaiso Popovka see 2Kirovs’k Port-Étienne see Nouadhibou 163 Portsmouth

Port Eynon (village, southwestern Wales) : Pôrto Alegre see Luzilândia Welsh Port Einon Porto Alexandre see Tombua Port Fairy (town, Victoria, southeastern Aus- Porto Amélia see Pemba tralia) : originally Belfast Porto Azzurro (town, central Italy) : to 1949 Port Florence see Kisumu Porto Longone Port-Francqui see Ilebo Portobello see Portobelo Port Gilbert see Racine Portobelo (town, northern Panama) : traditional Porthaethway see Menai Bridge English Portobello; originally Puerto Bello (The Port Hawkesbury (town, Nova Scotia, eastern town gained its English name from its repeated Canada) : to 1860 Ship Harbour sacking by English pirates, notably in 1668 and Port Harrison see Inukjuak 1739. Sir Francis Drake was buried in the har- Port Hedland (town, Western Australia, north- bor here.) western Australia) : Aboriginal Ngaru Pôrto de Guaipacaré see Lorena Port Herald see Nsanje Pôrto dos Casais see Pôrto Alegre Porthmadog (town, northwestern Wales) : for- Porto Edda see Sarandë merly Portmadoc (The name derives from Porto Farina see Ghar al-Milh William Akexander Madocks, owner of the Port of Ness (village, Western Isles, northwest- land on which the town was built, but the ern Scotland) : Gaelic Port Nis present spelling also reflects the tale that the Porto Grande see Mindelo legendary prince Madog ab Owain Gwynedd Porto Longone see Porto Azzurro set off from here to discover America in c.1170, Porto Maurizio see Imperia some three centuries before Columbus. Port Omna see Portumna Madocks also developed and gave his name to Porto Rè see Kraljevica the nearby village of Tremadog.) Pôrto Real see Iguatama Port Hope (town, Ontario, southeastern Can- Porto Rico see Puerto Rico ada) : to 1817 Smith’s Creek Porto Torres (town, northwestern Sardinia, Porthsgiwed see Portskewett Italy) : Roman Turris Libisonis Porth Tywyn see Burry Port Port Perry (village, Ontario, southeastern Port Hueneme (city, California, southwestern Canada) : to 1852 Scugog Village United States) : to 1940 Hueneme Port Phillip District see 1Victoria Port Jackson see Sydney Port Radium see Echo Bay Port Kelang (city, western Malaysia) : formerly Port Razoir see 2Shelburne Port Swettenham Port Rex see East London Port Láirge see Waterford Port Rois see Portrush Port la Joie see Charlottetown Port Roseway see 2Shelburne Portland (city, Maine, northeastern United Port Rossignol see Liverpool States) : to 1786 Falmouth (Successive names Port Royal see Annapolis Royal prior to Falmouth were Machigonne, Indigreat, Portrush (town, northern Northern Ireland) : Elbow, The Neck, and Casco.) Irish Port Rois Port Laoise (town, east central Ireland) : to 1920 Port St. John’s (town, southeastern South Maryborough Africa) : 1976–1993 Umzimvubu Port Louis see 2Scarborough Port St.-Louis see Antsohimbondrona Port-Lyautey see Kenitra Port Sarnia see Sarnia Port Macquarie see Bluff Port Senior see Liverpool Portmadoc see Porthmadog Portskewett (village, southeastern Wales) : Welsh Port Mahon see Mahón Porthsgiwed Port nan Long see Newtonferry 1Portsmouth (city, southern England) : Roman Port Natal see Durban Magnus Portus (The Roman name, mean- Port Nicholson see Wellington ing “great port,” properly applied to the har- Port Nis see Port of Ness bor here, and the present city arose at its Port-Nouveau-Québec see Kangiqsualujjuaq mouth.) Porto see Oporto 2Portsmouth (city, New Hampshire, northeast- Pôrto (town, northeastern Brazil) : 1930s–1944 ern United States) : to 1653 Strawbery Banke; João Pessoa; to 1930s Marruás originally Piscataqua Pôrto Alegre (city, southern Brazil) : originally 3Portsmouth (town, Rhode Island, northeastern Pôrto dos Casais United States) : to 1640 Pocasset Port Swettenham 164

Port Swettenham see Port Kelang Pova±ská Bystrica (city, western Slovakia) : to Portugal (republic, southwestern Europe) : 1918 Hungarian Vágbeszterce; to 1867 German Roman Lusitania Waag-Bistritz Portugália see Chitato Po±arevac (town, east central Serbia) : to 1867 Portuguese East Africa see Mozambique German Passarowitz; to 1833 Turkish Pasarofça Portuguese Guinea see Guinea-Bissau Po±ega (town, eastern Croatia) : formerly Portuguese Timor see East Timor Slavonska Po±ega; to 1867 German Poscheg Portuguese West Africa see Angola Pozharskoye (village, southeastern Russia) : to Portumna (town, west central Ireland) : Irish 1939 Tikhonovka Port Omna Poznaü (city, western Poland) : 1793–1807, 1815– Portus Ardaoni see Portchester 1919, 1939–1945 German Posen Portus Gaditanus see Puerto Real Pozsony see Bratislava Portus Lemanis see Lympne Pozsonyligetfalu see PetrØalka Portus Magnus see Almería Pozzuoli (city, southwestern Italy) : Roman and Portus Magonis see Mahón biblical Puteoli; ancient Greek Dicaearchia Portus Naonis see Pordenone (The name occurs in the Bible as that of the Portus Veneris see Port-Vendres town where Paul spent seven days with Chris- Port-Vendres (town, southern France) : Roman tians en route to Rome.) Portus Veneris Prabuty (town, northeastern Poland) : to 1945 Port Victoria see Tarfaya German Riesenburg Port-Vila (town, central Vanuatu) : alternate Prachatice (town, southwestern Czech Republic) Vila : to 1918, 1938–1945 German Prachatitz Port Weld see Kuala Sepetang Prachatitz see Prachatice Porvoo (city, southern Finland) : formerly Praeneste see Palestrina Swedish Borgå (Around 40% of the city’s pop- Praesidium Julium see 1Santarém ulation are Swedish-speaking.) Prag see Prague Posadas (city, northeastern Argentina) : 1869– Pragerhof see Pragersko 1879 Trinchera de San José; to 1869 Trinchera de Pragersko (town, northeastern Slovenia) : to los Paraguayos 1918, 1941–1945 German Pragerhof Poscheg see Po±ega Prague (city, north central Czech Republic) : Poseidonia see Pesto [Czech Praha]; to 1918, 1939–1945 German Posen see Poznaü Prag (English has adopted the French form of Poshekhon’ye (town, western Russia) : 1918– the name.) 1992 Poshekhon’ye-Volodarsk (The second part Praha see Prague of the former name is not that of a place but of Prainha see Miracatu the revolutionary V. Volodarsky.) Prairie Rapids see Waterloo Poshekhon’ye-Volodarsk see Poshekhon’ye Prairieville see Waukesha Possum Town see 2Columbus Praschnitz see Przasnysz Poste-de-la-Baleine see Kuujjuarapik Prassburg see Mozirje Postojna (town, southwestern Slovenia) : to 1945 Prata see Nova Prata Italian Postumia; to 1918 German Adelsberg Pratica di Mare (village, western Italy) : Roman Postumia see Postojna Lavinium Postumian Way see Via Prausnitz see Prusice Postville see 2Lincoln Praust see Pruszcz Gdaüski Pöstyén see Pie§t’any Prävali see Prevalje Postysheve see Krasnoarmiys’k Pravda (town, eastern Russia) : 1905–1945 Japa- Postyshevo see Krasnoarmiys’k nese Hirochi Potentia see Potenza Pravdino (village, western Russia) : c.1930–1945 Potenza (town, southern Italy) : Roman Potentia German Grumbkowfelde; to c.1930 German Potgietersrus see Mokopane Grumbkowkeiten Poti (town, western Georgia) : ancient Greek Pravdinsk (town, western Russia) : to 1945 Ger- Phasis man Friedland (The German name is associ- Pottsgrove see Pottstown ated with the battle of 1807 during the Pottstown (town, Pennsylvania, northeastern Napoleonic Wars in which the allied Prussian United States) : to to 1815 Pottsgrove and Russian forces were defeated by the Pouso Alto see Piracanjuba French.) 165 Prokhod na Republikata

Pravishta see Eleftheroupolis Prigmore’s Swamp see New Brunswick Premetì see Përmeti Prikumsk see Budyonnovsk Preobrazhenskaya see Kikvidze Prilep (city, south central Macedonia) : to 1913 Prerau see P†erov Turkish Perlepe P†erov (city, eastern Czech Republic) : to 1918, Primkenau see Przemków 1939–1945 German Prerau 1Primorsk (town, western Russia, near Kalin- Prescelly see Preseli ingrad) : to 1946 German Fischhausen Preseli (region, southwestern Wales) : dated En- 2Primorsk (town, western Russia, near St. Pe- glish Prescelly (The English name is usually as- tersburg) : to 1940 Finnish Koivisto; to 1809 sociated with the Prescelly Hills or Prescelly Swedish Björkö Mountains, Welsh Mynydd Preseli, from which 3Primorsk (town, western Russia, near Volgo- bluestones were transported to build Stone- grad) : formerly Lugovaya Proleyka henge in southern England.) Primorsk see Prymors’k Presidencia de la Plaza (town, southern Argen- Primorsko (town, southeastern Bulgaria) : for- tina) : to early 1940s Presidente de la Plaza merly Kyupriya Presidente de la Plaza see Presidencia de la Primorskoye see Sartana Plaza Prince Arthur’s Landing see Port Arthur Presidente Dutra (city, northeastern Brazil) : to Prince Edward Island (province, eastern 1948 Curador Canada) : locally (Algonquian) Abegweit; Presidente Juán Perón see Chaco 1759–1799 St. John’s Island; to 1759 French Île Presidente Penna see 2Rondônia St.-Jean (In 1962 the local name was given to Presidente Vargas see (1) Itabira; (2) Nova Era the passage between New Brunswick and Preslav see Veliki Preslav Prince Edward Island plied by the car ferry Pre§ov (city, eastern Slovakia) : to 1918 Hungar- MV Abegweit.) ian Eperjes Prince George (city, British Columbia, western Presque Isle (town, Maine, northeastern United Canada) : to 1915 Fort George States) : to 1859 Fairbanks Prince of Wales Island see Penang Pressburg see Bratislava Princeton (town, New Jersey, northeastern Presteigne (town, eastern Wales) : Welsh United States) : to 1724 Stony Brook Llanandras Priozyorsk (town, western Russia) : to 1940 P†e§tice (town, western Czech Republic) : to Finnish Käkisalmi; to 1809 Swedish Kexholm 1918, 1939–1945 German Pscheschtitz Prishib see Leninsk Pretoria see Tshwane Pristen’ (town, western Russia) : formerly Pretoria-Witwatersrand-Vaal see Gauteng Mar’yino Preussen see Prussia Pri§tina (city, central Kosovo) : to 1913 Turkish Preussisch-Eylau see Bagrationovsk Pri£tine Preussisch-Friedland see Debrzno Pri£tine see Pri§tina Preussisch-Holland see Pasùdk Priverno (town, south central Italy) : to 1928 Preussisch-Stargard see Starogard Gdaüski Piperno Prevalje (town, northern Slovenia) : to 1918, Privigye see Prievidza 1941–1945 German Prävali Privitz see Prievidza Préveza (town, northwestern Greece) : to 1913 Privolzhsk (city, western Russia) : to 1928 Turkish Preveze; ancient Greek Berenicia Yakovlevskoye Preveze see Préveza Privolzhskoye (village, southwestern Russia) : to Priargunsk (town, southeastern Russia) : to 1962 1941 Kukkus Tsurukhaytuy Privolzhsky (town, southwestern Russia) : 1936– Priazovskoye see Pryazovs’ke 1944 Kanukov; to 1936 Kalmytsky Bazar (The P†íbor (town, eastern Czech Republic) : to 1919, town is now within the city of Astrakhan.) 1939–1945 German Freiberg Prizren (city, southern Kosovo) : to 1913 Turkish P†íbram (city, west central Czech Republic) : to Perserin 1918, 1939–1945 German Pibrans Proby Island see Niuafo’ou Priestholm see Puffin Island Prochowice (town, southwestern Poland) : to Priest’s Mills see 3Alexandria 1945 German Parchwitz Priest’s Valley see Vernon Profesor Ishirkovo (town, northern Bulgaria) : Prievidza (city, west central Slovakia) : to 1918 to 1942 Kochina Hungarian Privigye; to 1867 German Privitz Prokhod na Republikata see Republic Pass Proletarsk 166

1Proletarsk (town, southwestern Russia) : to sian Primorsk); to 1967 Nohays’ke (Russian 1970 Proletarskaya Nogaysk) 2Proletarsk (town, northwestern Tajikistan) : Prymors’ke see Sartana formerly Russian Dragomirovo Przasnysz (town, northeastern Poland) : 1940– Proletarsk see Proletars’k 1945 German Praschnitz Proletars’k (town, eastern Ukraine) : (Russian Przemków (town, western Poland) : to 1945 Proletarsk); formerly Nesvitovych (Russian German Primkenau Nesvetevich) (The town was incorporated into Przemysl see Przemy¢l the city of Lysychans’k in 1965.) Przemy¢l (city, southeastern Poland) : 1941–1944 Proletarskaya see 1Proletarsk German Przemysl; 1939–1941 Russian Pere- Proletarskaya Pobeda see Pirogovsky myshl’; to 1918 German Przemysl (In the early 1Proletarsky (town, western Russia, near Belgo- years of World War II, 1939–41, the city was rod) : formerly Gotnya divided by the German-Soviet frontier.) 2Proletarsky (town, western Russia, near Ser- Przemy¢lany see Peremyshlyany pukhov) : to 1928 Proletary Przheval’sk see Karakol Proletary see 2Proletarsky Pscheschtitz see P†e§tice Promzino see Surskoye Psedakh see Alanskoye Propontis see Marmara, Sea of Psirtskha see Akhali Ap’oni Propoysk see Slawharad Pszczólki (village, northern Poland) : 1772–1945 Proskuriv see 1Khmel’nyts’kyy German Hohenstein Proskurov see 1Khmel’nyts’kyy Pszczyna (towm, southwestern Poland) : to 1921, Proskurów see 1Khmel’nyts’kyy 1939–1945 German Pless Prospect Park see Glen Ellyn Ptolemaïs (town, north central Greece) : to 1913 Prossnitz see Prostfijov Turkish Kaylar Prostfijov (city, east central Czech Republic) : to Ptolemaïs see (1) Acre; (2) Tolmeta 1918, 1939–1945 German Prossnitz Ptuj (town, northeastern Slovenia) : to 1918, Provadiya (town, eastern Bulgaria) : to 1878 1941–1945 German Pettau; Roman Poetovio Turkish Paravadq Pucarevo see Novi Travnik Provence (region, southeastern France) : Roman Puchó see Púchov Provincia Púchov (town, western Slovakia) : to 1918 Hun- Providence see (1) Annapolis; (2) Fairfax garian Puchó Province Lands see Provincetown Puck (town, northern Poland) : 1772–1919, Provincetown (town, Massachusetts, northeast- 1939–1945 German Putzig ern United States) : to 1727 Province Lands Puebla (city, east central Mexico) : alternate Provincia see Provence Puebla de Zaragoza; to 1862 Puebla de los Ánge- Provo (city, Utah, west central United States) : to les (The city’s full alternate name is Heroica 1850 Fort Utah Puebla de Zaragoza. It owes its “heroic” title to Prudhon see Sidi Brahim the battle of 1862, in which the Mexicans Prudnik (town, southwestern Poland) : to 1945 under General Ignacio Zaragoza were victori- German Neustadt ous over the French. A year later the city was Prusia ad Olympum see Bursa occupied by the French but was recaptured by Prusice (town, southwestern Poland) : to 1945 General Porfirio Díaz in 1867.) German Prausnitz Puebla de los Ángeles see Puebla Prussia (former state, north central Germany) : Puebla de Zaragoza see Puebla [German Preussen] Pueblo de la Capilla see Sauce del Yí Pruszcz Gdaüski (town, northern Poland) : Pueblo de San José de Guadalupe see San Jose 1772–1945 German Praust Pueblo Viejo see Villa Canales Pru∞ana see Pruzhany Puerto Acosta (town, western Bolivia) : to 1908 Pruzhany (town, western Belarus) : 1919–1939 Huaicho Polish Pru∞ana Puerto Aguirre see Puerto Iguazú Pryazovs’ke (town, southeastern Ukraine) : Puerto Bello see Portobelo (Russian Priazovskoye); 1864–1935 Pokrovka Puerto Caballos see Puerto Cortés Druha (Russian Pokrovka Vtoraya) or Puerto Cortés (city, northwestern Honduras) : Pokrovs’ke (Russian Pokrovskoye); to 1864 Siyut- to 1869 Puerto Caballos Dzheret Puerto de Cabras see Puerto del Rosario Prymors’k (town, southeastern Ukraine) : (Rus- Puerto del Inglés see Piriápolis 167 Pyrgi

Puerto del Rosario (town, eastern Canary Is- Punkapoag see 2Canton lands, Spain) : to 1957 Puerto de Cabras Puno (city, southern Peru) : originally San Carlos Puerto de Nuestra Señora de los Angeles see de Puno Port Angeles Punta Arenas (city, southern Chile) : 1927–1937 Puerto Flor de Lis see Ciudad del Este Magallanes Puerto Francisco de Orellana see Coca Puntarenas (city, western Costa Rica) : originally Puerto Iguazú (town, northeastern Argentina) : Bruselas to 1940s Puerto Aguirre Purdy’s Mills see Lindsay Puerto México see Coatzacoalcos Purtuniq (village, Quebec, eastern Canada) : Puerto Pérez (town, western Bolivia) : to 1900 formerly Asbestos Hill Chililaya P≠rvenets (village, south central Bulgaria) : to Puerto Presidente Stroessner see Ciudad del 1945 Ferdinandovo Este P≠rvomay (town, south central Bulgaria) : 1891– Puerto Princesa (city, western Philippines) : for- 1945 Borisovgrad; 1878–1891 Khadzhi-Eles; to merly Cuyo 1878 Turkish Hacieles Puerto Príncipe see Camagüey Pushkin (city, western Russia) : 1918–1937 Det- Puerto Real (town, southwestern Spain) : skoye Selo; to 1918 Tsarskoye Selo (The city has Roman Portus Gaditanus now been incorporated into St. Petersburg.) Puerto Rico (island state, central West Indies) : 1Pushkino (village, western Russia, near Kalin- locally (Arawakan) Borinquén; formerly Porto ingrad) : to 1945 German Dosmahlen Rico; originally San Juan (The island’s original 2Pushkino (village, western Russia, near Engel’s) name came to give that of its capital city, 2San : to 1941 Urbakh (The earlier name of the vil- Juan, while over time the port town’s name lage, in the former Volga German Autono- passed to that of the state.) mous Soviet Socialist Republic, is a Russian Puerto Sandino (town, western Nicaragua) : to form of German Urbach.) 1980 Puerto Somoza Pushkino see Biläsuvar Puerto Somoza see Puerto Sandino Putao (town, northern Myanmar) : formerly Fort Puerto Vallarta (city, west central Mexico) : for- Hertz merly Las Peñas Puteoli see Pozzuoli Puffin Island (northwestern Wales) : alternate Putyatin (town, southeastern Russia) : formerly Priestholm; Welsh Ynys Seiriol Nazimovo Pugachyov (town, western Russia) : to 1918 Putzig see Puck Nikolayevsk Pyandzh see (1) Panj; (2) D≠stí Pugachyovo (village, eastern Russia) : 1905–1945 P’yansky Perevoz see Perevoz Japanese Maguntan-hama P’yany Bor see Krasny Bor Puglia (region, southeastern Italy) : alternate and Pyarnu see Pärnu Roman Apulia Pyatikhatka see Pyatykhatky Pula (city, western Croatia) : to 1947 Italian Pola; Pyatikhatki see Pyatykhatky to 1918 German Pola; Roman Pietas Julia Pyatykhatka see Pyatykhatky Puùawy (town, eastern Poland) : to 1915 Russian Pyatykhatky (town, east central Ukraine) : (Rus- Novaya Aleksandriya sian Pyatikhatki); to 1944 Pyatykhatka (Russian Pulgan see Pülgön Pyatikhatka) Pülgön (village, western Kyrgyzstan) : 1940–1991 Pylos (town, southern Greece) : locally Frunzenskoye; to 1940 Pulgan Neokastro; formerly Italian Navarino (The Ital- Pulin see Chervonoarmiys’k ian name is associated with the naval battle of Pullman (city, Washington, northwestern United 1827 between European and Turkish fleets off States) : originally Three Forks the coast here during the Greek War of Inde- Puùtusk (town, east central Poland) : 1940–1945 pendence.) German Ostenburg Pyramus see Ceyhan Pulyny see Chervonoarmiys’k Pyrenees (mountains, northeastern Spain/south- Pumlumon see Plynlimon western France) : [French Pyrénées; Spanish Pune (city, western India) : formerly English Pirineos] Poona Pyrénées see Pyrenees Puncheston (village, southwestern Wales) : Pyrénées-Atlantiques (department, southwest- Welsh Cas-mael ern France) : to 1969 Basses-Pyrénées Pungarabato see Ciudad Altamirano Pyrgi see San Severa Pyritz 168

Pyritz see Pyrzyce Quelpart see Chegu Pyrzyce (town, northwestern Poland) : to 1945 Quemoy (island, southeastern China) : alternate German Pyritz Jinmen Pyshkino-Troitskoye see 2Pervomayskoye Que Que see Kwekwe Pyshma see Verkhnyaya Pyshma Quesnel (town, British Colombia, southwestern Pyshminsky Zavod see Staropyshminsk Canada) : to 1864 Quesnelle Mouth Pyskowice (town, southern Poland) : to 1945 Quesnelle Mouth see Quesnel German Peiskretscham Quezon (province, northern Philippines) : to Pytalovo (town, western Russia) : 1938–1945 1946 Tayabas Latvian Abrene; 1925–1938 Latvian Jaunlatgale Quibdó (city, western Colombia) : originally San Qamanittuaq see Baker Lake Francisco de Quibdó Qanliko’l (village, western Uzbekistan) : for- Quimper (town, northwestern France) : [Breton merly Leninobod (Russian Leninabad) Kemper] Qaqortoq (town, southwestern Greenland) : to 1Quincy (city, Illinois, north central United 1985 Danish Julianehåb States) : to 1825 Bluffs Qarshi (city, southern Uzbekistan) : 1926–1937 2Quincy (city, Massachusetts, northeastern Bek-Budi United States) : to 1792 Merry Mount; origi- Qausuittuq see Resolute nally Mount Wollaston Qazbegi (town, northern Georgia) : to 1921 Quingua see Plaridel Stepantsminda Quinnipiac see New Haven QazimImmId (town, eastern Azerbaijan) : for- Qunghirot (town, western Uzbekistan) : 1969– merly Kazi-Mahomed; to 1939 Adzhibakul 1991 Russian Kungrad; to 1969 Russian Zhel- Qena (city, eastern Egypt) : ancient Greek Caene eznodorozhny 1Qeqertarsuaq (island, western Greenland) : for- Qusantnnah see Constantine merly Disko Quseir (town, eastern Egypt) : formerly often 2Qeqertarsuaq (town, western Greenland) : for- Kosseir merly Danish Godhavn Qyteti Stalin see Kuçovë Qift (village, eastern Egypt) : ancient Greek Raab see Gyâr Coptos Rab (village, western Croatia) : 1941–1943 Italian Qikiqtarjuaq (island, Nunavut, northeastern Arbe; to 1918 German Arbe (The village is on Canada) : to 1999 Broughton Island the island of the same name.) Qingaq see Bathurst Inlet Rabbah see Amman Qomsheh (town, west central Iran) : to 1979 Rabbath-Ammon see Amman Shahreza RaVa (city district, western Slovakia) : to 1946 Quaqtaq (village, Quebec, eastern Canada) : for- RaVistorf. (RaVa is a northern district of Brati- merly Koartac slava.) Quartzsite (town, Arizona, southwestern United Rachov see Rakhiv States) : originally Fort Tyson Racibórz (city, south central Poland) : to 1945 Quatre Cantons, Lac des see Lucerne, Lake German Ratibor Quattro Cantoni, Lago dei see Lucerne, Lake Racine (city, Wisconsin, north central United Quebec (province and city, eastern Canada) : al- States) : to 1837 Port Gilbert ternate French Québec; 1841–1867 Canada RaVistorf see RaVa East; 1791–1841 Lower Canada (The historical RQdQu´i (town, northern Romania) : to 1918 names for the province were essentially inter- German Radautz changeable. Cp. Ontario.) Radautz see RQdQu´i Québec see Quebec Radekhiv (town, western Ukraine) : Québec-Ouest see 1Vanier (Russian Radekhov); to 1939 Polish Radziechów Quebec West see 1Vanier Radekhov see Radekhiv Queen Elizabeth National Park see Ruwenzori Radili Ko see Fort Good Hope National Park Radimin see Radzymin Queensborough see New Westminster Radin see Radzyü Podlaski Queen’s County see Laois Radków (town, southwestern Poland) : to 1945 Queensferry (town, northeastern Wales) : 1828– German Wünschelburg 1837 King’s Ferry; 1826–1828 Lower King’s Radmannsdorf see Radovljica Ferry; to 1826 Lower Ferry Radnor Forest (eastern Wales) : Welsh Fforest Queenstown see Cóbh Clud (As elsewhere in British placenames, for- 169 Ráth Mealtain

est here means specifically “hunting preserve” Rakovski see 1Dimitrovgrad rather than just “region of trees.”) Rakvere (town, northern Estonia) : to 1918 Ger- Radnorshire see New Radnor man Wesenberg Radomir (mountain, southwestern Bulgaria) : to Ralston’s Colony see Rapid City 1967 Kalabak Rampur Boalia see Rajshahi Radomsko (town, central Poland) : to 1915 Rus- Ramsey (island, southwestern Wales) : Welsh sian Novoradomsk Ynys Dewi Radovljica (town, northwestern Slovenia) : to Rancagua (city, north central Chile) : originally 1918, 1941–1945 German Radmannsdorf Villa Santa Cruz de Triana Radyvyliv (town, western Ukraine) : 1940–1991 Rancho Rodeo de las Aguas see Beverly Hills Chervonoarmiys’k (Russian Chervonoarmeysk); Rand see Des Plaines 1919–1940 Polish Radziwillów; to 1919 Russian Rand, The see Witwatersrand Radzivilov Randolph (town, Massachusetts, northeastern Radziechów see Radekhiv United States) : to 1793 Cochato Radzivilov see Radyvyliv Ranenburg see Chaplygin Radziwillów see Radyvyliv Rangitoto see D’Urville Island Radzymin (town, east central Poland) : to 1915 Rangoon see Yangôn Russian Radimin Rankin Inlet (village, Nunavut, north central Radzyü Podlaski (town, eastern Poland) : to Canada) : alternate Inuit Kangiqcliniq 1915 Russian Radin RankoviWevo see (1) Banatski Karlovac; Rae Lakes (village, Northwest Territories, north (2) Kraljevo central Canada) : alternate Inuit Gameti Rann see Bre±ice Raglan (village, southeastern Wales) : Welsh Rantomari see Yablochny Rhaglan Rapa Nui see Easter Island Ragnit see Neman Raphoe (town, northwestern Ireland) : Irish Ráth Ragusa see Dubrovnik Bhoth Rahaeng see Tak Rapid City (town, Manitoba, southern Canada) Rahó see Rakhiv : to 1877 Ralston’s Colony Rahouia (town, northern Algeria) : to c.1962 Rapids City see Cedar Rapids French Montgolfier Rappoltsweiler see Ribeauvillé Rahuipukeko see Huntly Raritan see Edison Rainier, Mt. (Washington, northwestern United Raseiniai (town, west central Lithuania) : (Rus- States) : alternate Mt. Tacoma (The mountain’s sian Raseynyay); to 1918 Russian Rossiyeny Indian name gave that of the city of Tacoma, Ras el Ma (town, northwestern Algeria) : to 45 miles to the northwest.) c.1962 French Bedeau Rajasthan (state, northwestern India) : to 1948 Ras el Oued (town, northeastern Algeria) : to Rajputana (The former name applied to a re- c.1962 French Tocqueville gion approximating to that of the present Raseynyay see Raseiniai state, which later added other small areas.) Rashnd (city, northern Egypt) : alternate tradi- Rajputana see Rajasthan tional Rosetta (The traditional name became Rajshahi (city, western Bangladesh) : formerly widely known from the Rosetta stone, discov- Rampur Boalia ered here in 1799.) Rakhine (state, western Myanmar) : formerly Rasony (town, northern Belarus) : (Russian Arakan Rossony); to c.1940 Stanislavovo Rakhiv (town, western Ukraine) : (Russian Rastenburg see Kdtrzyn Rakhov); 1944–1945 Czech Rachov; 1939–1944 Rastorguyevo see Vidnoye Hungarian Rahó; 1919–1939 Czech Rachov; to Rastyapino see Dzerzhinsk 1918 Hungarian Rahó Ratae Corieltauvorum see Leicester Rakhmanlare see Rozino Ráth Bhoth see Raphoe Rakhov see Rakhiv Ráth Caola see Rathkeale Rakishki see Roki§kis Rathkeale (town, southwestern Ireland) : Irish Rakiura see Stewart Island Ráth Caola Rakonitz see Rakovnik Ráth Luirc (town, southern Ireland) : to 1939 Rakovets see Grozdyovo Charleville (The town’s shorter Irish name is Rakovnik (town, western Czech Republic) : to An Ráth.) 1918, 1939–1945 German Rakonitz Ráth Mealtain see Rathmelton Rathmelton 170

Rathmelton (town, northwestern Ireland) : Irish bia) : Roman Mare Rubrum; alternate Roman Ráth Mealtain Sinus Arabicus (The Red Sea lies between Ara- Ratibor see Racibórz bic-speaking countries and its Arabic name is Ratisbon see Regensburg Al Ba∏r al-A∏mar, meaning the same as the Ratmanov Island see Diomede Islands English.) Rat Portage see Kenora Redwood City (city, California, western United Rattlesnake Station see Mountain Home States) : to 1858 Embarcadero Ratzebuhr see Okonek Reetz see Recz Raudnitz an der Elbe see Roudnice nad Regar see Tursunzade Labem Regele Carol II see Suvorove Rauschen see Svetlogorsk Regele Mihai I see Suvorove Rautenberg see Uzlovoye Regensburg (city, southeastern Germany) : for- Rautu see Sosnovo merly Ratisbon; Roman Castra Regina Rava-Rus’ka (town, western Ukraine) : (Russian Regenwalde see Resko Rava Russkaya); to 1939 Polish Rawa Ruska Reggio di Calabria (city, southern Italy) : Rava Russkaya see Rava-Rus’ka Roman Regium Julium (The Roman name oc- Ravenglass (village, northwestern England) : curs in the Bible as Rhegium, the town where Roman Glannoventa Paul waited for a wind en route to Rome.) Rawa Ruska see Rava-Rus’ka Reggio nell’Emilia (city, northern Italy) : Rawicz (town, west central Poland) : 1793–1807, Roman Regium Lepidum 1815–1919, 1939–1945 German Rawitsch Reghin (town, central Romania) : to 1918, 1940– Rawitsch see Rawicz 1944 Hungarian Szászrégen; to 1867 German Rawlins (town, Wyoming, western United Sächsisch-Regen States) : originally Rawlins Springs Regina (city, Saskatchewan, southern Canada) : Rawlins Springs see Rawlins 1857–1882 Wascana; originally Pile O’Bones Razdan see Hrazdan Regium Julium see Reggio di Calabria Razdol’noye see Rozdon’ne Regium Lepidum see Reggio nell’Emilia Razgrad (city, northeastern Bulgaria) : to 1878 Regulbium see Reculver Turkish Hezargrad Reïbell see Ksar Chellala Razino (village, western Russia) : to 1945 Ger- Reichenau see Bogatynia man Doristhal Reichenau an der Knieschna see Rychnov nad Razlog (town, southwestern Bulgaria) : to 1878 Knfi±nou Turkish Mehomie Reichenau bei Gablonz see Rychnov u Reate see Rieti Gablonce Rechitsa see Rechytsa Reichenbach see Dzier∞oniów Rechytsa (city, southeastern Belarus) : (Russian Reichenberg see Liberec Rechitsa); to 1918 Russian Rechitsa Reichenstein see Zùoty Stok Recife (city, eastern Brazil) : formerly Pernam- Reichshof see Rzeszów buco; 17th century Dutch Mauritzstad Reichstadt see Zákupy Reculver (village, southeastern England) : Reims (city, northeastern France) : conventional Roman Regulbium English Rheims; Roman Durocortorum Recz (town, northwestern Poland) : to 1945 Ger- Reivilo (town, west central South Africa) : to man Reetz 1927 Klein Boetsap Reda (town, northern Poland) : 1772–1919, Remchi (town, northwestern Algeria) : to c.1962 1939–1945 German Rheda French Montagnac Red Bluff (town, California, western United Remennikovo (village, southwestern Russia) : to States) : originally Leodocia 1941 Oberdorf (The town’s earlier German Redding see Elizabeth City name is due to its location in the former Volga Redenção see Redenção da Serra German Autonomous Soviet Socialist Repub- Redenção da Serra (town, southeastern Brazil) : lic.) to 1944 Redenção Remington’s Corners see Ilion Red Jacket see Calumet Renaix see Ronse Redriff see Rotherhithe Renault see Sidi Mohammed Ben Ali Red River (southeastern Asia) : alternate Chinese Renier see Aïn Makhlouf Yuan or Vietnamese Hong Rennes (city, northwestern France) : Breton Red Sea (northeastern Africa/western Saudi Ara- Roazhan; Roman Condate 171 Riachão do Dantas

Reno (city, Nevada, western United States) : to RezI’nyeh see Or¨mnyeh 1868 Lake’s Crossing Rezekne see R`zekne Repelen-Baerl see Rheinkamp R`zekne (city, eastern Latvia) : (Russian Repino (town, western Russia) : to 1948 Finnish Rezekne); 1939–1945 German Rositten; 1772– Kuokkala 1918 Russian Rezhitsa Reppen see Rzepin Rezhitsa see R`zekne Republic Pass (central Bulgaria) : [Bulgarian Rha see Volga Prokhod na Republikata], to 1950 Khainboaz Rhaeadr Gwy see Rhayader Repulse Bay (village, Nunavut, northern Rhaglan see Raglan Canada) : alternate Inuit Naujaat Rhayader (town, central Wales) : Welsh Rhaeadr Rerigonius Sinus see Ryan, Loch Gwy Reriutaba (town, northeastern Brazil) : to 1944 Rheda see Reda Portuguese Santa Cruz Rhegium see Reggio di Calabria Resan see Resen Rheims see Reims Reschen-Scheideck see Passo di Resia Rhein see Rhine Resen (village, western Macedonia) : 1913–1941 Rheinkamp (city, western Germany) : formerly Serbian Resan; to 1913 Turkish Resne Repelen-Baerl Resiczabánya see Re£i´a Rheinschanze see Ludwigshafen Resina see Ercolano Rhenus see Rhine Resistencia (city, northeastern Argentina) : to Rhin see Rhine 1876 San Fernando del Rio Negro (The earlier Rhine (river, central and western Europe) : [Ger- name was that of a Jesuit mission abandoned man Rhein; French Rhin; Dutch Rijn]; Roman in 1773 after the order was suppressed.) Rhenus Re£i´a (city, western Romania) : to 1918 Hungar- Rhinocolura see Al ‘Arnsh ian Resiczabánya Rhisca see Risca Resko (town, northwestern Poland) : to 1945 Rhiwabon see Ruabon German Regenwalde Rhodanus see Rhône Resne see Resen Rhode Island (Rhode Island, northeastern Resolute (village, Nunavut, northern Canada) : United States) : to 1644 Aquidneck (This is the alternate Inuit Qausuittuq past and present name of the island on which Resülayn see Ceylanpqnar the state of Rhode Island, officially Rhode Is- Reszel (town, northeastern Poland) : to 1945 land and Providence Plantations, was formed German Rössel and ratified the U.S. Constitution in 1790.) Réunion (island, western Indian Ocean) : 1810– Rhodes (city, southeastern Greece) : [modern 1848 Bourbon; 1801–1810 Bonaparte; 1793–1801 Greek Rodos]; to 1947 Italian Rodi; to 1912 Turk- Réunion; 1649–1793 Bourbon; 1642–1649 Isle ish Rodos (The city lies on the island of the Mascareigne, to 1642 Santa Apollonia (The is- same name, known to the Romans as Rhodus.) land has been a French possession since 1642 Rhodesia see Zimbabwe with the exception of the years 1810–15, when Rhodus see Rhodes it was taken by the British, who restored the Rhône (river, southern France) : Roman Rho- earlier name Bourbon.) danus Reutov (city, western Rusia) : to 1940 Reutovo Rhoose (village, southern Wales) : Welsh Y Rhws Reutovo see Reutov Rhos Mhic Thriúin see New Ross Reval see Tallinn Rhos-on-Sea (town, northern Wales) : Welsh Revel’ see Tallinn Llandrillo-yn-Rhos Revelstoke (town, British Columbia, southwest- Rhum see Rum ern Canada) : formerly Farwell; originally Sec- Rhuthun see Ruthin ond Crossing (The original settlement was on a Rhydaman see Ammanford slightly different site.) Rhymney (town, southern Wales) : Welsh Revere (city, Massachusetts, northeastern United Rhymni States) : 1846–1871 North Chelsea; originally Rhymni see Rhymney Rumney Marsh (The settlement was part of Riaba (village, northwestern Equatorial Guinea) Boston until 1739, when it became part of : formerly Portuguese La Concepción Chelsea.) Riachão see Riachão do Dantas Revúca (town, south central Slovakia) : to 1918 Riachão do Dantas (town, northeastern Brazil) : Hungarian Nag yrâce to 1944 Riachão Ribas do Rio Pardo 172

Ribas do Rio Pardo (town, western Brazil) : to : to 1918, 1938–1945 Hungarian Rimaszombat; 1944 Rio Pardo to 1867 German Gross-Steffelsdorf Ribeauvillé (town, eastern France) : alternate Rimini (city, northern Italy) : Roman Ariminum German Rappoltsweiler Rimmon see Seymour Ribchester (village, northwestern England) : Rimske Toplice (village, central Slovenia) : to Roman Bremetenacum Veteranorum 1918 German Römerbad Ribeirão see Guapó Rincón de Zárate see Zárate Ribeirão Prêto (city, southeastern Brazil) : for- Rinns of Galloway (peninsula, southwestern merly Entre Rios; originally São Sebastião do Scotland) : Roman Novantarum Peninsula Ribeirão Prêto Río Benito see 1Mbini Richborough Port (village, southeastern En- Rio Bonito see (1) Caiapônia; (2) Tangará gland) : Roman Rutupiae Río Branco (town, northeastern Uruguay) : to Richland see 2Orange 1909 Artigas 1Richmond (town, southeastern England) : to Rio Branco see (1) Arcoverde; (2) Paratinga; 1501 Sheen (The full name of the town near (3) Roraima; (4) Visconde do Rio Branco London is Richmond upon Thames, distin- Rio Brilhante (town, western Brazil) : 1944– guishing it from Richmond, Yorkshire, for 1948 Caiuás; to 1943 Entre Rios which it is named, thanks to Henry VII, earl Rio Claro (city, southeastern Brazil) : formerly of Richmond, who built his palace here.) São João Batista do Morro Azul; originally São 2Richmond (city, Indiana, north central United João Batista da Beira do Ribeirão Claro States) : to 1818 Smithville Rio da Dúvida see 2Roosevelt Richmond see (1) Staten Island; (2) 3Windsor Rio das Flores (town, southeastern Brazil) : to Richmond Hill (town, Ontario, southeastern 1943 Santa Teresa Canada) : to 1819 Mount Pleasant Rio do Sul (city, southern Brazil) : formerly Ita- Ricomagus see Riom jahy do Sul; earlier Bela Aliança Ridder (city, eastern Kazakhstan) : 1941–2002 Rio Grande (city, southern Brazil) : originally Russian Leninogorsk São Pedro do Rio Grande do Sul Ridgeville see Evanston Riom (town, central France) : Roman Ricomagus Ridgewood (town, New Jersey, northeastern Río Martín see Martil United States) : 1829–1866 Godwinville; to Río Muni see 2Mbini 1829 Newton Rioni (river, western Georgia) : ancient Greek Riduna see Alderney Phasis Riedsburg see 2Kent Rio Novo see Ipiaú Riesenburg see Prabuty Rio Pardo see (1) Iúna; (2) Ribas do Rio Riesengebirge (mountains, southwestern Pardo; (2) Rio Pardo de Minas Poland/northern Czech Republic) : [Polish Rio Pardo de Minas (city, southeastern Brazil) : Karkonosze; Czech Krkono§e]; alternate English to 1944 Rio Pardo Giant Mountains (The German name predom- Rio Pomba (town, southeastern Brazil) : to 1948 inates because on the Polish side the moun- Pomba tains were formerly in Germany.) Rio Prêto see São José do Rio Prêto Rieti (town, central Italy) : Roman Reate Río Seco see Villa de María Rijeka (city, northwestern Croatia) : to 1943 Rippin see Rypin Italian Fiume (The city was successively Ripton see Shelton under Austrian, Croatian, Hungarian, French, Risca (town, southeastern Wales) : Welsh Rhisga and Italian rule from 1471 to 1943, during Rishtan (town, eastern Uzbekistan) : c.1940– which time the Italian name was mostly 1977 Russian Kuybyshevo; 1937–c.1940 Russian dominant. It then remained in general En- imeni Kuybysheva glish use.) Risingham (historic locality, northeastern En- Rijn see Rhine gland) : Roman Habitancum Rijssel see Lille Ritlyab see Sayasan Rijswijk (town, northwestern Netherlands) : En- Rivas (town, southwestern Nicaragua) : origi- glish Ryswick (The English name is historically nally Nicaragua preserved for the two treaties of 1697 ending River Forest (town, Illinois, north central the War of the Grand Alliance.) United States) : to 1870 Thatcher (The town is Rimaszombat see Rimavská Sobota now a residential suburb of Chicago.) Rimavská Sobota (town, south central Slovakia) River Junction see Chattahoochee 173 Ronne Ice Shelf

River Plate see Plata, Rio de la Rodos see Rhodes Riverside (city, California, southwestern United Rodosto see Tekirda˘g States) : originally Jurupa Rodumna see Roanne Riverton (town, Wyoming, western United Roeselare (town, western Belgium) : French States) : originally Wadsworth Roulers Rivet see Meftah Rofreit see Rovereto Rivière-du-Loup (town, Quebec, eastern Roga§ka Slatina (town, eastern Slovenia) : to Canada) : to 1919 Fraserville 1918 German Rohitsch-Sauerbrunn Rivne (city, western Ukraine) : (Russian Rovno); Rogatin see Rohatyn 1919–1939 Polish Równe Roger Simpson Island see Abemama Rivoli see Hasei Nameche Rogerstone (village, southeastern Wales) : Welsh Riyadh (city, east central Saudi Arabia) : [Arabic Tˆy-du (The village is now an industrial suburb Ar RiyIö] of Newport.) Rizdvyans’ke see Syvas’ke Rogervik see Paldiski Roanne (town, east central France) : Roman Ro- Rogozha see Noginsk dumna Rohatyn (town, western Ukraine) : (Russian Ro- Roanoke (city, Virginia, eastern United States) : gatin); to 1939 Polish Rohatyn to 1882 Big Lick Rohe Potae see King Country Roazhon see Rennes Rohitsch-Sauerbrunn see Roga§ka Slatina Robber’s Roost see Ellensburg Roki§kis (town, northeastern Lithuania) : to 1918 Robertson, Lake see Manyame, Lake Russian Rakishki Robertstown (town, eastern Ireland) : Irish Baile Rokitzan see Rokycany Riobaird Rokycany (town, west central Czech Republic) : Robinson Crusoe (island, eastern Juan Fer- to 1918, 1939–1945 German Rokitzan nández, South Pacific) : formerly Más a Rolândia (city, southern Brazil) : 1944–1948 Tierra Caviúna Robur see Basel Roma see 1Rome Roburnia see 2Amsterdam Romania (republic, southeastern Europe) : [Ro- Roçadas see Xangongo manian România]; formerly English Roumania Roch (village, southwestern Wales) : Welsh Y or Rumania Garn România see Romania 1Rochester (city, southeastern England) : Roman Romanov see 2Dzerzhyns’k Durobrivae Romanov-Borisoglebsk see Tutayev 2Rochester (hamlet, northern England) : Roman Romanovka see Basarabeasca Bremenium Romanov-na-Murmane see Murmansk 3Rochester (city, New York, northeastern United Romanovsky Khutor see 1Kropotkin States) : to 1822 Rochesterville 1Rome (city, western Italy) : [Italian Roma]; Rochesterville see 3Rochester Roman Roma Rockefeller see Mundelein 2Rome (city, New York, northeastern United Rockford (city, Illinois, north central United States) : to 1819 Lynchville States) : originally Midway Römerbad see Rimske Toplice Rock Island (city, Illinois, north central United Römerstadt see Rï ma†ov States) : to 1841 Stephenson Romit (village, western Tajikistan) : to c.1935 Rockland (town, Maine, northeastern United Uramir States) : to 1850 East Thomaston Rommani (town, northwestern Morocco) : for- Rockport see 2Lakewood merly French Marchand Rock Springs (village, Wisconsin, northern Roncesvalles (village, northern Spain) : alternate United States) : to 1947 Ableman French Roncevaux Rockville (city, Maryland, northeastern United Roncevaux see Roncesvalles States) : to 1801 Williamsburg; originally Mont- Rondeau see 2Blenheim gomery Court House 1Rondônia (state, western Brazil) : to 1956 Gua- Rockwood (village, Ontario, southeastern poré Canada) : to c.1848 Brotherstown 2Rondônia (town, western Brazil) : formerly Rodez (town, southern France) : Roman Sego- Presidente Penna dunum Ronne Ice Shelf (northwestern Antarctica) : for- Rodi see Rhodes merly Edith Ronne Land Ronse 174

Ronse (town, west central Belgium) : French Re- Rota (island, southern Northern Mariana Is- naix lands) : formerly Sarpan 1Roosevelt (village, New Jersey, northeast- Rot-Front see Dobropillya ern United States) : formerly Jersey Home- Rotherhithe (district of London, southeastern steads England) : formerly Redriff 2Roosevelt (river, northwestern Brazil) : to 1914 Rotomagus see Rouen Rio da Dúvida Rottweil (city, southwestern Germany) : Roman Roosevelt Island (New York, northeastern Arae Flaviae (The rottweiler dog, named for United States) : 1921–1973 Welfare Island; to the city, descended from the cattle dog left by 1921 Blackwell’s Island the Roman legions here.) Rooseveltown (village, New York, northeastern Rotuma (island, northern Fiji) : formerly United States) : to 1934 Nyando Grenville Island Roraima (state, northern Brazil) : to 1962 Rio Roudnice nad Labem (town, northwestern Branco Czech Republic) : to 1918, 1939–1945 German Rosário see (1) Rosário do Catete; (2) Rosário Raudnitz an der Elbe do Sul Rouen (city, northern France) : Roman Rotoma- Rosário do Catete (town, northeastern Brazil) : gus to 1944 Rosário Roulers see Roeselare Rosário do Sul (city, southern Brazil) : to 1944 Roumania see Romania Rosário Rovereto (town, northern Italy) : to 1919 Ger- Rosarno (town, southern Italy) : ancient Greek man Rofreit Medma Rovigno see Rovinj Roscianum see Rossano Rovinj (town, western Croatia) : to 1945 Italian Ros Comáin see Roscommon Rovigno Roscommon (town, north central Ireland) : Irish Rovno see Rivne Ros Comáin Rovnoye (town, southwestern Russia) : to 1941 Ros Cré see Roscrea Zelman (The town’s earlier German name is Roscrea (town, central Ireland) : Irish Ros Cré due to its location in the former Volga German Roseau see Dominion City Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic.) Roseburg (town, Oregon, northwestern United Równe see Rivne States) : originally Deer Creek Roxas (city, central Philippines) : formerly Capiz Rose Hill see Parramatta Roycroft see Rycroft Rosenau see Ro±ûava Ró∞ana see Ruzhany Rosenberg see (1) Olesno; (2) Ru±omberok; Rozdol’ne (town, southern Ukraine) : (Russian (3) Susz Razdol’noye); to 1944 Ak-Sheikh Rosetta see Rashnd Rozenberg see Rozivka Roshchino (town, western Russia) : to 1948 Rozhdestvenskoye see (1) Dzerzhinskoye; Finnish Raivola (The town passed from Fin- (2) Syvans’ke land to the USSR in 1940 but retained its Rozino (village, central Bulgaria) : 1934–1951 Finnish name until 1948.) Bozhidar; to 1934 Turkish Rakhmanlare Rositten see R`zekne Rozivka (town, southeastern Ukraine) : (Russian Rossano (town, southern Italy) : Roman Ros- Rozovka); c.1935–1941 Lyuksemburg; to c.1935 cianum Rozenberg (The town was founded by German Rossbach see 2Hranice colonists as Rosenberg, a name that later fortu- Rossborough see Owensboro itously adapted well to that of the German so- Rössel see Reszel cialist agitator Rosa Luxemburg.) Rossett (village, northeastern Wales) : Welsh Yr Ro±ûava (town, southern Slovakia) : to 1918, Orsedd 1938–1945 Hungarian Rozsnyó; to 1867 Ger- Rossiten see Rybachy man Rosenau Rossiya see Russia Rozovka see Rozivka Rossiyeny see Raseiniai Rózsahegy see Ru±omberok Rossland (town, British Columbia, southwestern Rozsnyó see Ro±ûava Canada) : to 1894 Thompson Ruabon (town, northeastern Wales) : Welsh Rossony see Rasony Rhiwabon Ross’s Landing see Chattanooga Ruanda see Rwanda Rostovtsevo see Bulung’ur Rubezhnaya see Rubizhne 175 Rybinsk

Rubezhnoye see Rubizhne Ruspina see Monastir Rubizhna see Rubizhne Russ Adir see Melilla Rubizhne (city, eastern Ukraine) : (Russian Russell (town, northeastern New Zealand) : Rubezhnoye) : 1930–c.1940 Rubizhna (Russian originally Okiato Rubezhnaya); 1923–1930 Chervonyy Prapor Russellville (town, Kentucky, east central United (Russian Krasnoye Znamya); to 1930 Rus’ko- States) : to 1798 Big Boiling Springs Kraska (Russian Russko-Kraska) Russia (republic, eastern Europe/western Asia) : Rückers see Szczytna [Russian Rossiya]; 1922–1991 Soviet Union (The Ruda ¡lRska (town, southern Poland) : alternate former name, in full Union of Soviet Socialist Nowy Bytom; to 1945 German Morgenroth Republics, abbreviated USSR, was used not Rudki see Rudky only for the territory of the present country, Rudky (town, western Ukraine) : (Russian historically the Russian Soviet Federated Social- Rudki); to 1939 Polish Rudki ist Republic, abbreviated RSFSR, but for the Rudnaya Pristan’ (town, eastern Russia) : to larger republic that included present Armenia, 1972 Tetyukhe-Pristan’ (The town, on the Sea Azerbaijan, Belarus, Estonia, Georgia, Kaza- of Japan, should not be confused with the khstan, Kyrgyzstan, Latvia, Lithuania, Mol- identically named place further down the dova, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, Ukraine, and coast.) Uzbekistan. The name Russia was widely used Rudnichny (town, west central Russia) : to 1933 during the Soviet period for each of these geo- Auerbakhovsky Rudnik graphical entities.) Rudnik imeni Karla Libknekhta see Soledar Russian America see Alaska Rudnik imeni Shvartsa see Zhovti Vody Russko-Kraska see Rubizhne Rudnik-Ingichka see Ingichka Rust see El Cerrito Rudny (town, eastern Russia) : to 1972 Lifudzin Rutaka see Aniva Rudnyk imeny Karla Libknekhta see Soledar Rutek see Vrútky Rudnyk imeny Shvartsa see Zhovti Vody Ruth (village, North Carolina, eastern United Rudolf, Lake see Turkana, Lake States) : to 1939 Hampton Rudolfswerth see Novo Mesto Ruthenia see Transcarpathian Oblast Rügenwalde see Darùowo Rutherford (town, New Jersey, northeastern Rukhlovo see Skovorodino United States) : to 1875 Boiling Springs Rum (island, western Scotland) : 1888–1957 Ruthin (town, northern Wales) : Welsh Rhuthun popularly Rhum Rutland Water (artificial lake, east central En- Rumania see Romania gland) : to 1976 Empingham Reservoir Rumburg see Rumburk Ruttka see Vrútky Rumburk (town, northern Czech Republic) : to Rutupiae see Richborough Port 1918, 1938–1945 German Rumburg Ruwenzori National Park (southwestern Uganda) Rummelsburg see Miastko : formerly Queen Elizabeth National Park Rumney (village, southeastern Wales) : Welsh Ruzhany (town, western Belarus) : to 1939 Pol- Tredelerch (The village is now a district of the ish Ró∞ana city of Cardiff.) Ru±omberok (town, northern Slovakia) : to 1918 Rumney Marsh see Revere Hungarian Rózsahegy; to 1867 German Rosen- Rumyantseva see Vladimira Il’icha Lenina, berg imeni Rwanda (republic, east central Africa) : formerly Rupella see La Rochelle usually Ruanda Rusçuk see Ruse Ryan, Loch (sea inlet, southwestern Scotland) : Ruse (city, northeastern Bulgaria) : to 1878 Turk- Roman Rerigonius Sinus (A Roman fort or ish Rusçuk camp Rerigonium was nearby, perhaps where Ru§e (town, northeastern Slovenia) : to 1918 the town of Stranraer now stands.) German Maria Rast Ryazan’ (city, western Russia) : to 1778 Rushan see Rushon Pereyaslavl’-Ryazansky Rushon (village, east central Tajikistan) : (Rus- Rybachy (village, western Russia) : to 1945 Ger- sian Rushan); to c.1935 Kalay-Valmar man Rossitten Rus’ko-Kraska see Rubizhne Rybach’ye see Balykchy Rusovce (town, southwestern Slovakia) : to 1947 Rybinsk (city, western Russia) : 1984–1989 An- Hungarian Oroszvár; to 1867 German Karl- dropov; 1957–1984 Rybinsk; 1946–1957 Shcher- burg (The town is now a district of Bratislava.) bakov Rychnov nad Knfi±nou 176

Rychnov nad Knfi±nou (town, northeastern Saco (town, Maine, northeastern United States) : Czech Republic) : to 1918, 1939–1945 German 1762–1805 Pepperellboro; 1718–1762 Biddeford Reichenau an der Knieschna (The name Biddeford, originally that of a sin- Rychnov u Jablonce (village, northern Czech gle plantation either side of the Saco River, Republic) : to 1918, 1939–1945 German was retained by the city now so named when Reichenau bei Gablonz the two communities separated in 1762.) Rycroft (village, Alberta, western Canada) : Sacramento (city, California, western United 1920–1933 Roycroft; to 1920 Spirit River States) : to 1848 New Helvetia Rykovo see Yenakiyeve Sacramento see Itatupã Rï ma†ov (town, eastern Czech Republic) : to Sacred Way see Via 1918, 1938–1945 German Römerstadt Sá da Bandeira see Lubango Ryojun see Lüshun Sadovo (town, south central Bulgaria) : formerly Rypin (town, north central Poland) : 1940–1945 Cheshnegir German Rippin Sadovoye (village, southwestern Russia) : to 1944 Ryswick see Rijswijk Kegulta Rzepin (town, western Poland) : to 1945 German SRdowa Wisznia see Sudova Vyshnya Reppen Saepinum see Altilia Rzeszów (city, southeastern Poland) : 1940–1945 Saetabicula see Alzira German Reichshof ®afIkis see Sfax Saar an der Sazava see ≥ d’ár nad Sázavou ¶afárikovo see Tornal’a Saarbruck see Saarbrücken Sagan see Õagaü Saarbrücken (city, western Germany) : 1793– Sagunto (town, eastern Spain) : to 1877 Murvie- 1815 French Sarrebruck (A “compromise” En- dro; Roman Saguntum (The town’s modern glish spelling Saarbruck was formerly often name is a deliberate revival of the Roman one.) found. The river here rises in France as the Saguntum see Sagunto Sarre then flows into Germany as the Saar.) Sahiwal (city, east central Pakistan) : formerly Saaremaa (island, western Estonia) : formerly Montgomery Swedish and German Ösel (The island, origi- Saida (city, southwestern Lebanon) : [Arabic nally in German hands, passed to Denmark in ®aydI’]; biblical Sidon 1560, Sweden in 1645, and Russia in 1710, be- Saigon see Ho Chi Minh City fore becoming part of Estonia in 1917. All Sain Dunwyd see St. Donats names mean basically “island.”) Sain Ffagan see St. Fagans Saarlautern see Saarlouis St. Albans (city, southeastern England) : Roman Saarlouis (city, southwestern Germany) : 1935– Verulamium (The Roman city stood on the 1945 German Saarlautern (The city, founded west side of the present one, not where the in France in 1680 but awarded to Prussia in cathedral now stands, as sometimes stated. 1815, was administered by France from 1919 to Writing in A.D.731, the Venerable Bede re- 1935 and from 1945 to 1957, after which it re- ferred to the city by names which today would tained its French name.) be spelled Verulamchester or Watlingchester. Saaz see ≥ atec The Anglo-Saxons who gave the latter name Sabaneta see Santiago Rodríguez also gave that of Watling Street, the Roman Sabah (state, eastern Malaysia) : to 1963 North road from London to St. Albans.) Borneo St.-André see Sint-Andries Sabaria see Szombathely St. Andrews see Thamesford Sabinov (town, northeastern Slovakia) : to 1918 St.-Arnaud see El Eulma Hungarian Kisszeben St. Asaph (village, northern Wales) : Welsh Sablino see 2Ul’yanovka Llanelwy Sabra (town, northwestern Algeria) : to c.1962 St. Athan (village, southern Wales) : Welsh Sain French Turenne Tathan Sabrina see Severn Sain Tathan see St. Athan Sachsen see Saxony St.-Bertrand-de-Comminges (village, southern Sachs Harbour (village, Northwest Territories, France) : Roman Lugdunum Convenarum northwestern Canada) : alternate Inuit Ikaa- St. Brides Major (village, southern Wales) : huk Welsh Saint-y-brid (Major refers to the status Sächsisch-Bereg see Berehove of the church, not the size of the village, which Sächsisch-Regen see Reghin is half as big as St. Brides Minor.) 177 Sakhalin

St. Brides Minor (town, southern Wales) : St.-Gilles-Waas see Sint-Gillis-Waas Welsh Llansanffraid-ar-Ogwr St.-Jean d’Acre see Acre St. Charles (city, Missouri, central United St.-Jerôme (city, Quebec, southeastern Canada) States) : 1771–1804 Spanish San Carlos Bor- : originally Dumontville romeo; to 1771 French Les Petites Côtes St. John’s Island see Prince Edward Island St. Charles see Denver St. Joseph (town, north central United Sates) : St. Christopher and Nevis see St. Kitts and to 1833 Newburyport; earlier Saranac; origi- Nevis nally Fort Miami St. Clair see East Liverpool St.-Joseph-d’Alma see Alma St.-Claude (town, eastern France) : Roman Con- St. Kitts and Nevis (island state, eastern West date Indies) : alternate St. Christopher and Nevis St. Clears (village, southwestern Wales) : Welsh St. Leonard (city, Quebec, southeastern Canada) Sanclêr : to 1962 St.-Léonard-de-Port-Maurice (The St.-Cloud see Gdyel city is now a suburb of Montreal.) St. Croix (island, eastern West Indies) : to 1674 St.-Léonard-de-Port-Maurice see St. Leonard Santa Cruz St.-Louis see Boufatis St.-Dalmas-de-Tende (village, southeastern St. Mary’s Mission see Mission France) : to 1947 Italian San Dalmazzo di St. Michael’s Town see 1Bridgetown Tenda St.-Moritz (town, eastern Switzerland) : German St. David’s (city, southwestern Wales) : Welsh Sankt Moritz; locally (Romansh) San Murez- Tyddewi, Medieval Latin Menevia. (The com- zan munity, a famous religious center with a cathe- St.-Nicolas see Sint-Niklaas dral, officially became a city in 1994.) St. Patrick’s Plain see Singleton St. David’s Head (peninsula, southwestern St. Paul (city, Minnesota, northern United Wales) : Welsh Penmaen Dewi; Roman Octapi- States) : to 1841 Pig’s Eye Landing tarum Promontorium St. Peter am Karst see Pivka St.-Denis-du-Sig see Sig St. Peters see Bathurst St. Dogmaels (village, southwestern Wales) : St. Petersburg (city, western Russia) : [Russian Welsh Llandudoch Sankt-Peterburg]; 1924–1991 Leningrad; 1914– St.-Domingue see (1) Haiti; (2) Hispaniola; 1924 Petrograd (The name Leningrad is histori- (3) Santo Domingo cally associated with the 900-day German St. Donats (village, southern Wales) : Welsh siege of the city in World War II, when around Sain Dunwyd a million persons lost their lives.) Ste.-Foy (city, Quebec, eastern Canada) : origi- St.-Pierre-de-la-Pointe-aux-Esquimaux see nally Notre-Dame-de-Foy Havre-St.-Pierre Sainte Genevieve (town, Missouri, central St.-Pierre-du-Lac see Val-Brillant United States) : originally Le Vieux Village St.-Pierre-St.-Paul see Ouled Moussa Ste.-Marie see Nosy Boraha St.-Stanislas (village, Quebec, southeastern Saintes (city, western France) : Roman Medio- Canada) : to 1962 Deux-Rivières lanum Santonum St.-Sulpice see La Salle Ste.-Scholastique see Mirabel St. Thomas (city, Ontario, southeastern Canada) St.-Eugène see Bologhine : formerly Sterling; originally Kettle Creek Vil- St.-Évariste Station see La Guadeloupe lage St. Fagans (village, southern Wales) : Welsh Sain St. Thomas see Charlotte Amalie Ffagan St.-Trond see Sint-Truiden St. Ferdinand see Florissant Saint-y-brid see St. Brides Major St. Francis see Helena Sajókazinc see Kazincbarcika St. Gall (town, northeastern Switzerland) : Sakaehama see Starodubskoye [French St.-Gall; German Sankt-Gallen; Ital- Sakakawea, Lake (North Dakota, northern ian San Gallo] United States) : formerly Garrison Reservoir St.-Gall see St. Gall Sak’art’velo see Georgia St.-Gilles (town, central Belgium) : Flemish Sakarya (river, northwestern Turkey) : ancient Sint-Gillis (The town is now a suburb of Brus- Greek Sangarius sels.) Sakha (republic, northeastern Russia) : to 1992 St.-Gilles-lez-Termonde see Sint-Gillis-bij- usually Yakutia Dendermonde Sakhalin (island, eastern Russia) : formerly Japa- ßäki 178

nese Karafuto (Although the Japanese name Salla see Kuolayarvi was sometimes applied to the whole island, it Sallee see Salé properly denoted the part south of latitude Salliq see Coral Harbour 50°00´N, assigned to Japan in 1905 but trans- Salmantica see Salamanca ferred to the USSR in 1945.) Salmas (town, northwestern Iran) : 1930–1980 ßäki (city, northern Azerbaijan) : (Russian Shahpur Sheki); to 1968 Nukha Salonica see Salonika ¶akiai (town, southwestern Lithuania) : (Russian Salonika (city, northwestern Greece) : [modern Shakyay); to 1918 Russian Shaki Greek Thessaloniki]; alternate English Salonica; Sakqz see Khíos Roman and biblical Thessalonica Sakulka see Sokólka Salonta (town, western Romania) : to 1918, ¶al’a (city, southwestern Slovakia) : to 1918, 1940–1945 Hungarian Nagyszalonta 1930–1943 Hungarian Vágsellye Salop see Shropshire Salacgriva (town, northern Latvia) : to 1917 Ger- Sal’sk (town, southwestern Russia) : to 1926 Tor- man Salismünde govaya Salamanca (city, western Spain) : Roman Sal- Salta (city, northwestern Argentina) : originally mantica San Felipe de Lerma Salarian Way see Via Saltash see Plymouth Salaspils (town, central Latvia) : to 1917 German Salt Lake City (city, Utah, west central United Kirchholm States) : to 1868 Great Salt Lake City Saldae see Bejaïa Saltrou see Belle-Anse Saldus (town, southwestern Latvia) : to 1918 Salt Sea see Dead Sea German Frauenburg Saluciae see Saluzzo Salé (city, northwestern Morocco) : formerly En- Saluzzo (town, northwestern Italy) : Roman glish Sallee Saluciae Salekhard (city, northern Russia) : to 1933 Ob- Salvador (city, eastern Brazil) : formerly Bahia dorsk (The former name is still that of the state of Salem see (1) Bardstown; (2) Jerusalem which the city is capital.) Salem Bridge see Naugatuck Salvador see El Salvador Salem Village see Danvers Salyuzi see 2Kotelnikovo Salerno (city, southern Italy) : Roman Salernum Salzburg (city, western Austria) : Roman Salis- Salernum see Salerno burgum Salihorsk (city, south central Belarus) : (Russian Salzburgen see Château-Salins Soligorsk); to 1959 Novo-Starobinsk Salzgitter (city, north central Germany) : to 1951 Salinae see (1) Droitwich; (2) Middlewich Watenstedt-Salzgitter (The city was founded in Salinas see Salinópolis 1942 on the amalgamation of 28 villages, one Salinópolis (city, northern Brazil) : to 1944 Sali- of which was Watenstedt.) nas Samanala see Adam’s Peak Salisburg see Mazsalaca Samara (city, southwestern Russia) : 1935–1991 Salisburgum see Salzburg Kuybyshev Salisbury (city, southern England) : alternate Samarkand (city, southeastern Uzbekistan) : an- dated Sarum (The city’s official name is New cient Greek Marakanda Sarum, as against Old Sarum, the nearby site Samarkandsky see Temirtau of the Roman town of Sorviodunum, which Samarobriva see Amiens took its own name from the Iron Age hillfort Sambir (town, western Ukraine) : (Russian Sam- here. Sarum itself is not a Roman name, but bor); to 1939 Polish Sambor an abbreviation of an early form of the present Sambor see Sambir name with the Latin ending -um.) ßämkir (town, western Azerbaijan) : (Russian Salisbury see Harare Shamkhor); c.1928–1937 Annenfeld Salismünde see Salacgriva Samoa (island monarchy, South Pacific) : to 1997 Salla (village, northeastern Finland) : to 1940 Western Samoa Kursu (In 1940 the original village of Salla, ¶amorin (town, southwestern Slovakia) : to 1918, 30 miles to the northeast, was transferred 1938–1945 Hungarian Somorja to the USSR and renamed Kuolayarvi. The Samos (town, southeastern Greece) : formerly population was then evacuated to this new Limìn Vathéos (The town, on the island of the site.) same name, had a name meaning “harbor of 179 San Ildefonso

Vathy,” for a nearby port, itself known by the Sand Hill see Kitchener Turkish name of Vatq to 1912.) Sandhills see Deniliquin Samsun (city, northern Turkey) : ancient Greek Sandhurst see Bendigo Amisus San Diego (city, California, southwestern United Samter see Szamotuùy States) : formerly San Diego de Alcalá de Samut Prakan (town, south central Thailand) : Henares; to 1602 San Miguel locally Paknam San Diego de Alcalá de Henares see San Samut Songkhram (town, western Thailand) : Diego locally Meklong Sandomierz (town, southeastern Poland) : to ®an‘I’ see Sanaa 1915 Russian Sandomir Sanaa (city, western Yemen) : [Arabic ®an‘I’] Sandomir see Sandomierz San Ambrosio de Linares see Linares Sand Point see Titusville San Angelo (city, Texas, southern United States) Sandwich Island see Éfaté : formerly Santa Angela; originally Over-the- Sandwich Islands see Hawaii River Sandwick (village, Western Isles, northwestern San Antonio, Mt. (California, southwestern Scotland) : Gaelic Sanndabhaig United States) : formerly Mt. Baldy Sandy Lane (village, southern England) : Roman San Antonio de Cortés (town, west central Verlucio Honduras) : to early 1930s Talpetate San Eugenio see Artigas San Antonio de Padua de Guayama see San Felipe de Lerma see Salta Guayama San Felipe del Rio see Del Rio San Bartolo see General Simón Bolívar 1San Fernando (city, eastern Argentina) : for- San Bartolomé see Venustiano Carranza merly San Fernando de Buena Vista; to 1806 San Beise see Choybalsan Nuestra Señora del Puerto de las Conchas (The San Bernardo de la Frontera de Tarija see Tar- city is now part of Greater Buenos Aires.) ija 2San Fernando (city, southwestern Spain) : to San Blas Islands (northeastern Panama) : for- 1813 Isla de León merly Las Mulatas San Fernando de Buena Vista see San Fer- San Buenaventura see Ventura nando San Candido (town, northern Italy) : to 1918 San Fernando del Rio Negro see Resistencia German Innichen San Francisco (city, California, western United San Carlos see Luba States) : to 1847 Yerba Buena San Carlos de Puno see Puno San Francisco de Quibdó see Quibdó San Carlos Borromeo see St. Charles San Francisco Gotera (town, eastern El Sal- Sanchursk (town, western Russia) : to 1918 vador) : to 1887 Gotera Tsaryovosanchursk San Fructuoso see Tacuarembó Sanclêr see St. Clears San Gabriel see Ciudad Venustiano Carranza 1San Cristóbal (province, south central Domini- San Gallo see St. Gall can Republic) : to 1961 Trujillo Sangarius see Sakarya 2San Cristobal (island, eastern Galápagos Is- San Germán (town, western Puerto Rico) : to lands, Ecuador) : formerly Chatham Island 1570 Nueva Villa de Salamanca (The present San Cristóbal de las Casas (city, southeastern name was assumed from an earlier settlement Mexico) : 1934–1948 Ciudad de las Casas; in a different location.) 1848–1934 San Cristóbal de las Casas; 1829– San Germano see Cassino 1848 Ciudad de San Cristóbal; 1536–1829 Ciu- San Giorgio see Giurgiu dad Real de Chiapa; 1535–1536 San Cristóbal San Giovanni di Medua see Shëngjin de los Llanos; originally Villarreal de Chiapa de San Giuliano Terme (town, central Italy) : to los Españoles 1935 Bagni San Giuliano; Roman Aquae Cali- San Cristóbal de los Llanos see San Cristóbal dae Pisanorum de las Casas Sango (village, southeastern Zimbabwe) : for- San Dalmazzo di Tenda see St.-Dalmas-de- merly Portuguese Vila Salazar Tende Sangorodok see Ust’-Vorkuta Sandalwood Island see Sumba San Ignacio (town, western Belize) : formerly San Daniele del Carso see ¶tanjel na Krasu Cayo Sandanski (town, southwestern Bulgaria) : to San Ildefonso (town, central Spain) : alternate 1949 Sveti Vrach La Granja Sanirajak 180

Sanirajak see Hall Beach San Pietro del Carso see Pivka San Isidro (city, eastern Argentina) : to 1816 San Rafael see La Estrelleta Costa de Monte Grande (The city is now a dis- 1San Salvador (island, eastern Bahamas, West In- trict of Greater Buenos Aires.) dies) : formerly Watling Island (When Colum- San Javier de Bella Isla see Linares bus landed on the island in 1492 he recorded San Jerónimo de Buenavista see Montería its native name as Guanahani.) San Jerónimo Ixtepec see Ciudad Ixtepec 2San Salvador (island, central Galápagos, San Jose (city, California, western United States) Ecuador) : alternate Santiago or James Island : originally Pueblo de San José de Guadalupe San Salvador see El Salvador San José (city, central Costa Rica) : originally San Severa (village, western Italy) : ancient Villa Nueva Greek Pyrgi San José de Buena Vista de Curicó see Curicó San Stefano see Ye£ilköy San José de Cúcuta see Cúcuta Santa Angela see San Angelo San José de Guasimal see Cúcuta Santa Ana de Coriana see Coro San Jose de la Isla see Genaro Codina Santa Apollonia see Réunion San José de los Amoles see Cortazar Santa Bárbara see Santa Bárbara d’Oeste 1San Juan (province, west central Dominican Santa Bárbara d’Oeste (city, southeastern Republic) : to 1961 Benefactor (The present Brazil) : to 1944 Santa Bárbara province is smaller in area than the original.) Santa Barbara Islands (California, southwestern 2San Juan (city, northern Puerto Rico) : origi- United States) : alternate Channel Islands nally Puerto Rico (The city’s original name, Santa Catalina del Saltadero del Guaso see Spanish for “rich port,” gave that of Puerto Guantánamo Rico, the state of which it is now the capital, Santa Cruz (island, central Galápagos Islands, while the island’s original name passed to that Ecuador) : formerly Indefatigable Island of the city.) Santa Cruz see (1) Aracruz; (2) Corumbalina; 3San Juan (city, west central Argentina) : origi- (3) Reriutaba; (4) St. Croix; (5) Santa Cruz nally San Juan de la Frontera do Sul San Juan see Puerto Rico Santa Cruz das Palmeiras (town, southeastern San Juan Bautista see Villahermosa Brazil) : to 1944 Palmeiras San Juan de la Frontera see 3San Juan Santa Cruz de Bravo see Felipe Carrillo San Juan de la Frontera de los Chachapoyas Puerto see Chachapoyas Santa Cruz de Galeana see Juventino Rosas San Juan de los Esteros see Matamoros Santa Cruz do Sul (city, southern Brazil) : to San Juan de Vera de las Siete Corrientes see 1944 Santa Cruz Corrientes Santa Fe (city, New Mexico, southwestern Sankt Gallen see St. Gall United States) : originally Villa Real de la Sankt Gotthard see Szentgotthárd Santa Fé de San Francisco de Asis Sankt Ilgen see ¶entilj Santa Fé de Bacatá see Bogotá Sankt Joachimsthal see Jáchymov Santa Isabel see (1) General Trías; (2) Malabo Sankt Michel see Mikkeli Santa Luiza de Mossoró see Mossoró Sankt-Mikhel see Mikkeli Santa Luzia see Luziânia Sankt Moritz see St.-Moritz Santa María (island, southern Galápagos, Sankt-Peterburg see St. Petersburg Ecuador) : alternate Charles Island ßanlqurfa (city, southeastern Turkey) : formerly Santa María Asunción Tlaxiaco see Tlaxiaco Urfa; to 1637 Edessa Santa María del Puerto del Príncipe see Cam- San Martin Land see Antarctic Peninsula agüey San Miguel see (1) Diez y Ocho de Julio; (2) Santa Maria di Capua Vetere (village, southern San Diego Italy) : Roman Capua (The Roman city, whose San Murrezan see St.-Moritz modern name means “St. Mary of Old Sanndabhaig see Sandwick Capua,” gave the name of nearby Capua.) San Nicolás de Buenos Aires (town, central Santa Marinella (town, western Italy) : Roman Mexico) : to 1941 Malpaís Castrum Novum San Paolo di Civitate (village, south central Santa Maura see Levkás Italy) : Roman Teanum Apulum Santana see Uruaçu San Pablo del Monte see Vicente Guerrero Santana do Paranaíba see Paranaíba San Pedro Remate see Bella Vista Santander see Cantabria 181 São Francisco do Maranhão

1Santarém (city, central Portugal) : Roman Prae- Santo Antônio de Balsas see Balsas sidium Julium; earlier Roman Scalabis Santo Antônio de Piracicaba see Piracicaba 2Santarém (city, northern Brazil) : originally Santo Antônio do Campestre see Lins Tapajós Santo Antônio do Jaguari see São João da Boa Santarém see Ituberá Vista Santa Rita do Araguaia see Guiratinga Santo Antônio do Leverger (town, western Santa Rita do Paranaíba see Itumbiara Brazil) : 1944–1948 Leverger; 1939–1943 Santa Rosa see (1) Bella Unión; (2) Ciudad Santo Antônio; to 1939 Santo Antônio do Rio Mendoza; (3) Santa Rosa do Viterbo Abaixo Santa Rosa de Copán (city, northwestern Hon- Santo Antônio do Rio Abaixo see Santo An- duras) : 1812–1869 Los Llanos de Santa Rosa; to tônio do Leverger 1812 Los Llanos Santo Domingo (city, southern Dominican Re- Santa Rosa do Viterbo (town, southeastern public) : 1936–1961 Ciudad Trujillo; to 1502 Brazil) : 1944–1948 Icaturama; to 1944 Santa Nueva Isabela (The original city, in an adjacent Rosa location, was destroyed by a hurricane. The Santa Teresa see Rio das Flores French form of the city’s name, St.-Domingue, Santa Ursula y las Once Mil Virgines see Vir- was formerly applied both to Haiti and some- gin Islands times also to the entire island of Hispaniola of Santhoeck see New Castle which the Dominican Republic now occupies 1Santiago (city, central Chile) : originally Santi- the eastern two thirds.) ago del Nuevo Extremo Santo Domingo see (1) Dominican Republic; 2Santiago (city, southern Brazil) : to 1938 Santi- (2) Hispaniola ago do Boqueirão San Tomás de la Nueva Guayana de la Angos- Santiago see (1) 2San Salvador; (2) Santiago de tura see Ciudad Bolívar los Caballeros Santorini see Thera Santiago de Guayaquil see Guayaquil Santos Apóstoles San Simón y Judas see Gila Santiago del Nuevo Extremo see 1Santiago Bend Santiago de los Caballeros (city, northern Do- Santos Fumont (city, southeastern Brazil) : to minican Republic) : to 1504 Santiago 1930s Palmyra Santiago de los Valles de Moyobamba see Santo Tomé de Guayana see Ciudad Guayana Moyobamba San Vincente de la Ciénaga see Silver City Santiago do Boqueirão see 2Santiago São Benedito see (1) Beneditinos; (2) São Santiago Rodríguez (town, northwestern Do- Benedito do Rio Preto minican Republic) : to 1936 Sabaneta São Benedito do Rio Preto (town, northeastern Santiponce (town, southwestern Spain) : Roman Brazil) : to 1944 São Benedito Italica São Bento see (1) São Bento do Sul; (2) São Santi Quaranta see Sarandë Bento do Una Santiváñez (town, central Bolivia) : to 1900s São Bento do Sul (city, southern Brazil) : 1944– Caraza 1948 Serra Alta; to 1944 São Bento Santo see Kim São Bento do Una (city, northeastern Brazil) : to Santo Amaro see (1) General Câmara; (2) 1944 São Bento Santo Amaro da Imperatriz; (3) Santo São Bernardo see São Bernardo do Campo Amaro das Brotas São Bernardo do Campo (city, southeastern Santo Amaro da Imperatriz (town, southern Brazil) : formerly Borda do Campo; originally Brazil) : 1944–1948 Cambirela; to 1944 Santo São Bernardo Amaro São Carlos (city, southeastern Brazil) : formerly Santo Amaro das Brotas (town, northeastern São Carlos do Pinhal Brazil) : to 1944 Santo Amaro São Carlos do Pinhal see São Carlos 1Santo Antônio (town, northeastern Brazil) : São Felipe see Içana 1944–1948 Padre Miguelinho São Francisco see (1) Itapagé; (2) São Fran- 2Santo Antônio (city, southern Brazil) : to 1938 cisco do Conde; (3) São Francisco do Santo Antônio da Patrulha Maranhão; (4) São Francisco do Sul Santo Antônio see Santo Antônio do Leverger São Francisco de Paula see Pelotas Santo Antônio da Cachoeira see Itaguatins São Francisco do Conde (town, eastern Brazil) : Santo Antônio da Patrulha see 2Santo An- to 1944 São Francisco tônio São Francisco do Maranhão (town, northeast- São Francisco do Sul 182

ern Brazil) : 1944–1948 Iguaratinga; to 1944 São Mateus do Sul (city, southern Brazil) : to São Francisco 1943 São Mateus São Francisco do Sul (city, southern Brazil) : to São Miguel see São Miguel das Matas 1944 São Francisco São Miguel das Matas (town, eastern Brazil) : to São Gonçalo see São Gonçalo dos Campos 1944 São Miguel São Gonçalo dos Campos (city, eastern Brazil) : São Paulo see Frei Paulo to 1944 São Gonçalo São Paulo de Luanda see Luanda São Gonçalo dos Campos see Araripina São Pedro see São Pedro do Sul São João Batista da Beira do Ribeirão Claro São Pedro do Cariry see Caririaçu see Rio Claro São Pedro do Rio Grande do Sul see Rio São João Batista do Morro Azul see Rio Claro Grande São João da Boa Vista (city, southeastern Brazil) São Pedro do Sul (town, southern Brazil) : to : formerly São João do Jaguari; originally Santo 1944 São Pedro Antônio do Jaguari São Roque see São Roque do Paraguaçu São João da Bocâina see Bocâina São Roque do Paraguaçu (town, eastern Brazil) São João de Camaquã see Camaquã : to 1944 São Roque São João de Montenegro see 2Montenegro São Salvador do Congo see Mbanza-Congo São João do Jaguari see São João da Boa Vista São Sebastião see São Sebastião do Passé São João do Muqui see Muqui São Sebastião da Grama (town, southeastern São Joaquim see (1) São Joaquim da Barra; Brazil) : to 1948 Grama (2) São Joaquim do Monte São Sebastião do Passé (city, eastern Brazil) : to São Joaquim da Barra (city, southeastern Brazil) 1944 São Sebastião : to 1944 São Joaquim São Sebastião do Ribeirão Prêto see Ribeirão São Joaquim do Monte (town, northeastern Prêto Brazil) : 1944–1948 Camaratuba; to 1944 São São Vicente see (1) Araguatins; (2) General Joaquim Vargas São Jorge da Mina see Elmina Sapé see Sapeaçu São José da Lagoa see Nova Era Sapeaçu (town, eastern Brazil) : to 1944 Sapé São José das Aldeias Altas see Caxias Sapronovo see 6Oktyabr’sky São José do Campestre (town, northeastern Sarabuz see 1Hvardiys’ke Brazil) : to 1944 Campestre Sarafand see Tsrifin São José do Rio Negrinho see Manaus Saragossa (city, northeastern Spain) : [Spanish São José do Rio Prêto (city, southeastern Brazil) Zaragoza]; Roman Caesaraugusta : to 1944 Rio Prêto Sarajevo (city, southeastern Bosnia-Herzegovina) São José dos Campos (city, southeastern Brazil) : to 1878 Turkish Bosna-Saray : formerly Vila de São José do Paraíba; earlier Sarana (town, western Russia) : to 1933 Nizhne- Vila de São José do Sul; originally Vila Nova de saraninsky São José Saranac see St. Joseph São José dos Cocais see Nossa Senhora do Saranbey see Septemvri Livramento Sarandë (town, southern Albania) : 1940–1943 São José dos Matões see Parnarama Italian Porto Edda; 1939–1940 Italian Santi Qua- São José do Tocantins see Niquelândia ranta; 1919–1921 modern Greek Hagioi Saranta São Lourenço see (1) São Lourenço da Mata; Saran≠ovo see Septemvri (2) São Lourenço do Sul Saratovskaya Manufaktura see Krasny Tek- São Lourenço da Mata (city, northeastern stil’shchik Brazil) : to 1944 São Lourenço Saray-Komar see Panj São Lourenço do Sul (city, southern Brazil) : to Sarbinowo (village, western Poland) : to 1945 1944 São Lourenço German Zorndorf São Luís (city, northeastern Brazil) : formerly Sardarabad see Armavir São Luiz do Maranhão Sardarova Karakhana, imeni see Lenin São Luiz de Cáceres see Cáceres Sardegna see Sardinia São Luiz do Maranhão see São Luís Sardinia (island, western Mediterranean) : [Ital- São Manuel see Eugenópolis ian Sardegna] São Manuel do Mutum see Mutum Sarepta see (1) 3Krasnoarmeysk; (2) Tsrifin São Mateus see (1) Jucás; (2) São Mateus do Sarh (city, southern Chad) : formerly French Sul Fort-Archambault 183 Schmiedeberg

Sark see Jersey Saybusch see Õywiec Sarnia (city, Ontario, southeastern Canada) : to ®aydI’ see Saida 1836 Port Sarnia; originally The Rapids (The Sazanovka see Anan’evo city is now officially Sarnia-Clearwater.) Sazonovo (town, western Russia) : to 1947 Belyye Sarnia see Guernsey Kresty Sarpan see Rota Sbeïtla (town, north central Tunisia) : Roman Sarrebruck see Saarbrücken Sufetula Sarq£aban see Khrisoupolis Scalabis see 1Santarém ßarköy see Pirot Scaldis see Scheldt Sars (town, western Russia) : to 1939 Sarsinsky Scamander see 2Menderes Zavod 1Scarborough (city, Ontario, southeastern Can- Sarsinsky Zavod see Sars ada) : to 1793 Glasgow (The city is now a bor- Sartana (town, southeastern Ukraine) : 1946– ough of Metropolitan Toronto.) 1992 Prymors’ke (Russian Primorskoye) 2Scarborough (town, southern Tobago, Trinidad Sarum see Salisbury and Tobago) : formerly Port Louis ßärur (town, southwestern Azerbaijan) : 1964– Scardona see Skradin 1990 Russian Il’ichyovsk; to 1964 Norashen Scarpanto see Karpathos Saryar see Khadzhi-Dimitrovo Schaarbeek see Schaerbeek Sarykemer (village, southeastern Kazakhstan) : Schaerbeek (town, central Belgium) : Flemish formerly Russian Mikhaylovka Schaarbeek (The town is now an industrial Sarykol’ (town, northern Kazakhstan) : formerly suburb of Brussels.) Russian Uritsky; earlier Uritskoye; to 1923 Rus- Schaffhausen (town, northern Switzerland) : sian Vsekhsvyatskoye French Schaffhouse; Italian Sciaffusa Sassmacken see ValdemIrpils Schaffhouse see Schaffhausen Sátoraljaújhely see Slovenské Nové Mesto Scharfenwiese see Ostroùdka Satpayev (town, central Kazakhstan) : formerly Scharnikau see Czarnków Russian Nikol’sky Schässburg see Sighi£oara Satu Mare (city, northwestern Romania) : to Schatzlar see ≥ aclé† 1867, 1940–1944 Hungarian Szatmárnémeti Schefferville (village, Newfoundland and Labra- Sauce see Juan Lacaze dor, eastern Canada) : to 1955 Knob Lake Sauce del Yí (town, south central Uruguay) : to Schelde see Scheldt 1924 Spanish Pueblo de la Capilla Scheldt (river, western Europe) : French Escaut; Saudakent (village, southern Kazakhstan) : for- Flemish Schelde; Roman Scaldis merly Baykadam Schemnitz see Banská ¶tiavnica Saúde see Perdigão Scherpenheuvel (town, east central Belgium) : Saudi Arabia (kingdom, southwestern Asia) : French Montaigu [Arabic Al ‘Arabnyah as-Sa‘¨dnyah] Schieratz see Sieradz Saugeen see Southampton Schildberg see Ostrzeszów Saugus see Lynn Schippenbeil see Sdpolno Kraiüskie Saujbulagh see Mahabad Schirwindt see Kutuzovo Saumalkol’ (town, northern Kazakhstan) : for- Schivelbein see ¡widwin merly Russian Volodarskoye Schlan see Slanï Saurimo (town, northeastern Angola) : formerly Schlawa see Sùawa Portuguese Vila Henrique de Carvalho Schlawe see Sùawno Saverne (town, northeastern France) : Roman Schlesien see Silesia Tres Tabernae Schlesiersee see Sùawa Savoie see Savoy Schlesisch-Schumbarg see Haví†ov Savoy (region, southeastern France) : [French Schlettstadt see Sélestat Savoie] Schlichtingsheim see Szlichtyngowa Saxony (region, southeastern Germany) : [Ger- Schlochau see Czùuchów man Sachsen] Schloppe see Czùopa Sayanogorsk (city, southern Russia) : to 1975 Schlossbach see Nevskoye Oznachennoye Schlossberg see Dobrovol’sk Sayasan (village, southwestern Russia) : 1944– Schluckenau see ¶luknov c.1957 Ritlyab Schlüsselburg see Shlissel’burg Saybrook see Deep River Schmiedeberg see Kowary Schmiegel 184

Schmiegel see ¡migiel from the Firth of Forth in the east to the Firth Schneidemühl see Piùa of Clyde in the west, although it was also Schömberg see Cheùmsko ¡lRskie sometimes used for the whole of northern Schönau see ¡wierzawa Britain. The name is present today in the Schönberg see Sulików Caledonian Canal, which extends diagonally Schöneck see Skarszewy across northern Scotland from the Moray Firth Schönlanke see Trzcianka in the northeast to Loch Linnhe in the south- Schönstein see ¶o§tanj west, while traces of the classical name survive Schreckenstein see St†ekov in the town of Dunkeld and nearby castle Ro- Schreiberhau see Sklarska Pordba hallion, northwest of Perth, and the mountain Schrimm see ¡rem Schiehallion, near Kinloch Rannoch. See also Schroda see ¡roda Wielkopolska New Caledonia. The Medieval Latin name is Schröttersburg see Pùock preserved in that of Nova Scotia, Canada.) Schubin see Szubin Scottish Borders (administrative region, south- Schwaben see Swabia eastern Scotland) : to 1996 Borders Schwanenburg see Gulbene Scott’s Plains see 1Peterborough Schwarzheide (town, eastern Germany) : to 1936 Scranton (city, Pennsylvania, northeastern Wendish Zschornegosda (The Wendish name, United States) : 1850–1851 Scrantonia; 1845– in modern form Torny Hózd, was translated 1850 Harrison; to 1845 Slocum Hollow; earlier into German in 1936 and the original village, Unionville; originally Deep Hollow which grew in the 1920s into a dormitory for Scrantonia see Scranton workers at Lauchhammer and in the lignite Scratching River see Morris mines near Senftenberg, was raised to town Scugog Village see Port Perry status in 1967.) Scutari see (1) Shkodër; (2) Üsküdar Schwarzwald see Black Forest Scylacium see Squillace Schwarzwasser see Czarna Woda Scythopolis see Bet She’an Schweidnitz see ¡widnica Seabra see Tarauacá Schweiz see Switzerland Sea Mills (village, southwestern England) : Schwerin an der Warte see Skwierzyna Roman Abona (The Roman name is that of the Schwetz see ¡wiecie Avon River here. Sea Mills is now a district of Schwiebus see ¡wiebodzin Bristol.) Sciaffusa see Schaffhausen Sea of : for names beginning thus, see the next Scilly Island see 2Manuae word, as Azov, Sea of Scilly Isles (southwestern England) : Roman Searcy (town, Arkansas, south central United Silina; ancient Greek Cassiterides (The form of States) : to 1835 White Sulphur Springs the Roman name is conjectural, and an alter- Sebastea see Sivas nate form, Silimnus, recorded by Pliny, is al- Sebastopol see Sevastopol’ most certainly corrupt. The Greek name, Sebastopolis see Sokhumi meaning “tin islands,” from Greek kassiteros, Sebenico see ¶ibenik “tin,” is usually applied to the Scillies but may Sebe£ (town, central Romania) : to 1918 Hungar- have had a more general reference to lands in ian Szászsebes; to 1867 German Mühlbach western Europe where tin was mined.) Sechenovo (village, western Russia) : to 1945 ¡cinawa (town, southwestern Poland) : to 1945 Tyoply Stan German Steinau an der Oder Seckenburg see Zapovednoye Scitis see Skye Second Crossing see Revelstoke Scodra see Shkodër Sedalia (town, Missouri, central United States) : Scone (town, New South Wales, southwestern originally Sedville Australia) : originally Invermein SedlVany (town, west central Czech Republic) : Scoresbysund see Ittoqqortoormiit to 1918, 1939–1945 German Seltschan Scotia see Scotland Sedlets see Siedlce Scotland (country, northern Great Britain) : Sedovo see Syedove Gaelic Alba; Medieval Latin Scotia; Roman Sedunum see Sion Caledonia (The Gaelic name is related to Al- Sedville see Sedalia bion as an ancient name of Britain as a whole. Seeburg see Jeziorany The Roman name, also spelled Calidonia, ap- Seelowitz see ≥ idlochovice plied generally to Scotland north of a line Segaon see Sevagram 185 Sergiyev Posad

Segeberg see Bad Segeberg Senhor do Bonfim (city, eastern Brazil) : to 1944 Segedunum see Wallsend Bonfim Segelocum see Littleborough Senica (city, western Slovakia) : to 1918 Hungar- Segesvár see Sighi£oara ian Szenic Segewold see Sigulda Senigallia (city, central Italy) : Roman Sena Gal- Segni (town, western Italy) : Roman Signia lica Segodunum see Rodez Senir see Hermon, Mt. Segontium see Caernarfon Senj (town, western Croatia) : to 1918 German Segovia see Coco Zengg Seguntia see Sigüenza Senneterre (town, Quebec, southeastern Can- Seibersdorf see Zebrzydowice Dolne ada) : to 1918 Nottaway Seidenberg see Zawidów Sennybridge (village, south central Wales) : Seine (river, northern France) : Roman Sequana Welsh Pontsenni Seine-Inférieure see Seine-Maritime Sens (town, north central France) : Roman Seine-Maritime (department, northern France) : Agedincum to 1955 Seine-Inférieure Sensburg see MrRgowo Seis de Septiembre see Morón Senta (city, northern Serbia) : to 1918, 1941–1944 Seitenberg see Stronie ¡lRskie Hungarian Zenta Seitler see Nyzhn’ohirs’kyy ¶entilj (village, northeastern Slovenia) : to 1918, Sejny (town, northeastern Poland) : to 1915 Rus- 1941–1945 German Sankt Ilgen sian Seyny Sentosa (island, southern Singapore) : to 1970 Seldzhikovo see Kaloyanovo Blakang Mati Sélestat (town, northeastern France) : 1870–1918 Sentyanivka see 2Frunze German Schlettstadt Sentyanovka see 2Frunze Seleznevsky Rudnik see Pereval’s’k Sdpólno Krajeüskie (town, northwestern Seleznivs’kyy Rudnyk see Pereval’s’k Poland) : 1772–1919, 1939–1945 German Zem- Sellafield (village, northwestern England) : to pelburg 1971 Windscale (Both names are associated Sepopol (village, northeastern Poland) : to 1945 with the nuclear power station and reprocess- German Schippenbeil ing plant here.) Sepsiszentgyörgy see Sfîntu Gheorghe Selma (town, Alabama, southeastern United Septemvri (town, west central Bulgaria) : to 1950 States) : to c.1819 Moore’s Bluff Saran≠ovo; to 1878 Turkish Saranbey Selmecbánya see Banská ¶tiavnica Sept-Îles (city, Quebec, eastern Canada) : alter- Seltschan see SedlVany nate English Seven Islands Selukwe see Shurugwi Sequana see Seine Selvi see Sevlievo Seradz see Sieradz Semey (city, northeastern Kazakhstan) : to 1991 Serafimovich (town, southwestern Russia) : to Semipalatinsk 1933 Ust’-Medveditskaya Semibratovo (town, western Russia) : to 1948 Serbia (republic, southeastern Europe) : [Serbian Isady Srbija]; formerly English Servia Semil see Semily Serbs, Croats, and Slovenes, Kingdom of see Semily (town, northern Czech Republic) : to Yugoslavia 1918, 1939–1945 German Semil Serdica see Sofia Semiozyornoye see Auliyekol’ Serdobol’ see Sortavala Semipalatinsk see Semey Serebryanyye Prudy (town, western Russia) : to Sem’ Kolodezey see Lenine c.1928 Sergiyevy Prudy Semlin see Zemun Sereda see Furmanov Semyonovka see Arsenyev Serendip see Sri Lanka Semyonovskoye see (1) Bereznik; (2) Ostrov- Seres see Serres skoye Sereth see Siret Sena Gallica see Senigallia Serfice see Servia Sena Julia see Siena Sergiopol’ see Ayagoz Senaki (town, western Georgia) : 1976–1991 Sergiyev see Sergiyev Posad Tskhakaya; 1933–1976 Mikha Tskhakaya Sergiyev Posad (city, western Russia) : 1930–1991 Seneca see West Seneca Zagorsk; 1919–1930 Sergiyev; to 1918 Sergiyevsky Senftenberg see ≥ amberk Posad Sergiyevskoye 186

Sergiyevskoye see Plavsk sia) : occasional alternate English North Land; Sergiyevsky see Fakel to 1926 Russian Zemlya Imperatora Nikolaya II Sergiyevsky Posad see Sergiyev Posad (English Nicholas II Land) Sergiyevy Prudy see Serebryanyye Prudy Severnoye (village, western Russia) : formerly Sergo see Stakhanov Sok-Karmala Serov (city, west central Russia) : 1938–1939 Severn Sea see Bristol Channel Nadezhdinsk; 1935–1939 Kabakovsk; Severny Rudnik see Kirove 1934–1935 Nadezhdinsk; to 1934 Nadezhdinsky Severny Suchan see Uglekamensk Zavod Severodonetsk see Syeverodonets’k Serpa Pinto see Menongue Severodvinsk (city, northwestern Russia) : Serpets see Sierpc 1938–1957 Molotovsk; to 1938 Sudostroy Serra Alta see São Bento do Sul Severo-Kuril’sk (town, eastern Russia) : Serra Branca (town, eastern Brazil) : 1944–1948 1905–1945 Japanese Kashiwabara Itamorotinga Severomorsk (city, northwestern Russia) : to Serramazzoni (village, north central Italy) : to 1951 Vayenga 1948 Monfestino in Serra Mazzoni Severoural’sk (town, western Russia) : to 1944 Serra Negra see Serra Negra do Norte Petropavlovsky (The mining town arose in 1944 Serra Negra do Norte (town, northeastern on the union of Petropavlovsky with Sever- Brazil) : to 1944 Serra Negra oural’skiye Boksitovyye Rudniki, “Northern Serra Talhada (city, northeastern Brazil) : to Urals Bauxite Mines,” taking its name from 1939 Villa Bella the latter.) Serravalle Libarna see Serravalle Scrivia Seversk see Sivers’k Serravalle Scrivia (village, northern Italy) : for- Sevilla see Seville merly Serravalle Libarna Seville (city, southwestern Spain) : [Spanish Serres (city, northeastern Greece) : to 1913 Turk- Sevilla]; Roman Hispalis ish Seres Sevlievo (town, northern Bulgaria) : to 1878 Serrinha see Juripiranga Turkish Selvi Sertânia (city, northeastern Brazil) : to 1944 Por- Sevlu§ see Vynohradiv tuguese Alagoa de Baixo Sevlyush see Vynohradiv Sertãozinho see Major Isidoro Seydi (town, northeastern Turkmenistan) : for- Servia (town, north central Greece) : to 1913 merly Russian Neftezavodsk Turkish Serfice Seymour (town, Connecticut, northeastern Servia see Serbia United States) : 1805–1850 Humphreyville; Sesana see Se±ana 1735–1805 Chusetown; 1670–1735 Rimmon; Sessa Aurunca (town, central Italy) : Roman originally Naugatuck Suessa Aurunca Seyny see Sejny Sessions’ Settlement see Bountiful Se±ana (town, southwestern Slovenia) : to 1947 Sète (town, southern France) : to 1936 Cette Italian Sesana Seti see Mestia Sfax (city, eastern Tunisia) : [Arabic ®afIqis] Seto-naikai see Inland Sea Sfîntu Gheorghe (city, central Romania) : to Sevagram (town, west central India) : to 1940 1918, 1940–1945 Hungarian Sepsiszentgyörgy Segaon ’s-Gravenbrakel see Braine-le-Comte Sevan (town, central Armenia) : to c.1935 Rus- ’s-Gravenhage see Hague, The sian Yelenovka Shaanxi (province, east central China) : alternate Sevastopol’ (city, southern Ukraine) : formerly Shensi (The first syllables of this name and that English Sebastopol (The English name is his- of the neighboring province of Shanxi sound torically associated with the siege of the town identical in Chinese except in tone. Hence the in 1854–55 during the Crimean War and with arbitrary alteration of a to e in the alternate the Soviet stand against German forces here in spelling and the doubling of a in the standard 1942 during World War II.) Pinyin transliteration.) Seven Islands see Sept-Îles Shaarihan see Shahrihon Seven Sisters (village, southern Wales) : Welsh Shaba see Katanga Blaendulais Shabalino see 1Leninskoye Severn (river, southern Wales/western England) : Shabani see Zvishavani Welsh Hafren; Roman Sabrina Shabbaz see Beruniy Severnaya Zemlya (archipelago, northern Rus- Shade’s Mills see Galt 187 Sheppard’s Fall

Shafirkan see Shofirkon Shaumyan see Shaumiani ShIhIbId see EslImIbId-e Gharb Shaumyanovsk see Goranboy Sha∏∏It (village, northeastern Libya) : ancient Shavgar see Turkestan Greek and biblical Cyrene Shavli see ¶iauliai Shahi see Gha’em Shahr Shawnee (city, Kansas, central United States) : Shahjahanabad see Delhi originally Gum Springs Shahpur see Salmas Shaytansky Zavod see Pervoural’sk Shahreza see Qomsheh Shcheglovsk see Kemerovo Shahrihon (town, eastern Uzbekistan) : (Russian Shcherbakov see Rybinsk Shakhrikhan); 1961–1970 Russian Moskovsky; Shcherbinovka see 1Dzerzhyns’k c.1940–1961 Russian Stalino; 1937–c.1940 Rus- Shcherbynivka see 2Dzerzhyns’k sian imeni Stalina; to 1937 Shaarikhan Shchors (town, northern Ukraine) : to 1935 Shahsavar see Tonekabon Snovsk Shaidan (town, northern Tajikistan) : to 1945 Asht Shchorsk see Shorchs’k Shakhimardan see Hamza Shchors’k (town, east central Ukraine) : (Russian Shakhrikhan see Shahrihon Shchorsk); to 1939 Bozhedarivka (Russian Shakhtars’k (town, eastern Ukraine) : (Russian Bozhedarovka) Shakhtyorsk); 1945–1953 Katyk (The town was Shchuchin see (1) Shchuchyn; (2) Szczuczyn formed in 1953 on the merger of Oleksiyeve- Shchuchinsk (city, northern Kazakhstan) : to Orlivka [Russian Alekseyevo-Orlovka], Katyk 1939 Russian Shchuch’ye [to 1945 Russian Zapadno-Gruppsky], and Shchuch’ye see Shchuchinsk Olkhivchyk [Russian Ol’khovchik].) Shchuchyn (town, western Belarus) : (Russian Shakhtars’ke see 1Pershotravens’k Shchuchin); 1919–1939 Polish Szczuczyn Shakhty (city, southwestern Russia) : to 1920 Nowogródski; to 1918 Russian Shchuchin Aleksandrovsk-Grushevsky Shchuchyn see Szczuczyn Shakhty see Gusinoozersk Shebunino (town, eastern Russia) : 1905–1945 Shakhtyorsk (town, eastern Russia) : 1905–1945 Japanese Minami-nayoshi Japanese Toro Shechem see NIblus Shakhtyorsk see Shakhtars’k Sheen see 1Richmond Shakhtyorskoye see 1Pershotravens’k Sheep Mountain see Coolidge, Mt. Shaki see ¶akiai Sheki see ßäki Shakotan see Malokurilskoye Sheksna (town, western Russia) : formerly Shakyay see ¶akiai Nikol’skoye Shali (town, southwestern Russia) : 1944–1957 1Shelburne (town, Ontario, southeastern Mezhdurech’ye Canada) : to 1865 Jelly’s Corner Shamkhor see ßämkir 2Shelburne (town, Nova Scotia, eastern Can- Shamo see Gobi ada) : 1713–1783 Port Roseway; to 1713 Port Ra- Shamva (town, northeastern Zimbabwe) : for- zoir merly Abercorn Shelekhovo (village, eastern Russia) : 1905–1945 Shana see Kurilsk Japanese Kakumabetsu Shangdu (town, northern China) : formerly po- Shell Beach see Huntington Beach etic Xanadu Shelter Bay see Port-Cartier Shansi see Shanxi Shelton (town, Connecticut, northeastern Shanxi (province, east central China) : alternate United States) : to 1789 Ripton Shansi (See the comments for Shaanxi.) Shëngjin (town, northwestern Albania) : for- Sharapkino see Sverdlovs’k merly Italian San Giovanni di Medua Sharapkyne see Sverdlovs’k Shensi see Shaanxi Sharjah see Ash ShIriqah Shenyang (city, northeastern China) : formerly Sharypovo (town, southern Russia) : 1985–1988 Manchu Mukden (The Manchu name is asso- Chernenko ciated with the 1931 “Mukden Incident,” when Shatilki see Svyetlahorsk the Japanese army used an explosion on the Shatura (city, western Russia) : to 1928 Shatur- railroad near Shenyang as an excuse to occupy torf the city and the rest of Manchuria.) Shaturtorf see Shatura Shepherdstown (town, West Virginia, east cen- Shaumiani (town, southern Georgia) : tral United States) : to 1798 Mecklenburg 1925–1936 Shaumyan; to 1925 Shulaveri Sheppard’s Fall see Almonte Shepparton 188

Shepparton (town, Victoria, southeastern Aus- Salop (The alternate name was official for the tralia) : 1853–1855 Sheppartown; to 1853 county from 1974 to 1980.) Macguire’s Punt. Shtefan Vode see ßtefan VodQ Sheppartown see Shepparton Shterivs’ke see Petrovs’ke ’s-Hertogenbosch (city, southern Netherlands) : Shterovskoye see Petrovs’ke commonly Den Bosch; 1794–1814 French Bois- Shulaveri see Shaumiani le-Duc Shul’mak see Navabad Shetland (island group, northern Scotland) : al- Shumanay (town, western Uzbekistan) : to 1950 ternate Zetland Taza-Bazar Shevchenko (town, eastern Ukraine) : to 1921 Shumen (city, northeastern Bulgaria) : 1950– Lysa Hora (Russian Lysaya Gora) 1965 Kolarovgrad Shevchenko see Aktau Shumnu Bokhchalar see Kaolinovo 1Shevchenkove (town, northeastern Ukraine) : Shurugwi (town, central Zimbabwe) : to 1982 (Russian Shevchenkovo); to 1922 Bulatselivka Selukwe (Russian Bulatselovka) Shushan see Susa 2Shevchenkove (town, central Ukraine) : (Rus- Shvenchyonelyay see ¶venVioncliai sian Shevchenkovo); to 1929 Kyrylivka (Russian Shvenchyonis see ¶venVionys Kirillovka) Shwebo (town, north central Myanmar) : to Shevchenkove see Dolyns’ka c.1753 Moksobomyo Shevchenkovo see (1) Dolyns’ke; (2) Shyaulyay see ¶iauliai 1,2Shevchenkove Shykyrlykytay see Suvorove Shexian (city, eastern China) : to 1912 Huicheng Shymkent (town, southern Kazakhstan) : to 1991 Shibboleth see Mason City Russian Chimkent Shibetoro see Slavnoye Shyrokolanivka (village, southern Ukraine) : Shikhirdany see 1Chkalovskoye (Russian Shirokolanovka); c.1935–1945 imeny Shikhrany see Kanash Karla Libknekhta (Russian imeni Karla Shikirlikitai see Suvorove Libknekhta); to c.1935 Landau Shikuka see Poronaysk Siam see Thailand Shilute see ¶ilute Sianów (town, northwestern Poland) : to 1945 Shimba see Dachnoye German Zanow Ship Harbour see Port Hawkesbury ¶iauliai (city, northern Lithuania) : (Russian Shiraura see 2Vzmor’ye Shyaulyay); to 1918 Russian Shavli Shirenewton (village, southeastern Wales) : Siazan’ see Siyäzän Welsh Drenewedd Gelli-farch Sibari (village, southern Italy) : ancient Greek Shiritoru see Makarov Thurii; earlier ancient Greek Sybaris (The vil- Shirley City see Woodburn lage is now part of the town of Cassano allo Shirokolanovka see Shyrokolanivka Ionio. Its original Greek name gave English Shkodër (city, northwestern Albania) : formerly sybaritic, from the wealth and luxury of the Italian Scutari; to 1913 Turkish j£kodra; Roman city’s inhabitants.) Scodra ¶ibenik (town, southern Croatia) : to 1943 Ital- Shlissel’burg (town, western Russia) : 1944–1991 ian Sebenico Petrokrepost’; 1702–1944 German Schlüsselburg; Siberia (region, eastern Russia) : [Russian Sibir’] 1612–1702 Swedish Nöteborg; to 1612 Russian Sibir’ see Siberia Oreshek Sibirsky see Nazyvayevsk Shmakivs’kyy Rudnyk see Pokrovs’ke Sibirtsevo (town, southeastern Russia) : to 1972 Shmakovsky Rudnik see Pokrovs’ke Manzovka Shofirkon (town, central Uzbekistan) : (Russian Sibiu (city, central Romania) : to 1918 Hun- Shafirkan); c.1935–1937 Bauman; to c.1935 garian Nagyszeben; to 1867 German Hermann- Khodzhaarif stadt Sholkhi see 1Oktyabr’skoye Sicca Veneria see Le Kef Shopokov (town, northern Kyrgyzstan) : to 1985 Sichelberg see Sierpc Russian Krasnooktyabr’sky Sichirlichitai see Suvorove Shpakovskoye (village, southwestern Russia) : Sicilia see Sicily formerly Mikhaylovskoye Sicily (island, southern Italy) : [Italian Sicilia] Shqipëri see Albania Sidi Akacha (village, northern Algeria) : to Shropshire (county, western England) : alternate c.1962 French Montenotte 189 Sinai, Mt.

Sidi Ali (village, northwestern Algeria) : to Hungarian Segesvár; to 1867 German Schäss- c.1962 French Cassaigne burg Sidi Ali Ben Youb (village, northwestern Alge- Signia see Segni ria) : to c.1962 French Chanzy Sigüenza (town, central Spain) : Roman Seguntia Sidi Ali Boussidi (village, northwestern Algeria) Sigulda (town, north central Latvia) : to 1017 : to c.1962 French Parmentier German Segewold Sidi Allal Bahraoui (village, northwestern Mo- Sihanoukville (city, southern Cambodia) : for- rocco) : formerly French Monod merly Kompong Som Sidi Bel Attar (village, northwestern Algeria) : to Silberberg see Srebrna Góra c.1962 French Pont du Chéliff Silchester (village, southern England) : Roman Sidi Ben Adda (village, northwestern Algeria) : Calleva Atrebatum to c.1962 French Trois-Marabouts Silesia (region, southwestern Poland/northern Sidi Ben Yekba (village, northwestern Algeria) : Czech Republic/southeastern Germany) : to c.1962 French Kléber [German Schlesien] (Most of Silesia is today in Sidi Brahim (village, northwestern Algeria) : to Poland, but the German name remains current c.1962 French Prudhon as the region was formerly in Germany.) Sidi el Abed (village, northwestern Morocco) : Sili see Sully formerly French Plage des Contrebandiers Silia Hermia see Covilhã Sidi Ghiles (village, northern Algeria) : to c.1962 Silina see Scilly Isles French Novi Silistra (city, northeastern Bulgaria) : to 1878 Sidi Hamadouche (village, northwestern Alge- Turkish Silistre; Roman Durostorum ria) : to c.1962 French Les Trembles Silistre see Silistra Sidi Kacem (city, northern Morocco) : formerly Sillein see ≥ ilina French Petitjean ¶ilutc (city, western Lithuania) : (Russian Sidi Khaled (village, northwestern Algeria) : to Shilute); 1921–1939, 1939–1945 German Hei- c.1962 French Palissy dekrug (Both German and Lithuanian names Sidi Lahssen (village, northwestern Algeria) : to were in official use from 1821 to 1939.) c.1962 French Détrie Silva Jardim (town, southeastern Brazil) : to Sidi Lakhdar (village, northern Algeria) : to 1943 Capivari c.1962 French Lavarande Silvan (town, eastern Turkey) : ancient Greek Sidi Mohammed Ben Ali (village, northern Al- Martyropolis; originally ancient Greek Tigra- geria) : to c.1962 French Renault nocerta Sidi Rafa (village, northern Libya) : formerly Silvânia (town, central Brazil) : to 1944 Bonfim Italian Beda Littoria Silva Porto see Kuito Sidirókastro (town, northeastern Greece) : to Silver City (town, New Mexico, southwestern 1913 Turkish Demirhisar United States) : to 1876 Spanish San Vincente Sidon see Saida de la Ciénaga Siebenbürgen see Transylvania Sim (town, west central Russia) : to c.1928 Sim- Siedlce (town, east central Poland) : to 1915 Rus- sky Zavod sian Sedlets Simão Dias (city, northeastern Brazil) : to 1944 Siemianowice ¡lRskie (city, southern Poland) : Anápolis 1939–1945 German Laurahütte Simbirsk (city, western Russia) : 1924–1991 Siena (city, central Italy) : Roman Sena Julia Ul’yanovsk Sieradz (town, central Poland) : 1949–1945 Ger- Simeonovgrad (town, south central Bulgaria) : man Schieratz; to 1915 Russian Seradz 1945–1989 Maritsa; to 1945 Zlaten Dol (The Sieraków (town, western Poland) : 1939–1945 town arose in 1933 on the union of two vil- German Zirke lages either side of the Maritsa River.) Sierpc (town, north central Poland) : 1940–1945 Simferopol’ (city, southern Ukraine) : to 1783 German Sichelberg; to 1915 Russian Serpets Ak-Mechet’ Sifton see Lemberg Sim Kolodyaziv see Lenine Sig (town, northwestern Algeria) : to c.1962 ¶imonovany see Partizánske French St.-Denis-du-Sig Simsky Zavod see Sim Sighetu-Marma´iei (city, northern Romania) : Simson’s Ranges see Maryborough to 1918, 1940–1944 Hungarian Mára- Sin see Tell el-Farama marossziget; to 1867 German Marmaroschsiget Sinai, Mt. (northeastern Egypt) : alternate Gebel Sighi£oara (town, central Romania) : to 1918 Musa; biblical Mt. Horeb Sinclair 190

Sinclair (village, Wyoming, west central United Sisak (town, northern Croatia) : to 1867 German States) : to 1943 Parco Sissek Sinegorsk (town, eastern Russia) : 1905–1945 Sissek see Sisak Japanese Kawakami Sisson see Mount Shasta Sinel’nikovo see Synel’nykove Sitka (city, Alaska, northwestern United States) : Sîngerai (village, north central Moldova) : for- to 1867 Novoarkhangelsk merly Russian Lazovsk Sitniki (town, western Russia) : to 1946 Kozlikha Singidunum see Belgrade Sitten see Sion Singleton (town, New South Wales, southeastern Sittwe (city, western Myanmar) : formerly Akyab Australia) : to 1822 St. Patrick’s Plain Sivas (city, central Turkey) : Roman Sebastea Sing Sing see Ossining Sivashskoye see Syvas’ke Sinkiang Uighur see Xinjiang Uygur Sivers’k (town, eastern Ukraine) : (Russian Sev- Sinop (town, northern Turkey) : ancient Greek ersk); to 1973 Yama Sinope (The classical name is associated with Siyäzän (town, northeastern Azerbaijan) : (Rus- the Russian naval victory over the Turks in sian Siazan’); to 1954 Kyzyl-Burun 1853 during the Russo-Turkish War, an event Siyut-Dzheret see Pryazovs’ke leading to the Crimean War of 1854–56.) Sizebolu see Sozopol Sinoya see Chinhoyi Sjælland (island, eastern Denmark) : formerly Sint-Andries (village, northwestern Belgium) : English Zealand (The English form of the French St.-André name lies behind that of New Zealand.) Sint-Gillis see St.-Gilles Skalica (town, western Slovakia) : to 1918 Hun- Sint-Gillis-bij-Dendermonde (village, northern garian Szakolca; to 1867 German Skalitz Belgium) : French St.-Gilles-lez-Termonde Skalitz see Skalica Sint-Gillis-Waas (town, northern Belgium) : Skanderoon see jskenderun French St.-Gilles-Waas Skarszewy (town, northern Poland) : to 1945 Sint-Jans-Molenbeek see Molenbeek-St.-Jean German Schöneck Sint-Katelijne-Waver (town, northern Belgium) Skawina (town, southern Poland) : 1940–1945 : French Wavre-Ste.-Catherine German Konradshof Sint-Niklaas (town, northern Belgium) : French Skea’s Corners see Oshawa St.-Nicolas Skenfrith (village, southeastern Wales) : Welsh Sintra (city, western Portugal) : formerly mostly Ynysgynwraidd Cintra Skernevitsy see Skierniewice Sint-Truiden (town, east central Belgium) : Skerries (town, eastern Ireland) : Irish Na Sceirí French St.-Trond Skerries, The (island, northwestern Wales) : Sinus Arabicus see Red Sea Welsh Ynysoedd y Moelrhoniaid (The island Sinus Gallicus see Lion, Golfe du comprises a number of interconnecting rocks. Sinus Persicus see Persian Gulf Hence its plural English and Welsh names.) Sion (town, southwestern Switzerland) : German Skibbereen (town, southwestern Ireland) : Irish Sitten; Roman Sedunum An Sciobairín Sioux City (city, Iowa, north central United Skierniewice (town, east central Poland) : to States) : to 1857 Thompsonville 1915 Russian Skernevitsy Sipolilo see Guruve Skikda (city, northeastern Algeria) : to c.1962 Siponzh see Bartang French Philippeville Siqueira Campos (town, southern Brazil) : to Skit see Divnogorsk c.1935 Colonia Mineira Skobelev see Farg’ona Siqueira Campos see Guaçuí Skoczów (town, southern Poland) : to 1918, Siracusa see Syracuse 1939–1945 German Skotschau Sirdaryo (town, eastern Uzbekistan) : (Russian ¶kofja Loka (town, western Slovenia) : to 1918, Syrdar’ya); formerly Russian Syrdar’insky; to 1941–1945 German Bischoflack 1947 Russian Syrnovorossiysk Skokie (village, Illinois, east central United Siret (town, northern Romania) : to 1918 Ger- States) : to 1940 Niles Center man Sereth Skópelos (island, eastern Greece) : ancient Greek ßiria (village, western Romania) : to 1918 Hun- Peparethos garian Világos Skopje (city, northern Macedonia) : 1913–1941 Sirion see Hermon, Mt. Serbian Skoplje; to 1913 Turkish Üsküb Siris see Nova Siri Skoplje see Skopje 191 Smidovich

Skotovataya see Verkhn’otorets’ke Sleptsovskaya (village, southwestern Russia) : Skotschau see Skoczów formerly Ordzhonikidzevskaya Skotuvata see Verkhn’otorets’ke Sligeach see Sligo Skovorodino (town, southeastern Russia) : to Sligo (town, northwestern Ireland) : Irish c.1940 Rukhlovo Sligeach Skradin (village, southern Croatia) : to 1918, Sliven (city, east central Bulgaria) : to 1878 Turk- 1941–1944 Italian Scardona ish jslimie Skuratovsky (town, western Russia) : to 1948 Sloboda see Ezhva Yuzhny Slobodskoye see Chaplygin Skwierzyna (town, western Poland) : 1793–1807, Slocum Hollow see Scranton 1815–1945 German Schwerin an der Warte Slomikhino see Zhalpaktal Skye (island, northwestern Scotland) : Roman Slonim (city, western Belarus) : 1913–1939 Polish Scitis Sùonim Slane (town, eastern Ireland) : Irish Baile Shláine Sùonim see Slonim Slanï (town, west central Czech Republic) : to Sùoüsk (town, western Poland) : to 1945 German 1918, 1939–1945 German Schlan Sonnenburg Slaughter see 2Auburn Slovakia (republic, central Europe) : [Slovak Slavgorod see Slawharad Slovensko] (The country was formed in 1993 Slavkov u Brna (town, eastern Czech Republic) : from the eastern part of Czechoslovakia, the to 1918, 1939–1945 German Austerlitz (The western part becoming the Czech Republic.) German name is noted for the battle of 1805 Slovenia (republic, southeastern Europe) : in which the French defeated the combined [Slovene Slovenija] Russian and Austrian forces.) Slovenija see Slovenia Slavnoye (village, eastern Russia) : 1905–1945 Slovenj Gradec (town, northern Slovenia) : to Japanese Shibetoro 1918, 1941–1945 German Windischgrätz Slavonia (region, northern Croatia) : [Serbo- Slovenské Nové Mesto (town, southeastern Slo- Croat Slavonija] vakia) : to 1918, 1938–1945 Hungarian Sátoral- Slavonija see Slavonia jaújhely (The town lies in two communities ei- Slavonska Po±ega see Po±ega ther side of the border with Hungary, here Slavonski Brod (city, eastern Croatia) : to 1867 formed by the Sátor River. The Hungarian German Brod town, bearing the old Hungarian name, is Slavsk (town, western Russia) : to 1945 German known to the Slovaks as Nové Mesto nad Heinrichswalde ¶atorom. Both of these names mean “new town Slavskoye (village, western Russia) : to 1945 on the Sátor,” while the name of the Slovakian German Kreuzberg community means “Slovakian new town.”) Slavyanka see Myrzakent Slovensko see Slovakia Slavyanogorsk see Slov’yanohirs’k Slovenskï Meder see Palárikovo Slavyanovo (town, northern Bulgaria) : to 1934 Slov’yanohirs’k (town, eastern Ukraine) : (Rus- Turski Tr≠stenik sian Slavyanogorsk); to 1964 Banivs’ke (Russian Slavyansk see Slov’yans’k Bannovsky) Slavyanskaya see Slavyansk-na-Kubani Slov’yans’k (city, eastern Ukraine) : (Russian Slavyansk-na-Kubani (city, southwestern Rus- Slavyansk) sia) : to 1958 Slavyanskaya ¶luknov (town, northern Czech Republic) : to Sùawa (town, western Poland) : 1937–1945 Ger- 1918, 1939–1945 German Schluckenau man Schlesiersee; to 1937 German Schlawa Sùupca (town, west central Poland) : 1940–1945 Slawentzitz see Sùawidcice German Slupka; to 1915 Russian Sluptsy Slawharad (town, eastern Belarus) : (Russian Slupka see Sùupca Slavgorod); to 1945 Propoysk Sùupsk (city, northern Poland) : to 1945 German Sùawidcice (village, southern Poland) : c.1935– Stolp 1945 German Ehrenforst; to c.1935 German Sluptsy see Sùupca Slawentzitz Slutsk see Pavlovsk Sùawno (town, northwestern Poland) : to 1945 Smaldeel see Theunissen German Schlawe Smarhon’ (town, northwestern Belarus) : (Rus- Sleepy Hollow (village, New York, northeastern sian Smorgon’); 1919–1939 Polish Smorgonie; to United States) : 1874–1996 North Tarrytown; 1918 Russian Smorgon originally Beekmanton Smidovich (town, eastern Russia) : formerly In Smigiel 192

¡migiel (town, western Poland) : 1793–1807, Södertälje (town, east central Sweden) : origi- 1815–1919, 1939–1945 German Schmiegel nally Tälje Smirnenski (village, northeastern Bulgaria) : Sofia (city, west central Bulgaria) : [Bulgarian 1934–1950 Knyazheva Polyana; to 1934 Turkish Sofiya]; to 1878 Turkish Sofya; to 1376 Bulgar- Bei-alan. ian Sredets; Roman Serdica Smirnovo (town, northern Kazakhstan) : to 1973 Sofiya see Sofia Smirnovsky Sofiyevka see (1) Karlo-Marksove; (2) Smirnovsky see Smirnovo Vil’nyans’k Smithfield see Olympia Sofiyevsky Rudnik see Karlo-Marksove Smith Mountain see Palomar, Mt. Sofiyivka see (1) Karlo-Marksove; (2) Vil’n- Smith’s Creek see Port Hope yans’k Smith’s Crossroads see Dayton Sofiyivs’kyy Rudnyk see Karlo-Marksove Smithton see 1Columbia Soflu see Soufli Smithville (village, Ontario, southeastern Sofulu see Soufli Canada) : formerly Griffintown Sofya see Sofia Smithville see 2Richmond Sohrau see Õory Smolyan (city, southern Bulgaria) : to 1934 Soignies (town, southwestern Belgium) : Flem- Turkish Pashmakli ish Zinnik Smorgon’ see Smarhon’ Soissons (city, northern France) : Roman Sues- Smorgonie see Smarhon’ sionae Smychka (town, western Russia) : to 1929 Ivan- Sokhumi (city, northwestern Georgia) : (Russian ovskoye (The town is now part of Voloko- Sukhumi); 1848–1935 Russian Sukhum; 17th– lamsk.) 19th century Turkish Sukhum-Kale; earlier Smyrna (town, Delaware, northeastern United Tskhum; Roman Sebastopolis; ancient Greek States) : to 1806 Duck Creek Cross Roads Dioscurias Smyrna see jzmir Sok-Karmala see Severnoye Snare Lakes see Wekwetì Sokol (town, eastern Russia) : 1905–1945 Japa- Snegurovka see Tetiyiv nese Otani Sne±nik (mountain, southern Slovenia) : 1919– Sokolka see Sokólka 1947 Italian Monte Nevoso Sokólka (town, northeastern Poland) : 1939– ¡niardwy (lake, northeastern Poland) : to 1945 1941 Belarussian Sakulka; to 1918 Russian German Spirding Sokolka ¡niatyn see Snyatyn Sokolov (town, western Czech Republic) : 1945– SnieVkus see Visaginas 1948 Falknov; to 1918, 1938–1945 German Fal- Snina (town, eastern Slovakia) : to 1918 Hungar- kenau (The full former Czech and German ian Szinna names were Falknov nad Oh†í and Falkenau an Snovsk see Shchors der Eger, for the river here.) Snowdon (mountain, northwestern Wales) : Sokuluk (town, northern Kyrgyzstan) : 1937– Welsh Yr Wyddfa 1957 Kaganovich; to 1937 Russian Novotroits- Snowdonia (mountain region, northwestern koye Wales) : Welsh Eryri (The region centers on Solda (village, northern Italy) : to 1918 German Snowdon.) Sulden Snowdrift see úutselk’e ßoldQne£ti (town, northeastern Moldova) : Snyatyn (town, western Ukraine) : to 1939 Pol- 1985–1988 Chernenko ish ¡niatyn Soldatsky (town, northeastern Uzbekistan) : to Sobidcin (town, southwestern Poland) : to 1945 c.1930 Yangi-Bazar German Hermsdorf Soldau see Dziaùdowo Sobinka (town, western Russia) : early 1920s Soldin see My¢libórz Komavangard Soledade (town, northeastern Brazil) : 1944– Sobótka (town, southwestern Poland) : to 1945 1948 Ibiapinópolis German Zobten Soledade see Soledade de Minas Sobradinho (town, southern Brazil) : to 1938 Soledade de Minas (town, southeastern Brazil) : Jacuí 1944–1948 Ibatuba; to 1944 Soledade Sobrance (town, eastern Slovakia) : to 1918, Soledar (town, eastern Ukraine) : 1961–1991 1939–1945 Hungarian Szobránc Karlo-Libknekhtivs’k (Russian Karlo- Socorro see Fronteiras Libknekhtovsk); 1938–1965 imeny Karla 193 Sousse

Libknekhta (Russian imeni Karla Libknekhta); Soroki); 1918–1940, 1941–1944 Romanian early 1920s–1938 Rudnyk imeny Karla Lib- Soroca; to 1918 Russian Soroki knekhta (Russian Rudnik imeni Karla Lib- Sorochinsk (town, southwestern Russia) : to knekhta); to early 1920s Bryantsivs’kyy Rudnyk c.1935 Sorochinskoye (Russian Bryantsovsky Rudnik) Sorochinskoye see Sorochinsk Soletto see Solothurn Soroka see Belomorsk Soleure see Solothurn Soroki see Soroca Solfach see Solva Sorokino see Krasnodon Soli see Pompeiopolis Sorokyne see Krasnodon Soligorsk see Salihorsk Sorrento (town, southern Italy) : Roman Surren- Sol’-Iletsk (town, southwestern Russia) : to 1945 tum Iletsk; earlier Iletskaya Zashchita Sorsk (town, southern Russia) : formerly Dzer- Solnechnogorsk (city, western Russia) : to 1938 zhinsky Solnechnogorsky (The city was formed in 1928 Sortavala (city, northwestern Russia) : to 1918 from the merger of the villages of Solnechnaya Serdobol’ (The present name is Finnish.) Gora and Podsolnechnoye.) Sorviodunum see Salisbury Solnechnoye (town, western Russia) : to 1948 Sosnogorsk (town, northwestern Russia) : to Finnish Ollila 1957 Izhma Solnechny see Gorny Sosnove (town, northwestern Ukraine) : (Rus- Solntsevo (town, western Russia) : formerly sian Sosnovoye); to 1946 Lyudvypil’ (Russian Korovino Lyudvipol’) Solonópole (town, northeastern Brazil) : to 1944 Sosnovitsy see Sosnowiec Cachoeira Sosnovo (village, western Russia) : to 1948 Solothurn (town, northwestern Switzerland) : Finnish Rautu (The village was transferred French Soleure; Italian Soletto from Finland to the USSR in 1940 but re- Solva (village, southwestern Wales) : Welsh Sol- tained its Finnish name until 1948.) fach Sosnovoborsk (town, western Russia) : to c.1940 Sombak’e see Yellowknife Litvino Sombor (city, northwestern Serbia) : to 1918, Sosnovoye see Sosnove 1941–1944 Hungarian Zombor Sosnowiec (city, southern Poland) : 1940–1945 Somers Islands see Bermuda German Sosnowitz; to 1915 Russian Sosnovitsy Somersworth (town, New Hampshire, north- Sosnowitz see Sosnowiec eastern United States) : to 1893 Great Falls ¶o§tanj (village, northern Slovenia) : to 1918 Somerville (city, Massachusetts, northeastern German Schönstein United States) : originally Cow Commons Sosva (town, west central Russia) : to 1938 Sommerfeld see Lubsko Sosvinsky Zavod Somorja see ¶amorin Sosvinsky Zavod see Sosva Sompallón see El Banco Sotsgorodok see Hirnyk Son see Sonsky Sotshorodok see Hirnyk Song Da see Black River Soudan see Sudan Songjin see Kimch’aek Soufli (town, northeastern Greece) : to 1919 Bul- Songnim (city, southwestern North Korea) : garian Soflu; to 1913 Turkish Sofulu 1910–1945 Ky˘omip’o Souk el Arba de l’Oued Beth (village, north- Sonnenburg see Sùoüsk western Morocco) : formerly French Camp- Sonsky (town, southern Russia) : to 1940 Son Bataille 1Sopot (town, central Bulgaria) : 1950–1965 Souk Eltnine (village, northwestern Morocco) : Vazovgrad formerly French Valgravé 2Sopot (city, northern Poland) : 1772–1945 Ger- Souk Jemaâ Oulad Abbou (village, northwest- man Zoppot ern Morocco) : formerly French Foucauld Sopron (city, northwestern Hungary) : to 1921 Souk Tleta Loulad (village, northwestern Mo- German Ödenburg rocco) : formerly French Venet-Ville Sorau see Õary Sound, The see Øresund Sord see Swords Soure see Caucaia Sorel (town, Quebec, southeastern Canada) : Sour el Ghozlane (town, northern Algeria) : to 1787–1845 William Henry c.1962 French Aumale Soroca (city, northern Moldova) : (Russian Sousse (city, northeastern Tunisia) : [Arabic South Abington 194

S¨sI]; 6th century Roman Justinianopolis; 5th Sovetskaya (village, southwestern Russia) : for- century Roman Hunericopolis, earlier Roman merly Urupskaya Hadrumetum (The modern city should not be Sovetskaya Gavan’ (city, eastern Russia) : for- confused with the ancient city of Susa in pres- merly Imperatorskaya Gavan’ ent-day Iran.) 1Sovetskoye (town, western Russia, near Engel’s) South Abington wee Whitman : to 1941 Mariental South Africa (republic, southern Africa) : [Afri- 2Sovetskoye (village, western Russia, near Bugu- kaans Suid-Afrika] (There are various indige- ruslan) : formerly Mordovskaya Bokla nous names for South Africa, one of the best- Sovetskoye see (1) Kashkatau; (2) Ketchenery; known being Azania. The Dutch form of the (3) Khebda; (4) Zelenokumsk name, Zuid-Afrika, gave ZA as the country’s Sovetsky (town, western Russia) : to 1948 Fin- international vehicle registration.) nish Johannes (The town passed from Finland South African Republic see Transvaal to the USSR in 1940 but retained its Finnish Southampton (town, Ontario, southeastern name until 1948.) Canada) : to 1895 Saugeen Sovetsky see Sovyets’kyy South Bend (city, Indiana, east central United Soviet Union see Russia States) : to 1830 Southold; earlier Big St. Joseph Sovyets’kyy (town, southern Ukraine) : (Russian Station Sovetsky); to 1950 Ichki-Grammatikovo South Danvers see Peabody Sozopol (city, eastern Bulgaria) : to 1878 Turkish South-Eastern see Cross River Sizebolu; ancient Greek Apollonia (There were Southern Ocean see Antarctic Ocean many ancient cities of the Greek name, the Southern Rhodesia see Zimbabwe chief being in Illyria, where it was Caesar’s South Floral Park (village, New York, north- headquarters during his assualt on Dyrrha- eastern United States) : to 1931 Jamaica Square cium, now Dürres.) South Holland (town, Illinois, north central Spaccaforno see Ispica United States) : to 1870 Dutch De Laage Spain (kingdom, southwestern Europe) : [Span- Prairie (The town is now a southern suburb of ish España]; Roman Hispania; alternate Chicago.) Roman Iberia (The alternate Roman name South Island (central and southern New Zea- survives in the name of the peninsula occupied land) : Maori Te Waka a Maui; formerly Mid- by modern Spain and Portugal.) dle Island (The Maori name, meaning “the Spalato see Split canoe of Maui,” contrasts with those of North Spalatum see Split Island and Stewart Island. South Island is still Spanish Guinea see Equatorial Guinea colloquially known as “the Middle” for its lo- Spanish Netherlands see Belgium cation between these two.) Spanish Sahara see Western Sahara South Lawn see Harvey Sparnacum see Épernay South Malden see Everett Sparta (historic city, southern Greece) : alternate South Northfield see Glenview Lacedaemon Southold see South Bend Spas see 3Pervomaysky Southport see Kenosha Spassk see (1) Bednodem’yanovsk; (2) Bolgar; South Riverside see Corona (3) Spassk-Dal’ny; (4) Spassk-Ryazansky South Sea see Pacific Ocean Spassk-Dal’ny (city, southeastern Russia) : to South Shields (town, northeastern England) : c.1930 Spassk Roman Arbeia Spassk-Ryazansky (town, western Russia) : to South Uist (island, Western Isles, northwestern 1929 Spassk Scotland) : Gaelic Uibhist a’ Deas Spassk-Tatarsky see Bolgar South West Africa see Namibia Speen (village, southern England) : Roman Spi- Sovet (village, southwestern Tajikistan) : for- nis (The Roman settlement here was probably merly Kzyl-Mazar more exactly at Woodspeen, just west of Sovetabad see (1) Ghafurov; (2) Nurobod; Speen, itself now a suburb of Newbury.) (3) Xonobod Spence Bay see Taloyoak Sovetobod see Ghafurov Speyer (city, southwestern Germany) : formerly 1Sovetsk (city, western Russia, near Kaliningrad) English Spires; Roman Augusta Nemetum; ear- : to 1945 German Tilsit lier Roman Noviomagus 2Sovetsk (town, western Russia, near Vyatka) : to Spinis see Speen 1937 Kukarka Spirding see ¡niardwy 195 Stanislaviv

Spires see Speyer ¡roda Wielkopolska (town, west central Poland) Spirit River see Rycroft : 1793–1807, 1815–1919, 1939–1945 German Spi§ská Nová Ves (city, east central Slovakia) : to Schroda 1918 Hungarian Igló; to 1867 German Zipser- Srpski Itebej see Itebej Neudorf Staaten Landt see New Zealand Spi§ska Stara Ves (town, northern Slovakia) : to Stabiae see Castellammare di Stabia 1918 Hungarian Szepesófalu; to 1867 German Stablo see Stavelot Altendorf Stabroek see 1Georgetown Spi§ské Podhradie (town, east central Slovakia) : Stacy’s Corners see Glen Ellyn to 1918 Hungarian Szepesváralja; to 1867 Ger- Stadtroda (town, west central Germany) : to man Kirchdrauf 1925 Roda (In the year stated German Stadt, Spitak (town, northwestern Armenia) : to 1948 “town,” was added to the name of the river on Amamlu which the town stands.) Spitsevka (village, southwestern Russia) : to Stahlheim see Amnéville c.1940 Spitsevskoye Staines (town, southeastern England) : Roman Spitsevskoye see Spitsevka Pontibus (The Roman name means “[at] the Split (city, western Croatia) : to 1918, 1941–1943 bridges.” Staines arose by a crossing of the Italian Spalato; Roman Spalatum Thames River.) Spokane (city, Washington, northwestern Stakhanov (city, eastern Ukraine) : 1943–1978 United States) : originally Spokane Falls Kadiyivka (Russian Kadiyevka); 1937–1943 Spokane Falls see Spokane Sergo; to 1937 Kadiyivka (Russian Kadiyevka) Spokojna Góra see Mirsk Stakhanovo see Zhukovsky Spoletium see Spoleto Stalin see (1) Bra£ov; (2) Varna Spoleto (town, central Italy) : Roman Spoletium Stalina, imeni see Shahrihon Springs of Palomas see Truth or Conse- Stalinabad see Dushanbe quences Stalindorf see 3Zhovtneve Sprottau see Szprotawa Stalingrad see Volgograd Squillace (village, southern Italy) : ancient Greek Staliniri see Ts’khinvali Scylacium Stalinka see Chervonozavods’ke Srbija see Serbia Stalino see (1) Donets’k; (2) Shahrihon Srbobran (town, northern Serbia) : to 1918, Stalinogorsk see Novomoskovsk 1941–1944 Hungarian Szenttamás Stalinogród see Katowice Srebrna Góra (town, southwestern Poland) : to Stalin Peak see (1) Gerlachovskï Peak; 1945 German Silberberg (2) Ismoili Somoni, Peak; (3) Musala Sredets (town, southeastern Bulgaria) : 1950– Stalinsk see Novokuznetsk 1989 Grudovo; 1934–1950 Sredets; to 1934 Stalins’ke see 3Zhovtneve Turkish Karabunar Stalinskoye see 3Zhovtneve Sredets see Sofia Stalinsky see Bol’shevo Srednekrayushkino see 3Pervomayskoye Stallupönen see Nesterov ¡rem (town, western Poland) : 1793–1807, 1815– Stamboliyski (town, southern Bulgaria) : 1969– 1919, 1939–1945 German Schrimm 1979 Novi Kritsim; 1964–1969 Kritsim; 1926– Sremska Mitrovica (town, western Serbia) : to 1964 Gára Kritsim; to 1926 Polatovo (Bulgarian 1867 German Mitrowitz; Roman Sirmium gára means “railroad station.”) (The first word of the name distinguishes the Stamboul see Istanbul town from Kosovska Mitrovica in Kosovo.) Stamora Moravi´a (village, western Romania) : Sremski Karlovci (town, north central Serbia) : to 1918 Hungarian Temesmóra to 1867 German Karlowitz Stampae see Étampes Srikakulam (town, southeastern India) : for- Stanbridge Falls see Bedford merly Chicacole Stanhope (town, New Jersey, northeastern Sri Lanka (island republic, northern Indian United States) : to 1815 Andover Forge Ocean) : to 1972 Ceylon; formerly literary Stanichno-Luganskoye see Stanychno-Luhan- Serendip; Roman Taprobane (Serendip, which s’ke gave English serendipity, is an Arabic corrup- Stanimaka see Asenovgrad tion of a Sanskrit name.) Stanislau see Ivano-Frankivs’k ¡roda ¡lRska (town, southwestern Poland) : to Stanislav see Ivano-Frankivs’k 1945 German Neumarkt Stanislaviv see Ivano-Frankivs’k Stanislavovo 196

Stanislavovo see Rasony Staromlynivka (village, eastern Ukraine) : (Rus- Stanisùawów see Ivano-Frankivs’k sian Staromlinovka); to 1946 Staryy Kermenchyk Stanitsa Luganskaya see Stanychno-Luhans’ke (Russian Stary Kermenchik) ¶tanjel na Krasu (village, western Slovenia) : to Staropyshminsk (town, west central Russia) : to 1947 Italian San Daniele del Carso 1943 Pyshminsky Zavod Stanke Dimitrov see Dupnitsa Staroutkinsk (town, west central Russia) : to Stanley see 2Nelson 1933 Utkinsky Zavod Stanley Falls see Boyoma Falls Stary Dashev see Dashiv Stanley Pool see Malebo Pool Stary Kermenchik see Staromlynivka Stanleyville see (1) Kisangani; (2) Orientale Stary SRcz (town, southern Poland) : 18th–19th Stann Creek see Dangriga century, 1940–1945 German Altsandez Stanovoye (village, western Russia) : formerly Stary Salavan see Novocheremshansk Ploskoye Stary Sambor see Staryy Sambir Stantsiya-Regar see Tursunzade Stary Smokovec (town, northern Slovakia) : to Stanwix (village, northwestern England) : 1918 Hungarian Tátrafüred; to 1867 German Roman Uxelodunum (Stanwix is now a district Altschmecks (The town was formed from the of Carlisle.) separate villages of Dolnï Smokovec, Hornï Stanychno-Luhans’ke (town, eastern Ukraine) : Smokovec, and Starï Smokovec, respectively (Russian Stanichno-Luganskoye); 1935–1938 Lower, Upper, and Old Smokovec.) Kosyorove (Russian Kosiorovo); earlier Stanytsya Staryy Dashiv see Dashiv Luhans’ka (Russian Stanitsa Luganskaya); origi- Staryy Kermenchyk see Staromlynivka nally Luhans’k (Russian Lugansk). Staryy Sambir (town, western Ukraine) : (Rus- Stanytsya-Luhans’ka see Stanychno-Luhan- sian Stary Sambor); to 1939 Polish Stary Sam- s’ke bor Staoinebrig see Stoneybridge State Line see Hammond Stará Dalaˇ see Hurbanovo Staten Island (borough, New York, northeastern Stará L’ubovûa (town, northern Slovakia) : to United States) : to 1975 Richmond (The former 1918 Hungarian Ólubló; to 1867 German Alt- name of the New York City borough is still lublau current for the county with which Staten Is- Stara Pazova (town, northern Serbia) : to 1918, land is coextensive.) 1941–1944 Hungarian Ópazova Statesville (city, North Carolina, eastern United Stara Planina see Balkan Mountains States) : to 1789 Fourth Creek Staraya Barda see 2Krasnogorskoye Stavelot (town, eastern Belgium) : Flemish Sta- Stara Zagora (city, central Bulgaria) : to 1878 blo Turkish Eskizagra; Roman Augusta Trajana Stavropol’ (city, southwestern Russia) : 1935– Starbuck Island (eastern Kiribati) : formerly Vol- 1943 Voroshilovsk unteer Island Stavropol’ see Tol’yatti Stargard in Pommern see Stargard Szczeciüski Stavropol’ Kray (region, southwestern Russia) : Stargard Szczeciüski (city, northwestern Poland) 1937–1943 Ordzhonikidze Kray : to 1945 German Stargard in Pommern Stdbark (village, northeastern Poland) : to 1945 Stari BeVej see BeVej German Tannenberg (The German name is as- Staritsy see Kirawsk sociated with two battles. The first, between Starkenbach see Jilemnice this village and Grünfelde or Grünwald, after Starodubskoye (village, eastern Russia) : which it is also named, was a Polish-Lithuan- 1905–1945 Japanese Sakaehama ian victory in 1410 over the Teutonic Knights. Starogard Gdaüski (town, northern Poland) : The second led to a German victory over the 1772–1919, 1939–1945 German Preussisch-Star- Russians in 1914.) gard Stefanie, Lake see Ch’ew Bahir Starokonstantinov see Starokostyantyniv ßtefan VodQ (village, eastern Moldova) : (Rus- Starokostyantyniv (city, west central Ukraine) : sian Shtefan Vode); formerly Suvorovo; earlier (Russian Starokonstantinov); to 1918 Russian Biruintsa Starokonstantinov Stegman see Artesia Staromar’yevka (village, southwestern Russia) : ßtei (town, western Romania) : formerly Doctor to c.1940 Staromar’yevskoye Petru Groza Staromar’yevskoye see Staromar’yevka Steiermark (state, central and southeastern Aus- Staromlinovka see Staromlynivka tria) : English conventional Styria 197 Strokestown

Stein see Kamnik Storms, Cape of see Good Hope, Cape of Steinamanger see Szombathely Stornoway (town, Western Isles, northwestern Steinau an der Oder see ¡cinawa Scotland) : Gaelic Steornabhagh Steinbrück see Zidani Most Storojine´ see Storozhynets’ Steinschönau see Kamenickï¶enov Storozhinets see Storozhynets’ Steitztown see 2Lebanon Storozhynets’ (town, western Ukraine) : (Rus- Stellarton (town, Nova Scotia, eastern Canada) : sian Storozhinets); 1919–1940 Romanian Storo- to 1889 Albion Mines jine´; to 1918 German Storozynetz Steornabhagh see Stornoway Storozynetz see Storozhynets’ Stepanakert see Xankändi Stowbtsy (town, west central Belarus) : (Russian Stepanavan (town, northern Armenia) : to 1924 Stolptsy); 1919–1939 Polish Stoùpce; to 1918 Rus- Dzhalal-ogly sian Stolptsy Stepantsminda see Qazbegi Strabane (town, northwestern Northern Ireland) Stephenson see Rock Island : Irish An Srath Bán Stepnogorsk see Stepnohirs’k Stradbally (town, east central Ireland) : Irish An Stepnohirs’k (town, southeastern Ukraine) : Sráidbhaile (Russian Stepnogorsk); to 1987 Sukhoivanivs’ke Strait of Dover see Dover, Strait of (Russian Sukhoivanovskoye) Strakonice (town, southwestern Czech Republic) Stepnoy see Elista : to 1918, 1939–1945 German Strakonitz Stepnoye (town, southwestern Russia) : formerly Strakonitz see Strakonice Otrogovo (This Stepnoye should not be con- Stralsund (city, northeastern Germany) : 1648– fused with the more southerly town of the 1815 Swedish Strålsund same name east of Georgiyevsk.) Strålsund see Stralsund Steptoeville see Walla Walla Strasbourg (city, northeastern France) : formerly Sterling see St. Thomas English Strasburg; 1871–1919, 1940–1944 Ger- Sternberg see ¶ternberk man Strassburg; Roman Argentoratum ¶ternberk (town, eastern Czech Republic) : to Strasburg see Strasbourg 1918, 1938–1945 German Sternberg Strasburg in Westpreussen see Brodnica Sterzing see Vipiteno Strassburg see Strasbourg Stettin see Szczecin Strass-Somerein see Hegyeshalom Stettler (town, Alberta, west central Canada) : to Stratfield see Bridgeport 1906 Blumenau 1Stratford (city, Ontario, southeastern Canada) : Stewart Island (southern New Zealand) : Maori to 1835 Little Thames Rakiura; earlier Maori Te Punga a Maui. (The 2Stratford (town, northwestern New Zealand) : earlier Maori name, meaning “the anchor of formerly Stratford-on-Patea Maui,” contrasts with those of North Island Stratford-on-Patea see 2Stratford and South Island.) Stratonicea see Eskihisar Stidia (village, northwestern Algeria) : to c.1962 Strato’s Tower see Caesarea French Georges Clemenceau Strawbery Banke see 2Portsmouth Stillwater see Orono ¶trba (town, northern Slovakia) : to 1918 Hun- ¶tip (town, east central Macedonia) : to 1913 garian Csorba Turkish j£tip; ancient Greek Antibos Streator (town, Illinois, north central United Stockmannshof see P¸lavi¸nas States) : to 1872 Unionville; originally Hard- Stockton (city, California, western United scrabble States) : to 1850 Tuleburg Strehlen see Strzelin Stolp see Sùupsk St†ekov (town, northwestern Czech Republic) : Stoùpce see Stowbtsy to 1918, 1939–1945 German Schreckenstein Stolpmünde see Ustka (The town is now a district of Ústí nad Stolptsy see Stowbtsy Labem.) Stonefort (village, Illinois, north central United Strelno see Strzelno States) : to 1934 Bolton St†íbro (town, western Czech Republic) : to Stoneybridge (village, Western Isles, northwest- 1918, 1939–1945 German Miess ern Scotland) : Gaelic Staoinebrig Striegau see Strzegom Stoney Creek see Melfort Strigonium see Esztergom Stony Brook see Princeton Strokestown (village, north central Ireland) : Stony Hill see Ludlow Irish Béal na mBuillí Stromboli 198

Stromboli (island, Lipari Islands, Italy) : ancient officially Anglo-Egyptian Sudan (The English Greek Strongyle name, from the French, also applied to the Strongoli (village, southern Italy) : Roman Petelia much larger Sudan that extended across Africa Strongyle see Stromboli from the west coast to the mountains of Stronie ¡lRskie (town, southwestern Poland) : to Ethiopia.) 1945 German Seitenberg Sudanese Republic see Mali Stropkov (town, northeastern Slovakia) : to 1918 Sudauen see Suwaùki Sztropkó Sudest Island see Tagula Strumica (town, southeastern Macedonia) : to Sudostroy see Severodvinsk 1913 Turkish jstrumca Sudova Vyshnya (town, western Ukraine) : Stry see Stryy (Russian Sudovaya Vyshnya); to 1939 Polish Stryj see Stryy SRdowa Wisznia Stryy (town, western Ukraine) : (Russian Stry); Sudovaya Vyshnya see Sudova Vyshnya to 1939 Polish Stryj Suessa Aurunca see Sessa Aurunca Strzegom (city, southwestern Poland) : to 1945 Suessionae see Soissons German Striegau Suessula see Cancello Strzelce (town, southern Poland) : to 1945 Ger- Suez (city, northeastern Egypt) : [Arabic As man Gross-Strehlitz Suways] Strzelce Krajeüskie (town, western Poland) : to Sufetula see Sbeïtla 1945 German Friedeberg Suffolk (city, Virginia, eastern United States) : to Strzelin (town, southwestern Poland) : to 1945 1742 Constant’s Warehouse German Strehlen Sufikishlak see Akhunbabayev Strzelno (town, central Poland) : 1793–1807, Sug-Aksy (village, southern Russia) : formerly 1815–1919, 1939–1945 German Strelno Sut-Khol’ Stuart see Alice Springs ßuhut (village, west central Turkey) : ancient ¶tubnianske Teplice see Tu r Vianske Teplice Greek Synnada Stuchka see Aizkraukle Suid-Afrika see South Africa Stuhlweissenburg see Székesfehérvár Suisse see Switzerland Stuhm see Sztum Sukarnapura see Jayapura Stupino (city, western Russia) : c.1935–1938 Sukarno, Mt. see Jaya, Mt. Elektrovoz Sukhoivanivs’ke see Stepnohirs’k ¶túrovo (town, southern Slovakia) : to 1918, Sukhoivanovskoye see Stepnohirs’k 1938–1945 Hungarian Párkány Sukhum see Sokhumi Stutthof see Sztutowo Sukhumi see Sokhumi Styria see Steiermark Sukhum-Kale see Sokhumi Subiaco (town, central Italy) : Roman Subla- Sukkertoppen see Maniitsoq queum Sulawesi (island, eastern Indonesia) : to 1945 Sublaqueum see Subiaco Celebes (The earlier name remains current for Subotica (city, northern Serbia) : to 1918, 1941– the Celebes Sea, between Sulawesi and the 1944 Hungarian Szabadka; to 1867 German Philippines.) Maria-Theresiopel Sulden see Solda Suceava (city, northeastern Romania) : to 1918 Sulechów (town, western Poland) : to 1945 Ger- German Suczawa (The German name adopted man Züllichau its Polish form.) Suldcin (town, western Poland) : to 1945 Ger- Sucha Góra Orawska see Suchá Hora man Zielenzig Suchá Hora (town, northern Slovakia) : 1920– Sulików (town, southwestern Poland) : to 1945 1924, 1938–1939 Polish Sucha Góra Orawska; German Schönberg to 1918 Hungarian Szuchahora Sulimov see Cherkessk Suchan (town, northwestern Poland) : to 1945 Sulin see Krasny Sulin German Zachan Sully (village, southern Wales) : Welsh Sili (The Suchan see Partizansk village is now a suburb of Barry.) Suchansky Rudnik see Partizansk Sultanabad see ArIk Sucre (city, south central Bolivia) : to 1840 Sumba (island, southern Indonesia) : formerly Chuquisaca; originally La Plata Sandalwood Island Sudan (republic, northeastern Africa) : [Arabic Sumbe (town, western Angola) : 1975–1981 As S¨dIn]; formerly English Soudan; to 1956 Ngunza; to 1975 Novo Redondo 199 Svetlograd

Summerside (town, Prince Edward Island, east- from the future Romania, and the names with ern Canada) : originally Green’s Shore Romanian regele, “king,” are of Romanian ¶umperk (city, eastern Czech Republic) : to 1918, kings.) 1938–1945 German Mährisch-Schönberg Suvorovo (town, eastern Bulgaria) : to 1950 Nov- Sumter (city, South Carolina, southeastern gradets; earlier Kozludzha United States) : to 1856 Sumterville Suvorovo see (1) ßtefan VodQ; (2) Suvorove Sumterville see Sumter Suwaùki (city, northeastern Poland) : 1940–1945 Sunbury see 2Bangor German Sudauen; to 1918 Russian Suvalki Sunderland (village, Ontario, southeastern Suyetikha see Biryusinsk Canada) : to 1868 Brock Svalava see Svalyava Sunnyvale (city, California, western United Svalyava (town, western Ukraine) : 1944–1945 States) : to 1912 Encinal; originally Murphy’s Czech Svalava; 1939–1944 Hungarian Szolyva; Station 1919–1939 Czech Svalava; to 1918 Hungarian Suomenlinna (island fortress, southern Finland) Szolyva : to 1809 Swedish Sveaborg Svatove (town, eastern Ukraine) : (Russian Sva- Suomi see Finland tovo); 1825–1923 Novokaterynoslav (Russian Sur (town, southern Lebanon) : biblical Tyre Novoyekaterinoslav); earlier Svatova Luchka (This name, representing Arabic ®¨r, should Svatovo see Svatove not be confused with that of Sur, also Arabic Sveaborg see Suomenlinna ®¨r, eastern Oman.) ¶venVioncliai (town, eastern Lithuania) : (Rus- ®¨r see Sur sian Shvenchyonelyay); 1919–1939 Polish Nowe Surendranagar (town, western India) : to c.1950 ¡widciany Wadhwan ¶venVionys (town, eastern Lithuania) : (Russian Surinam (republic, northeastern South America) Shvenchyonis); 1919–1938 Polish ¡widciany; to : to 1975 Dutch Guiana 1918 Russian Sventsyany S¨rnyah see Syria Sventsyany see ¶venVionys Surrentum see Sorrento Sverdlova, imeni see Sverdlovs’k Sursk (town, western Russia) : to 1955 Nikol’sky Sverdlova, imeny see Sverdlovs’k Khutor Sverdlovo (village, southwestern Russia) : to 1941 Surskoye (town, west central Russia) : to c.1930 Ney-Val’ter (The earlier name of the village, in Promzino the former Volga German Autonomous Soviet Susa (ancient city, southwestern Iran) : biblical Socialist Republic, is a Russian transliteration Shushan of German Neu-Walter.) S¨sI see Sousse Sverdlovo see Sverdlovsky Su§ak (town, western Croatia) : 1941–1943 Ital- Sverdlovsk see (1) Sverdlovs’k; (2) Yekaterin- ian Borgonovo; to 1918 Hungarian Port Báros burg (From 1934 to 1941 Su§ak was a separate port Sverdlovs’k (city, eastern Ukraine) : (Russian belonging to Yugoslavia, the main port being Sverdlovsk); 1930s–1938 imeny Sverdlova (Rus- that of the Italian city of Fiume, now Rijeka, sian imeni Sverdlova); earlier Sharapkyne (Rus- with which it reunited in 1947.) sian Sharapkino); originally Dovzhykove- Susanino (town, western Russia) : to 1938 Mol- Orlovs’ke (Russian Dolzhikovo-Orlovskoye) vitino Sverdlovsky (town, western Russia) : to 1928 Suschitz see Su§ice Sverdlovo Susiana see Khuzestan Sverdlovsky Priisk see Is Su§ice (town, southwestern Czech Republic) : to Sverige see Sweden 1918, 1939–1945 German Suschitz Sveta Anastasiya (island, southeastern Bulgaria) : Susz (town, northeastern Poland) : to 1945 Ger- formerly Bolshevik man Rosenberg Sveti Djordje see Negotin Sut-Khol’ see Sug-Aks Sveti Konstantin (village, eastern Bulgaria) : for- Suvalki see Suwaùki merly Druzhba Suvorove (town, southern Ukraine) : (Russian Sveti Vrach see Sandanski Suvorovo); 1941–1944 Romanian Regele Mihai Svetlogorsk (town, western Russia) : to 1945 I; c.1930–1940 Romanian Regele Carol II; to German Rauschen c.1930 Ukrainian Shykyrlykytay (Russian Svetlogorsk see Svyetlahorsk Shikirlikitai; Romanian Sichirlichitai) (The Svetlograd (town, southwestern Russia) : to 1965 town was founded in 1815 by Bulgarian settlers Petrovskoye Svetlovodsk 200

Svetlovodsk see Svitlovods’k ¡wiebodzice (town, southwestern Poland) : to Svetloye see Svetly 1945 German Freiburg in Schlesien Svetly (town, western Russia) : 1945–1955 Svet- ¡wiebodzin (town, western Poland) : to 1945 loye; to 1945 German Kobbelbude German Schwiebus Svetogorsk (town, northwestern Russia) : 1918– ¡widciany see ¶venVionys 1948 Finnish Enso (The town passed from Fin- ¡wiecie (town, north central Poland) : land to the USSR in 1940 but retained its Fin- 1772–1919, 1939–1945 German Schwetz nish name until 1948.) ¡wieradów Zdrój (town, southwestern Poland) : Svetozarevo see Jagodina to 1945 German Bad Flinsberg Svidník (town, northeastern Slovakia) : to 1918 ¡wierczynowiec see SvrVinovec Hungarian Szvidnik ¡wierzawa (town, southwestern Poland) : to Svilengrad (town, southeastern Bulgaria) : to 1945 German Schönau 1913 Turkish Mustafapa£a Swindon (administrative district, southern En- Svishtov (town, northern Bulgaria) : to 1878 gland) : to 1997 Thamesdown (The present Turkish Zi£tov unitary authority was created from the former Svitavy (town, east central Czech Republic) : to district council of the town of Swindon.) 1918, 1938–1945 German Zwittau Swinemünde see ¡winouj¢cie Svitlovods’k (city, east central Ukraine) : (Rus- Swinford (town, western Ireland) : Irish Béal sian Svetlovodsk); 1962–1969 Kremhes (Russian Átha na Muice Kremges); 1961–1962 Khrushchov (Russian ¡winouj¢cie (town, northwestern Poland) : to Khrushchyov); formerly Novoheorhiyivs’ke (Rus- 1945 German Swinemünde sian Novogeorgiyevsk) (The town was flooded Switzerland (republic, west central Europe) : by the Kremenchug reservoir from 1954 to [French Suisse; German Schweiz; Italian 1960 and its residents moved to a new site near Svizzera]; Roman Helvetia the dam. Hence the name Kremhes, an abbre- Swords (town, eastern Ireland) : Irish Sord viation meaning “Kremenchug hydroelectric Sybaris see Sibari power plant.”) Syców (town, southwestern Poland) : to 1945 Svizzera see Switzerland German Gross-Wartenberg Svoboda (village, western Russia) : to 1945 Ger- Sydenham see Owen Sound man Janichen Sydenham Island see Nonouti Svoboda see Liski Sydney (city, New South Wales, southeastern Svobodny (city, southeastern Russia) : to 1924 Australia) : earlier Sydney Cove; originally Port Alekseyevsk Jackson (The original name remains for the sea SvrVinovec (town, northwestern Slovakia) : inlet now usually known as Sydney Harbour, 1938–1939 Polish ¡wierczynowiec which the city surrounds, while Sydney Cove, Svyatogorovsky Rudnik see Dobropillya as part of the harbor, still exists under the Svyatoy Krest see Budyonnovsk name Circular Quay.) Svyetlahorsk (town, southeastern Belarus) : Sydney Cove see Sydney (Russian Svetlogorsk); to 1961 Shatilki Sydney Island see Manra Swabia (region, southwestern Germany) : [Ger- Syedove (town, southeastern Ukraine) : (Russian man Schwaben] Sedovo); 1938–1955 imeny H.Ya. Syedova (Rus- Swansea (city, southern Wales) : Welsh Abertawe sian imeni G.Ya. Sedova); to 1938 Kryva Kosa Swaziland (kingdom, southeastern Africa) : lo- (Russian Krivaya Kosa) cally KaNgwane (The local name was that of Syene see Aswan a South African bantustan or “homeland” Syevernyy Rudnyk see Kirove for Swazi people that existed from 1977 to Syeverodonets’k (city, eastern Ukraine) : (Rus- 1994.) sian Severodonetsk); to 1958 Russian Leskhim- Sweden (kingdom, northwestern Europe) : stroy [Swedish Sverige] Syktyvkar (city, western Russia) : to 1930 Ust’- Sweetsburg (village, Quebec, southeastern Sysol’sk Canada) : formerly Churchville (The village Symnes Landing see 1Aylmer was annexed to Cowansville in 1964.) Synel’nykove (city, east central Ukraine) : (Rus- ¡widnica (city, southwestern Poland) : to 1945 sian Sinel’nikovo); mid–1930s imeny Tovarysha German Schweidnitz Katayevycha (Russian imeni Tovarishcha ¡widwin (town, northwestern Poland) : to 1945 Khatayevicha) German Schivelbein Synnada see ßuhut 201 Tacuarembó

Syn’ovyds’ko-Vyzhnye see Verkhnye Szenttamás see Srbobran Syn’ovydne Szepesófalu see Spi§ska Stara Ves Synowódsko-Wy∞nie see Verkhnye Szepesváralja see Spi§ské Podhradie Syn’ovydne Szepsi see Moldava nad Bodvou Syracusae see Syracuse Szilasbalhás see Mezâszilas Syracuse (city, southern Italy) : [Italian Siracusa]; Szinna see Snina Roman Syracusae (The English name of the Szklarska Pordba (town, southwestern Poland) : city stems from its fame as a Greek colony and to 1945 German Schreiberhau (The hamlets of its mention in the Bible as the port where Paul Szklarska Pordba Górna, Szklarska Pordba stayed three days during his journey to Rome.) Dolna, and Szklarska Pordba ¡rednia had the Syrdar’insky see Sirdaryo German names Ober-Schreiberhau, Nieder- Syrdar’ya (river, southern Kazakhstan) : ancient Schreiberhau, and Mittel-Schreiberhau, respec- Greek Jaxartes tively Upper, Lower, and Middle, but nearby Syrdar’ya see Sirdaryo Szklarska Pordba Huta, “Factory,” was Josephi- Syria (republic, southwestern Asia) : [Arabic nenhütte.) S¨rnyah; alternate Arabic Ash ShIm] (The al- Szlichtyngowa (town, western Poland) : to 1945 ternate Arabic name is the same as that for German Schlichtingsheim Damascus.) Szobránce see Sobrance Syria Palaestina see Palestine Szolyva see Svalyava Syrnovorossiysk see Sirdaryo Szombathely (city, western Hungary) : to 1867 Syuginsky see Mozhga German Steinamanger; Roman Sabaria Syvas’ke (town, southern Ukraine) : (Russian Szâny (village, northern Hungary) : Roman Sivashskoye); to 1935 Rizdvyans’ke (Russian Brigetio Rozhdestvenskoye) Szprotawa (town, southwestern Poland) : to Szabadka see Subotica 1945 German Sprottau Szakolca see Skalica Sztálinváros see Dunaújváros Szamosújvár see Gherla Sztropkó see Stropkov Szamotuùy (town, western Poland) : 1793–1807, Sztum (town, northern Poland) : 1793–1945 1815–1919, 1939–1945 German Samter German Stuhm Szászsebes see Sebe£ Sztutowo (village, northern Poland) : 1793–1945 Szászrégen see Reghin German Stutthof Szatmárnémeti see Satu Mare Szubin (town, west central Poland) : 1793–1807, Szczawno Zdrój (town, southwestern Poland) : 1815–1919, 1939–1945 German Schubin to 1945 German Bad Salzbrunn Szuchahora see Suchá Hora Szczecin (city, northwestern Poland) : to 1945 Szumbark ¡lRski see Haví†ov German Stettin Szvidnik see Svidník Szczecinek (town, northwestern Poland) : to Taal, Lake (north central Philippines) : formerly 1945 German Neustettin Lake Bombon Szczuczyn (town, northeastern Poland) : Tabaiana see Itabaiana 1939–1941 Belarussian Shchuchyn; to 1918 Rus- Table Cape see Wynyard sian Shchuchin Tabor see Tábor Szczuczyn Nowogródski see Shchuchyn Tábor (city, south central Czech Republic) : to Szczytna (town, southwestern Poland) : to 1945 1918, 1939–1945 German Tabor German Rückers Tabuaeran (island, northeastern Kiribati) : to Szczytno (town, northeastern Poland) : to 1945 1979 Fanning Island German Ortelsburg Tacape see Gabès Szeged (city, southern Hungary) : to 1867 Ger- Tacarigua see Valencia, Lake man Szegedin Tachov (town, western Czech Republic) : to Szegedin see Szeged 1918, 1939–1945 German Tachow Székelyudvarhely see Odorheiu Secuiesc Tachow see Tachov Székesfehérvár (city, west central Hungary) : to Tacoma (city, Washington, northwestern United 1867 German Stuhlweissenburg; Medieval Latin States) : originally Commencement City Alba Regalis Tacoma, Mt. see Rainier, Mt. Szenic see Senica T’aVovo see Tyachiv Szentgotthárd (town, western Hungary) : to Tacuarembó (city, north central Uruguay) : for- 1867 German Sankt Gotthard merly Spanish San Fructuoso Tacurupucú 202

Tacurupucú see Hernandarias Taloyoak (village, Nunavut, northern Canada) : Tadcaster (town, northern England) : Roman to 1999 Spence Bay Calcaria Talpetate see San Antonio de Cortés Tadmor see Palmyra Talsen see Talsi Tadmur (city, south central Syria) : ancient Talsi (town, northwestern Latvia) : to 1918 Ger- Greek and Roman Palmyra; biblical Tadmor man Talsen (The Greek name is thought to have evolved Talybont-on-Usk (village, east central Wales) : from the biblical one.) Welsh Tal-y-Bont ar Wysg (The additions to Taehan see Korea the name were made in c.1960 to distinguish Tafahi (island, northern Tonga) : formerly this Tal-y-Bont from the many others.) Boscawen Island Talyllychau see Talley Taff ’s Well (village, southern Wales) : Welsh Tamalameque see El Banco Ffynnon Taf Taman Negara National Park (northwestern Tagdempt see Tiaret Malaysia) : to 1957 King George V National Tagula (island, southeastern Papua New Guinea) Park : formerly Sudest Island Tamanrasset (town, southern Algeria) : to c.1962 Tagus (river, central Spain and Portugal) : [Span- French Fort-Laperrine ish Tajo; Portuguese Tejo] (English speakers Tamar (river, southwestern England) : Roman generally know the river by its Roman name.) Tamarus (The modern and Roman names of Taiei see Ugol’ny the river are directly related to those of the Taihape (town, north central New Zealand) : 1Thames.) formerly Otaihape (The name dropped the Tamarus see Tamar original Maori prefix o meaning “place of.”) Tamatave see Toamasina Taihei see Udarny Tamesis see 1Thames Tairbeart see Tarbert Tamil Nadu (state, southeastern India) : to 1969 Taiwan (island state, western Pacific) : formerly Madras Portuguese Formosa Tamise see Temse Tajikabad see Tojikobod Tammerfors see Tampere Taiyuan (city, northeastern China) : formerly Tampere (city, southwestern Finland) : to 1809 Yangku Swedish Tammerfors Tajo see Tagus Tanais see (1) Don; (2) Nedvigovka Tak (town, western Thailand) : locally Rahaeng Tananarive see Antananarivo Takhtamukay (village, southwestern Russia) : Tanatis see Thanet, Isle of formerly Oktyabr’sky; to 1938 Khakurate Tangar see Huangyuan Talacharn see Laugharne Tangará (town, southern Brazil) : to 1944 Rio Talas (city, northwestern Kyrgyzstan) : to 1937 Bonito Russian Dmitriyevskoye Tangier (city, northern Morocco) : formerly (and Talavera de la Reina (city, central Spain) : still alternate) English Tangiers; Roman Tingis Roman Caesarobriga Tangiers see Tangier Taldom (town, western Russia) : 1921–1929 Tanis (ancient city, northern Egypt) : biblical Leninsk Zoan Taldykorgan (city, southeastern Kazakhstan) : Tannenberg see Stdbark (Russian Taldy-Kurgan); to 1920 Gavrilovka Tanner’s Crossing see Minnedosa Taldy-Kurgan see Taldykorgan Tannu-Tuva see Tyva Talin (town, western Armenia) : to 1978 Verin- Taobh Tuath see Northton Talin Taormina (town, southern Italy) : Roman Tau- Talitsa (town, west central Russia) : to c.1928 romenium Talitsky Zavod Tapajós see 2Santarém Talitsky Zavod see Talitsa Taperoá (town, northeastern Brazil) : 1944–1948 Tälje see Södertälje Portuguese Batalhão Talley (village, southwestern Wales) : Welsh Tapiau see Gvardeysk Talyllychau Tapolyvarannó see Vranov nad Topl’ou Tallin see Tallinn Taprobane see Sri Lanka Tallinn (city, northern Estonia) : (Russian Taquari see Taquarituba Tallin); 1941–1944 German Reval; to 1918 Rus- Taquarituba (town, southeastern Brazil) : to sian Revel’ 1944 Taquari 203 Tczew

©arIbulus al-Gharb see 2Tripoli Tarvisio (town, northeastern Italy) : to 1918 Ger- ©arIbulus ash-ShIm see 1Tripoli man Tarvis Taranaki see Egmont, Mt. Tarvisium see Treviso Taranovskoye (town, northern Kazakhstan) : Tashauz see Da£oguz formerly Viktorovka Tashino see Pervomaysk Taranto (city, southern Italy) : Roman Tarentum Tashir (town, northwestern Armenia) : formerly Tarauacá (town, western Brazil) : to 1944 Seabra Kalinino; to 1935 Vorontsovka Taraz (city, southeastern Kazakhstan) : 1991–1997 Tashkent (city, eastern Uzbekistan) : [Uzbek Zhambyl; 1938–1991 Russian Dzhambul; 1936– Toshkent] 1938 Mirzoyan; 1856–1936 Aulie-Ata Tasiujaq (village, Quebec, eastern Canada) : for- Tarbert (village, Western Isles, northwestern merly Leaf Bay Scotland) : Gaelic Tairbeart Ta£lica see Pljevlja Tarentum see Taranto Tasmania (island state, southeastern Australia) : Tarfaya (town, southwestern Morocco) : 1950– to 1856 Van Diemen’s Land 1958 Villa Bens or Cabo Yubi; earlier Port Vic- Tata (town, northern Hungary) : to 1867 Ger- toria man Totis Târgu Mure£ (city, north central Romania) : to Tatarpazarcik see Pazardzhik 1918, 1940–1944 Hungarian Marosvásárhely Tatar-Pazardzhik see Pazardzhik Tarifa (town, southern Spain) : Roman Julia Tátrafüred see Stary Smokovec Joza; alternate Roman Julia Traducta Tátra-Lomnic see Tatranská Lomnica Tarija (city, southern Bolivia) : originally San Tatra-Lomnitz see Tatranská Lomnica Bernardo de la Frontera de Tarija Tatranská Lomnica (village, northern Slovakia) : Tarmilate see Oulmès to 1918 Hungarian Tátra-Lomnic; to 1867 Ger- TârnQveni (town, central Romania) : to 1930 man Tatra-Lomnitz Diciosânmartin (The earlier name transliterates Tatsienlu see Kangding Hungarian Dicsâszentmárton, “St. Martin the Tauragc (town, western Lithuania) : to 1918 Rus- Glorious,” meaning Martin of Tours, born in sian Tavrogi; to 1793 German Tauroggen Hungary.) Taurasia see Turin Tarnopil’ see Ternopil’ Taurida see Crimea Tarnopol see Ternopil’ Tauroggen see Tauragc Tarnopol’ see Ternopil’ Tauromenium see Taormina TQrnovo see Veliko TQrnovo Taus see Doma±lice Tarnow see Tarnów Tavastehus see Hämeenlinna Tarnów (city, southern Poland) : 1940–1945 Ger- Tavau see Davos man Tarnow Tavrida see Crimea Tarnowitz see Tarnowskie Góry Tavrogi see Tauragc Tarnowskie Góry (town, southern Poland) : to Tavus see Tay 1921, 1939–1945 German Tarnowitz Tay (river, central Scotland) : Roman Tavus Tarquinia (town, central Italy) : to 1922 Corneto; Tayabas see Quezon Roman Tarquinii (The town’s present name is Tayncha see Tayynsha a deliberate revival of the Roman one.) Tayynsha (town, northern Kazakhstan) : (Rus- Tarquinii see Tarquinia sian Tayncha); formerly Russian Krasnoarmeysk Tarracina see Terracina Taza-Bazar see Shumanay Tarraco see Tarragona Taza-Kala see Gubadag Tarragona (city, northeastern Spain) : Roman Tazoult-Lambèse (town, northeastern Algeria) : Tarraco Roman Lambaesis Tarrant see Arun Tazovskoye see Tazovsky Tarta (town, western Turkmenistan) : formerly Tazovsky (town, northern Russia) : formerly Kianly Tazovskoye; earlier Khal’mer-Sede Tärtär (town, central Azerbaijan) : formerly Mir- T’bilisi (city, east central Georgia) : to 1936 Tiflis Bashir; to 1949 Terter Tbilisskaya (village, southwestern Russia) : to Tartu (city, eastern Estonia) : 1893–1918 Russian 1936 Tiflisskaya Yur’yev; 1224–1893 German Dorpat; 1030– Tchikala-Tcholohanga (town, central Angola) : 1224 Russian Yur’yev formerly Portuguese Vila Nova Tarvedunum see Dunnet Head Tczew (town, north central Poland) : 1772–1919, Tarvis see Tarvisio 1949–1945 German Dirschau Teano 204

Teano (town, southern Italy) : Roman Teanum Templeton (village, southwestern Wales) : Welsh Sidicinum Tredeml Teanum Apulum see San Paolo di Civitate Temse (town, northern Belgium) : French Tamise Teanum Sidicinum see Teano Tenby (town, southwestern Wales) : Welsh Teate see Chieti Dinbych-y-pysgod Tébessa (town, eastern Algeria) : Roman Theveste Tenda see Tende Tecsâ see Tyachiv Tende (village, southeastern France) : to 1947 Teesville see Waynesboro Italian Tenda Teet’lit Zhen see Fort McPherson Tenedos see Bozcaada Teggiano (town, southern Italy) : Roman Tegia- Tenevo (village, southeastern Bulgaria) : 1934– num 1950 Ter vel; to 1934 Pandaklii Tegianum see Teggiano Ten Eyck see Dearborn Tegucigalpa see Francisco Morazán Tenge (town, southwestern Kazakhstan) : to 1977 Teheran see Tehran Uzen Tehran (city, northern Iran) : alternate Teheran Tengi-Kharam see Dehqonobod Te Ika a Maui see North Island Teniente Bullaín (town, western Bolivia) : to Teixeira Pinto see Canchungo early 1940s Dalence Tejo see Tagus Tenochtitlán see Mexico City Tejuco see Diamantina Tent Town see Douglas Tekirda˘g (city, northwestern Turkey) : to 1923 Tentyra see Dendera Rodosto; ancient Greek Bisanthe Tepelenë (town, southern Albania) : 1919–1921 Tel Aviv-Jafo see Jaffa modern Greek Tepelenion Telford (town, western England) : to 1968 Daw- Tepelenion see Tepelenë ley Tepl see Teplá Telford and Wrekin (administrative district, Teplá (town, western Czech Republic) : to 1918, western England) : to 1998 The Wrekin 1938–1945 German Tepl Tell el-Farama (village, northeastern Egypt) : Teplice (city, northwestern Czech Republic) : Roman Pelusium; biblical Sin formerly Teplice-¶anov; to 1918, 1938–1945 Tell es Sultan see Jericho German Teplitz-Schönau Tel’manove (town, southeastern Ukraine) : (Rus- Teplice nad Metují (town, northeastern Czech sian Tel’manovo); to 1935 Ostheym (Russian Republic) : to 1918, 1939–1945 German Ostgeym) (The earlier name represents German Wekelsdorf Ostheim.) Teplice-¶anov see Teplice Tel’mansk see Gubadag Teplitz-Schönau see Teplice Tel’novsky (town, eastern Russia) : 1905–1945 Teplogorsk see Teplohirs’k Japanese Kita-kozawa Teplohirs’k (town, eastern Ukraine) : (Russian Telo Martius see Toulon Teplogorsk); to 1977 Irmine (Russian Irmino); Tel’shi see Tel§iai formerly Irmins’kyy Rudnyk (Russian Irminsky Tel’shyay see Tel§iai Rudnik) Tel§iai (city, northwestern Lithuania) : (Russian Teploozyorsk (town, southeastern Russia) : for- Tel’shyay); to 1918 Russian Tel’shi merly Tyoploye Ozero Telukbayur (town, western Indonesia) : formerly Te Punga a Maui see Stewart Island Emmahaven Teraina (island, northeastern Kiribati) : to 1979 Tembershchina see Uzyn Washington Island Tembershchyna see Uzyn Teramo (city, central Italy) : Roman Interam- Temeschwar-Josephstadt see Timi£oara nium Temesmóra see Stamora Moravi´a Terebovlya (town, western Ukraine) : to 1939 Temesvár see Timi£oara Polish Trembowla Temir-Khan-Shura see Buynaksk Terekty (town, eastern Kazakhstan) : formerly Temirtau (city, east central Kazakhstan) : to 1945 Russian Alekseyevka Russian Samarkandsky Tere zín (town, northern Czech Republic) : to Tempe (city, Arizona, southwestern United 1918, 1939–1945 German Theresienstadt States) : to 1880 Hayden’s Ferry Tergeste see Trieste Tempelburg see Czaplinek Terijoki see Zelenogorsk Templemore (town, south central Ireland) : Irish Termini Imerese (town, southern Italy) : Roman An Teampall Mór Thermae Himerenses 205 Thorn

Terminus see (1) Atlanta; (2) Dillon Thamugadi see Timgad Termonde see Dendermonde Thanet, Isle of (peninsula, southeastern En- Terni (city, central Italy) : Roman Interamna gland) : Roman Tanatis (The peninsula was at Nahars one time a proper island.) Ternopil’ (city, western Ukraine) : (Russian Thatcher see River Forest Ternopol’); to 1938 Polish Tarnopol; 1918–1919 The Aqueduct see Welland Ukrainian Tarnopil’; 1914–1917 Russian Thebacha see Fort Smith Tarnopol’ (The earlier Russian name is associ- Thebae see Thebes ated with the 1917 Austro-German victory Theben see 2Devín over the Russians here during World War I.) The Bend see Moncton Ternopol’ see Ternopil’ Thebes (historic city, northern Egypt) : [Arabic Ternovsk see Novokashirsk ©nbah]; Roman Thebae; ancient Greek Diospo- Ternovskoye see Trunovskoye lis; biblical No; ancient Egyptian Waset Ternovsky see Novokashirsk The Camp see Maitland Terracina (town, western Italy) : Roman Tarra- The Corners see (1) Clinton; (2) Walnut Creek cina The Crushers see Katoomba Terranova di Sicilia see Gela Thedford (village, Ontario, southeastern Terranova Pausania see Olbia Canada) : to 1859 Widder Station Terter see Tärtär The Falls see 1Trenton Ter vel (town, northeastern Bulgaria) : 1913–1940 The Ferry see 3Windsor Romanian Curt-Bunar; to 1878 Turkish Kurt- The Forks see Wallaceburg bunar The Grove see Glenview Ter vel see Tenevo The Gulf see Persian Gulf Teschen see (1) Teskï Tfi§ín; (2) Cieszyn The Hague see Hague, The Tessin see Ticino The Lizard see Lizard, The Tessville see Lincolnwood The Neck see Portland Teterboro (village, New Jersey, northeastern Thenia (town, northern Algeria) : to c.1962 United States) : to 1943 Bendix French Ménerville Tetiyev see Tetiyiv Theodosia see Feodosiya Tetiyiv (town, central Ukraine) : (Russian Thera (island, southeastern Greece) : alternate Tetiyev); formerly Snegurovka Santorini Tetovo (city, northwestern Macedonia) : to 1913 The Rapids see Sarnia Turkish Kalkandelen Theresienstadt see Tere zín Tetri-Tskaro (town, southern Georgia) : to Therma see Eagle Nest c.1945 Agbulakh Thermae Himerenses see Termini Imerese Tetschen see DfiVín Theronsville see Pofadder Tetyukhe see Dal’negorsk Thessalonica see Salonika Tetyukhe-Pristan’ see Rudnaya Pristan’ Thessaloniki see Salonika Teuchezhsk see Adygeysk The Swamp see Toowoomba Tevere see Tiber Thetford Mines (town, Quebec, southeastern Tevis Bluff see Beaumont Canada) : formerly Kingsville Te Waka a Maui see South Island Theunissen (town, central South Africa) : for- Tezebazar (town, northern Turkmenistan) : for- merly Smaldeel merly Russian Andreyevsk Theveste see Tébessa Thailand (kingdom, southeastern Asia) : to The Wrekin see Telford and Wrekin 1939, 1945–1948 Siam Thiersville see Ghriss 1Thames (river, southern England) : Roman Thionville (town, northeastern France) : 1870– Tamesis (The latter part of the Roman name 1919 German Diedenhofen gave Isis as an alternate name for the Thames Thomastown (town, southeastern Ireland) : Irish in its course through Oxford.) Baile Mhic Andáin 2Thames (river, Ontario, southeastern Canada) : Thompson see Rossland to 1792 La Tranche Thompsonville see Sioux City Thames see Waihou Thomson’s Falls see Nyahururu Thamesdown see Swindon Thorburn (village, Nova Scotia, eastern Canada) Thamesford (village, Ontario, southeastern : to 1886 Vale Colliery Canada) : formerly St. Andrews Thorn see Tor uü Thorn Grove 206

Thorn Grove see Chicago Heights Tigranocerta see Silvan Thornloe see New Liskeard Tigris (river, southeastern Turkey/northern Iraq) Thoune see Thun : [Arabic Ad Dijla]; biblical Hiddekel Thourout see Torhout Tikhon’kaya see Birobidzhan Three Forks see Pullman Tikhonovka see Pozharskoye Three Partners’ Mill see 1Lakewood Tikhono-Zadonsky see 2Kropotkin Three Rivers see Trois-Rivières Tikirarjuaq see Whale Cove Thun (town, west central Switzerland) : French Tilbury (town, Ontario, southeastern Canada) : Thoune to 1895 Tilbury Centre Thunder Bay (city, Ontario, southern Canada) : Tilbury Centre see Tilbury alternate Lakehead (The city was created in Tiligulo-Berezanka see Berezanka 1970 on the amalgamation of the twin cities of Tilsit see 1Sovetsk Fort William and Port Arthur and adjacent Tiltonsville (village, Ohio, north central United townships. Lakehead is properly the area States) : to 1930 Grover around the bay that gave the city’s name.) Timashyovsk (town, southwestern Russia) : to Thurgau (canton, northeastern Switzerland) : 1966 Timashyovskaya French Thurgovie Timashyovskaya see Timashyovsk Thurgovie see Thurgau Timbiras (town, northeastern Brazil) : to 1944 Thurii see Sibari Monte Alegre Thüringen see Thuringia Timbuctoo see Timbuktu Thuringia (region, southern Germany) : [Ger- Timbuktu (city, central Mali) : alternate French man Thüringen] Tombouctou; traditional English Timbuctoo Thurles (town, south central Ireland) : Irish (The traditional form entered the English lan- Durlas guage as a generic name for a remote place.) Thyatira see Akhisar Timgad (town, northeastern Algeria) : Roman Thysdrus see El Djem Thamugadi Thysville see Mbanza-Ngungu Timiryazevo (village, western Russia) : to 1945 Tiaret (city, northern Algeria) : formerly Tagdempt German Neukirch ©nbah see Thebes Timiryazevsky (town, southern Russia) : to 1940 Tiber (river, central Italy) : [Italian Tevere]; Novaya Eushta Roman Tiberis Timi£oara (city, western Romania) : to 1918 Tiberias, Sea of see Galilee, Sea of Hungarian Temesvár; to 1867 German Tiberis see Tiber Temeschwar-Josephstadt Tibet (autonomous region, southwestern China) Timon (city, northeastern Brazil) : to 1944 Flores : [Tibetan Bod; Chinese Xizang] Timor Timur see East Timor Tibur see Tivoli Tinea see Tyne Ticino (canton, southern Switzerland) : French Tingis see Tangier Tessin Tingvalla see Karlstad Ticinum see Pavia Tintern (village, southeastern Wales) : Welsh Ticonderoga (village, New York, northeastern Tyndyrn United States) : to 1759 Fort Carillon Tiobraid Árann see Tipperary Tiegenhof see Nowy Dwór Gdaüski Tipp City (town, Ohio, north central United Tienen (town, central Belgium) : French Tir- States) : formerly Tippecanoe City lemont Tippecanoe City see Tipp City Tierra de O’Higgins see Antarctic Peninsula Tipperary (town, south central Ireland) : Irish Tiflis see T’bilisi Tiobraid Árann Tiflisskaya see Tbilisskaya Tiptona see 1Columbus Tigh a Ghearraidh see Tigharry Tirana see Tiranë Tigharry (village, Western Isles, northwestern Tiranë (city, central Albania) : alternate Tirana Scotland) : Gaelic Tigh a Ghearraidh Tqrhala see Trikala Tighenif (town, northwestern Algeria) : formerly Tirlemont see Tienen Palikao Tqrnova see (1) Malko TQrnovo; (2) Veliko Tighina (city, southeastern Moldova) : 1940– TQrnovo 1991 Russian Bendery; 1919–1940 Romanian Tirol see Tyrol Tighina; 1538–1918 Russian Bendery (The al- Tirolo see Tyrol ternate form Bender was also current.) Tirschtiegel see Tr z c i e l 207 Tongking

Tiruchchirappalli (city, southern India) : for- merly Muztor; 1940–1944 Toktogul; to 1940 merly (and still also alternate) Trichinopoly Akchi-Karasu Tischnowitz see Ti§nov Tokyo (city, east central Japan) : to 1868 Edo Ti§nov (town, southeastern Czech Republic) : to Tôlanaro (town, southeastern Madagascar) : for- 1918, 1939–1945 German Tischnowitz merly French Fort-Dauphin Tisovec (town, south central Slovakia) : to 1918 Tolbiacum see Zülpich Hungarian Tiszolc Tolbukhin see Dobrich Tissemsilt (town, northern Algeria) : to c.1962 Tole Bi (village, southeastern Kazakhstan) : for- French Vialar merly Russian Novotroitskoye Tiszaszederkény see Tiszaújváros Toledo (city, central Spain) : Roman Toletum Tiszaújváros (town, northeastern Hungary); Tolentino (town, central Italy) : Roman Tolenti- 1970–1990 Lenínváros; to 1970 Tiszaszeder- num kény Tolentinum see Tolentino Tiszolc see Tisovec Toletum see Toledo Titicut see Bridgewater Toliary (town, southwestern Madagascar) : to Titograd see Podgorica 1978 Tuléar Titova Korenica (village, western Croatia) : to Tolkemit see Tolkmicko c.1945 Korenica Tolkmicko (town, northern Poland) : 1772–1945 Titova Mitrovica see Kosovska Mitrovica German Tolkemit Titovo U±ice see U±ice Tolmeta (town, northeastern Libya) : ancient Titovo Velenje see Velenje Greek Ptolemaïs Titov Veles see Veles Tolosa see Toulouse Titov Vrbas see Vrbas Tolstoye see Tovste Titusville (city, Florida, southeastern United Tol’yatti (city, western Russia) : to 1964 Stav- States) : to 1874 Sand Point ropol’ (The city, named for the Italian Com- Tivoli (city, central Italy) : Roman Tibur munist politician Palmiro Togliatti, became Tlaxiaco (town, southeastern Mexico) : alternate known to Italians as Togliattigrad, translating formal Heroica Ciudad de Tlaxiaco; formerly Russian gorod Tol’yatti, “city of Tol’yatti,” fol- Santa María Asunción Tlaxiaco lowing construction of the Italian-backed Tùuste see Tovste FIAT automobile manufacturing plant here, Tmolus see Boz Da˘g the largest in Russia.) Toamasina (city, eastern Madagascar) : formerly Tomanivi (mountain, western Fiji) : formerly French Tamatave Mt. Victoria Tobias Barreto (city, northeastern Brazil) : to Tomari (town, eastern Russia) : 1905–1945 Japa- 1944 Campos nese Tomarioru Toblach see Dobbiaco Tomari see Golovnino Tobruk (city, northern Libya) : ancient Greek Tomarikishi see Vakhrushev Antipyrgos Tomarioru see Tomari Tocantinópolis (city, north central Brazil) : to Tombiacum see Zülpich 1944 Boa Vista Tombouctou see Timbuktu Tocqueville see Ras el Oued Tombua (town, southwestern Angola) : formerly Todi (town, central Italy) : Roman Tuder Portuguese Porto Alexandre Todor Ikonomovo (village, northeastern Bul- Tomesha see Death Valley garia) : to 1934 Makhmuzlii Tomi see Constan´a Todos Santos see 1Concord Tomislavgrad (town, southwestern Bosnia- Togliattigrad see Tol’yatti Herzegovina) : 1945–1991 Duvno Tojikobod (town, central Tajikistan) : (Russian Tønder (town, southwestern Denmark) : 1864– Tajikabad); to 1949 Kalay-Lyabiob 1920 German Tondern Tokarivka see 2Pershotravens’k Tondern see Tønder Tokaryovka see 2Pershotravens’k Tonekabon (town, northern Iran) : to 1980 Tokelau (island group, central Pacific) : Shahsavar 1919–1946 Union Islands Tonga (island kingdom, southwestern Pacific) : Töketerebes see Trebi§ov formerly Friendly Islands Tokmak (city, southeastern Ukraine) : to 1962 Tongeren (town, northeastern Belgium) : French Velykyy Tokmak (Russian Bol’shoy Tokmak) Tongres Toktogul (town, west central Kyrgyzstan) : for- Tongking see Hanoi Tongres 208

Tongres see Tongeren Tours (city, west central France) : Roman Caesar- Tongzhou see Nantong odunum Tonkin see Hanoi Tovarishcha Khatayevicha, imeni see Synel’- Tonquin see Hanoi nykove Toowoomba (city, Queensland, eastern Aus- Tovarkovo see Tovarkovsky tralia) : originally The Swamp Tovarkovsky (town, western Russia) : 1932–1957 Topol’Vany (city, western Slovakia) : to 1918 Kaganovich; to 1932 Tovarkovo Hungarian Nagytapolcsány Tovarysha Katayevycha, imeny see Synel’ny- Topolovgrad (town, southeastern Bulgaria) : to kove 1934 Kavaklii; to 1878 Turkish Kavaklq Tovste (town, western Ukraine) : (Russian Tol- Topolya see BaVka Topola stoye); to 1939 Polish Tùuste Topornino see Kushnarenkovo Towcester (town, south central England) : Torda see Tu rd a Roman Lactodurum Torez (city, southeastern Ukraine) : 1870s–1964 Town of Kansas see 1Kansas City Chystyakove (Russian Chistyakovo); 1840–1870s Towyn see Tywyn Oleksiyeve-Leonove (Russian Alekseyevo- Toyohara see Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk Leonovo); earlier Oleksiyivka (Russian Alek- Toyota (city, central Japan) : to 1938 Koromo seyevka) Trabzon (city, northeastern Turkey) : formerly Torgovaya see Sal’sk Trebizond; ancient Greek Trapezus (The former Torhout (town, western Belgium) : French name is historically valid for the Greek empire, Thourout with the city as its capital, that existed from Torino see Turin 1204 to 1461.) Torlak see Tsar Kaloyan Tracadigetche see Carleton Tornal’a (town, southern Slovakia) : 1949–1990 Trachenberg see Õmigród ¶afárikovo; to 1918, 1938–1945 Hungarian Tor- Tragurium see Trogir nalja Trail (town, British Columbia, southwestern Tornalja see Tornal’a Canada) : to 1897 Trail Creek Torneå see Tornio Trail Creek see Trail Tornio (town, western Finland) : to 1809 Trajani Portus see Civitavecchia Swedish Torneå Trajan Way see Via Toro see Shakhtyorsk Trajectum ad Mosam see Maastricht Toronto (city, Ontario, southeastern Canada) : Trajectum ad Rhenum see Utrecht 1793–1834 York (The earlier name remains Trakai (town, southeastern Lithuania) : (Russian represented in the metropolitan borough of Trakay); to 1918 Russian Troki York.) Trakay see Trakai Torrington (city, Connecticut, northeastern Tralee (town, southwestern Ireland) : Irish Trá Lí United States) : to 1732 New Orleans Village Trá Lí see Tralee To’rtko’l (town, western Uzbekistan) : (Russian Transcarpathian Oblast (administrative region, Turtkul’); to c.1920 Russian Petroaleksandrovsk western Ukraine) : (Russian Zakarpatskaya Tor tona (town, northwestern Italy) : Roman Oblast’); [Ukrainian Zakarpats’ka Oblast’]; for- Dertona merly Ruthenia Tor uü (city, northern Poland) : 1793–1807, 1815– Transilvania see Transylvania 1919, 1939–1945 German Thorn Transjordan see Jordan Toscana see Tuscany Transvaal (region, northeastern South Africa) : Toscanella see Tuscania 1857–1877, 1884–1902 South African Republic Toshkent see Tashkent (The former name should not be confused Totis see Tata with that of the present Republic of South Tótmegyer see Palárikovo Africa.) Toul (town, northeastern France) : Roman Tu l - Transylvania (region, western and central Roma- lum nia) : [Romanian Transilvania]; 1867–1918 Toulon (city, southeastern France) : Roman Telo Hungarian Erdély; earlier German Siebenbür- Martius gen Toulouse (city, southern France) : Roman Tolosa Trapani (city, southern Italy) : Roman Drepanum Tourane see Da Nang Trapezus see Trabzon Tournai (city, southwestern Belgium) : Flemish Trau see Trogir Doornik; Roman Turnacum Traù see Trogir 209 Tripoli

Trautenau see Trutnov 2Trenton (city, Michigan, northern United Trbovlje (town, central Slovenia) : to 1918, 1941– States) : 1837–1847 Truago; to 1837 Truaxton 1945 German Trifail 3Trenton (town, Ontario, southeastern Canada) : Treamlod see Ambleston formerly Trent Town; originally Trent Port T†ebechovice pod Orebem (town, east central Trent Port see 3Trenton Czech Republic) : to 1918, 1939–1945 German Trentschin see Tre n Vín Hohenbruck Trentschiner Bad see Tre n Wianske Teplice Treberfedd see Middletown Trent Town see 3Trenton T†ebíV (town, southern Czech Republic) : to Treptow see Altentreptow 1918, 1939–1945 German Trebitsch Treptow an der Rega see Trzebiatów Trebi§ov (city, southeastern Slovakia) : to 1918 Três Rios (city, southeastern Brazil) : to 1943 Hungarian Töketerebes Entre Rios Trebitsch see T†ebíV Tres Tabernae see Saverne Trebizond see Trabzon Tresimwn see Bonvilston Trebnitz see Trzebnica III Internatsionala, imeni see Novoshakhtinsk T†eboû (town, southern Czech Republic) : to Treuburg see Olecko 1918, 1939–1945 German Wittingau Treurfontein see Coligny Trecelyn see Newbridge Tre v e s see Tr i e r Tredegar Newydd see New Tredegar Trèves see Tr i e r Tredelerch see Rumney Treviso (city, northeastern Italy) : Roman Tar vi- Tredeml see Templeton sium Trefaldwyn see Montgomery Trewyddel see Moylgrove Trefdraeth see 2Newport Trichinopoly see Tiruchchirappalli Treffynnon see Holywell Tridentum see Trento Trefonnen see Nash Trient see Trento Treforgan see Morganstown Tr i e r (city, western Germany) : 1801–1815 French Treforys see Morriston Trèves; formerly English Tre ve s ; Roman Au- Trefyclo see Knighton gusta Treverorum Trefynwy see Monmouth Triest see Trieste Tregatwg see Cadoxton Trieste (city, northeastern Italy) : to 1919 German Tre-groes see 3Whitchurch Triest; Roman Tergeste Tre - gwyr ˆ see Gowerton Trifail see Trbovlje Treletert see Letterston Trigo de Morais see Chókwé Trembowla see Terebovlya Trikala (town, northern Greece) : to 1881 Tu rk - Tremedal see Monte Azul ish Tqrhala Tremessen see Trzemeszno Trikora (mountain, western Indonesia) : to 1963 Tre n Wianske Teplice (town, western Slovakia) : Wilhelmina Top to 1918 Hungarian Trencsén-Teplic; to 1867 Trim (town, eastern Ireland) : Irish Baile Átha German Trentschiner Bad Troim Tre n Vín (town, western Slovakia) : to 1918 Hun- Trimontium see (1) Newstead; (2) Plovdiv garian Trencsén; to 1867 German Trentschin Trinchera de los Paraguayos see Posadas Trencsén see Tre n Vín Trinchera de San José see Posadas Trencsén-Teplic see Tre n Wianske Teplice T†inec (town, eastern Czech Republic) : 1939– Trent (river, east central England) : Roman 1945 German Trzynietz; 1918–1919, 1938–1939 Trisantona Polish Trzyniec; to 1918 German Trzynietz Trent see Trento 1Tripoli (city, northwestern Lebanon) : [Arabic Trentino-Alto Adige (region, northeastern Italy) ©arIbulus ash-ShIm]; ancient Greek Tripolis. : 1919–1947 Venezia Tridentina (The Greek name was that of the capital of a Trento (city, northern Italy) : to 1918 German federation of three cities: Sidon [now Saida], Trient; formerly English Trent; Roman Triden- Tyre [now Sur], and Aradus [now Arwad]. The tum (The English name is historically pre- Arabic name, meaning “northern Tripoli,” dis- served for the Council of Trent, the ecumeni- tinguishes the city from 2Tripoli.) cal council of the Roman Catholic church, 2Tripoli (city, northwestern Libya) : [Arabic which met here in the 16th century.) ©arIbulus al-Gharb]; ancient Greek Tripolis. 1Trenton (city, New Jersey, northeastern United (The Greek name was originally that of a fed- States) : to 1721 The Falls eration of three cities: Leptis Magna (now Lab- Tripolis 210

dah), Sabrata, and Oea, which last alone sur- Trujillo see 1San Cristóbal vived into medieval times and became iden- Trujillo, Monte see Duarte, Pico tified with the present city. The Arabic name, Trujillo Bajo see Carolina meaning “western Tripoli,” distinguishes the Trujillo Valdéz see Peravia city from 1Tripoli.) Tr u k see Chuuk Tripolis see 1,2Tripoli Trunovskoye (village, southwestern Russia) : to Trisantona see (1) Arun; (2) Trent 1936 Ternovskoye Trnava (city, western Slovakia) : to 1918 Hungar- Truth or Consequences (town, New Mexico, ian Nagyszombat; to 1867 German Tyrnau southwestern United States) : 1916–1950 Hot Trogir (town, southern Croatia) : 1941–1943 Ital- Springs; to 1916 Springs of Palomas (The town’s ian Traù; to 1918 German Trau; Roman Tr a - original name was that of the springs by which gurium it arose.) Troia see 1Tr oy Trutnov (town, northern Czech Republic) : to Trois-Marabouts see Sidi Ben Adda 1918, 1938–1945 German Trautenau Trois-Rivières (city, Quebec, southeastern Trzcianka (town, northwestern Poland) : to 1945 Canada) : English Three Rivers German Schönlanke Troitskosavsk see Kyakhta Tr z c i e l (town, western Poland) : to 1945 German Troitsky (city, west central Russia) : to 1928 Tirschtiegel Peklevskaya Tr z c i üsko Zdrój (town, northwestern Poland) : Troki see Trakai to 1925 Bad Schönfliess in Neumark Trondheim (city, central Norway) : 1930–1931 Trzebiatów (town, northwestern Poland) : to Nidaros; 1537–1930 Trondhjem; 1016–1537 1945 German Treptow an der Rega Nidaros; originally Kaupangr (The earlier name Trzebnica (town, southwestern Poland) : to 1945 lives on in the city’s Nidaros cathedral.) German Trebnitz Trondhjem see Trondheim Trzemeszno (town, west central Poland) : 1793– Troodos (mountain, southwestern Cyprus) : for- 1807, 1815–1919, 1939–1945 German Tremessen merly Mt. Olympus (This is not the famous Tr ±iV (town, northern Slovenia) : to 1918, Mt. Olympus, home of the Greek gods, which 1941–1945 German Neumarktl is in northeastern Greece.) Trzyniec see T†inec Troppau see Opava Trzynietz see T†inec Trotsk see (1) Chapayevsk; (2) Gatchina Tsarekonstantinovka see 1Kuybysheve Troupsville see Carrollton Tsarekostyantynivka see 1Kuybysheve Troupville see Valdosta Tsarevicha Alekseya see Maly Taymyr 1Tr oy (historic city, western Turkey) : Roman Tsarevo (town, southeastern Bulgaria) : 1950– Troia; alternate Roman Ilium; ancient Greek 1989 Michurin; 1934–1950 Tsarevo; to 1934 Ilion (The precise site of ancient Troy was Vasiliko definitively identified only in the 19th century Tsaritsyn see Volgograd as a large mound south of the Dardanelles Tsaritsyno see 1Lenino known by the Turkish name Hisarlqk.) Tsar Kaloyan (town, northeastern Bulgaria) : to 2Tr oy (city, New York, northeastern United 1934 Torlak; earlier Khlebarovo States) : to 1789 Vanderheyden’s Ferry Tsarskoye Selo see Pushkin Tr oy see (1) 2Aylmer; (2) Fall River Tsaryovokokshaysk see Yoshkar-Ola Tr oy e s (city, northeastern France) : Roman Civi- Tsaryovosanchursk see Sanchursk tas Tricassium; earlier Roman Augustobona Tschaslau see Táslav Trstená (town, northern Slovakia) : to 1918 Hun- Tschechische Teschen see Tesky Tfi§ín garian Trsztena Tschenstochau see Czdstochowa Trsztena see Trstená Tschirnau see Czernina Truago see 2Trenton Tselinograd see Astana Truaxton see 2Trenton Tsementny see Fokino Trucial Oman see United Arab Emirates Tsentrosoyuz see Komsomol’s’kyy Trucial States see United Arab Emirates Tshwane (city, northeastern South Africa) : to Tr u d (village, south central Bulgaria) : to 1943 2007 Pretoria (The new name was officially Klimentina; to 1889 Chiriplii applied to the metropolitan area of Pretoria Trudovaya Kommuna imeni Dzerzhinskogo rather than the inner city.) see Dzerzhinsky Tsiigehtchic (village, Northwest Territories, Trujillo (town, western Spain) : Roman Turgalium northwestern Canada) : to 1999 Arctic Red River 211 Tuscania

Tskhakaya see Senaki Tupanciretã (city, southern Brazil) : to 1938 Ts’khinvali (city, north central Georgia) : 1934– Tupaciretã 1961 Staliniri Tupelo (city, Mississippi, southern United Tskhum see Sokhumi States) : originally Gum Pond Tsulukidze see Khoni Tura (town, central Russia) : to 1938 Tur’inskaya Tsurukhaytuy see Priargunsk Kul’tbaza Tsyurupinsk see Tsyurupyns’k Turanga see Gisborne Tsyurupy, imeni (town, western Russia) : to Turar Ryskulov (town, southern Kazakhstan) : 1935 Vanilovo formerly Russian Vannovka Tsyurupyns’k (town, southern Ukraine) : (Rus- Tu r Vianske Teplice (town, west central Slovakia) sian Tsyurupinsk); to 1928 Oleshky (Russian : to 1945 ¶tubnianske Teplice Alyoshki) Tu r Viansky Svätï Martin see Martin Tthedzeh Koe see Wrigley Tu rd a (city, northwestern Romania) : to 1918 Tthenaagoo see Nahanni Butte Hungarian Torda Tuaim see Tuam Turdossin see Tvrdo§ín Tuam (town, western Ireland) : Irish Tuaim Turenne see Sabra Tuapeka see Lawrence Turgalium see Trujillo Túbano see Padre Las Casas T≠rgovishte (city, east central Bulgaria) : 1878– Tuchel see Tuchola 1909 Eski Dzhumaya; to 1878 Turkish Eski- Tuchola (town, northern Poland) : 1772–1919, cumaa (The city should not be confused with 1939–1945 German Tuchel Târgovi£te, south central Romania.) Tucuruí (city, northeastern Brazil) : to 1944 Turin (city, northeastern Italy) : [Italian Torino]; Alcobaça Roman Augusta Taurinorum; earlier Roman Tuczno (town, northwestern Poland) : to 1945 Taurasia German Tütz Tur’inskaya Kul’tbaza see Tura Tuder see Todi Tur’inskiye Rudniki see Krasnotur’insk Tüffer see La§ko Turkana, Lake (northern Kenya) : to 1975 (and Tuktoyaktuk (village, Northwest Territories, still alternate) Lake Rudolf northwestern Canada) : 1939–1950 Port Bra- Turkestan (city, southern Kazakhstan) : formerly bant Yasi; earlier Shavgar Tukum see Tukums Turkey (republic, southeastern Europe/south- Tukums (town, northern Latvia) : to 1918 Rus- western Asia) : [Turkish Türkiye] (European sian Tukum Turkey represents only about 3 percent of the Tukuyu (town, southwestern Tanzania) : for- country’s area. Asian Turkey is also known as merly German Neu-Langenburg Anatolia.) Tulach Mhór see Tullamore Turkey Hill see Fitchburg Tulatovo see Iriston Türkiye see Tu r k e y Tulça see Tulcea Türkmenabat (city, eastern Turkmenistan) : Tulcea (city, southeastern Romania) : to 1878 1940–1999 Chardzhou; 1927–1940 Chardzhuy; Turkish Tulça 1924–1927 Leninsk-Turkmensky Tuléar see Toliary Turkmenbashi (city, northwestern Turkmeni- Tuleburg see Stockton stan) : to 1994 Russian Krasnovodsk Tulita (village, Northwest Territories, northwest- Tu r k u (city, southwestern Finland) : to 1809 ern Canada) : to 1999 Fort Norman Swedish Åbo Tullamore (town, central Ireland) : Irish Tulach Turnacum see Tournai Mhór Turnau see Turnov Tullum see Toul Turnov (town, northern Czech Republic) : to Tumanyan (town, northern Armenia) : to 1951 1918, 1939–1945 German Turnau Dzagidzor Turócszentmárton see Martin Turris Libisonis Tu n see Ferdows see Porto Torres Tunes see Tunis Turski Tr≠stenik see Slavyanovo Tunis (city, northeastern Tunisia) : Roman Tunes Tursunzade (town, western Tajikistan) : 1952– Tunis see Tunisia 1978 Regar; to 1952 Russian Stantsiya-Regar Tunisia (republic, northern Africa) : formerly Turtkul’ see To’rtk’ol Tunis Turtucaia see Tutrakan Tupaciretã see Tupanciretã Tuscania (town, central Italy) : to 1911 Toscanella Tuscany 212

Tuscany (region, central Italy) : [Italian Toscana] Tyuriseva see Ushkovo Tusket Wedge see Wedgeport Tyva (republic, southern Russia) : (Russian Tutayev (city, western Russia) : to 1918 Romanov- Tu va ); formerly Russian Tannu-Tuva; to 1921 Borisoglebsk (The former name represents the Mongolian Uriankhai two sections of the town, either side of the Tywyn (village, western Wales) : formerly mostly Volga.) Towyn (The present spelling distinguishes the Tutrakan (town, northeastern Bulgaria) : 1913– village from Towyn in northern Wales. Both 1940 Romanian Turtucaia are seaside resorts.) Tütz see Tuczno Uachtar Ard see Oughterard Tu v a see Tyva Ubaíra (town, eastern Brazil) : to 1944 Areia Tuvalu (island republic, southwestern Pacific) : Ubaitaba (town, eastern Brazil) : to 1944 Itapira to 1978 Ellice Islands (In 1916 the islands be- Ubangi-Shari see Central African Republic came part of the British Gilbert and Ellice Is- Ubirama see Lençóis Paulista lands colony, with the Gilbert Islands giving Ubundu (town, northeastern Democratic Repub- the name of Kiribati.) lic of the Congo) : to 1966 French Ponthierville Tver’ (city, western Russia) : 1931–1991 Kalinin Uccle (town, central Belgium) : Flemish Ukkel Tvrdo§ín (town, northern Slovakia) : to 1918 (The town is now a suburb of Brussels.) Hungarian Turdossin Uch-Korgon (village, western Kyrgyzstan) : Twardogóra (town, southwestern Poland) : to 1938–1957 Russian Molotovabad; to 1938 Uch- 1945 German Festenberg Kurgan (The village should not be confused Twickenham see Huntsville with the town of Uchkurgan, eastern Uzbek- Tyachev see Tyachiv istan.) Tyachiv (town, western Ukraine) : (Russian Tya- Uchkuprik (village, eastern Uzbekistan) : chev); 1944–1945 Czech T’aVovo; 1938–1944 c.1940–1957 Russian Molotovo; 1937–c.1940 Hungarian Tecsâ; 1919–1938 Czech T’aVovo; to Russian imeni Molotova; to 1937 Uchkupryuk 1918 Hungarian Tecsâ Uchkupryuk see Uchkuprik Tyan’-Shan’ see 1Naryn Uch-Kurgan see Uch-Korgon Tyatino (village, eastern Russia) : 1905–1945 Udagamandalam (town, southern India) : for- Japanese Chinomiji merly English Ootacamund Tyddewi see St. David’s Udarny (town, eastern Russia) : 1905–1945 Japa- Tˆy-du see Rogerstone nese Taihei Tylyhulo-Berezanka see Berezanka Udd see Chkalov Tymovskoye (town, eastern Russia) : to 1949 Udine (province, northeastern Italy) : 1923– Derbinskoye c.1945 Friuli Tynda (city, eastern Russia) : to 1975 Tyndinsky Udmurt Autonomous Oblast see Udmurt Re- Tyndinsky see Tynda public Tyndyrn see Tintern Udmurt Autonomous Republic see Udmurt Tyne (river, northeastern England) : Roman Republic Tinea Udmurtia see Udmurt Republic Tyngstown see 2Manchester Udmurt Republic (western Russia) : alternate Tï n nad Vltavou (town, southern Czech Repub- Udmurtia; 1934–1991 Udmurt Autonomous Re- lic) : to 1918, 1939–1945 German Moldautein public; 1932–1934 Udmurt Autonomous Oblast; Tyoploye Ozero see Teploozyorsk 1920–1932 Votyak Autonomous Oblast (The Tyoply Klyuch see Klyuchevsk various names involve a change in political sta- Tyoply Stan see Sechenovo tus or ethnic appellation.) Tyras see (1) Bilhorod-Dnistrovs’kyy; Ugernum see Beaucaire (2) Dniester Uggehnen see Matrosovo Tyre see Sur Uglegorsk (town, eastern Russia) : 1905–1945 Tyrisevä see Ushkovo Japanese Esutoru Tyrnau see Trnava Uglegorsk see Vuhlehirs’k Tyrol (region, western Austria/northern Italy) : Uglekamensk (village, southeastern Russia) : to alternate Tirol; [Italian Tirolo] (The northern 1972 Severny Suchan part of the region is now the Austrian state of Ugleural’sky (town, west central Russia) : to 1951 Tirol, with the German form of the name. In Polovinka 1919 the southern part became the Italian dis- Uglezavodsk (town, eastern Russia) : 1905–1945 trict of Alto Adige, now Trentino-Alto Adige.) Japanese Higashi-naibuchi 213 Union Islands

Ugnev see Uhniv Ulcinj (town, southern Montenegro) : formerly Ugodsky Zavod see Zhukovo Italian Dulcegno; to 1880 Turkish Ülgün Ugol’ny (village, eastern Russia) : 1905–1945 Uleåborg see Oulu Japanese Taiei Ülgün see Ulcinj Ugol’ny see Karpinsk Ulongue (village, northwestern Mozambique) : Ugol’nyye Kopi see Kopeysk 1945–1975 Portuguese Vila Coutinho Uherské Hradi§tfi (city, southeastern Czech Re- Ulster see Northern Ireland public) : to 1918, 1939–1945 German Un- Ulu Da˘g (mountain, northwestern Turkey) : for- garisch-Hradisch merly Mt. Olympus. (This is not the famous Uherskï Brod (town, southeastern Czech Re- Mt. Olympus, home of the Greek gods, which public) : to 1918, 1939–1945 German Ungar- is in northeastern Greece.) isch-Brod Ulugbek (town, northeastern Uzbekistan) : for- Uherskï Ostroh (town, southeastern Czech Re- merly Khodzhaakhrar public) : to 1918, 1939–1945 German Un- Uluqsaqtuua see Holman garisch-Ostra Uluru see Ayers Rock Uhniv (town, western Ukraine) : (Russian 1Ul’yanovka (town, south central Ukraine) : to Ugnev); to 1939 Polish Uhnów 1924 Hrushka (Russian Grushka) Uhnów see Uhniv 2Ul’yanovka (town, western Russia) : to 1923 Uhtua see Kalevala Sablino Uíbh Fhailí see Offaly 1Ul’yanovo (village, western Russia, near Uibhist a’ Deas see South Uist Sukhinichi) : to 1938 Plokhino Uibhist a’ Tuath see North Uist 2Ul’yanovo (village, western Russia, near Kalin- Uíge (town, northwestern Angola) : formerly ingrad) : to 1945 German Breitenstein Portuguese Vila Marechal Carmona Ul’yanovo see Dashtobod Ujazd (town, southern Poland) : to 1945 German Ul’yanovsk see Simbirsk Bischofstal Ulzio see Oulx Újbánya see Nová Baûa Umal’tinsky (village, eastern Russia) : to 1942 Uji-yamada see Ise Polovinka Ujlak see Vel’ké Zálu±ie Umanskaya see Leningradskaya Ujung Pandang (city, central Indonesia) : for- Umba (town, northwestern Russia) : formerly merly Macassar Lesnoy Újverbász see Vrbas Umm DurmIn see Omdurman Újvidék see Novi Sad Umtali see Mutare UK see United Kingdom Umvuma see Mvuma Ukhta (city, northwestern Russia) : to 1939 Umzimvubu see Port St. John’s Chibyu Una see Ibiúna Ukhta see Kalevala Ungarisch-Altenburg see Magyaróvár Ukkel see Uccle Ungarisch-Brod see Uherskï Brod Ukmergc (town, east central Lithuania) : to 1918 Ungarisch-Hradisch see Uherské Hradi§tfi Russian Vilkomir Ungarisch-Ostra see Uherskï Ostroh Ukraina see Ukraine Ungarn see Hungary Ukraine (republic, central Europe) : (Russian Ungeny see Ungheni Ukraina); [Ukrainian Ukrayina] Ungheni (city, western Moldova) : (Russian Ukrainsk see Ukrains’k Ungeny); 1919–1940 Romanian Ungheni; to Ukrains’k (town eastern Ukraine) : (Russian 1918 Russian Ungeny Ukrainsk); to 1963 Lisivka (Russian Lesovka) Ungvár see Uzhhorod Ukrayina see Ukraine União see (1) Jaguaruana; (2) União dos Pal- Ukrepleniye Kommunizma see Ivanishchi mares Uku (village, western Angola) : formerly Por- União dos Palmares (city, northeastern Brazil) : tuguese Vila Nova do Seles to 1944 União Ulaanbaatar see Ulan Bator 1Union (town, New Jersey, northeastern United Ulala see Gorno-Altaysk States) : originally Connecticut Farms Ulan Bator (city, north central Mongolia) : 2Union (town, South Carolina, southeastern [Mongolian Ulaanbaatar]; to 1924 Urga United States) : originally Unionville Ulan-Ude (city, southeastern Russia) : to 1934 Union Colony see Greeley Verkhneudinsk Union Islands see Tokelau Union of Soviet Socialist Republics 214

Union of Soviet Socialist Republics see Russia Uritsk (town, western Russia) : to 1925 Ligovo Uniontown (town, Pennsylvania, northeastern (The town is now part of St. Petersburg.) United States) : originally Beeson’s Town Uritskoye see Sarykol’ Unionville see (1) Scranton; (2) Streator; Uritsky see Sarykol’ (3) 2Union Urmia see Or¨mnyeh United Arab Emirates (federation, southwestern Ur of the Chaldees see Ur Asia) : to 1971 Trucial States or Trucial Oman Uro§evac (village, southern Kosovo) : to 1913 (Oman itself is not one of the seven emirates Turkish Firusbey that comprise the federation.) Ursat’yevskaya see Xovos United Arab Republic see Egypt Urso see Osuna United Kingdom (kingdom, western Europe) : Uruaçu (city, central Brazil) : to 1944 Portuguese formally United Kingdom of Great Britain and Santana Northern Ireland; colloquially UK (The infor- Urumyenikoy see B≠lgarevo mal name Britain, more commonly applied to Urundi see Burundi Great Britain, is also sometimes used for the Urupês (town, southeastern Brazil) : to 1944 United Kingdom, as also is England, properly Portuguese Mundo Novo the southern part of the country, but also its Urupskaya see Sovetskaya chief and largest part.) Urus-Martan (city, southwestern Russia) : 1944– United Kingdom of Great Britain and North- 1957 Krasnoarmeyskoye ern Ireland see United Kingdom Uryu see Kirillovo United Provinces of Agra and Oudh see Uttar USA see United States Pradesh U¢ciùug see Ustyluh United States (federal republic, southern North Ushant see Ouessant America) : formally United States of America; Ushiro see Orlovo colloquially USA; informally America Ushkovo (village, northwestern Russia) : to 1948 United States of America see United States Finnish Tyrisevä (The village passed to the Unruhstadt see Kargowa USSR in 1940, but retained its Finnish name, Untervalden see Podlesnoye in russianized form Tyuriseva, until 1948.) Upland see 2Chester Usk (town, southeastern Wales) : Welsh Bryn- Upper Canada see Ontario buga; Roman Burrium (The river on which the Upper Canisteo see Hornell town stands, and from which it takes its pres- Upper Peru see Bolivia ent name, was known to the Romans as Isca. Upper Volta see Burkina Faso The same river flows through Caerleon.) Uqsuqtuq see Gjoa Haven Üsküb see Skopje Ur (ancient city, southern Iraq) : biblical Ur of Üsküdar (town, northwestern Turkey) : formerly the Chaldees Scutari; ancient Greek Chrysopolis (The town is Uralets (town, west central Russia) : to 1933 now a district of Istanbul.) Krasny Ural Usol’ye see Usol’ye-Sibirskoye Uralmedstroy see Krasnoural’sk Usol’ye-Sibirskoye (city, southern Russia) : to Ural’sk see Oral 1940 Usol’ye Uramir see Romit Usol’ye-Solikamskoye see Berezniki Urbakh see 2Pushkino Uspenka see 2Kirovsky Urbino (town, central Italy) : Roman Urbinum USSR see Russia Hortense Ussuriysk (city, eastern Russia) : 1935–1957 Urbinum Hortense see Urbino Voroshilov; 1926–1935 Nikol’sk-Ussuriysky; to Urbs Vetus see Orvieto 1926 Nikol’sk Urfa see ßanlqurfa Ust’-Abakanskoye see Abakan Urga see Ulan Bator Ust’-Balyk see Nefteyugansk Urganch (city, southern Uzbekistan) : to 1929 Ust’-Belokalitvenskaya see Belaya Kalitva Russian Novourgench (The city, formerly Ur- Ust’-Borovaya see Borovsk gench, should not be confused with Keneur- Ust’-Dvinsk see Daugavgrnva gench, Turkmenistan, 85 miles to the north- Ustilug see Ustyluh west.) Ústí nad Labem (city, northwestern Czech Re- Urgench see Urganch public) : to 1918, 1948–1945 German Aussig an Uriankhai see Tyva der Elbe Uriconium see Wroxeter Ústi nad Orlicí (town, northeastern Czech Re- 215 Val-Brillant

public) : to 1918, 1939–1945 German Wilden- Uzenitsa see Uzyn schwert Uzenytsa see Uzyn Ustinov see Izhevsk Uzès-le-Duc see Oued el Abtal Ustka (town, northwestern Poland) : to 1945 Uzhgorod see Uzhhorod German Stolpmünde Uzhhorod (city, western Ukraine) : (Russian Ust’-Katav (city, western Russia) : to 1943 Ust’- Uzhgorod); 1944–1945 Czech U±horod; 1938– Katavsky Zavod 1944 Hungarian Ungvár; 1919–1938 Czech Ust’-Katavsky Zavod see Ust’-Katav U±horod; to 1918 Hungarian Ungvár (The city Ust’-Kamenogorsk see Öskemen was under Hungarian control from the late Ust’-Medveditskaya see Serafimovich 11th century to 1918 and was under Hungarian Ust’-Orda see Ust’-Ordynsky occupation during World War II.) Ust’-Ordynsky (town, eastern Russia) : to 1941 U±horod see Uzhhorod Ust’-Orda U±ice (city, western Serbia) : 1947–1992 Titovo Ust’-Penzhino see Kamenskoye U±ice Ustronie Morskie (village, northern Poland) : to Uzin see Uzyn 1945 German Henkenhagen Uzlovoye (village, western Russia) : to 1945 Ger- Ustrzyki Dolne (town, southeastern Poland) : man Rautenberg 1939–1951 Russian Nizhniye Ustriki Uzunköprü (town, northwestern Turkey) : Ust’-Sysol’sk see Syktyvkar 1920–1922 modern Greek Maura Gefura Ust’-Vorkuta (town, northwestern Russia) : for- Uzyn (town, central Ukraine) : (Russian Uzin); merly Sangorodok 1773–c.1800 Tembershchyna (Russian Tember- Ustyluh (town, western Ukraine) : (Russian shchina); originally Uzenytsa (Russian Uze- Ustilug); to 1939 Polish U¢ciùug nitsa) Usumbura see Bujumbura Uzynkol’ (village, northern Kazakhstan) : for- Uszor see Hviezdoslavov merly Russian Leninskoye; earlier Russian Utah (state, western United States) : to 1850 Dem’yanovka Deseret (The original name was given in 1849 Vaasa (city, southwestern Finland) : 1855–1917 to the state proclaimed by Mormon settlers in Nikolainkaupunki; to 1809 Swedish Vasa (The Salt Lake City. The U.S. government did not Swedish equivalent of the earlier Finnish name recognize it, and in 1850 instead legislated the was Nikolaistad.) Utah Territory, which in 1896 took its present Vác (city, northern Hungary) : to 1867 German name, applied to a much reduced area.) Waitzen Utena (city, eastern Lithuania) : to 1918 Russian Vacca see Béja Utsyany Vadinsk (village, western Russia) : to c.1940 Utkinsky Zavod see Staroutkinsk Kerensk Utrecht (city, central Netherlands) : Roman Tr a - Vadodara (city, western India) : formerly Baroda jectum ad Rhenum (The Roman name locates (This Baroda, in Gujarat state, should not be the city at a crossing of the Rhine, just as confused with the cities of the same name in Maastricht arose by a crossing of the Meuse.) Madhya Pradesh and Rajasthan states.) Utsyany see Utena Vagarshapat see Ejmiatsin Uttar Pradesh (state, northern India) : 1902– Vágbeszterce see Pova±ská Bystrica 1950 United Provinces of Agra and Oudh Vágsellye see ¶al’a Uudenmaan (province, southern Finland) : for- Vágújhely see Nové Mesto nad Váhom merly Uusimaa; to 1809 Swedish Nyland Vajdahunyad see Hunedoara Uuras see Vysotsk Vakhrushev (town, eastern Russia) : 1905–1945 Uusikaupunki (town, southwestern Finland) : Japanese Tomarikishi to 1809 Swedish Nystad (The Swedish name is Vakhsh (town, southeastern Tajikistan) : to 1950s preserved historically for the 1721 treaty be- Russian Vakhstroy tween Russia and Sweden.) Vakhstroy see Vakhsh Uusimaa see Uudenmaan Valahia see Wallachia Uvalde (town, Texas, southern United States) : Vala§ské Mezi†íVí (town, eastern Czech Repub- to 1856 Encina lic) : to 1918, 1939–1945 German Wallachisch- Uxantis see Ouessant Meseritsch Uxelodunum see Stanwix Val-Brillant (village, Quebec, southeastern Uxisama see Ouessant Canada) : 1913–1916 St.-Pierre-du-Lac; to 1913 Uzen see Tenge Cedar Hall ValdemIrpils 216

ValdemIrpils (town, northwestern Latvia) : to Valverde see Mao 1917 German Sassmacken Vanadzor (city, northern Armenia) : 1935–1992 Valdez (town, Alaska, northwestern United Kirovakan; to 1935 Karaklis States) : to 1898 Copper City Van Buren (town, Arkansas, south central Val’dgeym see Dobropillya United States) : to 1838 Phillips Landing Valdosta (city, Georgia, southeastern United Van Buren see Kettering States) : to 1859 Troupville; originally Frank- Vancouver (city, British Columbia, southwestern linville (The original town was renamed when Canada) : to 1886 Granville moved east to its present site.) Vanderheyden’s Ferry see 2Tr oy Vale Colliery see Thorburn Van Diemen’s Land see Tasmania Valegotsulovo see Dolyns’ke Vandsburg see Widcbork Valença see (1) Marquês de Valença; 1Vanier (town, Quebec, eastern Canada) : to (2) Valença do Piauí 1966 Quebec West or French Québec-Ouest Valença do Piauí (town, northeastern Brazil) : 2Vanier (town, Ontario, southeastern Canada) : 1944–1948 Portuguese Berlengas; to 1944 Por- to 1969 Eastview tuguese Valença Vanilovo see Tsyurupy, imeni Valence (town, southeastern France) : Roman Vannes (town, northwestern France) : Breton Valentia Guened 1Valencia (city, eastern Spain) : Roman Valentia Vannovka see Turar Ryskulov 2Valencia (city, northwestern Venezuela) : origi- Vannovsky see Hamza nally Nueva Valencia del Rey Vanuatu (island republic, southwestern Pacific) : 3Valencia (island, southern Ireland) : alternate to 1980 New Hebrides; alternate former French Valentia; Irish Dairbhre (Valencia is a corrup- Nouvelles-Hébrides (The island territory was tion of Irish Béal Inse, the name of the sound named by the British in 1774 but gained its between the island and the mainland.) joint French name in 1906 when a condo- Valentia see (1) Valence; (2) 1,3Valencia minium was set up.) Vale of Glamorgan (county, southern Wales) : Vapincum see Gap Welsh Bro Morgannwg (The county was Varanasi (city, northeastern India) : formerly formed in 1996 in the historic region of Glam- Benares organ. Welsh bro, “vale,” is the opposite of Varapayeva (town, northwestern Belarus) : (Rus- bryn, “hill.”) sian Voropayevo); 1919–1939 Polish Valerian Way see Via Woropajewo; to 1918 Russian Voropayevo Valga (town, southern Estonia) : alternate Lat- Vara±din (city, central Croatia) : to 1867 German vian Valka; to 1918 Russian Valk (The town lies Warasdin on the border with Latvia.) Varcar Vakuf see MrkonjiW-Grad Valgravé see Souk Eltnine Varcna (town, southern Lithuania) : to 1920 Valinhos see Guaraúna Russian Orany (From 1920 to 1939 the town Valk see Valga itself remained in Lithuania but its railroad Valka see Valga station, named Orany, was in Poland.) Valladolid see Morelia Vardenis (town, eastern Armenia) : to 1969 Valladolid de Santa María de Comayagua see Basargechar Comayagua Varna (city, northeastern Bulgaria) : 1949–1956 Valle di Pompei see Pompei Stalin; ancient Greek Odessus Valley (village, northwestern Wales) : Welsh Y Varnsdorf (town, northern Czech Republic) : to Fali 1918, 1938–1945 German Warnsdorf Valley City (town, North Dakota, northern Varttirayiruppu see Watrap United States) : to 1881 Worthington Vasa see Vaasa Valley Junction see West Des Moines Vasconia see (1) 1Basque Country; (2) Gas- Valmiera (town, northern Latvia) : to 1917 Ger- cony man Wolmar Vasiliko see Tsarevo Valozhyn (town, northwestern Belarus) : (Rus- Vasil Levski (village, south central Bulgaria) : to sian Volozhin); 1919–1939 Polish Woùo∞yn; to 1934 Mitizirovo 1918 Russian Volozhin Vasil’yevsko-Shaytansky see Pervoural’sk Valparaíba see Cachoeira Paulista Vasilyova Sloboda see Chkalovsk Valparaiso (city, Indiana, north central United Vasilyovo see Chkalovsk States) : originally Portersville Vasto (town, eastern Italy) : Roman Histonium 217 Venetia

Vasvár (town, western Hungary) : formerly Ger- Velitrae see Velletri man Eisenburg Velká Bíte§ (town, east central Czech Republic) : Vathy see Samos to 1918, 1939–1945 German Gross-Bitesch Vatq see Samos Velká De§tná (mountain, northeastern Czech Vatican (papal state, western Italy) : [Italian Vati- Republic) : to 1918, 1939–1945 German Desch- cano] naer Kuppe Vaticano see Vatican Velké B†ezno (village, northern Czech Republic) Vatra Dornei (town, northern Romania) : to : to 1918, 1939–1945 German Gross-Priesen 1918 German Dorna Watra Velké Hamry (town, northern Czech Republic) : Vaud (canton, western Switzerland) : German to 1918, 1939–1945 German Grosshammer Waadt Velké Karlovice (village, eastern Czech Repub- Vawkavysk (town, western Belarus) : (Russian lic) : to 1918, 1939–1945 German Gross-Kar- Volkovysk); 1919–1939 Polish Woùkowysk; to lowitz 1918 Russian Volkovysk Vel’ké Kapu§any (town, eastern Slovakia) : to Vayenga see Severomorsk 1938–1945 Hungarian Nagykapos Vazovgrad see 1Sopot Velké Losiny (village, northeastern Czech Re- Vealtown see Bernardsville public) : to 1918, 1939–1945 German Gross- Vectis see Wight, Isle of Ullersdorf Vedi (town, southern Armenia) : to c.1935 Velké Mezi†íVí (town, south central Czech Re- Beyuk-Vedi public) : to 1918, 1939–1945 German Gross- Vedra see Wear Meseritsch Veedersburg see 1Amsterdam Velké Opatovice (town, east central Czech Re- Veglia see Krk public) : to 1918, 1939–1945 German Gross- Veii see Isola Farnese Opatowitz Vejprty (town, northwestern Czech Republic) : Velké Pavlovice (town, southeastern Czech Re- to 1918, 1938–1945 German Weipert public) : to 1918, 1939–1945 German Gross- Veldes see Bled Pawlowitz Velenje (town, northern Slovenia) : formerly Velké Popovice (village, central Czech Republic) Titovo Velenje : to 1918, 1939–1945 German Gross-Popowitz Veles (town, central Macedonia) : 1946–1991 Vel’ké Zálu±ie (village, southwestern Slovakia) : Titov Veles; 1913–1946 Veles; to 1913 Turkish to 1948 Ujlak Köprülü Vel’kï Meder (town, southwestern Slovakia) : Velia see Castellammare 1948–1990 Talovo; to 1918, 1938–1945 Hun- Velika Kikinda see Kikinda garian Nagymegyer Velikaya Bagachka see Velyka Bahachka Velkï¶enov (town, northern Czech Republic) : Velikaya Mikhaylovka see Velyka to 1918, 1939–1945 German Gross-Schönau Mykhaylivka Velletri (town, central Italy) : Roman Velitrae Velikaya Novosyolka see Velyka Novosilka Velunia see Carriden Veliki BeVkerek see Zrenjanin Velvary (town, northwestern Czech Republic) : Veliki Preslav (town, eastern Bulgaria) : formerly to 1918, 1939–1945 German Welwarn Preslav; earlier Turkish Eski Stambul Velyka Bahachka (town, west central Ukraine) : Velikiye Mosty see Velyki Mosty (Russian Velikaya Bagachka); to 1925 Bahachka Velikoalekseyevsky see Baxt (Russian Bagachka) Velikooktyabr’sky (town, western Russia) : to Velyka Mykhaylivka (town, southern Ukraine) : 1941 Pokrovskoye (Russian Velikaya Mikhaylovka); to 1945 Veliko TQrnovo (city, north central Bulgaria) : to Hrosulove (Russian Grosulovo) 1965 TQrnovo; to 1878 Turkish Tqrnova Velyka Novosilka (town, southeastern Ukraine) : Veliky Novgorod (city, western Russia) : to 1998 (Russian Velikaya Novosyolka); to 1946 Velykyy Novgorod; originally Scandinavian Holmgard Yanysol’ (Russian Bol’shoy Yanisol’) (The city’s current name, distinguishing it Velyka Seydemynukha see Kalinins’ke from Nizhny Novgorod, derives from its me- Velyki Mosty (town, western Ukraine) : (Russian dieval title Gospodin Veliky Novgorod, “Lord Velikiye Mosty); 1919–1939 Polish Mosty Wielkie Great Novgorod.”) Velykyy Tokmak see Tokmak Velingrad (city, southwestern Bulgaria) : to 1949 Velykyy Yanysol’ see Velyka Novosilka Kamenitsa (The city was formed on the amalga- Venedig see Venice mation of Kamenitsa with two other villages.) Venetia see (1) Venezia; (2) Venice Venet-Ville 218

Venet-Ville see Souk Tleta Loulad Verkhnyaya Kortitsa see Verkhnya Khortytsya Venezia (historical region, northern Italy) : Verkhnyaya Pyshma (city, west central Russia) : Roman Venetia (The Italian name is now both to 1946 Pyshma that of a province of the autonomous region of Verkhnyaya Salda (city, west central Russia) : to Veneto and of its capital, the city of Venice.) 1928 Verkhnesaldinsky Zavod Venezia see Venice Verkhnyaya Tura (town, west central Russia) : to Venezia Tridentina see Trentino-Alto Adige to c.1928 Verkhneturinsky Zavod Vengrov see Wdgrów Verkhny Dashkesan see Da£käsän Venice (city, northeastern Italy) : [Italian Vene- Verkhnye Syn’ovydne (town, western Ukraine) : zia]; 1815–1866 German Venedig; 1805–1815 (Russian Verkhneye Sinevidnoye); to 1946 Syn- French Venise; 1797–1805 German Venedig; o’vyds’ko Vyzhnye (Polish Synowódsko-Wy∞nie) Roman Venetia Verkhny Ufaley (city, west central Russia) : to Venise see Venice 1940 Verkhneufaleysky Zavod Venosa (town, southern Italy) : Roman Venusia Verkhovina see Verkhovyna Venta Belgarum see 1Winchester Verkhovyna (town, southwestern Ukraine) : Venta Icenorum see Caistor St. Edmund (Russian Verkhovina); to 1962 Zhab’ye; 1919– Venta Silurum see Caerwent 1939 Polish Õabie Ventspils (city, western Latvia) : 1939–1945 Ger- Verlucio see Sandy Lane man Windau; to 1918 Russian Vindava Vermilion (town, Alberta, west central Canada) : Ventura (city, California, southwestern United to 1906 Breage States) : officially San Buenaventura Vermilionville see Lafayette Venusia see Venosa Vermont (state, northeastern United States) : Venustiano Carranza (town, southern Mexico) : originally New Connecticut to 1934 San Bartolomé Vernal (town, Utah, west central United States) : Veracruz (city, east central Mexico) : originally to 1893 Ashley Center Villa Rica de la Vera Cruz Vernon (city, British Columbia, southwestern Veranópolis (town, southern Brazil) : to 1944 Canada) : 1885–1887 Centreville; originally Alfredo Chaves Priest’s Valley Verbeia see Wharfe Verny see Almaty Verblyud see Zernograd Véroia (town, northeastern Greece) : to 1913 Vercovicium see Housesteads Turkish Karaferya; biblical Berea Verebély see Vráble Verro see Võru Vergel see Bom Jardim Vershino-Darasunsky (town, eastern Russia) : Verin-Talin see Talin formerly Darasun Verkhneavzyano-Petrovsk see Verkhny Avzyan Verteris see 4Brough Verkhnedvinsk see Vyerkhnyadzvinsk Vertis see Worcester Verkhnesaldinsky Zavod see Verkhnyaya Verulamium see St. Albans Salda Verwoerdburg see Centurion Verkhneserginsky Zavod see Verkhniye Sergi Verzhbolovo see Virbalis Verkhnetoretskoye see Verkhn’otorets’ke Veselí nad Lu±nicí (town, southern Czech Re- Verkhneturinsky Zavod see Verkhnyaya Tura public) : to 1918, 1939–1945 German Wesseli Verkhneudinsk see Ulan-Ude an der Lainsitz; earlier Frohenbruck an der Verkhneufaleysky Zavod see Verkhny Ufaley Lainsitz Verkhneye Sinevidnoye see Verkhnye Veselí nad Moravou (town, southeastern Czech Syn’ovydne Republic) : to 1918, 1939–1945 German Wesseli Verkhniye Sergi (town, west central Russia) : to an der March 1938 Verkhneserginsky Zavod Vesnovo (village, western Russia) : to 1945 Ger- Verkhn’otorets’ke (town, eastern Ukraine) : man Kussen (Russian Verkhnetoretskoye); to 1978 Skotuvata Vesontio see Besançon (Russian Skotovataya) Vesuna see Périgueux Verkhnya Khortytsya (town, southeastern Vesuvio see Vesuvius Ukraine) : (Russian Verkhnyaya Khortitsa); to Vesuvius (volcano, southwestern Italy) : [Italian 1930s Khortytsya (Russian Khortitsa) (The town Vesuvio] is now a suburb of Zaporizhzhya.) Veszprém (city, western Hungary) : to 1867 Ger- Verkhny Avzyan (town, west central Russia) : to man Wesprim 1942 Verkhneavzyano-Petrovsk Vetluzhsky (town, western Russia) : to 1960 219 Vila Formosa de Nossa Senhora

Golyshi (This Vetluzhsky, northwest of Sharya, Victoria, Mt. see Tomanivi should not be confused with the one further Victoriacum see Vitoria south, just north of Krasnyye Baki.) Victoria Falls (southern Zambia/northwestern Veurne (town, northwestern Belgium) : French Zimbabwe) : locally Mosi-oa-Tunya (The local Furnes name applies only to the falls, not to the town Vevey (town, western Switzerland) : Roman of Victoria Falls, Zimbabwe.) Vibiscum Victoria Nyanza see Victoria, Lake Via : For ease of reference, Italy’s main Roman Victoriaville (town, Quebec, southeastern roads are grouped together here. The roads Canada) : to 1861 Demersville were built to link Rome with the Roman prov- Vicus Ausonensis see Vich inces, so that “All roads lead to Rome.” The Vicus Calidus see Vichy English equivalent name usually adds n to the Vicus Elbii see Viterbo Latin name followed by Way to translate Via, Vicus Julii see Aire-sur-l’Adour so that the first great road, the Via Appia, is the Videira (city, southern Brazil) : to 1944 Perdizes Appian Way. (Exceptions are the Via Latina, or Vidin (city, northwestern Bulgaria) : Roman Latin Way, Via Ostiensis, or Ostian Way, and Bononia the Via Trajana, or Trajan Way.) Rome itself Vidnoye (city, western Russia) : to 1965 Rastor- had the Via Sacra, or Sacred Way. For road guyevo routes, see either a map of Roman Italy, as in Vienna (city, eastern Austria) : to 1918 Hungar- Muir’s Historical Atlas: Ancient and Classical, ian Bécs; 1806–1867 German Wien; Roman plates 12–13, or a written description, as in Vindobona (English has adopted the Italian Hornblower and Spawforth, pp. 1594–6 (see form of the city’s name, although Vienna was Bibliography, p. 255). never part of Italy. The distinctive Hungarian Via Aemilia, Via Annia, Via Appia, Via Au- name is of Turkish origin.) relia, Via Cassia, Via Clodia, Via Domitia, Via Vienna see Vienne Flaminia, Via Julia, Via Labicana, Via Latina, Vienne (town, southeastern France) : Roman Via Ostiensis, Via Popilia, Via Postumia, Via Vienna Salaria, Via Trajana, Via Valeria Vierwaldstätter See see Lucerne, Lake Vialar see Tissemsilt Viesnte (town, southern Latvia) : to 1917 German Vibiscum see Vevey Eckengraf Viborg see Vyborg Vievis (town, southeastern Lithuania) : 1919– Vibo Valentia (town, southern Italy) : to 1928 1930 Polish Jewie; to 1918 Russian Yev’ye Monteleone di Calabria; Roman Vibo Valentia; Vigia see Almanara earlier Roman Hipponium (The town’s present Viipuri see Vyborg name is a deliberate revival of the Roman Vijni´a see Vyzhnytsya name.) Viktorovka see Taranovskoye Vicente Guerrero (town, central Mexico) : to Vila see Port-Vila 1940 San Pablo del Monte Vila Adolfo see Catanduva Vicente Noble (town, southwestern Dominican Vila Alferes Chamusca see (1) Chókwé; Republic) : to 1943 Alpargatal (2) Guijá Vicentia see Vicenza Vila Arriaga see Bibala Vicenza (city, northeastern Italy) : Roman Vicen- Vila Bugaço see Camanongue tia Vila Cabral see Lichinga Vich (town, northeastern Spain) : Roman Vicus Vila Coutinho see Ulongue Ausonensis; earlier Roman Ausa Vila da Ponte see Kuvango Vichy (town, central France) : Roman Vicus Vila de Albuquerque see Mariana Calidus Vila de Aljustrel see Cangamba Victor Hugo see Hamadia Vila de Almoster see Chiange 1Victoria (state, southeastern Australia) : to 1851 Vila de João Belo see Xai-Xai Port Phillip District Vila de São José do Paraíba see São José dos 2Victoria (city, British Columbia, Campos southwestern Canada) : formerly Fort Victoria; Vila de São José do Sul see São José dos Cam- originally Fort Camosun pos Victoria see (1) Labuan; (2) Limbe Vila Fontes see Caia Victoria, Lake (east central Africa) : alternate Vila Formosa de Nossa Senhora do Destêrro Victoria Nyanza de Jundiaí see Jundiaí Vila General Machado 220

Vila General Machado see Camacupa Villaggio Mussolini see Arborea Világos see ßiria Villahermosa (city, southeastern Mexico) : to Vila Gouveia see Catandica 1915 San Juan Bautista; originally Villa Felipe Vila Henrique de Carvalho see Saurimo II Vi¸laka (town, eastern Latvia) : to 1917 German Villa Hidalgo see Ciudad Hidalgo Marienhausen Villa Juárez see Ciudad Mante Vila Luísa see Marracuene Villa Nueva see San José Vila Marechal Carmona see Uíge Villa Real da Praia Grande see Niterói Vila Mariano Machado see Ganda Villa Real de la Santa Fé de San Francisco de Vila Nova see Tchikala-Tcholohanga Asis see Santa Fe Vila Nova da Constituição see Piracicaba Villa Rica de la Vera Cruz see Veracruz Vila Nova de Gaza see Xai-Xai Villarreal de Chiapa de los Españoles see San Vila Nova de São José see São José dos Cam- Cristóbal de las Casas pos Villa Sanjurjo see Al Hoceima Vila Nova do Seles see Uku Villa Santa Cruz de Triana see Rancagua Vila Paiva de Andrada see Gorongosa Villa Serrano (town, southern Bolivia) : to 1940s Vila Pereira de Eça see Ondjiva Pescado Vila Pery see (1) Chimoio; (2) Manica Villavieja see Heredia Vila Rica see Ouro Prêto Vilebois see Villebois-Lavalette Vila Rica de Oropesa see Huancavelica Villebois-Lavalette (town, western France) : to Vila Robert Williams see Caála 1622 Villebois (In the year stated the town Vila Salazar see (1) N’dalatando; (2) Sango added the name of a famous admiral.) Vila Teixeira da Silva see Bailundo Ville-Marie-de-Montréal see Montreal Vila Teixeira de Sousa see Luau Villmanstrand see Lappeenranta Vila Trigo de Morais see Chókwé Vil’na see Vilnius Vileyka (town, northwestern Belarus) : 1919– Vilnius (city, southeastern Lithuania) : (Russian 1939 Polish Wilejka Vil’nyus); 1919–1939 Polish Wilno; to 1918 Rus- Viljandi (town, southern Estonia) : (Russian sian Vil’na Vil’yandi); to 1918 German Fellin Vil’nyans’k (town, east central Ukraine) : (Rus- Vilkavishkis see Vilkavi§kis sian Vol’nyansk); 1935–1966 Chervonoarmiys’ke Vilkavi§kis (town, southwestern Lithuania) : (Russian Chervonoarmeyskoye); to 1935 Sofi- (Russian Vilkavishkis); to 1918 Russian Volko- yivka (Russian Sofiyevka) (The Russian equiva- vyshki lent of the Ukrainian name, Krasnoarmeyskoye, Vilkomir see Ukmergc was used from 1935 to 1944.) Villa Alba see General San Martín Vil’nyus see Vilnius Villa Americana see Americana Vilvoorde (town, northern Belgium) : French Villa Bella see (1) Ilhabela; (2) Serra Talhada Vilvorde Villa Bens see Tarfaya Vilvorde see Vilvoorde Villa Canales (town, south central Guatemala) : Vil’yandi see Viljandi to 1921 Pueblo Viejo (The town is now part of Viminacium see Kostolac Guatemala City metropolitan area.) Vindava see Ventspils Villa Cisneros see Dakhla Vindobona see Vienna Villa Corregidora see El Pueblito Vindomora see Ebchester Villa da Barra see Manaus Vindonissa see Windisch Villa de Carrión see Atlixco Vinegaroon see Langtry Villa de Cecilia see Ciudad Madero Vinkovci (city, eastern Croatia) : to 1867 Ger- Villa de María (town, central Argentina) : to man Winkowcze c.1945 Río Seco Vinnitsa see Vinnytsya Villa de Oropeza see Cochabamba Vinnytsya (city, west central Ukraine) : (Russian Villa de San Antonio del Camino see Merlo Vinnitsa); to 1918 Russian Vinnitsa Villa de Santa Catalina del Guadalcázar del Vinodel’noye see Ipatovo Valle de Moquegua see Moquegua Vinogradnoye (village, southwestern Russia) : to Villa do Forte da Assumpção see Fortaleza 1944 German Gnadenburg (The village was in Villa Felipe II see Villahermosa the former Volga German Autonomous Soviet Villa General Pérez (town, western Bolivia) : to Socialist Republic.) 1930s Charazani Vinogradov see Vynohradiv 221 Volgograd

Vipiteno (town, northeastern Italy) : to 1918 Vitória de Santo Antão (city, northeastern German Sterzing Brazil) : to 1944 Vítoria Viranteke see Kapitan Andreevo Vitória do Alto Parnaíba see Alto Parnaíba Virbalis (town, southwestern Lithuania) : to 1918 Vitória do Baixo Mearim see Vitória do Russian Verzhbolovo Mearim Virden (town, Manitoba, southern Canada) : Vitória do Mearim (city, northeastern Brazil) : formerly Manchester; to 1882 Gopher Creek 1944–1948 Baixo Mearim; to 1944 Vitória do Virgilio (town, northern Italy) : Roman Andes Baixo Mearim Virginia (town, northern Ireland) : Irish Achadh Vitsyebsk (city, northeastern Belarus) : (Russian an Iúir Vitebsk); to 1918 Russian Vitebsk Virgin Islands (northeastern West Indies) : orig- Vittorio see Vittorio Veneto inally Spanish Santa Ursula y las Once Mil Vir- Vittoriosa (town, eastern Malta) : formerly Birgu gines (The islands are now politically divided Vittorio Veneto (town, northeastern Italy) : to into the British Virgin Islands and the Virgin 1923 Vittorio Islands of the United States.) Vizcaya (province, northern Spain) : formerly Virgin Islands of the United States (northeast- English Biscay (The former English name is ern West Indies) : to 1917 Danish West Indies still current for the great bay that is named for Viroconium see Wroxeter the province. See Biscay, Bay of.) Virovitica (town, central Croatia) : to 1867 Ger- Vizhnitsa see Vyzhnytsya man Wirowititz Vlaanderen see Flanders Virunga (mountain range, east central Africa) : Vladikavkaz (city, southwestern Russia) : 1954– alternate M’fumbiro (The range, mainly in the 1990 Ordzhonikidze; 1944–1954 Dzaudzhikau; Democratic Republic of the Congo, but ex- 1931–1944 Ordzhonikidze tending east into Rwanda, Burundi, and Vladimira Il’icha Lenina, imeni (town, western Uganda, is usually known in the latter country Russia) : to c.1938 Rumyantsevo by the alternate name.) Vladimirovka see Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk Virunga National Park (eastern Democratic Re- Vladimir-Volynsky see Volodymyr-Volyns’kyy public of the Congo) : to 1972 Albert National Vladislavovas see Kudirkos Naumiestis Park (The formal French name is Parc Na- Vla§ím (town, central Czech Republic) : to 1918, tional des Virunga.) 1939–1945 German Wlaschim Vis (island, southwestern Croatia) : to 1918 Ital- Vlasovo-Ayuta see Ayutinsky ian Lissa Vlissingen (town, southwestern Netherlands) : Visaginas (city, eastern Lithuania) : to 1992 dated English Flushing (The English name is SnieVkus associated with the seaport’s strategic location Visconde do Rio Branco (town, southeastern and the many battles there.) Brazil) : to 1944 Rio Branco Vlorë (city, southwestern Albania) : to 1913 Visé (town, eastern Belgium) : Flemish Wezet Turkish Avlonya; ancient Greek Aulon Vishnyovka see Arshaly Vlotslavek see Wùocùawek Vishnyovoye see Vyshneve Vltava (river, west central Czech Republic) : to Vislinsky Zaliv see Vistula Lagoon 1918 German Moldau Vistula (river, central Poland) : [Polish Wisùa]; to V.M. Molotova, imeni see 3Oktyabr’sky 1918, 1939–1945 German Weichsel Vodena see Edessa Vistula Lagoon (northern Poland/western Rus- Vodnjan (town, western Croatia) : 1918–1945 sia) : [Polish Zalew Wi¢lany, Russian Vislinsky Italian Dignano d’Istria; Roman Attinianum Zaliv]; to 1945 German Frisches Haff Vodop’yanovo see 2Donskoye Vitebsk see Vitsyebsk Vogelkop see Doberai Viterbo (city, central Italy) : Roman Vicus Elbii Volaterrae see Volterra Vitkovice (town, northeastern Czech Republic) : Volcei see Buccino to 1918 German Witkowitz (The town is now a Volga (river, western Russia) : ancient Greek Rha district of Ostrava.) Volga-Baltic Waterway (western Russia) : to Vitodurum see Winterthur 1964 Mariinsk Water System (The network of Vitoria (city, northeastern Spain) : Medieval rivers and canals linking the Volga River with Latin Victoriacum the Baltic Sea was officially renamed Volgo- Vitória see Vitória de Santo Antão Baltiysky Vodny Put’ imeni V.I. Lenina.) Vitória da Conquista (city, northeastern Brazil) Volgograd (city, southwestern Russia) : 1925– : to 1891 Conquista 1961 Stalingrad; to 1925 Tsaritsyn (The former Volhynia 222

Russian name is preserved in history for the Votyak Autonomous Oblast see Udmurt Re- long and bloody battle of 1942–43 which public finally brought Soviet victory over the German Voznesenskaya Manufaktura see 1Krasno- occupying army.) armeysk Volhynia (region, eastern Europe) : [Ukrainian Voznesensky see Krasny Oktyabr’ and Russian Volyn’; Polish Woùyü] (The name Vráble (town, southwestern Slovakia) : to 1918, of the historical region is now that of a western 1938–1945 Hungarian Verebély province of Ukraine.) Vraça see Vratsa Volkhov (city, western Russia) : 1936–1940 Vrakhóri see Agrínion Volkhovstroy; 1927–1936 Zvanka; 1923–1927 Vranov nad Topl’ou (city, eastern Slovakia) : to Volkhov; to 1923 Gostinopolye 1918 Hungarian Tapolyvarannó Volkhovstroy see Volkhov Vratsa (city, northwestern Bulgaria) : to 1878 Volkovyshki see Vilkavi§kis Turkish Vraça Volkovysk see Vawkavysk Vrbas (town, northern Serbia) : formerly Titov Volney see Fulton Vrbas; to 1918, 1941–1944 Hungarian Újverbász Vol’nyansk see Vil’nyans’k (The Hungarian name properly applies to Novi Volodarskoye see Saumalkol’ Vrbas, “New Vrbas,” not Stari Vrbas, Hungar- Volodymyr-Volyns’kyy (town, northwestern ian Overbász, “Old Vrbas,” across the Danube- Ukraine) : (Russian Vladimir-Volynsky); 1919– Risza canal.) 1939 Polish Wùodzimierz Vrbno pod Pradfidem (town, eastern Czech Re- Volos (city, eastern Greece) : ancient Greek Iolcus public) : to 1918, 1939–1945 German Würben- Volozhin see Valozhyn thal Volsinii see Bolsena Vrchlabí (town, northern Czech Republic) : to Volta Blanche see Nakambe 1918, 1938–1945 German Hohenelbe Volterra (town, western Italy) : Roman Volaterrae Vrchnika (town, western Slovenia) : to 1918 Ger- Volunteer Island see Starbuck Island man Oberlaibach; Roman Nauportus Volyn’ see Volhynia Vr§ac (city, northeastern Serbia) : to 1918 Ger- Volzhsk (city, western Russia) : to 1940 Lopatino man Werschetz Vondri§el (village, east central Slovakia) : 1948– Vrútky (town, northwestern Slovakia) : to 1918 1990 Nálepkovo; to 1918 Hungarian Merény; to Hungarian Ruttka; to 1867 German Ruttek 1867 German Wagendrüssel (The town is now a district of the city of Mar- Vorontsovka see Tashir tin.) Vorontsovo-Aleksandrovskoye see Zeleno- Vsekhsvyatskoye see Sarykol’ kumsk Vsetín (city, eastern Czech Republic) : to 1918, Voropayevo see Varapayeva 1939–1945 German Wsetin Voroshilov see Ussuriysk Vuhlehirs’k (town, eastern Ukraine) : (Russian Voroshilovabad see Kalinin Uglegorsk); to 1958 Khatsapetivka (Russian Voroshilovgrad see Luhans’k Khatsapetovka) Voroshilovsk see (1) Alchevs’k; (2) Stavropol’ Vukovar (city, eastern Croatia) : to 1867 German Voroshylovhrad see Luhans’k Wukowar Voroshylovs’k see Alchevs’k V≠lkova Slatina see Doktor Yosifovo Vorovskogo, imeni (town, western Russia) : to Vyatka (city, western Russia) : 1934–1991 Kirov; 1941 Khrapunovo (The town should not be to 1780 Khlynov confused with the identically named smaller Vyborg (city, northwestern Russia) : 1918–1940 town near Gus’-Khrustal’ny, to the east.) Finnish Viipuri; originally Swedish Viborg Vorst see Forest Vyerkhnyadzvinsk (town, northern Belarus) : Võru (town, southeastern Estonia) : (Russian (Russian Verkhnedvinsk); to 1962 Drissa Vyru); to 1918 Russian Verro Vygoda see Vyhoda Vose (town, southwestern Tajikistan) : c.1935– Vyhoda (town, western Ukraine) : (Russian Vy- c.1960 Kolkhozobod (Russian Kolkhozabad); to goda); to 1939 Polish Wygoda c.1935 Paituk Vynohradiv (town, western Ukraine) : (Russian Voskresenovka see 2Oktyabr’sky Vinogradov); 1944–1945 Czech Sevlu§ (Russian Voskresensk see Istra Sevlyush); 1939–1944 Hungarian Nagyszöllös; Voskresenskoye see Kirovo 1919–1938 Czech Sevlu§; to 1918 Hungarian Vostochny (village, eastern Russia) : 1905–1945 Nagyszöllös Japanese Motodomari Vyru see Võru 223 Warren

Vyshneve (town, east central Ukraine) : (Russian Waùbrzych (city, southwestern Poland) : to 1945 Vishnyovoye); to 1961 Erastivka (Russian Eras- German Waldenburg tovka) Waùcz (town, northwestern Poland) : 1772–1919, Vy§kov (town, southeastern Czech Republic) : to 1939–1945 German Deutsch-Krone 1918, 1939–1945 German Wischau Waldau see Nizovye Vysokaye (town, southwestern Belarus) : (Rus- Waldenburg see Waùbrzych sian Vysokoye); 1919–1939 Polish Wysokie Wales (principality, western Great Britain) : Litewskie; to 1918 Russian Vysoko-Litovsk Welsh Cymru; Roman Cambria Vysoké Mï to (town, central Czech Republic) : Walker Town see Walkerville to 1918, 1939–1945 German Hohenmauth Walkerville (town, Ontario, southeastern Can- Vysoké nad Jizerou (town, northern Czech Re- ada) : to 1858 Walker Town (In 1935 the town public) : to 1918, 1939–1945 German Hoch- was annexed to the city of Windsor.) stadt Wall (village, central England) : Roman Letoce- Vysoko-Litovsk see Vysokaye tum. (The nearby town of Lichfield took the Vysokoye see Vysokaye Lich- of its name from the Roman name, itself Vysotsk (town, northwestern Russia) : to 1948 from Celtic words meaning “gray wood,” Finnish Uuras (The town passed from Finland adding Old English feld, modern -field, to to the USSR in 1940 but retained its Finnish mean “open land.”) name until 1948.) Wallaceburg (town, Ontario, southeastern Vy§§í Brod (village, southern Czech Republic) : Canada) : originally The Forks to 1918, 1939–1945 German Hohenfurth Wallachia (region, southern Romania) : [Ro- Vyzhnytsya (town, western Ukraine) : (Russian manian Valahia] Vizhnitsa), 1919–1940 Romanian Vijni´a; to Wallachisch-Meseritsch see Vala§ské Mezi†íVí 1918 German Wiznitz Walla Walla (city, Washington, northwestern 1Vzmor’ye (village, western Russia) : to 1945 United States) : to 1862 Steptoeville German Grossheidekrug Wallingford (town, Connecticut, northeastern 2Vzmor’ye (village, eastern Russia) : 1905–1945 United States) : to 1670 East River Japanese Shiraura Wallis Plains see Maitland Waadt see Vaud Wallonia (region, southern Belgium) : [French Waag-Bistritz see Pova±ská Bystrica Wallonie] Waag-Neustadt see Nové Mesto nad Váhom Wallonie see Wallonia WRbrzeØno (town, northern Poland) : 1772– Wallsend (town, northeastern England) : Roman 1919, 1939–1945 German Briesen Segedunum (The town lies at the eastern end of Wadhwan see Surendranagar the Roman wall known as Hadrian’s Wall.) Wadowice (town, southern Poland) : 1940–1945 Walnut City see Arkansas City German Frauenstadt; 18th–19th century, 1939– Walnut Creek (city, California, western United 1940 German Wadowitz States) : to 1860 The Corners Wadowitz see Wadowice Wanganui (city, north central New Zealand) : to Wadsworth see Riverton 1845 Petre Wagendrüssel see Vondri§el Wangerin see Wdgorzyno WRgrowiec (town, west central Poland) : 1793– Wangkü see Chang’an 1807, 1815–1919, 1939–1945 German Wongro- Wankie see Hwange witz Wansen see WiRzów Wagstadt see Bílovec Wantland’s Ferry see 2Jacksonville Wahlstatt see Legnickie Pole Warasdin see Vara±din Waihou (river, northern New Zealand) : for- Wardsesson see 2Bloomfield merly Thames (The earlier name is preserved Waremme (town, east central Belgium) : Flemish in the town of Thames at the river’s mouth.) Borgworm Wainwright (town, Alberta, west central Warmbad see Bela-Bela Canada) : to 1909 Denwood Warmbaths see Bela-Bela Wairoa (town, northeastern New Zealand) : for- Warner Robins (city, Georgia, southeastern merly Clyde United States) : formerly Wellston (The origi- Wairoa see Waverley nal village was renamed when Robins Air Waitzen see Vác Force base was established nearby in 1943.) Wakatu see 1Nelson Warnsdorf see Varnsdorf Wakeham see Kangiqsujuaq 1Warren (city, Michigan, north central United Warren 224

States) : 1838–1839 Alba; originally Hickory Waukesha (city, Wisconsin, north central United (The city is now a suburb of Detroit.) States) : originally Prairieville 2Warren (town, Massachusetts, northeastern Wausau (city, Wisconsin, north central United United States) : to 1834 Western States) : to 1872 Big Bull Falls Warsaw (city, east central Poland) : [Polish Waver see Wavre Warszawa]; 1795–1807, 1939–1945 German Waverley (town, north central New Zealand) : Warschau formerly Wairoa (The earlier Maori name was Warschau see Warsaw changed as it already existed for Wairoa, Warszawa see Warsaw among other places.) Wartenburg see Barczewo Wavre (town, central Belgium) : Flemish Waver Wartha see Bardo Wavre-Ste.-Catherine see Sint-Katelijne- Warthbrücken see Koùo Waver Warthenau see Zawiercie Wayne (village, Ohio, north central United Wascana see Regina States) : to 1931 Freeport Waset see Thebes Waynesboro (town, Virginia, eastern United 1Washington (town, North Carolina, eastern States) : to 1801 Teesville United States) : to 1776 Forks of Tar River Wear (river, northeastern England) : Roman 2Washington (town, Pennsylvania, northeastern Vedra United States) : to 1781 Bassett-town; originally Webster City (town, Iowa, north central United Catfish’s Camp States) : to 1856 Newcastle Washington see (1) Macomb; (2) Piqua Wedgeport (town, Nova Scotia, eastern Canada) Washington Court House see Fayetteville : to 1909 Tusket Wedge Washington Island see Teraina Wdgliniec (town, southwestern Poland) : to 1945 Washington’s Furnace see 1Lakewood German Kohlfurt Waskaganish (village, Quebec, eastern Canada) : Wdgorzewo (town, northern Poland) : to 1945 formerly Fort-Rupert; earlier Fort-St.-Jacques; German Angerburg originally Fort-Charles Wdgorzyno (town, northwestern Poland) : to WRsosz (town, western Poland) : to 1945 Ger- 1945 German Wangerin man Herrnstadt Wdgrów (town, eastern Poland) : to 1915 Russian Watenstedt-Salzgitter see Salzgitter Vengrov Water Eaton (village, central England) : Roman Wehlau see Znamensk Pennocrucium (This Water Eaton, near Penk- Weichsel see Vistula ridge, should not be confused with two other Weipert see Vejprty villages of the same name, the first now part of Weissenburg see Alba Iulia the town of Bletchley, the other near Oxford.) Weissenfels see Fusine in Valromana Waterford (town, southeastern Ireland) : Irish Weissenstein see Paide Port Láirge Weisskirchen see Bela Crkva Waterloo (city, Iowa, north central United Weiss-stein see Biaùy Kamieü States) : to 1851 Prairie Rapids Weisswasser see Bfilá pod Bezdfizem Waterloo see Austin Weistritz see Bystrzyca Waterman Junction see Barstow Wejherowo (town, northern Poland) : 1772–1919, Watertown (town, Connecticut, northeastern 1939–1945 German Neustadt in Westpreussen United States) : to 1780 Westbury Wekelsdorf see Teplice nad Metují Watertown see Wethersfield Wekwetì (village, Northwest Territories, north- Waterville (town, southwestern Ireland) : Irish ern Canada) : to 1999 Snare Lakes An Coireán Welfare Island see Roosevelt Island Watkins Glen (village, New York, northeastern Welland (city, Ontario, southeastern Canada) : United States) : to 1852 Jefferson 1842–1856 Merrittsville; to 1842 The Aqueduct Watling Island see 1San Salvador Wellington (city, central New Zealand) : origi- Watrap (town, southeastern India) : to early nally Port Nicholson (The original name is pre- 1920s Varttirayiruppu served for the harbor here, also known as Watts (town, California, southwestern United Wellington Harbour, much as Sydney, Aus- States) : to 1900 Mud Town (The town is now tralia, surrounds Port Jackson, itself alternately a district of Los Angeles.) known as Sydney Harbour.) Waukegan (city, Illinois, north central United Wellsburg (town, West Virginia, east central States) : to 1849 Little Fort United States) : to 1816 Charles Town 225 Whitchurch

Wellsford (village, northern New Zealand) : West Lafayette (city, Indiana, north central Maori Whakapirau United States) : 1866–1888 Chauncey; to 1866 Wellston see Warner Robins Kingston Wels (city, north central Austria) : Roman West Lake see Kagera Ovilava West Lothian (administrative region, southeast- Welshpool (town, eastern Wales) : Welsh Y ern Scotland) : formerly Linlithgowshire Trallwng West Maitland see Maitland Welsh St. Donats (village, southern Wales) : Westmeath (county, north central Ireland) : Irish Welsh Llanddunwyd (The first word of the An Iarmhí name distinguishes this village, historically in a West Memphis (city, Arkansas, south central manor subject to Welsh law, from St. Donats, United States) : to 1927 Bragg’s Spur some 8 miles to the southwest.) Weston under Penyard (village, west central En- Welungen see Wieluü gland) : Roman Ariconium Welwarn see Velvary West Orange (town, New Jersey, northeastern Welwitschia see Khorixas United States) : originally Fairmount Wenden see C`sis West Papua (province, eastern Indonesia) : to Wenvoe (village, southern Wales) : Welsh Gwenfô 2007 West Irian Jaya (In 2003 the western part Werschetz see Vr§ac of the province of Papua was demarcated as Wesenberg see Rakvere the new province of Irian Jaya Barat, or West Weseritz see Bezdru±ice Irian Jaya. In 2007 it was renamed Papua Wesermünde see Bremerhaven Barat, or West Papua.) Wesleyville (village, Newfoundland and Labra- Westphalia (region, western Germany) : [Ger- dor, eastern Canada) : to 1884 Coal Harbour man Westfalen] Wesprim see Veszprém West Point see Apalachicola Wesseli an der Lainsitz see Veselí nad Lu±nicí Westport (town, western Ireland) : Irish Cathair Wesseli an der March see Veselí nad Moravou na Mart West Allis (city, Wisconsin, north central United Westport Landing see 1Kansas City States) : 1880–1902 North Greenfield; originally West’s Corner see Milverton Honey Creek (The city is now a suburb of Mil- West Seekonk see East Providence waukee.) West Seneca (town, New York, northeastern Westbourne see Zanesville United States) : to 1852 Seneca Westbury see Watertown West Shefford see Bromont West Cambridge see 2Arlington West Society see West Hartford West Columbia (town, South Carolina, south- West Wyalong (town, New South Wales, south- eastern United States) : to 1938 New Brookland eastern Australia) : originally Main Camp West Des Moines (city, Iowa, north central Wethersfield (town, Connecticut, northeastern United States) : to 1938 Valley Junction United States) : to 1637 Watertown Western (province, western Zambia) : to 1969 Wexford (town, southeastern Ireland) : Irish Barotseland (The province’s present name was Loch Garman held earlier by Copperbelt province, to the Whakapirau see Wellsford north.) Whale Cove (village, Nunavut, north central Western see 2Warren Canada) : alternate Inuit Tikirarjuaq Western Isles (northwestern Scotland) : Gaelic Whapmagoostui see Kuujjuarapik Eilean Siar; alternate Outer Hebrides (The is- Wharfe (river, northern England) : Roman Ver- lands, part of the Hebrides, bear the full for- beia (The Roman name may also have been mal Gaelic name Na h-Eileanan an Iar.) that of the fort at Ilkley, on this river.) Western Sahara (territory, northwestern Africa) : Whatcom see Bellingham 1958–1976 Spanish Sahara Wha Ti (village, Northwest Territories, northern Western Samoa see Samoa Canada) : to 1999 Lac la Martre Westfalen see Westphalia Whitby (town, Ontario, southeastern Canada) : West Hammond see Calumet City to 1855 Perry’s Corners West Hanover see Morristown 1Whitchurch (town, western England) : Roman West Hartford (town, Connecticut, northeastern Mediolanum United States) : to 1806 West Society 2Whitchurch (village, southeastern Wales) : West Hoosac see Williamstown Welsh Yr Eglwys Newydd (The village is now a West Irian Jaya see West Papua district of the city of Cardiff.) Whitchurch 226

3Whitchurch (village, southwestern Wales) : William Henry see Sorel Welsh Tre-groes Williamsburg (town, Virginia, eastern United White Nile (river, southern Sudan) : [Arabic States) : to 1699 Middle Plantation Ba∏r al-Abyaö] Williamsburg see Rockville White Russia see Belarus Williams Landing see Greenwood White’s Fort see Knoxville Wiliamstown (town, Massachusetts, northeast- White Sulphur Springs see Searcy ern United States) : to 1765 West Hoosac White Valley see Lumby Willingboro (town, New Jersey, northeastern White Volta see Nakambe United States) : 1959–1963 Levittown Whitford (village, northeastern Wales) : Welsh 1Williston (town, North Dakota, northern Chwitffordd United States) : originally Little Muddy Whitland (village, southwestern Wales) : Welsh 2Williston (town, southwestern South Africa) : Hendy-gwyn to 1919 Amandelboom Whitman (town, Massachusetts, northeastern Willmore City see Long Beach United States) : to 1886 South Abington Will’s Creek see Cumberland Whyalla (city, South Australia, southern Aus- Willyama see Broken Hill tralia) : to 1920 Hummock Hill 1Wilmington (city, Delaware, northeastern Whydah see Ouidah United States) : 1655–1739 Altena; earlier Fort WiRzów (town, southwestern Poland) : to 1945 Christina German Wansen 2Wilmington (city, North Carolina, eastern Wick (village, southern Wales) : Welsh Y Wig United States) : originally New Town Wicklow (town, eastern Ireland) : Irish Cill Wilno see Vilnius Mhantáin Wiltwyck see 1Kingston Widder Station see Thedford 1Winchester (city, southern England) : Roman Widcbork (town, northwestern Poland) : to 1945 Venta Belgarum German Vandsburg 2Winchester (city, Virginia, eastern United Wielbark (town, northeastern Poland) : to 1945 States) : to 1752 Fredericktown German Willenberg Windau see Ventspils Wieleü (town, western Poland) : 1793–1807, Windisch (town, northern Switzerland) : Roman 1815–1919, 1939–1945 German Filehne Vindonissa Wieliczka (town, southern Poland) : 1940–1945 Windisch-Feistritz see Ilirska Bistrica German Gross-Salze Windischgrätz see Slovenj Gradec Wielka Wie¢ (town, southern Poland) : 1772– Windscale see Sellafield 1919, 1939–1945 German Grossendorf bei 1Windsor (town, south central England) : Putzig (The district of Wùadisùawowo was officially New Windsor (The town grew up by named Hallerowo from 1919 to 1939.) Windsor Castle, built near the original Wind- Wieluü (town, south central Poland) : 1940– sor, now contrastingly named Old Windsor.) 1945 German Welungen 2Windsor (town, Nova Scotia, eastern Canada) : Wien see Vienna to 1764 Pisiquid Wierzchowo (village, northern Poland) : 1772– 3Windsor (city, Ontario, southeastern Canada) : 1807, 1815–1945 German Firchau to 1836 Richmond; originally The Ferry Wiesbaden (city, western Germany) : Roman Wing’s Falls see Glens Falls Aquae Mattiacae Winkowcze see Vinkovci Wieselburg see Moson Winnebago Rapids see Neenah Wiesengrund see Dob†any Winnipeg (city, Manitoba, southern Canada) : Wietstock see Wysoka to 1835 Fort Garry (This and earlier forts on Wietz see Witnica the site formed the nucleus of the new city, in- Wight, Isle of (southern England) : Roman Vec- corporated in 1873.) tis Winona (city, Minnesota, north central United Wildenschwert see Ústi nad Orlicí States) : originally Montezuma Wildersburgh see Barre Wiüsko (town, southwestern Poland) : to 1945 Wilds see 2Florence German Winzig Wilejka see Vileyka Winter Haven (city, Florida, southeastern Wilhelmina Top see Trikora United States) : to 1884 Harris’ Corner Wilhelm-Pieck-Stadt see Guben Winter Park (city, Florida, southeastern United Willenberg see Wielbark States) : 1870–1881 Osceola; originally Lakeview 227 Wrze¢nia

Winterthur (city, northern Switzerland) : Wolin (town, northwestern Poland) : to 1945 Roman Vitodurum German Wollin Winton (town, Queensland, east central Aus- Woùkowysk see Vawkavysk tralia) : originally Pelican Waterholes Wollin see Wolin Wintonbury see 1Bloomfield Wollstein see Wolsztyn Winzig see Wiüsko Wolmar see Valmiera Wirbeln see Zhavoronkovo Wolów (town, southwestern Poland) : to 1945 Wirowititz see Virovitica German Wohlau Wirsitz see Wyrzysk Woùo∞yn see Valozhyn Wischau see Vy§kov Wolsztyn (town, western Poland) : 1793–1807, Wisconsin Dells (town, Wisconsin, northern 1815–1919, 1939–1945 German Wollstein United States) : to 1931 Kilbourn Woùyü see Volhynia Wisconsin Rapids (city, Wisconsin, northern Wongrowitz see WRgrowiec United States) : to 1920 Grand Rapids (Grand Woodbridge (town, Ontario, southeastern Can- Rapids and Centralia, either side of the Wis- ada) : to 1854 Burwick (In 1971 Woodbridge consin River, were consolidated in 1900.) merged with the town of Vaughan.) Wise (town, Virginia, eastern United States) : to Woodburn (town, Indiana, north central United 1924 Gladville; originally Big Glades States) : to 1936 Shirley City Wisùa see Vistula Woodland (city, California, western United Wiston (village, southwestern Wales) : Welsh States) : to 1859 Yolo City Cas-wis Woodland Hills (town, California, southwestern Witkowitz see Vitkovice United States) : to 1941 Girard (The town is Witkowo (town, west central Poland) : 1939– now a suburban section of Los Angeles.) 1945 German Wittingen Woodstock (city, Ontario, southeastern Canada) Witnica (town, western Poland) : to 1945 Ger- : originally Oxford man Wietz Worcester (city, west central England) : Roman Witsieshoek see Phuthaditjhaba Vertis (The precise name of the original Wittenberg see Nivenskoye Roman town is tentative, as in fact is its Wittingau see T†eboû identification with the modern city.) Wittingen see Witkowo Worcester see Marquette Witwatersrand (rocky ridge, northeastern South Wormditt see Orneta Africa) : popularly The Rand Worms (city, southwestern Germany) : Roman Wiznitz see Vyzhnytsya Augusta Vangionum; Celtic Borbetomagus Wùadysùawów see Naumiestis Woropajewo see Varapayeva Wùadisùawowo see Wielka Wie¢ Worthington see Valley City Wlaschim see Vla§ím Wrecsam see Wrexham Wleü (town, southwestern Poland) : to 1945 Wrekin, The see Telford and Wrekin German Lähn Wreschen see Wrze¢nia Wùocùawek (city, north central Poland) : 1939– Wrexham (town, northeastern Wales) : Welsh 1945 German Leslau; 1815–1915 Russian Vlot- Wrecsam slavek Wright’s Ferry see 2Columbia Wùodzimierz see Volodymyr-Volyns’kyy Wrightstown see 2Hull Wodzisùaw ¡lRski (city, southern Poland) : Wrigley (village, Northwest Territories, north- 1939–1945 German Loslau western Canada) : alternate Inuit Tthedzeh Wohlau see Wolów Koe Woùczyn (town, southern Poland) : to 1945 Ger- Wrocùaw (city, southwestern Poland) : to 1945 man Konstadt German Breslau Woldenberg see Dobiegniew Wroxeter (village, western England) : Roman Vi- Wolframs-Eschenbach (town, southwestern roconium; alternate Roman Uriconium (The Germany) : to 1917 Eschenbach (The present Roman name may have originally been that of name does not derive from a merger with an- the fort on the Wrekin, a nearby hill.) other town but from the addition of the name Wrze¢nia (town, west central Poland) : 1793– of the medieval poet Wolfram von Eschen- 1807, 1815–1919, 1939–1945 German Wreschen bach, who was born here.) Wrzeszcz (town, northern Poland) : 1793–1945 Wolf ’s Castle (village, southwestern Wales) : German Langfuhr (Wrzeszcz is now a district Welsh Cas-blaidd of the city of Gdaüsk.) Wschowa 228

Wschowa (town, western Poland) : 1793–1807, Xonobod (town, eastern Uzbekistan) : (Russian 1815–1945 German Fraustadt Khanabad); formerly Russian Sovetabad; to Wsetin see Vsetín 1972 Karabagish Wukowar see Vukovar Xovos (town, eastern Uzbekistan) : (Russian Wünschelburg see Radków Khavast); to 1963 Russian Ursat’yevskaya Wuppertal (city, western Germany) : to 1930 Yablochny (town, eastern Russia) : 1905–1945 Barmen-Elberfeld (The city was formed in Japanese Rantomari 1929 from the merger of Barmen and Elberfeld Yafo see Jaffa with other towns.) Yakima (city, Washington, northwestern United Würbenthal see Vrbno pod Pradfidem States) : to 1918 North Yakima Wutsin see Changzhou Yakova see Djakovica Wyandotte see 2Kansas City Yakovlevskoye see Privolzhsk Wye (river, southern Wales/western England) : Yakunchikov see Krasny Mayak Welsh Gwy Yakutia see Sakha Wygoda see Vyhoda Yaloven’ see Ialoveni Wynyard (town, Tasmania, southeastern Aus- Yama see Sivers’k tralia) : to 1861 Table Cape Yambol (city, southeastern Bulgaria) : to 1878 Wyrzysk (town, northwestern Poland) : 1793– Turkish Yambolu 1807, 1815–1919, 1939–1945 German Wirsitz Yambolu see Yambol Wysoka (town, northwestern Poland) : 1793– Yamburg see Kingisepp 1807, 1815–1919, 1939–1945 German Wietstock Yanaw see Ivanava Wysokie Litewskie see Vysokaye Yangi-Bazar see (1) Kofarnihon; (2) Soldatsky Wysokie Mazowieckie (town, northeastern Yangiyer (town, eastern Uzbekistan) : formerly Poland) : to 1915 Russian Mazovetsk Russian Chernyayevo Xaignabouli (town, northwestern Laos) : to 1946 Yangiyul (city, eastern Uzbekistan) : to c.1935 Paklay (Xaignabouli was in Thailand from 1941 Kaunchi to 1946.) Yangku see Taiyuan Xai-Xai (town, southern Mozambique) : 1928– Yangôn (city, south central Myanmar) : to 1989 1976 Portuguese Vila de João Belo; 1922–1928 Rangoon; to 1756 Dagon (The present form of Portuguese Vila Nova de Gaza the city’s name more accurately reflects its Xá-Muteba (village, northern Angola) : formerly Burmese pronunciation.) Portuguese Cinco de Outubro Yangtze (river, China) : alternate Chang (The Xanadu see Shangdu name was formerly familiar in the expanded Xangongo (town, southern Angola) : formerly form Yangtze Kiang, where the second word, Portuguese Roçadas more correctly Jiang, means simply “river.” Xankändi (city, southwestern Azerbaijan) : The alternate name may similarly appear on 1923–1991 Stepanakert; to 1923 Khankendy maps as Chang Jiang.) Xanlar (town, western Azerbaijan) : to 1938 Yele- Yaniv see Ivano-Frankove nendorf Yanivka see Ivanivka Xánthi (city, northeastern Greece) : to 1913 Yanov see (1) Ivanava; (2) Ivano-Frankove Turkish Eskice Yanovka see Ivanivka Xatl’o Dehe see Hay Beach Yantarny (town, western Russia) : to 1945 Ger- Xhora see Elliotdale man Palmnicken Xiaguan see 1Dali Yantsivs’kyy Kar’yer see 2Kam’yane Xiamen (city, southeastern China) : alternate Yantsovsky Kar’yer see 2Kam’yane dated Amoy Yanushpil’ see Ivanopol’ Xianggang see Hong Kong Yanushpol see Ivanopil’ Xinjiang Uygur (region, western China) : alter- Yanya see Ioannina nate Sinkiang Uighur; to 1878 Chinese Turke- Yaryksu-Aukh see Novolakskoye stan (Both forms of the Chinese name are Yasenivs’kyy (town, eastern Ukraine) : (Russian often shortened, respectively as Xinjiang and Yasenovsky); to 1954 Lobivka (Russian Lobovka) Sinkiang, omitting the ethnic name.) Yasenovsky see Yasenivs’kyy Xinjing see Changchun Yashkul’ (town, western Russia) : 1943–1957 Xions see KsiR∞ Wielkopolski Peschanoye Xiririca see Eldorado Yasi see Turkestan Xizang see Tibet Yasinya (town, western Ukraine) : 1944–1945 229 Ynys Gybi

Czech Jasiûa; 1939–1944 Hungarian Körömezâ; Yemva (town, western Russia) : to 1985 Zhelez- 1919–1939 Czech Jasiûa; to 1918 Hungarian nodorozhny Körömezâ Yen see Beijing Yaski see Lesogorsky Yenakiyeve (city, eastern Ukraine) : (Russian Yasnogorsk (town, western Russia) : to 1965 Yenakiyevo); 1935–1943 Ordzhonikidze; Laptevo c.1928–1935 Rykovo Yasnomorsky (village, eastern Russia) : 1905– Yenakiyevo see Yenakiyeve 1945 Japanese Oko Yenice see Giannitsa Yasnoye (village, western Russia) : 1938–1945 Yeni Derbent see D≠lgopol German Kuckerneese; to 1938 Kaukehmen Yenipazar see 1,2Novi Pazar Yassqhüyük (village, northwestern Turkey) : Yeni§ehir see Lárissa Roman Gordium; ancient Greek Gordion Yeniza∑ra see Nova Zagora Yathrib see Medina Yenukidze see Ambrolauri Yavoriv (town, western Ukraine) : (Russian Yeraliyev see Kuryk Yavorov); to 1919 Polish Jaworów Yerba Buena see San Francisco Yavorov see Yavoriv Yerevan (city, central Armenia) : to 1936 Russian Yazoo City (town, Mississippi, southeastern Erivan United States) : 1830–1839 Manchester; origi- Yermak see 1Aksu nally Hanan’s Bluff Yermalner see Melville Island Y Bala see Bala Yermolovsk see Gyachrypsh Y Barri see Barry Yerushalayim see Jerusalem Y Bermo see Barmouth Yerzhar see 2Gagarin Y Bont-faen see Cowbridge Ye£ilköy (village, northwestern Turkey) : for- Y Bontnewydd-ar-Wy see Newbridge-on-Wye merly Italian San Stefano (The Italian name is Y Clas-ar-Wy see Glasbury historically preserved for the treaty between Y Drenewydd see Newtown Russia and Turkey signed here in 1878.) Yeghegnadzor (town, south central Armenia) : Yesman see 1Chervone c.1935–1957 Mikoyan; to c.1935 Keshishkend Yevdokimovskoye see 3Krasnogvardeyskoye Yegindykol’ (village, north central Kazakhstan) : Yev’ye see Vievis formerly Russian Krasnoznamenskoye Yezhovo-Cherkessk see Cherkessk Yegorshino see Artyomovsky Yezo see Hokkaido Yekabpils see J`kabpils Yezupil’ see 1Zhovten’ Yekaterinburg (city, western Russia) : 1924–1991 Yezupol’ see 1Zhovten’ Sverdlovsk Y Fali see Valley Yekaterinenshtadt see Marks Y Felinheli (town, northwestern Wales) : for- Yekaterinodar see Krasnodar merly Port Dinorwic (The port town originally Yekaterinofeld see Bolnisi exported slate from the nearby Dinorwic Yekaterinoslav see Dnipropetrovs’k quarry.) Yekaterinovskaya see Krylovskaya Y Fenai see Menai Strait Yelenendorf see Xanlar Y Fenni see Abergavenny Yelenovka see (1) Sevan; (2) Zoryns’k Y Fflint see Flint Yelenovskiye Kar’yery see Dokuchayevs’k Y Garn see Roch Yelgava see Jelgava Y Gelli Gandryll see Hay-on-Wye Yelizavetgrad see Kirovohrad Y Grysmwnt see Grosmont Yelizavetpol see Gäncä Yirga Alem (town, southern Ethiopia) : 1936– Yelizovo (city, eastern Russia) : to 1924 Zavoyko 1941 Italian Dalle Yellowknife (town, Northwest Territories, west Yisra’el see Israel central Canada) : alternate Inuit Sombak’e Y Môt see New Moat Yellow River see Huang Ho Y Mwmbwls see Mumbles Yellow Sea (western Pacific) : [Chinese Huang Y Mynydd Du see Black Mountain Hai; alternate Chinese Hwang Hai] (The Y Mynyddoedd Duon see Black Mountains Huang Ho flows into the Yellow Sea through Ynys Bˆyr see Caldey the Bo Hai or Gulf of Chihli.) Ynys Dewi see Ramsey Yelyzavethrad see Kirovohrad Ynys Echni see Flatholm Yemen (republic, southwestern Asia) : [Arabic Al Ynys Enlli see Bardsey Yaman] Ynys Gybi see Holy Island Ynysgynwraidd 230

Ynysgynwraidd see Skenfrith Serbia and Montenegro to form a rump Fed- Ynysoedd y Moelrhoniaid see Skerries, The eral Republic of Yugoslavia. In 2006 they also Ynysowen see Merthyr Vale became independent, and the name Yugoslavia Ynys Seiriol see Puffin Island disappeared from the map.) Yokuntown see Lenox Yugovskoy Zavod see Yug Yolo City see Woodland Yuma (city, Arizona, southwestern United States) Yongning see Nanning : 1862–1873 Arizona City; to 1862 Colorado 1York (city, northern England) : Roman Ebo- City racum (The 2d-century A.D. geographer Ptol- Yumrukchal see Botev Peak emy recorded the name as Eborakon. Under Yunnanfu see Kunming the Anglo-Saxons the city was known as Eofor- Yunokommunarovsk see Yunokomunarivs’k wic and then under the Vikings Jórvik, the lat- Yunokomunarivs’k (town, eastern Ukraine) : ter eventually giving the present name.) (Russian Yunokommunarovsk); 1924–1965 2York (town, Maine, northeastern United States) imeny Yunykh Komunariv (Russian imeni Yun- : to 1652 Gorgeana ykh Kommunarov); to 1924 Bunge Rudnyk York see Toronto (Russian Bunge Rudnik) York River see Bancroft Yunykh Kommunarov, imeni see Yunokomu- Yoshkar-Ola (city, western Russia) : 1919–1927 narivs’k Krasnokokshaysk; to 1919 Tsaryovokokshaysk Yunykh Komunariv, imeny see Yunokomuna- Youghal (town, southern Ireland) : Irish Eochaill rivs’k Youssoufia (town, west central Morocco) : for- Yur’yev see (1) Bila Cerkva; (2) Tartu merly French Louis-Gentil Yuryuzan’ (town, western Russia) : to 1943 Youth, Isle of see Juventud, Isla de la Yuryuzansy Zavod Ypres (town, western Belgium) : Flemish Ieper Yuryuzansky Zavod see Yuryuzan’ (Although in the Flemish-speaking half of Bel- Yutian see Changning gium, the town is usually referred to by its Yuzhno-Kuril’sk (town, eastern Russia) : 1905– French name. It was held by France from 1678 1945 Japanese Furukamappu to 1716 and 1792 to 1814 and became widely Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk (town, eastern Russia) : known under this name as the scene of major 1905–1945 Japanese Toyohara; to 1905 Russian battles in World War I, when English-speaking Vladimirovka combatants dubbed it “Wipers.”) Yuzhnoukrainsk see Yuzhnoukrayins’k Yr Eglwys Lwyd see Ludchurch Yuzhnoukrayins’k (town, south central Ukraine) Yr Eglwys Newydd see 2Whitchurch : (Russian Yuzhnoukrainsk); to 1987 Kostyanty- Yr Hôb see Hope nivka (Russian Konstantinovka) Y Rhws see Rhoose Yuzhny see Skuratovsky Yr Orsedd see Rossett Yuzivka see Donets’k Yr Wyddfa see Snowdon Yuzovka see Donets’k Yr Wyddgrug see Mold Yverdon (city, western Switzerland) : German Y Trallwng see Welshpool Iferten; Roman Eburodunum Yuan see Red River Y Waun see Chirk Yudino see Petukhovo Y Wig see Wick Yug (town, western Russia) : to 1943 Yugovskoy Zabaykal’sk (town, southern Russia) : formerly Zavod Otpor Yugo-Kamsky (town, western Russia) : to 1929 Õabie see Verkhovyna Yugokamsky Zavod ZRbkowice ¡lRskie (town, southwestern Poland) Yugokamsky Zavod see Yugo-Kamsky : to 1945 German Frankenstein Yugorsk (town, west central Russia) : formerly Zaboyshchik see Kurganovka Komsomol’sky Záb†eh (town, east central Czech Republic) : to Yugoslavia (historic republic, southeastern Eu- 1918, 1938–1945 German Hohenstadt rope) : [Serbian Jugoslavija]; to 1929 Kingdom Zabrze (city, southern Poland) : 1915–1945 Ger- of Serbs, Croats, and Slovenes (Serbo-Croat man Hindenburg Kraljevina Serba, Hrvata i Slovenaca)(In 1945 Zachan see Suchan the kingdom became a federation of Bosnia- ≥ aclé† (town, northeastern Czech Republic) : to Herzegovia, Croatia, Macedonia, Montene- 1918, 1939–1945 German Schatzlar gro, Serbia, and Slovenia. In 1991 four of Zadar (city, southern Croatia) : 1919–1945 Italian these declared their independence, leaving just Zara; Roman Jadera 231 Zdoùbunów

Õagaü (city, southwestern Poland) : to 1945 Ger- Zara see Zadar man Sagan Zaragoza see Saragossa Zagorsk see Sergiyev Posad Zarasai (town, northeastern Lithuania) : 1941– Zagorsky see Krasnozavodsk 1944 German Ossersee; to 1918 Russian Novo- Zagreb (city, central Croatia) : to 1867 German aleksandrovsk Agram Zárate (city, eastern Argentina) : 1932–1946 Zahirabad (town, south central India) : formerly Spanish General Uriburu; earlier Rincón de Ekeli Zárate Zainsk (city, western Russia) : to 1978 Novy Zay Zaravecchia see Biograd na Moru Zaire see Congo Zarechny (town, western Russia) : formerly Zaïre see Congo, Democratic Republic of the Pobedinsky Zakamensk (town, southern Russia) : to 1959 Zaria (city, north central Nigeria) : to late 16th Gorodok century Zazzau Zakarpats’ka Oblast’ see Transcarpathian Õary (city, western Poland) : to 1945 German Oblast Sorau Zakarpatskaya Oblast’ see Transcarpathian Zasieki (village, western Poland) : to 1945 Ger- Oblast man Forst (The village, originally a suburb of Zakharivka see Frunzivka the city of Forst, eastern Germany, was trans- Zakharovka see Frunzivka ferred to Poland in 1945.) Zákupy (town, northern Czech Republic) : to Zaslav see Zaslawye 1918, 1938–1945 German Reichstadt Zaslavl’ see Zaslawye Zakynthos (island, western Greece) : alternate Zaslawye (town, west central Belarus) : (Russian Zante Zaslavl’); to c.1935 Russian Zaslav; earlier Rus- ZalQu (city, northwestern Romania) : to 1918, sian Izyaslavl’ 1940–1944 Hungarian Zilah ≥ atec (town, northwestern Czech Republic) : to Zaleshchiki see Zalishchyky 1918, 1938–1945 German Saaz Zales’ye (village, western Russia) : 1938–1945 Zatish’ye see Elektrostal’ German Liebenfelde; to 1938 German Zavitaya see Zavitinsk Mehlauken Zavitinsk (town, eastern Russia) : to 1954 Zavi- Zaleszczyki see Zalishchyky taya Zalew Wi¢lany see Vistula Lagoon Zavodoukovsk (town, west central Russia) : to Zalishchyky (town, western Ukraine) : (Russian 1960 Zavodoukovsky Zaleshchiki); to 1939 Polish Zaleszczyki Zavodoukovsky see Zavodoukovsk ≥ amberk (town, northeastern Czech Republic) : Zavodskoy see 2Komsomol’sky to 1918, 1938–1945 German Senftenberg Zavolzhsk (town, western Russia) : to 1954 Zambia (republic, south central Africa) : to 1964 Zavolzh’ye Northern Rhodesia Zavolzh’ye (city, western Russia) : to 1960 Pestovo Zamo¢W (city, east central Poland) : to 1915 Rus- Zavolzh’ye see Zavolzhsk sian Zamost’ye Zavoyko see Yelizovo Zamost’ye see Zamo¢W Zawidów (town, southwestern Poland) : to 1945 Zancle see Messina German Seidenberg Zanesville (city, Ohio, north central United Zawiercie (city, southern Poland) : 1940–1945 States) : to 1801 Westbourne German Warthenau Zängilan (town, southern Azerbaijan) : to 1957 Zazzau see Zaria Pirchevan ZbRszyü (town, western Poland) : 1793–1807, Zanow see Sianów 1815–1919, 1939–1945 German Bentschen Zante see Zakynthos ZbRszynek (town, western Poland) : to 1945 Zapadno-Gruppsky see Shakhtars’k German Neubentschen Zapaluta see La Trinitaria ≥ d’ár nad Sázavou (city, east central Czech Re- Zaporizhzhya (city, southeastern Ukraine) : public) : to 1918, 1939–1945 German Saar an (Russian Zaporozh’ye); to 1921 Oleksandriv’sk der Sazava (Russian Aleksandrovsk) Zdolbuniv (town, western Ukraine) : (Russian Zaporozh’ye see Zaporizhzhya Zdolbunov); 1919–1939 Polish Zdoùbunów; to Zapotlán el Grande see Ciudad Guzmán 1918 Russian Zdolbunov Zapovednoye (village, western Russia) : to 1945 Zdolbunov see Zdolbuniv German Seckenburg Zdoùbunów see Zdolbuniv Zdzieszowice 232

Zdzieszowice (village, southwestern Poland) : to section of the city of Görlitz, eastern Germany, 1945 German Odertal on the right bank of the Neisse River. In 1945 Zealand see Sjælland it passed to Poland as a separate entity under Zebrzydowice Dolne (town, southern Poland) : the equivalent Polish name.) to 1918, 1939–1945 German Seibersdorf Zhab’ye see Verkhovyna Zeebrugge (town, northwestern Belgium) : Zhahti Koe see Fort Providence French Bruges-sur-Mer (The town is the port Zhalpaktal (town, western Kazakhstan) : for- for Bruges.) merly Russian Furmanovo; to 1935 Russian Zehden see Cedynia Slomikhino Zelaya (department, eastern Nicaragua) : for- Zhambyl see Taraz merly Bluefields Zhanaozen (town, southwestern Kazakhstan) : Zelena see 2Druzhba formerly Russian Novy Uzen’ Zelenodol’sk (town, western Russia) : to 1932 Zhangaqazaly see Ayteke Bi Zelyony Dol Zhangde see Anyang Zelenogorsk (town, western Russia) : to 1948 Zhangjiakou (city, northeastern China) : alter- Finnish Terijoki (The town passed to the nate Mongolian Kalgan USSR in 1940 but retained its Finnish name Zhanjiang (city, southeastern China) : 1898– until 1948.) 1945 French Fort-Bayard Zelenogradsk (town, western Russia) : to 1945 Zharkent (city, southeastern Kazakhstan) : 1942– German Kranz (The town should not be con- 1991 Russian Panfilov; to 1942 Russian fused with the much larger Zelenograd, now a Dzharkent satellite suburb of Moscow.) Zhavoronkovo (village, western Russia) : to 1945 Zelenokumsk (city, southwestern Russia) : German Wirbeln 1963–1965 Sovetskoye; to 1963 Vorontsovo- Zhdanov see Mariupol’ Aleksandrovskoye Zhdanovsk see Beyläqan Zelensk see 1Asaka Zhelaniya, Cape (northwestern Russia) : for- ≥ elezná Ruda (village, southwestern Czech Re- merly Cape Mauritius public) : to 1918, 1938–1945 German Eisenstein 1Zheleznodorozhny (city, western Russia, near (The village lies on the German border oppo- Moscow) : to 1939 Obiralovka site Bayerisch Eisenstein.) 2Zheleznodorozhny (town, western Russia, near ≥ eleznï Brod (town, northern Czech Republic) : Kaliningrad) : to 1945 German Gerdauen to 1918, 1939–1945 German Eisenbrod Zheleznodorozhny see (1) Qunghirot; ≥ eliezovce (town, southern Slovakia) : to 1918 (2) Yemva Hungarian Zseliz Zheleznogorsk see Zheleznogorsk-Ilimsky Zelman see Rovnoye Zheleznogorsk-Ilimsky (city, southern Russia) : Zelyony Dol see Zelenodol’sk to 1965 Zheleznogorsk Zemen (town, western Bulgaria) : formerly Belovo Zhelyu Voivoda (village, eastern Bulgaria) : for- Zemlya Imperatora Nikolaya II see Severnaya merly Mikhaylovo Zemlya Zhengxian see Zhengzhou Zempelburg see Sdpólno Krajeüskie Zhengzhou (city, east central China) : 1913–1949 Zemun (town, north central Serbia) : to 1867 Zhengxian German Semlin (Zemun is now incorporated Zherdevka (town, western Russia) : to 1954 into Belgrade.) Chibizovka Zengg see Senj Zhezdy (town, central Kazakhstan) : to 1962 Zenkovka see 2Chkalovskoye Marganets, earlier Kotabaru Zenta see Senta Zhidachov see Zhydachiv Zernograd (city, southwestern Russia) : 1933– Zhigulyovsk (city, western Russia) : 1949–1952 1960 Zernovoy; to 1933 Verblyud Otvazhny; 1946–1949 Otvazhnoye Zernovoy see Zernograd Zhilyanka see Kargalinskoye Zestap’oni (town, west central Georgia) : to 1924 Zhirnovsk (town, southwestern Russia) : 1954– Kvirily; formerly alternate Dzhugeli 1958 Zhirnovsky; to 1954 Zhirnoye Zetland see Shetland Zhirnovsky see Zhirnovsk Zeugma see Balkis Zhirnoye see Zhirnovsk Zeytun see Lamía Zhitomir see Zhytomyr Zgorzelec (town, western Poland) : to 1945 Ger- Zhivkovo (village, west central Bulgaria) : to man Görlitz-Moys (The town was originally a 1878 Turkish Avliköy 233 Õnin

Zhob (town, southwestern Pakistan) : 1889– Zimbabwe (republic, south central Africa) : 1970s Fort Sandeman 1964–1980 Rhodesia; to 1964 Southern Rhodesia Zholkva see Zhovkva Zimnitsa (village, eastern Bulgaria) : to 1878 Zhovkva (town, western Ukraine) : (Russian Turkish Kashlaköy Zholkva); 1951–1991 Russian Nesterov; 1941– Zimogor’ye see Zymohir’ya 1944 German Zolkiew; to 1939 Polish Õóùkiew Zinnik see Soignies Zhovta Richka see Zhovti Vody Zinov’yevsk see Kirovohrad 1Zhovten’ (town, western Ukraine) : to 1940 Zinov’yevs’k see Kirovohrad Yezupil’ (Polish Jezupol, Russian Yezupol’) Zinten see Kornevo 2Zhovten’ (village, southern Ukraine) : to c.1938 Zion see (1) Israel; (2) Jerusalem; (2) Palestine Petrovyrivka (Russian Petroverovka) Zipser-Neudorf see Spi§ská Nová Ves Zhovti Vody (city, eastern Ukraine) : (Russian Zirke see Sieraków Zhyoltyye Vody); 1939–1957 Zhovta Richka Zi£tov see Svishtov (Russian Zhyoltaya Reka); to 1939 Rudnyk imeny Ziwa Magharibi see Kagera Shvartsa (Russian Rudnik imeni Shvartsa) Zlaté Hory (town, northeastern Czech Republic) 1Zhovtneve (town, southern Ukraine) : (Russian : to 1919, 1939–1945 German Zuckmantel Zhovtnevoye); 1938–1961 Russian Oktyabr’skoye; Zlaté Moravce (town, southwestern Slovakia) : to 1938 Ukrainian Bohoyavlens’ke (Russian Bo- to 1918 Hungarian Aranyoszmarót goyavlensk) (The town became part of the city Zlaten Dol see Simeonovgrad of Mykolayiv in 1973.) Zlatna (town, central Romania) : to 1920 Ger- 2Zhovtneve (town, northern Ukraine) : (Russian man Klein-Schlattern Zhovtnevoye); to 1957 Mykolayivka-Vyrivs’ka Zlatograd town, southern Bulgaria) : to 1934 (Russian Nikolayevka-Vyrevskaya) Dara Dere; to 1878 Turkish Darqdere 3Zhovtneve (village, eastern Ukraine) : (Russian Zlín (city, southeastern Czech Republic) : 1948– Zhovtnevoye); 1944–1961 Stalins’ke (Russian 1990 Gottwaldov Stalinskoye); c.1928–1944 Stalindorf; to c.1928 Zùocieniec (town, northwestern Poland) : to Russian Izluchistaya 1945 German Falkenberg Zhovtnevoye see 1,2,3Zhovtneve Zùoczów see Zolochiv Zhukovo (village, western Russia) : to 1974 Zlokuchen see Ivanski Ugodsky Zavod Zùotoryja (town, southwestern Poland) : to 1945 Zhukovsky (town, western Russia) : 1938–1947 German Goldberg Stakhanovo; to 1938 Otdykh Zùotów (town, northwestern Poland) : to 1945 Zhydachiv (town, western Ukraine) : (Russian German Flatow Zhidachov); to 1939 Polish Õydaczów Zùoty Stok (town, southwestern Poland) : to Zhyoltaya Reka see Zhovti Vody 1945 German Reichenstein Zhyoltyye Vody see Zhovti Vody ≥ lutice (town, western Czech Republic) : to Zhytomyr (city, west central Ukraine) : (Russian 1918, 1938–1945 German Luditz Zhitomir); to 1939 Polish Õytomierz; to 1918 Zmajevo (village, northern Serbia) : to 1947 Russian Zhitomir Pa§iWevo Zichenau see Ciechanów Õmigród (town, southwestern Poland) : 1793– Zidani Most (village, central Slovenia) : to 1918, 1807, 1815–1919, 1939–1945 German Trachen- 1941–1945 German Steinbrück berg ≥ idlochovice (town, southeastern Czech Repub- Zmiyiv (town, northeastern Ukraine) : (Russian lic) : to 1918, 1939–1945 German Seelowitz Zmiyov); 1976–1990 Hotval’d (Russian Got- Zidbice (town, southwestern Poland) : to 1945 val’d) (The earlier name represents that of the German Münsterberg Austrian-born Czech president Kliment Gott- Ziebingen see Cybinka wald, who also gave the former name of Zlín.) Ziegenhals see Gùuchoùazy Zmiyov see Zmiyiv Zielenzig see Suldcin Znaim see Znojmo Zielona Góra (city, western Poland) : to 1945 Znamensk (town, western Russia) : to 1945 Ger- German Grünberg man Wehlau Zighoud Youcef (town, northeastern Algeria) : Znamensky see Pamyati 13 Bortsov to c.1962 French Condé-Smendou Znin see Õnin Zilah see ZalQu Õnin (town, west central Poland) : 1940–1945 ≥ ilina (city, northwestern Slovakia) : 1939–1945 German Diefurt; 1793–1807, 1815–1919 Ger- German Sillein; 1867–1918 Hungarian Zsolna man Znin Znojmo 234

Znojmo (city, southern Czech Republic) : to Züllichau see Sulechów 1918, 1948–1945 German Znaim Zülpich (town, western Germany) : Roman Tol- Zoan see Tanis biacum Zobten see Sobótka Zülz see Biaùa Zolkiew see Zhovkva Zurich (city, northern Switzerland) : German Õóùkiew see Zhovkva Zürich; Italian Zurigo Zolochev see Zolochiv Zürich see Zurich Zolochiv (town, western Ukraine) : (Russian Zurigo see Zurich Zolochev); to 1939 Polish Zùoczów Zvanka see Volkhov Zolotushino see Gornyak Zvenigovo (town, western Russia) : to c.1940 Zólyom see Zvolen Zvenigovsky Zaton Zombor see Sombor Zvenigovsky Zaton see Zvenigovo Zoppot see 2Sopot Zvishavane (town, south central Zimbabwe) : Zorinsk see Zoryns’k formerly Shabani Zorndorf see Sarbinowo Zvolen (town, central Slovakia) : 1939–1945 Õory (town, southern Poland) : to 1945 German German Altsohl; 1867–1918 Hungarian Zólyom Sohrau Zvornik (town, eastern Bosnia-Herzegovina) : to Zoryns’k (town, eastern Ukraine) : (Russian 1878 Turkish jzvornik Zorinsk); to 1963 Olenivka (Russian Yelenovka) Zwaanendael see Lewes Zoug see Zug Zweibrücken (city, southwestern Germany) : Zrenjanin (city, northern Serbia) : 1930s–1947 1801–1815 French Deux-Ponts; Medieval Latin Petrovgrad; 1918–1930s Veliki BeVkerek; to 1918 Bipontium Hungarian Nagybecskerek Zwischenwässern see Medvode Zschornegosda see Schwarzheide Zwittau see Svitavy Zselizs see ≥ eliezovce Õydaczów see Zhydachiv Zsolna see ≥ ilina Zymohir’ya (town, eastern Ukraine) : (Russian Zsombolya see Jimbolia Zimogor’ye); to 1961 Cherkas’ke (Russian Zuckmantel see Zlaté Hory Cherkasskoye) Zug (town, north central Switzerland) : French Õytomierz see Zhytomir Zoug Õywiec (town, southern Poland) : 1939–1945 Zuider Zee see IJsselmeer German Saybusch Zula la Vieja see La Piedad Cavadas Appendix I: Names of Places in Non-English Languages

Below is a selection of well-known placenames in their non–English forms, represented by members of seven different language families: French (Romance), German (Germanic); Turk- ish (Turkic), Finnish (Finno-Ugric), Polish (Slavic), Welsh (Celtic), and Chinese (Sino-Tibetan). French has the fullest representation, with the names arranged by categories. The Chinese names have their own preamble.

1. French Bulgaria : Bulgarie England : Angleterre Burkina Faso : Burkina Equatorial Guinea : Guinée I. CONTINENTS Burundi : Burundi Équatoriale Africa : Afrique Cambodia : Cambodge Eritrea : Érythrée America : Amérique Cameroon : Cameroun Estonia : Estonie Antarctica : Antarctique Canada : Canada Ethiopia : Éthiopie Asia : Asie Cape Verde : Cap-Vert Fiji : Fiji Europe : Europe Central African Republic : Finland : Finlande République Centrafricaine France : France II. COUNTRIES Chad : Tchad French Guiana : Guyane Afghanistan : Afghanistan Chile : Chili Française Albania : Albanie China : Chine Gabon : Gabon Algeria : Algérie Colombia : Colombie Gambia : Gambie Andorra : Andorre Congo, Democratic Republic of Georgia : Géorgie Angola : Angola the : République Démocra- Germany : Allemagne Argentina : Argentine tique du Congo Ghana : Ghana Armenia : Arménie Congo, Republic of the : Great Britain : Grande-Bretagne Australia : Australie République du Congo Greece : Grèce Austria : Autriche Costa Rica : Costa Rica Grenada : Grenade Azerbaijan : Azerbaïdjan Côte d’Ivoire : Côte d’Ivoire Guadeloupe : Guadeloupe Bahrain : Bahreïn Croatia : Croatie Guatemala : Guatemala Bangladesh : Bangladesh Cuba : Cuba Guinea : Guinée Belarus : Belarus Cyprus : Chypre Guinea-Bissau : Guinée-Bissau Belgium : Belgique Czech Republic : République Guyana : Guyane Belize : Belize Tchèque Haiti : Haïti Benin : Bénin Denmark : Danemark Honduras : Honduras Bhutan : Bhoutan Djibouti : Djibouti Hungary : Hongrie Bolivia : Bolivie Dominica : Dominique Iceland : Islande Bosnia-Herzegovina : Bosnie- Dominican Republic : India : Inde Herzégovine République Dominicaine Indonesia : Indonésie Botswana : Botswana Ecuador : Équateur Iran : Iran Brazil : Brésil Egypt : Égypte Iraq : Iraq Brunei : Brunei El Salvador : Salvador Ireland : Irlande

235 Names of Places in French 236

Israel : Israël Polynesia : Polynésie III. REGIONS AND Italy : Italie Portugal : Portugal DISTRICTS Japan : Japon Qatar : Qatar Jordan : Jordanie Réunion : Réunion Algarve : Algarve Kazakhstan : Kazakhstan Romania : Roumanie Anatolia : Anatolie Kenya : Kenya Russia : Russie Andalusia : Andalousie Kiribati : Kiribati Rwanda : Rwanda Aragon : Aragon Kosovo : Kosovo San Marino : Saint-Marin Asturias : Asturies Kuwait : Koweït São Tomé and Príncipe : São Basque Country : Pays Basque Kyrgyzstan : Kirghizstan Tomé et Príncipe Bavaria : Bavière Laos : Laos Saudi Arabia : Arabie Saoudite Black Forest : Forêt-Noire Latvia : Lettonie Scotland : Écosse Bohemia : Bohème Lebanon : Liban Senegal : Sénégal British Columbia : Colombie- Lesotho : Lesotho Serbia : Serbie Brittanique Liberia : Liberia Sierra Leone : Sierra Leone Brittany : Bretagne Libya : Libye Singapore : Singapour Burgundy : Bourgogne Liechtenstein : Liechtenstein Slovakia : Slovaquie Calabria : Calabre Lithuania : Lituanie Slovenia : Slovénie California : Californie Livorno : Livourne Somalia : Somalie Campania : Campanie Luxembourg : Luxembourg South Africa : Afrique du Sud Cantabria : Cantabrique Macedonia : Macédoine South Korea : Corée du Sud Carinthia : Carinthie Madagascar : Madagascar Spain : Espagne Carolina : Caroline Malawi : Malawi Sri Lanka : Sri Lanka Castile : Castille Malaysia : Malaisie Sudan : Soudan Catalonia : Catalogne Maldives : Maldives Surinam : Suriname Cornwall : Cornouailles Mali : Mali Swaziland : Swaziland Crimea : Crimée Malta : Malte Sweden : Suède Dalmatia : Dalmatie Mauritania : Mauritanie Switzerland : Suisse Extremadura : Estrémadure Mauritius : Maurice Syria : Syrie Flanders : Flandre Mexico : Mexique Taiwan : Taïwan Florida : Floride Moldova : Moldova Tajikistan : Tadjikistan Franconia : Franconie Monaco : Monaco Tanzania : Tanzanie Free State : État Libre Mongolia : Mongolie Thailand : Thaïlande Friesland : Frise Montenegro : Monténégro Togo : Togo Galicia : Galice Morocco : Maroc Tunisia : Tunisie Gascony : Gascogne Mozambique : Mozambique Turin : Turin Georgia : Géorgie Myanmar : Myanmar Turkey : Turquie Goa : Goa Namibia : Namibie Turkmenistan : Turkménistan Holland : Hollande Nepal : Népal Tuvalu : Tuvalu Jutland : Jylland Netherlands : Pays-Bas Uganda : Ouganda Karelia : Carélie New Zealand : Nouvelle-Zélande Ukraine : Ukraine Labrador : Labrador Nicaragua : Nicaragua United Arab Emirates : Émirats La Mancha : La Manche Niger : Niger Arabes Unis Lapland : Laponie Nigeria : Nigeria United Kingdom : Royaume- Liguria : Ligurie Northern Ireland: Irlande du Uni Lombardy : Lombardie Nord United States : États-Unis Louisiana : Louisiane North Korea : Corée du Nord Uruguay : Uruguay Marches : Marches Norway : Norvège Uzbekistan : Ouzbékistan Moldavia : Moldavie Oman : Oman Vanuatu : Vanuatu Moravia : Moravie Padua : Padoue Vatican : Vatican New Brunswick : Nouveau- Pakistan : Pakistan Venezuela : Venezuela Brunswick Palestine : Palestine Vietnam : Viêt Nam New England : Nouvelle- Panama : Panamá Wales : Pays de Galles Angleterre Papua New Guinea : Papouasie- Western Sahara : Sahara Occi- New Mexico : Nouveau- Nouvelle-Guinée dental Mexique Paraguay : Paraguay Yemen : Yémen New South Wales : Nouvelle- Peru : Pérou Zambia : Zambie Galles du Sud Philippines : Philippines Zimbabwe : Zimbabwe Newfoundland : Terre-Neuve Poland : Pologne Normandy : Normandie 237 Names of Places in French

Northern Territory : Territoire- Belgrade : Belgrade London : Londres du-Nord Benevento : Bénévent Lucca : Lucques Northwest Territories : Territoires Bergamo : Bergame Madrid : Madrid du Nord-Ouest Berlin : Berlin Mainz : Mayence Nova Scotia : Nouvelle-Écosse Bern : Berne Manila : Manille Patagonia : Patagonie Biel : Bienne Mantua : Mantoue Pennsylvania : Pennsylvanie Bologna : Bologne Mecca : La Mecque Picardy : Picardie Bragança : Bragance Messina : Messine Piedmont : Piémont Bremen : Brême Mexico City : Mexico Pomerania : Poméranie Brig : Brigue Milan : Milan Prince Edward Island : Île du Bruges : Bruges Modena : Modène Prince-Édouard Brussels : Bruxelles Montreal : Montréal Prussia : Prusse Bucharest : Bucarest Moscow : Moscou Puglia : Pouille Budapest : Budapest Munich : Munich Punjab : Pendjab Buenos Aires : Buenos Aires Murcia : Murcie Rhineland : Rhénanie Cádiz : Cadix Naples : Naples Ruthenia : Ruthénie Cairo : Le Caire New Orleans : La Nouvelle-Or- Savoy : Savoie Canterbury : Cantorbéry léans Saxony : Saxe Cape Town : Le Cap New York : New York Siberia : Sibérie Cartagena : Carthagène Nice : Nice Silesia : Silésie Caserta : Caserte Nicosia : Nicosie South Australia : Australie- Catania : Catane Nijmegen : Nimègue Méridionale Cologne : Cologne Novara : Novare Swabia : Souabe Como : Côme Nuremberg : Nuremberg Thuringia : Thuringe Copenhagen : Copenhague Oporto : Porto Transylvania : Transylvanie Córdoba : Cordoue Ostend : Ostende Tuscany : Toscane Cremona : Crémone Ostia : Ostie Tyrol : Tyrol Damascus : Damas Ourense : Orense Umbria : Ombrie Den Helder : Le Helder Palermo : Palerme Virginia : Virginie Dover : Douvres Pamplona : Pampelune Wallachia : Valachie Dresden : Dresde Paris : Paris Wallonia : Wallonie Dublin : Dublin Parma : Parme Western Australia : Australie-Oc- Dunkirk : Dunkerque Pavia : Pavie cidentale Edinburgh : Édimbourg Philadelphia : Philadelphie Westphalia : Westphalie Ferrara : Ferrare Piacenza : Plaisance Zeeland : Zélande Florence : Florence Pisa : Pise Frankfurt : Francfort Prague : Prague IV. TOWNS AND CITIES Freiburg : Fribourg Quebec : Québec Aachen : Aix-la-Chapelle Gaeta : Gaète Ragusa : Raguse Acre : Acre Geneva : Genève Ravenna : Ravenne Adelaide : Adélaïde Genoa : Gênes Regensburg : Ratisbonne Agrigento : Agrigente Gerona : Gérone Rome : Rome Aleppo : Alep Ghent : Gand Saarbrücken : Sarrebruck Alessandria : Alexandrie Granada : Grenade Saarlouis : Sarrelouis Alexandria : Alexandrie Groningen : Groningue St. Petersburg : Saint-Péters- Algeciras : Algéciras Hague, The : La Haye bourg Algiers : Alger Hamburg : Hambourg Salamanca : Salamanque Ancona : Ancône Hanover : Hanovre Salerno : Salerne Andorra la Vella : Andorre-la- Havana : La Havane Salonika : Thessalonique Vieille Helsinki : Helsinki Salzburg : Salzbourg Antwerp : Anvers Istanbul : Istanbul San Francisco : San Francisco Aosta : Aoste Jerusalem : Jérusalem San Sebastián : Saint-Sébastien Assisi : Assise Kabul : Kaboul Santiago de Compostela : Saint- Athens : Athènes Koblenz : Coblence Jacques-de-Compostelle Baghdad : Bagdad Kraków : Cracovie Santo Domingo : Saint- Barcelona : Barcelone La Coruña : La Corogne Domingue Basel : Bâle Latakia : Lattaquie São Paolo : São Paolo Beijing : Pékin Leiden : Leyde Saragossa : Saragosse Beirut : Beyrouth Lisbon : Lisbonne Savona : Savone Names of Places in French 238

Schaffhausen : Schaffhouse Constance, Lake : Lac de Con- Tigris : Tigre Segovia : Ségovie stance Vistula : Vistule Seoul : Séoul Coral Sea : Mer de Corail Volga : Volga Seville : Séville Dead Sea : Mer Morte ’s-Hertogenbosch : Bois-le-Duc Dover, Strait of : Pas de Calais VIII. ISLANDS Siena : Sienne Edward, Lake : Lac Édouard Admiralty Islands : Îles de l’Ami- Sofia : Sofia English Channel : Manche rauté Solothurn : Soleure Erie, Lake : Lac Érié Aeolian Islands : Îles Éoliennes Sparta : Sparte Garda, Lake : Lac de Garde Alderney : Aurigny Speyer : Spire Golden Horn : Corne d’Or Amirante Islands : Îles Amirantes Split : Split Great Australian Bight : Grande Antigua : Antiqua Spoleto : Spolète Baie Australienne Antilles : Antilles Stockholm : Stockholm Great Bear Lake : Grand Lac de Ascension : Ascension Tangier : Tanger l’Ours Azores : Açores Taranto : Tarente Great Lakes Grands Lacs Bahamas : Bahamas Tarragona : Tarragone Great Salt Lake : Grand Lac Salé Balearic Islands : Baléares Thun : Thoune Great Slave Lake : Grand Lac des Barbados : Barbade Timbuktu : Tombouktou Esclaves Bermuda : Bermudes Tokyo : Tokyo Huron, Lake : Lac Huron Bismarck Archipelago : Archipel Toledo : Tolède Irish Sea : Mer d’Irlande Bismarck Trento : Trente Lion, Gulf of : Golfe du Lion Borneo : Bornéo Treviso : Trévise Lucerne, Lake : Lac des Quatre- British Isles : Îles Brittaniques Trier : Trèves Cantons Canary Islands : Îles Canaries Tunis : Tunis Maggiore, Lake : Lac Majeur Cape Breton Island : Île du Cap Valencia : Valence Mediterranean Sea : Mer Breton Venice : Venise Méditerranée Capri : Capri Ventimiglia : Vintimille Mexico, Gulf of : Golfe du Mex- Channel Islands : Îles Anglo- Verona : Vérone ique Normandes Vicenza: Vicence North Sea : Mer du Nord Christmas Island : Île Christmas Vienna : Vienne Ontario, Lac : Lac Ontario Comoros : Comores Viterbo : Viterbe Persian Gulf : Golfe Persique Cook Islands : Îles Cook Vlissingen : Flessingue Pigs, Bay of : Baie des Cochons Corsica : Corse Warsaw : Varsovie Red Sea : Mer Rouge Crete : Crète Zurich : Zurich Reindeer Lake : Lac Caribou Curaçao : Curaçao Superior, Lake : Lac Supérieur Cyclades : Cyclades V. OCEANS Tiberias, Lake : Lac de Tibériade Dodecanese : Dodécanèse Arctic : Arctique Tyrrhenian Sea : Mer Tyrrhéni- Easter Island : Île de Pâques Atlantic : Atlantique enne Estados, Isla de los : Île des États Indian : Indien White Sea : Mer Blanche Falkland Islands : Îles Malouines Pacific : Pacifique Yellow Sea : Mer Jaune Faroes : Îles Féroé Frisian Islands : Îles de la Frise VI. SEAS, LAKES, BAYS, VII. RIVERS Galápagos Islands : Îles Galápa- GULFS, INLETS, Amazon : Amazone gos AND CHANNELS Congo : Zaïre Gran Canaria : Grande Canarie Adriatic Sea : Mer Adriatique Danube : Danube Greenland : Groenland Aegean Sea : Mer Égée Ebro : Èbre Grenada : Grenade Albert, Lake : Lac Albert Euphrates : Euphrate Grenadines : Îles Grenadines Baltic Sea : Mer Baltique Ganges : Gange Guernsey : Guernesey Barents Sea : Mer de Barents Indus : Indus Hebrides : Îles Hébrides Bering Sea : Mer de Béring Jordan : Jourdain Hispaniola : Hispaniola Biscay, Bay of : Golfe de Nile : Nil Ionian Islands : Îles Ioniennes Gascogne Po : Pô Jamaica : Jamaïque Black Sea : Mer Noire Rhine : Rhin Java : Java Bothnia, Gulf of : Golfe de Bot- Rhône : Rhône Jersey : Jersey nie St. Lawrence : Saint-Laurent Kuril Islands : Îles Kouriles Caribbean Sea : Mer des Antilles Tagus : Tage Leeward Islands : Îles Sous-le- Carpentaria, Gulf of : Golfe de Thames : Tamise Vent Carpentarie Tiber : Tibre Loyalty Islands : Îles Loyauté Caspian Sea : Mer Caspienne Ticino : Tessin Madeira : Madère 239 Names of Places in German

Majorca : Majorque Ardennes : Ardennes Armenia : Armenien Mariana Islands : Îles Mariannes Atlas : Atlas Asia : Asien Marquesas Islands : Îles Mar- Carpathian Mountains : Carpates Athens : Athen quises Cascade Range : Chaîne des Cas- Atlantic : Atlantik Marshall Islands : Îles Marshall cades Atlas : Atlas Martinique : Martinique Caucasus : Caucase Australia : Australien Mascarene Islands : Îles Mas- Coast Mountains : Chaîne Austria : Österreich careignes Côtière Azores : Azoren Micronesia : Micronésie Dolomites : Dolomites Baghdad : Bagdad Minorca : Minorque Himalaya : Himalaya Bahamas : Bahamas Moluccas : Îles Moluques Matterhorn : Mont Cervin Bahrain : Bahraïn New Britain : Nouvelle-Bretagne Olympus : Olympe Balearic Islands : Balearen New Caledonia : Nouvelle-Calé- Pindus Mountains : Pinde Baltic Sea : Ostsee donie Pyrenees : Pyrénées Bangladesh : Bangladesh New Guinea : Nouvelle-Guinée Rocky Mountains : Montagnes Barbados : Barbados New Ireland : Nouvelle-Irlande Rocheuses Barents Sea : Barentssee New Siberian Islands : Nouvelle- Table Mountain : Montagne de la Basel : Basel Sibérie Table Bavaria : Bayern Nicobar Islands : Îles Nicobar Urals : Oural Beirut : Beirut Novaya Zemlya : Nouvelle-Zem- Belgium : Belgiem ble X. CAPES, PROMONTORIES, Belgrade : Belgrad Oceania : Océanie AND PENINSULAS Belize : Belize Orkney : Orcades Agulhas, Cape : Cap des Aiguilles Bering Sea : Beringmeer Puerto Rico : Porto Rico Cod, Cape : Cap Cod Berlin : Berlin St. Helena : Sainte-Hélène Giant’s Causeway : Chaussée des Bermuda : Bermuda St. Kitts : Saint-Kitts Géants Bern : Bern St. Lucia : Sainte-Lucie Good Hope, Cape of : Cap de Biscay, Bay of : Golf von Biskaya St. Vincent : Saint-Vincent Bonne-Espérance Black Forest : Schwarzwald Samoa : Samoa Horn, Cape : Cap Horn Black Sea : Schwarzes Meer Sardinia : Sardaigne Horn of Africa : Corne de Bohemia : Böhmen Sark : Sercq l’Afrique Bolivia : Bolivien Scilly Isles : Sorlingues Land’s End : Land’s End Borneo : Borneo Severnaya Zemlya : Terre du Palmas, Cape : Cap des Palmes Bosnia-Herzegovina : Bosnien- Nord York, Cape : Cap York Herzegowina Shetland : Shetland Bothnia, Gulf of : Bottnischer Sicily : Sicile 2. German Meerbusen Society Islands : Îles de la Société Botswana : Botswana Staten Island see Estados, Isla de Adriatic Sea : Adriatisches Meer Brazil : Brasilien los Aegean Sea : Ägäisches Meer British Isles : Britische Inseln Sumatra : Sumatra Afghanistan : Afghanistan Brittany : Bretagne Tasmania : Tasmanie Africa : Afrika Bruges : Brügge Tierra del Fuego : Terre de Feu Albania : Albanien Brunei : Brunei Tortuga : Île de la Tortue Algeria : Algerien Brussels : Brüssel Trinidad and Tobago : Trinité-et- Algiers : Algier Bucharest : Bukarest Tobago Alps : Alpen Budapest : Budapest Tristan da Cunha : Tristan da Alsace-Lorraine : Elsaß-Lothrin- Buenos Aires : Buenos Aires Cunha gen Bulgaria : Bulgarien Ushant : Ouessant Amazon : Amazonas Burgundy : Burgund Virgin Islands : Îles Vierges America : Amerika Cairo : Kairo West Indies : Indes Occidentales Andes : Andes California : Kalifornien Windward Islands : Îles du Vent Andorra : Andorra Cambodia : Kambodscha Zanzibar : Zanzibar Angola : Angola Cameroon : Kamerun Antarctica : Antarktis Canada : Kanada IX. MOUNTAINS Antwerp : Antwerpen Canary Islands : Kanarische In- Alps : Alpes Appalachian Mountains : Ap- seln Andes : Andes palachen Cape Town : Kapstadt Apennines : Apennin Aragon : Aragon Cape Verde : Kapverden Appalachian Mountains : Ap- Arctic : Arktis Capri : Capri palaches Argentina : Argentinien Caribbean Sea : Karibisches Meer Names of Places in German 240

Carinthia : Kärnten Friesland : Friesland Jutland : Jütland Carpathian Mountains : Karpaten Frisian Islands : Friesische Inseln Kenya : Kenia Carthage : Karthago 1Galicia (in eastern Europe) : Korea : Korea Caspian Sea : Kaspisches Meer Galizien Kosovo : Kosovo Castile : Kastilien 2Galicia (in Spain) : Galicien Kraków : Krakau Caucasus : Kaukasus Gambia : Gambia Kuwait : Kuwair Central African Republic : Zen- Ganges : Ganges Kyrgyzstan : Kirgistan tralafrikanische Republik Geneva : Genf Labrador : Labrador Chad : Tschad Genoa : Genua Laos : Laos Channel Islands : Kanalinseln 1Georgia (in USA) : Georgia Lapland : Lappland Chile : Chile 2Georgia (in Europe) : Georgien Latvia : Lettland China : China Germany : Deutschland Lebanon : Libanon Christmas Island : Weihnachtsin- Ghana : Ghana Leeward Islands : Inseln über sel Ghent : Gent dem Winde Cologne : Köln Gibraltar : Gibraltar Lesotho : Lesotho Congo : Kongo Good Hope, Cape of : Kap der Liberia : Liberia Copenhagen : Kopenhagen guten Hoffnung Libya : Libyen Coral Sea : Korallenmeer Gran Canaria : Gran Canaria Liechtenstein : Liechtenstein Cornwall : Cornwall Great Australian Bight : Große Liguria : Ligurie Corsica : Korsika Australische Bucht Lisbon : Lissabon Costa Rica : Costa Rica Great Britain : Großbritannien Lithuania : Litauen Côte d’Ivoire : Elfenbeinküste Great Lakes : Große Seen Ljubljana : Laibach Crete : Kreta Greece : Griechenland Lombardy : Lombardei Crimea : Krim Greenland : Grönland London : London Croatia : Kroatien Grenada : Grenada Lucerne, Lake : Vierwaldstätter Cuba : Kuba Guadeloupe : Guadelupe See Curaçao : Curaçao Guatemala : Guatemala Luxembourg : Luxemburg Cyprus : Zypern Guernsey : Guernsey Macedonia : Makedonien Czech Republic : Tschechien Guinea : Guinea Madagascar : Madagaskar Dalmatia : Dalmatien Guyana : Guyana Madeira : Madeira Damascus : Damaskus Hague, The : Den Haag Madrid : Madrid Danube : Donau Haiti : Haiti Majorca : Mallorca Dead Sea : Totes Meer Hanover : Hannover Malawi : Malawi Denmark : Dänemark Havana : Havanna Malaysia : Malaysia Dolomites : Dolomiten Hebrides : Hebriden Maldives : Malediven Dominica : Dominika Himalaya : Himalaya Malta : Malta Dominican Republic : Do- Holland : Holland Martinique : Martinique minikanische Republik Honduras : Honduras Mauritius : Mauritius Dunkirk : Dünkirchen Horn, Cape : Kap Hoorn Mecca : Mekka Easter Island : Osterinsel Hungary : Ungarn Mediterranean Sea : Mittelmeer Egypt : Ägypten Iceland : Island Mexico : Mexiko England : England India : Indien Mexico City : Mexiko City English Channel : Ärmelkanal Indian Ocean : Indischer Ozean Milan : Mailand Equatorial Guinea : Äquatorial- Indonesia : Indonesien Minorca : Menorca Guinea Ionian Sea : Ionisches Meer Moldova : Moldawien Estonia : Estland Iran : Iran Moluccas : Molukken Ethiopia : Äthiopen Iraq : Irak Monaco : Monaco Euphrates : Euphrat Ireland : Irland Mongolia : Mongolei Europe : Europa Irish Sea : Irische See Montenegro : Montenegro Falkland Islands : Falklandinseln Israel : Israel Moravia : Mähren Faroes : Färöer Istanbul : Istanbul Morocco : Marokko Fiji : Fidschiinseln Italy : Italien Moscow : Moskau Finland : Finnland Jamaica : Jamaika Mozambique : Mosambik Flanders : Flandern Japan : Japan Munich : München Florence : Florenz Java : Java Myanmar : Myanmar France : Frankreich Jersey : Jersey Namibia : Namibia Franconia : Franken Jerusalem : Jerusalem Naples : Neapel French Guiana : Französisch- 1Jordan (country) : Jordanien Nepal : Nepal Guayana 2Jordan (river) : Jordan Netherlands : Niederlande 241 Names of Places in Turkish

Neu Delhi : Neu-Delhi Samoa : Samoa United Kingdom : Vereinigtes New England : Neuengland San Marino : San Marino Königreich Newfoundland : Neufundland Sardinia : Sardinien United States : Vereinigte Staaten New Guinea : Neuguinea Saudi Arabia : Saudi-Arabien Urals : Ural New Mexico : New Mexico Saxony : Sachsen Uruguay : Uruguay New Orleans : New Orleans Scilly Isles : Scillyinseln Uzbekistan : Usbekistan New South Wales : Neusüdwales Scotland : Schottland Vatican : Vatikan New York : New York Senegal : Senegal Venezuela : Venezuela New Zealand : Neuseeland Serbia : Serbien Venice : Venedig Nicaragua : Nicaragua Seville : Sevilla Vienna : Wien Nice : Nizza ’s-Hertogenbosch : Herzogen- Vietnam : Vietname Niger : Niger busch Virgin Islands : Jungferninseln Nigeria : Nigeria Shetland : Shetlandinseln Virginia : Virginia Nile : Nil Siberia : Sibirien Vistula : Weichsel Normandy : Normandie Sicily : Sizilien Volga : Wolga Northern Ireland : Nordirland Sierra Leone : Sierra Leone Wales : Wales North Korea : Nordkorea Silesia : Schlesien Warsaw : Warschau North Sea : Nordsee Singapore : Singapur West Indies : Westindische Inseln Norway : Norwegen Slovakia : Slowakei Westphalia : Westfalen Nova Scotia : Neuschottland Slovenia : Slowenien White Sea : Weißes Meer Nuremberg : Nürnberg Somalia : Somalia Windward Islands : Inseln über Oceania : Ozeanien South Africa : Südafrika dem Winde Olympus : Olymp South Australia : Südaustralien Yellow Sea : Gelbes Meer Oman : Oman South Korea : Südkorea Yemen : Jemen Orkney : Orkneyinseln Spain : Spanien Zambia : Sambia Ostend : Ostende Sparta : Sparta Zanzibar : Sansibar Pacific : Pazifik Sri Lanka : Sri Lanka Zimbabwe : Simbabwe Pakistan : Pakistan Sudan : Sudan Zurich : Zürich Palestine : Palästina Sumatra : Sumatra Panama : Panama Swabia : Schwaben 3. Turkish Papua New Guinea : Papua- Sweden : Schweden Neuguinea Switzerland : Schweiz Africa : Afrika Paraguay : Paraguay Syria : Syrien Albania : Arnavutluk Paris : Paris Table Mountain : Tafelberg Algeria : Cezayir Patagonia : Patagonien Taiwan : Taïwan America : Amerika Pennsylvania : Pennsylvania Tajikistan : Tadschikistan Asia : Asya Persian Gulf : Persischer Golf Tangier : Tanger Australia : Avustralya Peru : Peru Tanzania : Tansania Austria : Avusturya Philippines : Philippinen Tasmania : Tasmanien Belgium : Belçika Poland : Polen Thailand : Thaïland Black Sea : Karadeniz Polynesia : Polynesien Thames : Themse Brazil : Brezilya Pomerania : Pommern Tiber : Tiber Bulgaria : Bulgaristan Portugal : Portugal Tibet : Tibet Canada : Kanada Prague : Prag Tierra del Fuego : Feuerland China : Çin Prussia : Preußen Togo : Togo Crete : Girit Puerto Rico : Puerto Rico Tokyo : Tokio Cyprus : Kqbrqs Punjab : Pandschab Transylvania : Siebenbürgen Denmark : Danimarka Pyrenees : Pyrenäen Tunis : Tunes Egypt : Mqsqr Qatar : Katar Tunisia : Tunesien England : jngiltere Red Sea : Rotes Meer Turkey : Türkei Ethiopia : Habe£istan Rhine : Rhein Turkmenistan : Turkmenistan Europe : Avrupa Rhineland : Rheinland Tuscany : Toskana Finland : Finlandiya Rhodes : Rhodos Tyrol : Tirol France : Fransa Rocky Mountains : Rocky Tyrrhenian Sea : Tyrrhenisches Georgia : Gürcistan Mountains Meer Germany : Almanya Romania : Rumänien Uganda : Uganda Greece : Yunanistan Rome : Rom Ukraine : Ukraine Hungary : Macaristan Russia : Russland United Arab Emirates : Vere- Iceland : jzlanda Rwanda : Ruanda inigte Arabische Emirate India : Hindistan Names in Finnish; Polish; Welsh 242

Israel : jsrail Rome : Rooma Sweden : Szwecja Italy : jtalya Russia : Venäjä Switzerland : Szwajcaria Japan : Japonya Scotland : Skotlanti Texas : Teksas Lebanon : Lübnan Spain : Espanja Turkey : Turcja Mediterranean Sea : Akdeniz Sweden : Ruotsi United States : Stany Zjednoc- Morocco : Fas Switzerland : Sveitsi zone Norway : Norveç Turkey : Turkki Vienna : Wiedeü Pacific Ocean : Büyük Okyanus United States : Yhdysvallat Wales : Walia Palestine : Filistin Warsaw : Warszawa Poland : Lehistan 5. Polish Portugal : Portekiz 6. Welsh Romania : Romanya Africa : Afryka Russia : Rusya America : Ameryka Africa : Affrica Scotland : jskoçya Asia : Azja Alps : Yr Alpau Spain : jspanya Athens : Ateny America : Yr Amerig Sweden : jsveç Belgium : Belgia Argentina : Ariannin Switzerland : jsviçre Brussels : Bruksela Athens : Athen Syria : Suriye Cairo : Kair Atlantic Ocean : Môr Iwerydd Turkey : Türkiye Canada : Kanada Australia : Awstralia United States : Birle£ik Devletler China : Chiny Austria : Awstria Denmark : Dania Baltic Sea : Môr Llychlyn 4. Finnish Egypt : Egipt Bath : Caerfaddon England : Anglia Belgium : Gwlad Belg Africa : Afrikka Europe : Europa Bristol : Bryste America : Amerikka Finland : Finlandia Bristol Channel : Môr Hafren Asia : Aasia France : Francja Britain : Prydain Athens : Ateena Germany : Niemiec Brittany : Llydaw Austria : Itävalta Greece : Grecja Burgundy : Bwrgwyn Belgium : Belgia Hungary : Wdgry Cambridge : Caergrawnt Brazil : Brasilia India : Indie Canterbury : Caergaint Britain : Britannia Ireland : Irlandia Carlisle : Caerliwelydd Canada : Kanada Israel : Izrael Chester : Caer China : Kiina Italy : Wùochy Cornwall : Cernyw Copenhagen : Köopenhamina Japan : Japonia Danube : Donaw Cyprus : Kypros Lebanon : Liban Dead Sea : Y Môr Marw Denmark : Tanska Lisbon : Lisbona Devon : Dyfnaint Egypt : Egypti London : Londyn Dublin : Dulyn England : Englanti Madrid : Madryt Edinburgh : Caeredin Europe : Eurooppa Mediterranean Sea : Morze Egypt : Yr Aifft Finland : Suomi Sródziemne´ England : Lloegr France : Ranska Mexico : Meksyk English Channel : Môr Udd Germany : Saksa Moscow : Moskwa Europe : Ewrop Greece : Kreikka Munich : Monachium France : Ffrainc Hungary : Unkari Newfoundland : Nowa Fundlan- Germany : Yr Almaen Iceland : Islanti dia Glastonbury : Ynys Afallon India : Intia New Mexico : Nowy Meksyk Gloucester : Caerloyw Ireland : Irlanti New Orleans : Nowy Orlean Greece : Groeg Israel : Israel New York : : Nowy Jork Hebrides : Ynysoedd Heledd Italy : Italia New Zealand : Nowa Zelandia Hereford : Henffordd Japan : Japani Nova Scotia : Nowa Szkocja Iceland : Ynys-yr-iâ Lebanon : Libanon Pacific Ocean : Ocean Spokoyny Ireland : Iwerddon London : Lontoo Paris : Pary∞ Isle of Man : Ynys Manaw Mediterranean Sea : Välimeri Pennsylvania : Pensylwania Isle of Wight : Ynys Wyth Netherlands : Alankomaat Philadelphia : Filadelfia Istanbul : Caergystennin Norway : Norja Poland : Polska Italy : Yr Eidal Pacific Ocean : Tyyni Valtameri Red Sea : Morze Czerwone Jerusalem : Caersalem Palestine : Palestiina Rhine : Ren Jordan : Iorddonen Poland : Puola Rome : Rzym Kent : Caint Romania : Romania Spain : Hiszpania Lancashire : Sir Gaerhirfryn 243 Names of Places in Chinese

Lebanon : Libanus cases, consonants are simply phonetically represents the coun- Leicester : Caerlˆyr omitted, as dInmài for Denmark, try’s native French name. Leominster : Llanllieni Iijí for Egypt. In some instances The transliterations below, Liverpool : Lerpwyl the name consists of a shortened with parenthetical glosses where London : Llundain form of the non–Chinese place- appropriate, are printed lower Ludlow : Llwydlo name, usually that of the ac- case to reflect the original, while Manchester : Manceinion cented syllable, followed by a diacritics denote the four Chi- Mediterranean Sea : Y Môr Chinese word. A well-known ex- nese tones: (a) level (I), (b) ris- Canoldir ample is mfiizhÉu for America, ing (á), (c) falling-rising (Ó), and Netherlands : Yr Iseldiroedd where mfii is the stressed syllable (d) falling (à). Newcastle : Castellnewydd of the name followed by Chinese New York : Efrog Newydd zhÉu, “continent.” By contrast, Accra : IkèlI Nile : Nil the name of the United States of Addis Ababa : yàdìsˇqyàbèibI Norway : Norwy America is mfiiguó, with mfii fol- Aden : yàdnngchéng Orkney Islands : Ynysoedd Erch lowed by guó, “country,” “na- Afghanistan : Ifùhán (Persian Oswestry : Croesoswallt tion.” Chinese guó is found in stan, “country,” omitted) Oxford : Rhydychen other names, such as ynngguó for Africa : f`izhÉu (zhÉu, “conti- Pacific Ocean : Y Môr Tawel England, fÓguó for France (note nent”) Poland : Gwlad Pˆwyl the omitted r.) Other “continent” Alaska : IlIsnjiI Pyrenees : Pyrenau names on the lines of mfiizhÉu Albania : I’firbIníyà Red Sea : Y Môr Coch are f`izhÉu for Africa, yàzhÉu for Algeria : I’firjílìyà Rhine : Rhein Asia, and ÉuzhÉu for Europe. Algiers : I’firjí’fir Rome : Rhufain The Chinese ideograms used America : mfiizhÉu (zhÉu, “con- Russia : Rwsia for transliteration purposes usu- tinent”) Salisbury : Caersallog ally have a meaning of their Amsterdam : ImˇusntèdIn Scandinavia : Llychlyn own, although this is not under- Angola : Ing`lI Scotland : Yr Alban stood in the placename. Thus, Ankara : InkÓlI Severn : Hafren the mfii of America happens to Antarctica : nánjízhÉu (nán, Shrewsbury : Amwythig mean “beautiful,” and the f`i of “south,” jí, “pole,” zhÉu, “con- Somerset : Gwlad-yr-haf Africa means “wrong.” In niuyuˇ `, tinent”) Spain : Yr Ysbaen the Chinese rendering of New Antarctic Regions : nánjídài Switzerland : Y Swistir York, niˇu properly means “but- (nán, “south,” jí, “pole,” dài, Thames : Tafwys ton,” while yu` is “to make an “belt”) Turkey : Twrci appointment,” and in bIlí, the Arctic Ocean : bfiibnngyáng (bfii, United States : Yr Unol transliteration of Paris (with l for “north,” bnng, “ice,” yáng, Dalaethiau r), bI properly means “to hope “ocean”) West Indies : India’r Gorllewin earnestly,” while lí is “multi- Arctic Regions : bfiijídìdài (bfii, Winchester : Caer-wynt tude.” If taken literally, some of “north,” jí, “extreme,” dì, Worcester : Caerwrangon the Chinese meanings are hardly “land,” dài, “belt”) York : Efrog complimentary. America can be Argentina : Ig`ntíng literally interpreted as “beautiful Asia : yàzhÉu (zhÉu, “continent”) 7. Chinese continent,” but by the same Asunción : yàsÉngs`n token Asia could be understood Athens : yÓdiÓn Most Chinese names of non- as “inferior continent,” since Atlantic Ocean : dàxnyáng (dà, Chinese places are phonetic ren- Chinese yà means “inferior,” “great,” xn, “west,” yáng, derings, given here in their ro- “second.” On the other hand, “ocean”) manized forms. Some are some names are descriptively Australia : àodàlìyà recognisably close to the origi- meaningful, as for Antarctica, re- Austria : àodìlì nal, as dákÓ for Dhaka, lìmÓ for ferring to its location at the Baghdad : bIgédá Lima. Others are approxima- South Pole, or directly translate a Balkan Mountains : tions, allowing for the particu- generic word, as for the Pacific bI’firgInshIn (shIn, “moun- larities of the Chinese language. Ocean, with its calm (“pacific”) tains”) Any name with r, for example, waters. Baltic Sea : bÉluódìhÓi (hÓi, “sea”) will usually have this letter ren- Certain Chinese names do not Bamako : bImÓk` dered as l, as InkÓlI for Ankara, transliterate an international Bangkok : màngˇu luÉmÓ for Rome. This results name but an indigenous one. Bangladesh : mèngjiIlI (Bengali from the so-called “flied lice” The Chinese name of Korea, for desh, “country,” omitted) phenomenon, occasioned by the example, represents the Korean Bangui : bInjí absence of r in Chinese. In other name, while that of Belgium Beirut : bèilˇutè Names of Places in Chinese 244

Belgium : bˇqlìshí (representing Dhaka : dákÓ Italy : yìdàlì French Belgique) Dominican Republic : Jakarta : yÓjiIdá Belgrade : bèi’firgéláidé duÉmˇqníjiI gònghéguó Japan : rìbfin (rì, “sun,” bfin, “ori- Benghazi : bInjiIxn (gònghéguó, “republic”) gin,” translating the Japanese) Berlin : bólín Dublin : d¨bÓilín Jordan : yu`dàn Berne : bó’firní Ecuador : èguIduÉ’fir Kabul : kIbù’fir Bhutan : bùdIn Egypt : Iijí Kampala : kÓnpàlI Black Sea : h`ihÓi (h`i, “black,” England : ynngguó (guó, “coun- Karachi : kÓlIqí hÓi, “sea”) try”) Kashmir : kèshímˇq’fir Bogotá: bÉg`dà English Channel : ynngjílì hÓixiá Kathmandu : jiIdémÓnd¨ Bolivia : bÉlìwéiyà (hÓixiá, “channel,” from hÓi, Kenya : kfinníyà Bonn : bÉ’`n “sea,” xiá, “strait”) Khartoum : kItˇumù Brasília : bIxnlìyà Ethiopia :Iisàiébˇqyà Kigali : jnjiIln Brazil : bIxn Europe : ÉuzhÉu (zhÉu, “conti- Kinshasa : jnnshIsà Brazzaville : bùlIcháiwéi’fir nent”) Kolkata (Calcutta) : jiI’firgèdI Brussels : bùlˇusài’fir (representing Finland : f`nlán Korea : cháoxiIn (representing French Bruxelles) France : fÓguó (guó, “country”) Korean Chos˘on) Bucharest : bùjiIlèsntè Gabon : jiIpéng Kuala Lumpur : jílóngpÉ Budapest : bùdápèisn Gambia: gIngbˇqyà Kuril Islands : qiIndÓo (qiIn, Buenos Aires : bùyínuòsn àilìsn Ganges : hénghé (hé, “river”) “thousand,” dÓo, “island,” Bujumbura : bùqióngbùlI Geneva : rìnèiwÓ translating Japanese name, Bulgaria : bÓojiIlìyà Germany : déyìzhì (representing from chi, “thousand,” shima, Burundi : bùlóngdí German Deutschland but with- “island”) Cairo : kIiluó out -land) Kuwait (country) : k`w`itè Cambodia: jiÓnpˇuzhài Ghana : jiInà Kuwait (city) : k`w`itèchéng Cameroon : kImàilóng Gibraltar : zhíbùluótuó (chéng, “city”) Canada : jiInádà Great Britain : dàbùlièdiIn (dà, Lagos: lIgèsn Canberra : kInpéilI “great”) Laos : lÓowÉ Caracas : jiIlIjiIsn Greece : xnlà (representing Greek La Paz : lIbIsn Caucasus : gIojiIsuÔ Hellas) Lebanon : líbInùn Central African Republic : zhÉng Guatemala : w`idìmÓlI Lhasa : lIsàshì f`i gònghéguó (zhÉng, “mid- Guinea : jˇqnèiyà Liberia : lìbˇqlˇqyà dle,” f`i, “Africa,” gònghéguó, Hague, The : hÓiyá (representing Libreville : lìbówéi’fir “republic,” from gòng “com- French La Haye but without Libya : lìbˇqyà mon,” hé, “peace,” guó, “coun- La) Lima : lìmÓ try”) Haiti : hÓidì Lisbon : lˇqsnbfin Chad : zhàdé Havana : hIwÓnà Lomé : luòmfii Chile : zhìlì Helsinki : hè’firxnnjn London : lúndùn China : zhÉngguó (zhÉng, “mid- Himalayas : xˇqmÓlIyÓshIn (shIn, Luanda : luó’Indá dle,” guó, “country”) “mountains”) Lusaka : lúsàkÓ Colombia : g`lúnbˇqyà Hiroshima : guÓngdÓo (guÓng, Luxembourg : lús`nbÓo Colombo : k`lúnpÉ “broad,” dÓo, “island,” trans- Madrid : mÓdélˇq Conakry : k`nàkèlˇq lating the Japanese) Mali : mÓlˇq Congo : gIngguÔ Honduras : hóngd¨lIsn Malaysia : mÓláixnyà Copenhagen : g`bfinhIg`n Hong Kong : xiInggÓng (Hong Malta : mÓ’firtI Costa Rica : g`sndálíjiI Kong is a corruption of Chi- Managua : mÓnàguI Crimea : kèlˇqmˇqyà nese xiIng, “fragrant,” gÓng, Manila : mÓnílI Cuba : gˇubI “harbor”) Mediterranean Sea : dìzhÉnghÓi Cyprus : sàipˇulùsn Hungary : xiÉngyálì (dì, “land,” zhÉng, “middle,” Czech Republic: jiékè gònghéguó Iceland : bnngdÓo (bnng, “ice,” hÓi, “sea”) (gònghéguó, “republic”) dÓo, “island”) Mexico : mòxng` Dakar : dákI’fir India : yìndù (representing Mexico City : mòxng`chéng Damascus : dámÓshìg` Hindu) (chéng, “city”) Danube : duÉnÓohé (representing Indonesia : yìndùníxnyà Mogadishu : mójiIdíshI German Donau plus hé, Iran : ynlÓng Mongolia : mfinggˇu “river”) Iraq : ynlIkè Monrovia : mfingluówéiyà Dar es Salaam : dálèisn sàlImˇu Ireland : àifirlán Montevideo : mfingdéwéidìyà Delhi : délˇq Islamabad : ynsnlánbÓo Morocco : móluòg` Denmark : dInmài Israel : yˇqsèliè Moscow : mòsnk` 245 Names of Places in Chinese

Mozambique : mòsInbígfii Porto-Novo : bÉduÉnuòfú Tanzania : tÓnsIngníyà Mumbai (Bombay) : mèngmÓi Portugal : pútÓoyá Tegucigalpa : tègˇuxnjiI’firbI Myanmar (Burma) : miÓndiàn Prague : bùlIgé Tehran : déh`ilán Nairobi : nèiluóbì Puerto Rico : bÉduÉlígè Tel-Aviv : táilIwéif¨ Nepal: níbó’fir Quito : jnduÉ Thailand : tàiguó (guó, “land”) Netherlands : hélán (representing Rabat : lIbItè Tibet : xnzàng (xn, “west,” zàng, Dutch Holland) Reykjavík : léikèyÓwèikè “storehouse”) New York : niˇuyu` Riyadh : lìyÓdé Tiranë : dìlInà New Zealand : xnnxnlán (xnn, Rome : luÉmÓ Togo : duÉg` “new”) Russia : éluósn Tokyo : dÉngjnng (dÉng, “east,” Niamey : níyàmfii Rwanda : lúwàngdá jnng, “capital,” translating the Nicaragua : níjiIlIguI Sana : sànà Japanese) Nicosia : ník`xnyà San José : shèngyu`sè Tunis : t¨nísn Niger : nírì’fir San Juan : shènghú’In Tunisia : t¨nísn Nigeria : nírìlìyà San Salvador : shèngsà’firwÓduÉ Turkey : tˇu’firqí Norway : nuów`i Santiago : shèngdìyàg` Uganda : w¨gàndá Oceania : dàyángzhÉu (dà, Santo Domingo : shèng- Ulan Bator: w¨lánbItuÉ “great,” yáng, “ocean,” zhÉu, duÉmínggè United States of America : “continent”) Saudi Arabia : shItè IlIbó mfiiguó (mfii, “America,” guó, Oslo : àosnlù Senegal : sàinèijiI’fir “country”) Ottawa : wòtàihuI Seoul : hànchéng (hán, “Han Ural Mountains : w¨lI’fir shIn- Pacific Ocean : tàipíngyáng (tài, [River],” chéng, “city”) mài (shInmài, “range,” from “great,” píng, “smooth,” yáng, Siberia : xnbólìyà shIn, “mountain,” mài, “ocean”) Singapore : xnnjiIpÉ “veins”) Pakistan : bIjnsntÓn Slovakia : snluòfákè Uruguay : w¨lIgun Palestine : bIl`sntÓn Sofia : suÔf`iyà Valetta : wÓláitÓ Panama : bInámÓ Somalia : suÔmÓlˇq Venezuela : wfiinèiruìlI Panama Canal : bInámÓ yùnhé South Africa : nánf`i (nán, Vienna : wéiyfinà (yùnhé, “canal,” from yùn, “south,” f`i, “Africa”) Vientiane : wànxiàng “transport,” hé, “river”) Spain : xnbInyá (representing Vietnam : yuènán Panama City : bInámÓchéng Spanish España) Vladivostok : fúlIdíwòsntuÉkè (chéng, “city”) Sri Lanka : snlˇq lánkÓ Volga : fú’firjiIhé Paraguay : bIlIgun Stockholm : sndég`’firmó Warsaw : huIshI Paris : bIlí Sudan : s¨dIn Washington : huIshèngdùn Peru : mìlˇu Suez Canal : s¨ynshì yùnhé Wellington : huìlíngdùn Philippines : ffiilübìn (yùnhé, “canal”) Yangon (Rangoon) : yÓngguIng Phnom Penh : jnnbiIn Sweden : ruìdiÓn Yaoundé : yÓw`ndé Port-au-Prince : tàizˇqgÓng (tàizˇq, Switzerland : ruìshì (representing Yemen : yfimén “crown prince,” from tài, French Suisse) Zambia : zànbˇqyà “greatest,” zˇq, “son,” gÓng, Syria : xùlìyà “port”) Taiwan : táiwIn Appendix II: Fictional Names of Places

A number of places, some well known, others less so, appear under alternate names in works of fiction. The following is a selection, based largely on the sources listed at the end. Real names with identities and locations are given first, with their fictional names and the author in whose works they occur. Different names for one and the same place are numbered for distinction, as the three names for Birmingham, but where such names occur in the works of a single author, the author’s name appears only once, following the enumeration, as the five different names for Eastwood, all in the writings of D.H. Lawrence. Some fictional places, such as Mark Twain’s Pikesville and Pokeville, cannot be precisely or even partially identified with a real place, so cannot justifiably be included below. A cross-referenced listing of fictional names to real names follows the main listing.

Abbotsbury (village, southern land) : Kinraddie (Lewis Gras- gland) : Emminster (Thomas England) : Abbotsea (Thomas sic Gibbon) Hardy) Hardy) Ashbourne (town, central En- Bedford (town, east central En- Abingdon (town, southern En- gland) : Oakbourne (George gland) : Eastthorpe (Mark gland) : Babington (Dorothy Eliot) Rutherford) Richardson) Asheville (city, North Carolina, Benicia (city, California, south- Adelboden (town, southwestern eastern United States) : (1) Al- western United States) : San Switzerland) : Oberland tamont; (2) Libya Hill Spirito (Sinclair Lewis) (Dorothy Richardson) (Thomas Wolfe) Berau (village, northwestern New Affpuddle (village, southern En- Astley (village, central England) : Guinea) : Sambir ( Joseph gland) : East Egdon (Thomas Knebley (George Eliot) Conrad) Hardy Auburn see 3Auburn in main en- Bere Regis (village, southern En- Aldershot (town, southern En- tries. gland) : Kingsbere (Thomas gland) : Quartershot (Thomas Baltimore (city, Maryland, north- Hardy) Hardy) eastern United States) : Berkshire (county, south central Alton (town, southern England): Bridgepoint (Gertrude Stein) England) : North Wessex Galton (Compton Macken- Banbury (town, south central (Thomas Hardy) zie) England) : Candleford (Flora Birmingham (city, central En- Ampthill (town, east central En- Thompson) gland) : (1) Birchester (W.H. gland) : Cowfold (Mark Barnstaple (town, southwestern Mallock); (2) North Brom- Rutherford) England) : Downstable wich (Francis Brett Young); Anoka (town, Minnesota, United (Thomas Hardy) (3) Rummidge (David Lodge) States) : Lake Wobegon (Gar- Basingstoke (town, southern En- Birstall (village, northern En- rison Keillor) gland) : Stoke-Barehills gland) : Briarfield (Charlotte Arbroath (town, eastern Scot- (Thomas Hardy) Brontë) land) : (1) Fairport (Walter Bay Roberts (town, Newfound- Blandford Forum (town, south- Scott); (2) Redlintie ( J.M. land, eastern Canada) : Peter- ern England) : Shottsford Barrie) port (R.T.S. Lowell) Forum (Thomas Hardy) Arbuthnott (village, eastern Scot- Beaminster (town, southern En- Blundeston (village, eastern

246 247 Real Names : Fictional Names

England) : Blunderstone olina, eastern United States) : England) : Darling ( James An- (Charles Dickens) Pulpit Hill (Thomas Wolfe) thony Froude) Boscastle (village, southwestern Charminster (village, southern Dent (town, northwestern En- England) : Castle Boterel England) : Charmley (Thomas gland) : Millfield (Ivy Comp- (Thomas Hardy) Hardy) ton-Burnett) Bournemouth (city, southern En- Chatham (town, southeastern Derby (city, central England) : gland) : Sandbourne (Thomas England) : (1) Dullborough; Stoniton (George Eliot) Hardy) (2) Mudfog (Charles Dickens) Derbyshire (county, central En- Bradenham (village, south central Chilvers Cotton (village, central gland) : Loamshire (George England) : Hurstley (Benjamin England) : Shepperton Eliot) Disraeli) (George Eliot) Devon (county, southwestern Bradford (city, northern En- Chipping Camden (town, south England) : Lower Wessex gland) : (1) Bruddersford ( J.B. central England) : Northbridge (Thomas Hardy) Priestley); (2) Stradhoughton (Angela Thirkell) Dewsbury (town, northern En- (Keith Waterhouse); (3) War- Church Stretton (town, west cen- gland) : Cressley (Stan ley ( John Braine) tral England) : Shepwardine Barstow) Bridlington (town, northeastern (Mary Webb) Diss (town, eastern England) : England) : Bretton (Charlotte Clovelly (village, southwestern Deerbrook (Harriet Mar- Brontë) England) : (1) Aberalva tineau) Bridport (town, southern En- (Charles Kingsley); (2) Steep- Dorchester (town, southern En- gland) : Port-Bredy (Thomas ways (Charles Dickens) gland) : Casterbridge (Thomas Hardy) Clun (village, west central En- Hardy) Bromley (town, southeastern En- gland) : Dysgwlfas-on-the- Dorset (county, southern En- gland) : (1) Boystone (V.S. Wild Moors (Mary Webb) gland) : South Wessex Pritchett); (2) Bromstead Combray see Illiers-Combray in (Thomas Hardy) (H.G. Wells) main entries. Dovedale (valley, north central Brussels (city, central Belgium) : Corfe Castle (village, southern England) : Eagledale (George Villette (Charlotte Brontë) England) : Corvsgate Castle Eliot) Bude (town, southwestern En- (Thomas Hardy) Dunbeath (village, northeastern gland) : Stratleigh (Thomas Cornwall (county, southwestern Scotland) : Dunster (Neil Hardy) England) : Nether Wessex Gunn) Bulkington (village, central (Thomas Hardy) Dunster (village, southwestern England) : Raveloe (George Cortland (city, New York, north- England) : Markton (Thomas Eliot) eastern United States) : Lycur- Hardy) Burford (town, south central En- gus (Theodore Dreiser) Eastbourne (town, southeastern gland) : Wychford (Compton Cossall (village, central England) England) : Westbourne (Susan Mackenzie) : Cossethay (D.H. Lawrence) Hill) Burslem (town, central England) Cottisford (village, south central East Chaldon (village, southern : Bursley (Arnold Bennett) England) : Forflow (Flora England) : Folly Down (T.F. Cairo (town, Illinois, north cen- Thompson) Powys) tral United States) : Eden Coventry (city, central England) : Eastwood (town, central En- (Charles Dickens) (1) Middlemarch (George gland) : (1) Beldover; (2) Best- Camelford (town, southwestern Eliot); (2) Treby Magna wood; (3) Eberwich; (4) Tev- England) : Camelton (Thomas (George Eliot) ershall; (5) Woodhouse (D.H. Hardy) Coyoacán (city, central Mexico) : Lawrence) Canterbury (city, southeastern Tlacolula (D.H. Lawrence) Eaton Socon (village, eastern En- England) : (1) Cambry (Russell Cranborne (village, southern En- gland) : Eton Slocomb Hoban); (2) Tercanbury (W. gland) : Chaseborough (Charles Dickens) Somerset Maugham) (Thomas Hardy) Ecclefechan (town, southern Capri (island, southwestern Italy) Cullen (village, northeastern Scotland) : Entepfuhl (Thomas : (1) Nepenthe (Norman Scotland) : Portlossie (George Carlyle) Douglas); (2) Sirene (Comp- Macdonald) Ellastone (village, central England) ton Mackenzie) Cumnor (village, south central : Hayslope (George Eliot) Cerne Abbas (village, southern England) : Lumsdon (Thomas Ethiopia (country, northeastern England) : Abbot’s Cernel Hardy) Africa) : (1) Azania; (2) Ish- (Thomas Hardy) Darlington (town, northeastern maelia (Evelyn Waugh) Chapala (city, central Mexico) : England) : Stuffington (W.M. Evershot (village, southern En- Sayula (D.H. Lawrence) Thackeray) gland) : Evershead (Thomas Chapel Hill (town, North Car- Dartington (village, southwestern Hardy) Appendix II 248

Exeter (city, southwestern En- southeastern United States) : France) : Combray (Marcel gland) : (1) Chatteris (W.M. Blackstone (Thomas Wolfe) Proust) Thackeray); (2) Exonbury Halifax (town, northern En- Irvine (town, west central Scot- (Thomas Hardy) gland) : Annotsfield (Phyllis land) : Gudetown ( John Galt) Faroe Islands (northern Atlantic) Bentley) Isle of Portland (peninsula, : Norlands ( John Buchan) Hampshire (county, southern southern England) : Isle of Fawley (village, southern En- England) : (1) Barset or Barset- Slingers (Thomas Hardy) gland) : Marygreen (Thomas shire (Anthony Trollope); (2) Isles of Scilly (southwestern En- Hardy) Upper Wessex (Thomas gland) : Isles of Lyonesse Fleet (hamlet, southern England) Hardy) (Thomas Hardy) : Moonfleet ( J. Meade Hanley (town, central England) : Jamestown (town, Tennessee, east Falkner) Hanbridge (Arnold Bennett) central United States) : Obed- Fleetwood (town, northwestern Hannibal (city, Missouri, central stown (Mark Twain) England) : Sandyshore (Mary United States) : (1) Dawson’s Jersey City (city, New Jersey, Louisa Molesworth) Landing; (2) St. Petersburg northeastern United States) : Florida (village, Missouri, central (Mark Twain) Packer City (Francis T. Field) United States) : Hawkeye Harrisburg (city, Pennsylvania, Juniper Hill (hamlet, south cen- (Mark Twain) northeastern United States) : tral England) : Lark Rise (Flora Folkestone (town, southeastern Fort Penn ( John O’Hara) Thompson) England) : (1) Fork Stoan Harrogate (town, northern En- Katha (town, north central (Russell Hoban); (2) Pavilion- gland) : Brawton ( James Her- Myanmar) : Kyautada (George stone (Charles Dickens) riot) Orwell) Fordington (suburb of Dorch- Hartlepool (town, northeastern Kelmscott (village, south central ester, southern England) : England) : Cockleton (W.M. England) : Hurstcote Durnover (Thomas Hardy) Thackeray) (Theodore Watts-Dunton) Fortuneswell (town, southern Hartshead (village, northern En- Kendal (town, northwestern En- England) : Street of Wells gland) : Nunnelly (Charlotte gland) : Pencaster ( John Cun- (Thomas Hardy) Bronte) liffe) Fowey (town, southwestern En- Hastings (town, southeastern En- Kilbarrack (suburb of Dublin, gland) : Troy Town (Arthur gland) : Mugsborough (Robert eastern Ireland) : Barrytown Quiller-Couch) Tressell) (Roddy Doyle) Frampton (village, southern En- Hathersage (village, north central Kirkby Lonsdale (town, north- gland) : Scrimpton (Thomas England) : Morton (Charlotte western England) : Lowton Hardy) Brontë) (Charlotte Brontë) Fredonia (town, New York, Hazelbury Bryan (village, south- Kirriemuir (town, east central northeastern United States) : ern England) : Nuttlebury Scotland) : Thrums ( J.M. Bar- Hadleyburg (Mark Twain) (Thomas Hardy) rie) Gainsborough (town, east central Henley-on-Thames (town, south Knoxville (city, Tennessee, east England) : St. Ogg’s (George central England) : (1) Lower central United States) : Eliot) Binfield (George Orwell); (2) Delisleville (Frances Hodgson Glasgow (city, south central Thames Lockenden (Patrick Burnett) Scotland) : Unthank (Alasdair Hamilton) Knutsford (town, northwestern Gray) Herkimer County (New York, England) : (1) Cranford; (2) Gloucester (city, western En- northeastern United States) : Hollingford (Elizabeth gland) : Aldminster ( Joanna Cataraqui County (Theodore Gaskell); (3) Mallingford Trollope) Dreiser) (Mary Louisa Molesworth) Gloucestershire (county, western Higham on the Hill (village, cen- Lafayette County (Mississippi, England) : Rutshire ( Jilly tral England) : Tripplegate southern United States) : Yok- Cooper) (George Eliot) napatawpha County (William Grayshott (village, southern En- Holmbury St. Mary (village, Faulkner) gland) : Heatherley (Flora southeastern England) : Sum- Langar (village, central England) Thompson) mer Street (E.M. Forster) : Battersby (Samuel Butler) Great Bookham (village, south- Huddersfield (town, northern Laugharne (village, southern eastern England) : Highbury England) : Annotsfield (Phyllis Wales) : Llareggub (Dylan ( Jane Austen) Bentley) Thomas) Great Clacton (town, eastern En- Hugh Town (town, Isles of Scilly, Launceston (town, southwestern gland) : Millfield (Ivy Comp- southwestern England) : England) : St. Launce’s ton-Burnett) Giant’s Town (Thomas Hardy) (Thomas Hardy) Greenville (city, South Carolina, Illiers (town, north central Leek (town, central England) : (1) 249 Real Names : Fictional Names

Axe; (2) Manefold (Arnold northern United States) : gland) : Trantridge (Thomas Bennett) Zenith (Sinclair Lewis) Hardy) Letcombe Bassett (village, south Montacute (village, southwestern Penzance (town, southwestern central England) : Cresscombe England) : Nevilton ( John England) : Pen-Zephyr (Thomas Hardy) Cowper Powys) (Thomas Hardy) Little Easton (village, eastern En- Moorgreen Reservoir (central En- Perth Amboy (city, New Jersey, gland) : Matchings Easy (H.G. gland) : (1) Nethermere; (2) northeastern United States) : Wells) Willey Water (D.H. Lawrence) Port Alby (Francis T. Field) Longton (town, central En- Napoleon (town, Arkansas, south Piddletrenthide (village, southern gland) : Longshaw (Arnold central United States) : England) : Longpuddle Bennett) Bricksville (Mark Twain) (Thomas Hardy) Lykens (town, Pennsylvania, Neuwied (city, western Ger- Poole (town, southern England) : northeastern United States) : many) : Sarkeld (George Havenpool (Thomas Hardy) Lyons ( John O’Hara) Meredith) Port Jervis (town, New York, Lyme Regis (town, southern En- New Brunswick (city, New Jer- northeastern United States) : gland) : Buddlecombe (Henry sey, northeastern United Whilomville (Stephen Crane) Handel Richardson) States) : New Boynton (Francis Portofino (village, northwestern Lytchett Minster (village, south- T. Field) Italy) : Castagneto (“Elizabeth” ern England) : Flychett Newbury (town, southern En- [Elizabeth von Arnim]) (Thomas Hardy) gland) : Kennetbridge 1Portsmouth (city, southern En- Maiden Newton (village, south- (Thomas Hardy) gland) : Lymport (George ern England) : Chalk Newton Newcastle-under-Lyme (town, Meredith) (Thomas Hardy) central England) : Oldcastle 2Portsmouth (city, New Hamp- Maidstone (town, southeastern (Arnold Bennett) shire, northeastern United England) : Muggleton (Charles Newchurch (village, northern States) : Rivermouth (T.B. Dickens) England) : Goldshaw (Harri- Aldrich) Manchester (city, north central son Ainsworth) Pottsville (city, Pennsylvania, England) : (1) Doomington Norbury (village, central En- northeastern United States) : (Louis Golding); (2) Drum- gland) : Norburne (George (1) Gibbsville ( John O’Hara); ble; (3) Milton (Elizabeth Eliot) (2) Vermissa (Arthur Conan Gaskell) Nottingham (city, central En- Doyle) Marion (town, Massachusetts, gland) : (1) Knarborough 1Preston (town, northwestern En- northeastern United States) : (D.H. Lawrence); (2) Not- gland) : Coketown (Charles Marmion (Henry James) twich (Grahame Greene) Dickens) Marion City (village, Missouri, Nuneaton (town, central En- 2Preston (village, southern En- central United States) : gland) : Milby (George Eliot) gland) : Creston (Thomas Goshen (Mark Twain) Oban (town, western Scotland) : Hardy) Marlborough (town, southern Port (Alan Warner) Puddletown (village, southern England) : Marlbury (Thomas Ochiltree (village, western Scot- England) : Weatherbury Hardy) land) : Barbie (George Douglas (Thomas Hardy) Marnhull (village, southern En- Brown) Ramsgate (town, southeastern gland) : Marlott (Thomas Ottery St. Mary (town, south- England) : Ram (Russell Hardy) western England) : Clavering Hoban) Martin (village, southern En- St. Mary (W.M. Thackeray) Reading (town, south central En- gland) : Winterbourne Bishop Owermoigne (village, southern gland) : (1) Aldbrickham (W.H. Hudson) England) : Nether Moynton (Thomas Hardy); (2) Belford Melbury Osmond (village, (Thomas Hardy) Regis (Mary Russell Mitford) southern England) : Great 1Oxford (city, south central En- Redruth (town, southwestern Hintock (Thomas Hardy) gland) : Christminster England) : Redrutin (Thomas Midhurst (town, southern En- (Thomas Hardy) Hardy) gland) : Wimblehurst (H.G. 2Oxford (city, Mississippi, south- Ringwood (town, southern En- Wells) ern United States) : Jefferson gland) : Oozewood (Thomas Milborne Port (town, southern (William Faulkner) Hardy) England) : Millpool (Thomas Palmyra (town, Missouri, central Robin Hood’s Bay (village, Hardy) United States) : Constantino- northeastern England) : Bram- Milton Abbas (village, southern ple (Mark Twain) blewick (Leo Walmsley) England) : Middleton Abbey Peebles (town, southern Scot- Rocester (village, central En- (Thomas Hardy) land) : Priorsford (O. Douglas) gland) : Rosseter (George Minneapolis (city, Minnesota, Pentridge (village, southern En- Eliot) Appendix II 250

Rochester (city, southeastern En- Silverdale (village, northwestern England) : Toneborough gland) : (1) Cloisterham; (2) England) : Abermouth (Eliza- (Thomas Hardy) Dullborough (Charles Dick- beth Gaskell) Tewkesbury (town, western En- ens) Silverton (village, southwestern gland) : Nortonbury (Dinah Roston (village, central England) England) : Silverthorn Craik) : Broxton (George Eliot) (Thomas Hardy) Theale (village, south central En- Rye (town, southeastern En- Sint-Truiden (town, east central gland) : Gaymead (Thomas gland) : Tilling (E.F. Benson) Belgium) : Longres (Aldous Hardy) St. Ives (town, southwestern En- Huxley) Thirsk (town, northern England) gland) : Porthkerris Sligo (town, northwestern Ire- : Darrowby ( James Herriot) (Rosamund Pilcher) land) : Ballah (W.B. Yeats) Tincleton (village, southern En- St. Juliot (village, southwestern Somerset (county, southwestern gland) : Stickleford (Thomas England) : Endelstow England) : Outer Wessex Hardy) (Thomas Hardy) (Thomas Hardy) Tiverton (town, southwestern Salisbury (city, southern En- Southampton (city, southern En- England) : Tivworthy gland) : (1) Barchester (An- gland) : Bevishampton (Thomas Hardy) thony Trollope); (2) Melch- (George Meredith) Tolpuddle (village, southern En- ester (Thomas Hardy) South Harting (village, southern gland) : Tolchurch (Thomas Salisbury Plain (plateau, southern England) : Siddermorton Hardy) England) : Great Plain (H.G. Wells) Tonbridge (town, southeastern (Thomas Hardy) Southsea (town, southern En- England) : Sawston (E.M. Sandaig (hamlet, western Scot- gland) : Solentsea (Thomas Forster) land) : Camusfearna (Gavin Hardy) Torquay (town, southwestern Maxwell) Southwold (town, eastern En- England) : Tor-upon-Sea Sandgate (village, southeastern gland) : Hardborough (Pene- (Thomas Hardy) England) : Bonnycliff lope Fitzgerald) Trent (river, central England) : (Dorothy Richardson) Staffordshire (county, central En- Floss (George Eliot) Sandwich (town, southeastern gland) : Stonyshire (George Troy Town (hamlet, southern England) : Sunwich Port Eliot) England) : Roy-Town (W.W. Jacobs) Stinsford (village, southern En- (Thomas Hardy) Sauk Centre (town, Minnesota, gland) : (1) Mellstock; (2) Tol- Truro (town, southwestern En- northern United States) : (1) lamore (Thomas Hardy) gland) : (1) Polchester (Hugh Gopher Prairie; (2) Joralemon Stockingford (village, central En- Walpole); (2) Trufal (Thomas (Sinclair Lewis) gland) : (1) Paddiford; (2) Hardy) Saverton (town, Missouri, central Whittlecombe (George Eliot) 1Tunstall (town, central England) United States) : Hookerville Stoke-on-Trent (town, central : Turnhill (Arnold Bennett) (Mark Twain) England) : Knype (Arnold 2Tunstall (village, northwestern Shaftesbury (town, southwestern Bennett) England) : Brocklebridge England) : Shaston (Thomas Stromness (town, northern Scot- (Charlotte Brontë) Hardy) land) : Hamnavoe (George Turville Heath (village, south- Sheffield (city, northern England) Mackay Brown) eastern England) : Rapstone : Hillsborough (Charles Reade) Sturminster Newton (town, ( John Mortimer) Sherborne (town, southwestern southern England) : Stourcas- Underwood (village, central En- England) : (1) Ramsgard ( John tle (Thomas Hardy) gland) : Nuttall (D.H. Cowper Powys); (2) Sherton Sudbury (town, eastern England) Lawrence) Abbas (Thomas Hardy) : Eatanswill (Charles Dickens) Valencia (city, northern Shifnal (town, west central En- Swanage (town, southern En- Venezuela) : Sulaco ( Joseph gland) : Market Blandings gland) : Knollsea (Thomas Conrad) (P.G. Wodehouse) Hardy) Wakefield (city, northern En- Shrewsbury (town, west central Syston (village, east central En- gland) : (1) Dunfield (George England) : Silverton (Mary gland) : Willingham (Walter Gissing); (2) Highfield (David Webb) Scott) Storey); (3) Mirefields (Morley Shropham (village, eastern En- Tarbert (village, western Scot- Roberts) gland) : Dulditch (Mary land) : Brieston ( John Mac- Wantage (town, south central Mann) Dougall Hay) England) : Alfredston Sidmouth (town, southwestern Tarrant Hinton (village, southern (Thomas Hardy) England) : (1) Baymouth England) : Trantridge Wareham (town, southern En- (W.M. Thackeray); (2) Sandi- (Thomas Hardy) gland) : Anglebury (Thomas ton ( Jane Austen) Taunton (town, southwestern Hardy) 251 Fictional Names : Real Names

Weimar (city, southern Ger- Cross References— Camusfearna : Sandaig many) : (1) Kalbsbraten; (2) Candleford : Banbury Pumpernickel (W.M. Thack- Fictional Names to Castagneto : Portofino eray) Real Names Casterbridge : Dorchester Wells (town, southwestern En- Castle Boterel : Boscastle gland) : Fountall (Thomas Abbot’s Cernel : Cerne Abbas Cataraqui County : Herkimer Hardy) Abbotsea : Abbotsbury County Weston under Lizard (village, Aberalva : Clovelly Chalk Newton : Maiden Newton west central England) : Bland- Abermouth : Silverdale Charmley : Charminster ings Parva (P.G. Wodehouse) Aldbrickham : Reading Chaseborough : Cranborne West Stafford (village, southern Aldminster : Gloucester Chatteris : Exeter England) : Lew Everard Alfredston : Wantage Christminster : 1Oxford (Thomas Hardy) Altamont : Asheville Clavering St. Mary : Ottery St. Weyhill (village, southern En- Anglebury : Wareham Mary gland) : Weydon Priors Annotsfield : (1) Halifax; Cloisterham : Rochester (Thomas Hardy) (2) Huddersfield Cockleton : Hartlepool Weymouth (town, southern En- Axe : Leek Coketown : 1Preston gland) : (1) Budmouth Regis; Azania : Ethiopia Combray : Illiers (2) Melport (Thomas Hardy) Babington : Abingdon Constantinople : Palmyra Whitby (town, northeastern En- Ballah : Sligo Corvsgate Castle : Corfe Castle gland) : (1) Burnharbour (Leo Barbie : Ochiltree Cossethay : Cossall Walmsley); (2) Monkshaven Barchester : (1) Salisbury; Cowfold : Ampthill (Elizabeth Gaskell) (2) Winchester Cranford : Knutsford Whitstable (town, southeastern Barrytown : Kilbarrack Cresscombe : Letcombe Bassett England) : Blackstable (W. Barset : (1) Hampshire; (2) Wilt- Cressley : Dewsbury Somerset Maugham) shire Creston : 2Preston Wiesbaden (city, western Ger- Barsetshire : (1) Hampshire; Darling : Dartington many) : Roulettenburg (Fyo- (2) Wiltshire Darrowby : Thirsk dor Dostoevsky) Battersby : Langar Dawson’s Landing: Hannibal Willenhall (town, central En- Baymouth : Sidmouth Deerbrook : Diss gland) : Wodgate (Benjamin Beldover : Eastwood Delisleville : Knoxville Disraeli) Belford Regis : Reading Doomington : Manchester Wiltshire (county, southern En- Bestwood : Eastwood Downstable : Barnstaple gland) : (1) Barset or Barset- Bevishampton : Southampton Drumble : Manchester shire (Anthony Trollope); (2) Birchester : Birmingham Dulditch : Shropham Mid Wessex (Thomas Hardy) Blackstable : Whitstable Dullborough : Chatham Wimborne Minster (town, Blackstone : Greenville Dunfield : Wakefield southern England) : Warborne Blandings Parva : Weston under Dunster : Dunbeath (Thomas Hardy) Lizard Durnover : Fordington Winchester (city, southern En- Blunderstone : Blundeston Dysgwlfas-on-the-Wild-Moors : gland) : (1) Barchester (An- Bonnycliff : Sandgate Clun thony Trollope); (2) Hillstone Boystone : Bromley Eagledale : Dovedale (Florence Marryat); (3) Bramblewick : Robin Hood’s Bay East Egdon : Affpuddle Thurchester ( Charles Palliser); Brawton : Harrogate Eastthorpe : Bedford (4) Wintoncester (Thomas Bretton : Bridlington Eatanswill : Sudbury Hardy) Briarfield : Birstall Eberwich : Eastwood Wirksworth (town, central En- Bricksville : Napoleon Eden : Cairo gland) : Snowfield (George Bridgepoint : Baltimore Emminster : Beaminster Eliot) Brieston : Tarbert Endelstow : St. Juliot Wool (village, southern England) Brocklebridge : 2Tunstall Entepfuhl : Ecclefechan : Wellbridge (Thomas Hardy) Bromstead : Bromley Eton Slocomb : Eaton Socon Wychwood Forest (south central Broxton : Roston Evershead : Evershot England) : Witch Wood ( John Bruddersford : Bradford Exonbury : Exeter Buchan) Buddlecombe : Lyme Regis Fairport : Arbroath Yeovil (town, south western En- Budmouth Regis : Weymouth Floss : Trent gland) : Ivel (Thomas Hardy) Burnharbour : Whitby Flychett : Lytchett Minster Zell am Zee (town, west central Bursley : Burslem Folly Down : East Chaldon Austria) : Kaprun (D.H. Cambry : Canterbury Fordlow : Cottisford Lawrence) Camelton : Camelford Fork Stoan : Folkestone Appendix II 252

Fort Penn : Harrisburg Lumsdon : Cumnor Pencaster : Kendal Fountall : Wells Lycurgus : Cortland Pen-Zephyr : Penzance Fredonia : Hadleyburg Lymport : 1Portsmouth Peterport : Bay Roberts Galton : Alton Lyons : Lykens Polchester : Truro Gaymead : Theale Mallingford : Knutsford Port : Oban Giant’s Town : Hugh Town Manefold : Leek Port Alby : Perth Amboy Gibbsville : Pottsville Market Blandings : Shifnal Port-Bredy : Bridport Goldshaw : Newchurch Markton : Dunster Porth Kerris : St. Ives Gopher Prairie : Sauk Centre Marlbury : Marlborough Portlossie : Cullen Goshen : Marion City Marlott : Marnhull Priorsford : Peebles Great Hintock : Melbury Marmion : Marion Pulpit Hill : Chapel Hill Osmond Marygreen : Fawley Pumpernickel : Weimar Great Plain : Salisbury Plain Matchings Easy : Little Easton Quartershot : Aldershot Gudetown : Irvine Melbury Osmond : Great Hin- Ram : Ramsgate Hamnavoe : Stromness tock Ramsgard : Sherborne Hanbridge : Hanley Melchester : Salisbury Rapstone : Turville Heath Hardborough : Southwold Mellstock : Stinsford Raveloe : Bulkington Havenpool : Poole Melport : Weymouth Redlintie : Arbroath Hawkeye : Florida Middlemarch : Coventry Redrutin : Redruth Hayslope : Ellastone Middleton Abbey : Milton Abbas Rivermouth : 2Portsmouth Heatherley : Grayshott Mid Wessex : Wiltshire Roulettenburg : Wiesbaden Highbury : Great Bookham Milby : Nuneaton Roy-Town : Troy Town Highfield : Wakefield Millfield : (1) Dent; (2) Great Rummidge : Birmingham Hillsborough : Sheffield Clacton Rutshire : Gloucestershire Hillstone : Winchester Millpool : Milborne Port St. Launce’s : Launceston Hollingford : Knutsford Milton : Manchester St. Ogg’s : Gainsborough Hookerville : Saverton Mirefields : Wakefield St. Petersburg : Hannibal Hutscote : Kelmscott Monkshaven : Whitby Sambir : Berau Hurstley : Bradenham Moonfleet : Fleet Sanditon : Sidmouth Ishmaelia : Ethiopia Morton : Hathersage San Spirito : Benicia Isle of Slingers : Isle of Portland Mudfog : Chatham Sandbourne : Bournemouth Isles of Lyonesse : Isles of Scilly Muggleton : Maidstone Sandyshore : Fleetwood Ivel : Yeovil Mugsborough : Hastings Sarkeld : Neuwied Jefferson : 2Oxford Nepenthe : Capri Sawston : Tonbridge Joralemon : Sauk Centre Nethermere : Moorgreen Reser- Sayula : Chapala Kalbsbraten : Weimar voir Scrimpton : Frampton Kaprun : Zell am See Nether Moynton : Owermoigne Shaston : Shaftesbury Kennetbridge : Newbury Nether Wessex : Cornwall Shepperton : Chilvers Cotton Kingsbere : Bere Regis Nevilton : Montacute Shepwardine : Church Stretton King’s Hintock : Melbury New Boynton : New Brunswick Sherton Abbas : Sherborne Osmond Norburne : Norbury Shottsford Forum : Blandford Knarborough : Nottingham Norlands : Faroe Islands Forum Knebley : Astley Northbridge : Chipping Camp- Siddermorton : South Harting Knollsea : Swanage den Silverthorn : Silverton Knype : Stoke-on-Trent North Bromwich : Birmingham Silverton : Shrewsbury Kyautada : Katha North Wessex : Berkshire Sirene : Capri Lake Wobegon : Anoka Nortonbury : Tewkesbury Snowfield : Wirksworth Lark Rise : Juniper Hill Nottwich : Nottingham Solentsea : Southsea Lew Everard : West Stafford Nunnelly : Hartshead South Wessex : Dorset Libya Hill : Asheville Nuttall : Underwood Steepways : Clovelly Llareggub : Laugharne Nuttlebury : Hazelbury Bryan Stickleford : Tincleton Loamshire : Derbyshire Oakbourne : Ashbourne Stoke-Barehills : Basingstoke Longpuddle : Piddletrenthide Obedstown : Jamestown Stoniton : Derby Longres : Sint-Truiden Oberland : Adelboden Stonyshire : Staffordshire Longshaw : Longton Oozewood : Ringwood Stourcastle : Sturminster Newton Lower Binfield : Henley-on- Outer Wessex : Somerset Stradhoughton : Bradford Thames Packer City : Jersey City Stratleigh : Bude Lower Wessex : Devon Paddiford : Stockingford Street of Wells : Fortuneswell Lowton : Kirkby Lonsdale Pavilionstone : Folkestone Stuffington : Darlington 253 Fictional Names : Sources

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Graesse, Johann Gustav Theodor. Orbis latinus: The New Encyclopædia Britannica. 30 vols. 15th ed. oder Verzeichnis der wichtigsten lateinischen Orts- Chicago, IL: Encyclopædia Britannica, 2002. und Ländernamen (The Latin world, or Register Owen, Hywel Wyn, and Richard Morgan. Dictio- of the most important Latin names of places and nary of the Place-Names of Wales. Llandysul: countries). Revised by Friedrich Benedict. Gomer, 2007. Berlin: Transpress VEB Verlag für Verkehrswe- Peterson, Charles B. “The Nature of Soviet Place- sen, 1980. [Reprint of 2d ed., 1909] Names.” Names ( Journal of the American Name Groom, Nigel. A Dictionary of Arabic Topography Society). Vol. 25, No. 1, March 1977, pp. 15– and Placenames. Beirut: Librairie du Liban/Lon- 24. don: Longman, 1983. Raper, Peter E. New Dictionary of South African Hamilton, William B. The Macmillan Book of Place Names. Johannesburg: Jonathan Ball, 2004. Canadian Place Names. Toronto: Macmillan, Reed, A.W. Place Names of Australia. Sydney: Reed 1978. Books, 1973. [Includes lists of Aboriginal names Hazlitt, William. The Classical Gazetteer. London: and of renamed places.] Studio Editions, 1995. [Reprint of 1st ed., 1851] _____. The Story of New Zealand Place Names. Hobson, Archie, ed. The Cambridge Gazetteer of Wellington: A.H & A.W. Reed, 1952. the United States and Canada. Cambridge: Cam- Ritter, R.M. ed. and comp. The Oxford Dictionary bridge University Press, 1995. for Writers and Editors. 2d ed. Oxford: Oxford Hogg, Ian V. The Hutchinson Dictionary of Battles. University Press, 2000. Oxford: Helicon, 1995. Rivet, A.L.F., and Colin Smith. The Place-Names Hornblower, Simon, and Antony Spawforth, eds. of Roman Britain. London: Batsford, 1979. The Oxford Classical Dictionary. 3d ed. Oxford: Room, Adrian. African Placenames.2d ed. Jeffer- Oxford University Press, 1996. son, NC: McFarland, 2008. Jones, Barri, and David Mattingly. An Atlas of _____. A Dictionary of Irish Place-Names. Rev. ed. Roman Britain. Oxford: Blackwell, 1990. Belfast: Appletree Press, 1994. Kalesnik, S.V., ed.-in-chief. Entsiklopedicheskiy slo- _____. Dictionary of Translated Names and Titles. var’ geograficheskikh nazvaniy (Encyclopedic dic- London: Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1986. tionary of placenames). Moscow: Sovetskaya _____. Nicknames of Places. Jefferson, NC: McFar- Entsiklopediya, 1973. [Worldwide coverage, and land, 2006. good for the many renamings in the former So- _____, comp. Place-Name Changes 1900–1991. viet Union.] Metuchen, NJ: Scarecrow Press, 1993. Kirchherr, Eugene C. Place Names of Africa _____. Placenames of France. Jefferson, NC: McFar- 1935–1986: A Political Gazetteer. Metuchen, NJ: land, 2004. Scarecrow Press, 1987. _____. Placenames of Russia and the Former Soviet Komkov, A.M. ed.-in-chief. Slovar’ geograficheskikh Union. Jefferson, NC: McFarland, 1996. nazvaniy zarubezhnykh stran (Dictionary of for- _____. Placenames of the World. Jefferson, NC. Mc- eign placenames). 3d ed. Moscow: Nedra, 1986. Farland, 2005. [A gazetteer of world placeames outside the for- Rosenthal, Eric. Encyclopaedia of Southern Africa. mer Soviet Union.] 7th ed. Cape Town: Juta, 1978. _____, et al. Nazvaniya SSSR, soyuznykh respublik Share, Bernard. Naming Names. Dublin: Gill & i zarubezhnykh stran na 20 yazykakh (Names of Macmillan, 2001. [A dictionary of Irish proper the USSR, union republics and foreign coun- names of all types, with an Introduction that in- tries in 20 languages). Moscow: VINITI, 1974. cludes a discussion of placenames, past and pres- Mason, Oliver, comp. Bartholomew Gazetteer of ent, and the anglicization of indigenous names.] Places in Britain. 2d ed. Edinburgh: John Sivin, Nathan, Frances Wood, Penny Brooke, and Bartholomew, 1986. Colin Ronan (eds.). The Contemporary Atlas of Matthews, C.M. Place-Names of the English-Speak- China. London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 1988. ing World. London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson, Slovar’ geograficheskikh nazvaniy SSSR (Dictionary 1972. of placenames of the USSR). 2d ed. Moscow: Merriam-Webster’s New Geographical Dictionary. 3d Nedra, 1983. ed. Springfield, MA: Merriam-Webster, 1997. Spaull, Hebe. New Place Names of the World. Lon- Nelson, Derek. Off the Map: The Curious History of don: Ward Lock, 1970. [A slim volume marred Place-Names. New York: Kodansha America, by many misprints but still of value if consulted 1997. [Pertinent for the present book is Chapter with care.] 8: “Multiple Names Mean Confusion and Con- Stewart, George R. American Place-Names. New tention,” pp. 137–154.] York: Oxford University Press, 1970. [Coverage 257 Select Bibliography

is confined to the continental United States and Dümmler, 1961. [A dictionary of world place- accordingly omits Hawaii.] name origins, with due recognition of alternate _____. Names on the Globe. New York: Oxford and former names in European countries.] University Press, 1975. [A worldwide survey of The Times Comprehensive Atlas of the World. 12th the naming of places, although with little on al- ed. London: Times Books, 2007. [The index to ternate or changed placenames.] this atlas gives alternate names of various types, _____. Names on the Land: A Historical Account of including placenames in use within the previ- Place-Naming in the United States. Boston, MA: ous 50 years, with an emphasis on particularly Houghton Mifflin, 1967 prominent earlier names.] Stewart, John. African States and Rulers: An Ency- Treharne. R.F., and Harold Fullard. Muir’s Histor- clopedia of Native, Colonial and Independent ical Atlas: Ancient and Classical. 6th ed. London: States and Rulers Past and Present. 3d ed. Jeffer- George Philip, 1963. son, NC: McFarland, 2006. _____, and _____. Muir’s Historical Atlas: Medieval Stielers Handatlas. 10th ed. Gotha: Justus Perthes, and Modern. 11th ed. London: George Philip, 1920–25. [A major German atlas with a supple- 1969. [This title and that above were published mentary index, pp. 317–336, listing places re- in a single volume by Book Club Associates, named after World War I in Finland, the Baltic London, in 1973.] States, Poland, Czechoslovakia, Romania, Hun- Warrington, John. Everyman’s Classical Dictionary. gary, Yugoslavia, South Tirol (now Alto Adige, 3d ed. London: J.M. Dent, 1969. Italy), Alsace-Lorraine (now in France), Eupen- Where’s Where: A Descriptive Gazetteer. London: Malmédy (now in Belgium), and Nord Slesvig Eyre Methuen, 1974. [An anonymous so-called (now South Jutland, Denmark).] “Who’s Who of places” that includes former and Sturmfels, Wilhelm, and Heinz Bischof. Unsere fictional placenames.] Ortsnamen (Our placenames). 3d ed. Bonn: This page intentionally left blank