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Engagement of Scientific Community and Transparency in C Accounting Environmental Research Letters LETTER • OPEN ACCESS Related content - A review of land-based greenhouse gas Engagement of scientific community and flux estimates in Indonesia Kemen G Austin, Nancy L Harris, Arief transparency in C accounting: the Brazilian case Wijaya et al. - Whole farm quantification of GHG for anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions from emissions within smallholder farms in developing countries land use, land-use change and forestry Matthias Seebauer - Forest carbon emissions from cropland expansion in the Brazilian Cerrado biome To cite this article: M M C Bustamante et al 2018 Environ. Res. Lett. 13 055005 Praveen Noojipady, C Douglas Morton, N Marcia Macedo et al. View the article online for updates and enhancements. This content was downloaded from IP address 200.130.19.189 on 04/06/2018 at 18:08 Environ. Res. Lett. 13 (2018) 055005 https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/aabb37 LETTER Engagement of scientific community and transparency in OPEN ACCESS C accounting: the Brazilian case for anthropogenic RECEIVED 1 November 2017 greenhouse gas emissions from land use, land-use REVISED 31 January 2018 change and forestry ACCEPTED FOR PUBLICATION 3 April 2018 M M C Bustamante1,9, J S O Silva1 ,RZCantinho2, J Z Shimbo3, P V C Oliveira4,MMOSantos5,JPHB PUBLISHED Ometto6,MRCruz7, T R B Mello1,DGodiva2 and C A Nobre8 3 May 2018 1 Department of Ecology, University of Bras´ılia (UnB), Bras´ılia, Brazil 2 United Nations Development Programme (UNDP), SEN 802, 17, Conj. C—St. Mansões DB, 70800–400, Bras´ılia, DF, Brazil 3 Original content from Amazon Environmental Research Institute (IPAM), Bras´ılia, Brazil this work may be used 4 Geospatial Sciences Center of Excellence, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD 57007, United States of America under the terms of the 5 Energy Planning Programme, Coppe, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil Creative Commons 6 Earth System Science Centre—National Institute for Space Research (INPE), Sao˜ Jose´ dos Campos, SP, Brazil Attribution 3.0 licence. 7 Coordination of Climate Change, Ministry of Science, Technology, Innovations and Communications, Bras´ılia, Brazil Any further distribution 8 National Center for Monitoring and Early Warning of Natural Disasters, 12247-016, Sao˜ Jose´ dos Campos, SP, Brazil of this work must 9 maintain attribution to Author to whom any correspondence should be addressed. the author(s) and the title of the work, journal E-mail: [email protected] citation and DOI. Keywords: land use, carbon stocks, national GHG inventory, emissions registry Supplementary material for this article is available online Abstract To effectively implement the Paris Agreement, capacity in carbon accounting must be strengthened in the developing world, and partnerships with local academic institutions can do the accounting for governments and fill the capacity gap. This paper highlights the Brazilian case, focusing on ways in which climate change science information and transparency are being incorporated in national C accounting initiatives, particularly the national inventory of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions and removals. We report how the third inventory for the sector of land use, land-use change and forestry (LULUCF) was implemented to address scientific challenges involved in the monitoring of carbon stocks and land-use changes of diverse and complex biomes while addressing international and national policy demands (report and decision support) and transparency to various stakeholders. GHG emissions and removals associated with 2002–2010 carbon changes in aboveground, belowground biomass, necromass and soil carbon by land use and land cover changes were estimated for all Brazilian biomes, and for the Amazon estimates were also presented for the periods of 2002–2005 and 2005–2010. The inventory improved regional estimates for carbon stock and national emission factors with the support and engagement of the scientific community. Incorporation of local context is essential to reduce uncertainties and properly monitor efforts to contribute to GHG emission/reduction targets. To promote transparency and make information more accessible, the national inventory results were made available by the National Emissions Registry System (SIRENE). This system was built to support climate change policies as an important legal apparatus and by increasing access to emissions and land-use change data. Introduction in the C cycle in decision-making processes. These approaches are being developed on a global scale The challenges posed by anthropogenic climate change through the Paris Agreement and on a national scale require new governance approaches to manage changes through greenhouse gas (GHG) accounting practices. © 2018 The Author(s). Published by IOP Publishing Ltd Environ. Res. Lett. 13 (2018) 055005 New governance approaches demand that we identify pastures and agricultural crops, which seriously affects the type of scientific information needed to inform biodiversity, as well as GHG emissions. This experience governments and consider the implications of C can contribute to promote a mutual learning process in accounting approaches. The evolution of C account- developing countries by identifying and disseminating ing in the international climate policy regime and the lessons learned. building of a robust transparency mechanism are at the core of the Paris Agreement. Because the Parties’ nationally determined contributions are highly vari- Preparation of the third national inventory of able in ambition and format, an effective transparency GHG mechanism will require accurate and precise measure- ment, reporting, and verification of GHG emissions Regularly updated inventories submitted by countries from all nations. However, for the last two decades, to the UNFCCC are the basis for their commitments only developed countries (Annex I Parties of the to GHG reductions. The national inventory system Kyoto Protocol) have been required to provide reg- includes all institutional, legal, and procedural arrange- ular detailed reports of their emissions to the United ments made by a Party for estimating anthropogenic Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change GHG emissions by sources and removals by sinks not (UNFCCC). In a few years, all nations will be expected controlled by the Montreal Protocol, and for report- to report their emissions. Thus, capacity in C account- ing and archiving inventory information (IPCC 2003, ing must be strengthened in the developing world 2006). The guidelines request that national systems be to effectively implement the agreement. Partnerships designed and operated to ensure the transparency, con- with local academic institutions can help governments sistency, comparability, completeness, and accuracy of assess C emissions and removals, fill the capacity gap, inventories. and prepare for further improvements. Inventory preparation remains a challenging task In this paper, we highlight the Brazilian case, for many countries, and a range of countries lack focusingon ways in which climate change science infor- sufficient resources for inventory improvement, partic- mation is being incorporated into new and existing ularly those with extensive areas and complex dynamics governance frameworks to improve C accounting for of land use changes. Brazil is a non-Annex I coun- the land use and land use change and forest (LULUCF) try committed to the development, periodic updating, sector. In 2015, Brazil submitted its nationally deter- and dissemination of national inventories of anthro- mined contribution to the UNFCCC as part of the pogenic emissions. Initially funds came mainly from Paris Agreement (UNFCCC 2015). As for mitigation, the Global Environment Fund (GEF), but a grant from Brazil plans to reduce GHG emissions by 37% below the main Brazilian funding agency (CNPq) represented 2005 levels by 2025, and by 43% below 2005 levels an important contribution for the last national inven- by 2030. As stated in the document, the contribution tory (released in 2014). The CNPq grant allowed the is economy-wide and based on flexible pathways to involvement of scientific groups and young fellows who achieve the 2025 and 2030 objectives. The mitigation received training on the central issues of C accounting. strategy includes activities in the agriculture, energy, Over the last decade, the Brazilian National Inven- industry, transport, and forestry and land use sec- tory has evolved from a report to the UNFCCC to an tors. For the forestry and land use sectors, the strategy instrument that monitors national policies, strengthens includes (i) strengthening the Brazilian Forest Code (an the involvement of the scientific community, and dis- important environmental law); (ii) strengthening poli- seminates information about emissions and mitigation cies and measures to achieve zero illegal deforestation efforts to society. in the Brazilian Amazon by 2030; (iii) restoration and Brazil prepared the First National Inventory with reforestation of 12 million hectares by 2030; and (iv) emissions data from 1990–1994 (MCTI 2004). Con- scale-up of sustainable forest management systems. sidering the relevance of deforestation for the country’s Land use and land cover changes represent an emissions, starting from the Second National Inven- important share of global GHG emissions, on the tory (MCTI 2010), which included emission estimates order of 12% (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate from 1990–2005, Brazil undertook a major effort to Change [IPCC] Working Group III
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