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Congo-Zaire's 1996-97 Civil War in the Context of Evolving Patterns of Military Conflict in Africa in the Era of Independence William G
Document generated on 09/29/2021 3:17 p.m. Journal of Conflict Studies Congo-Zaire's 1996-97 Civil War in the Context of Evolving Patterns of Military Conflict in Africa in the Era of Independence William G. Thom Volume 19, Number 2, Fall 1999 URI: https://id.erudit.org/iderudit/jcs19_02art04 See table of contents Publisher(s) The University of New Brunswick ISSN 1198-8614 (print) 1715-5673 (digital) Explore this journal Cite this article Thom, W. G. (1999). Congo-Zaire's 1996-97 Civil War in the Context of Evolving Patterns of Military Conflict in Africa in the Era of Independence. Journal of Conflict Studies, 19(2), 93–123. All rights reserved © Centre for Conflict Studies, UNB, 1999 This document is protected by copyright law. Use of the services of Érudit (including reproduction) is subject to its terms and conditions, which can be viewed online. https://apropos.erudit.org/en/users/policy-on-use/ This article is disseminated and preserved by Érudit. Érudit is a non-profit inter-university consortium of the Université de Montréal, Université Laval, and the Université du Québec à Montréal. Its mission is to promote and disseminate research. https://www.erudit.org/en/ Congo-Zaire's 1996-97 Civil War in the Context of Evolving Patterns of Military Conflict in Africa in the Era of Independence by William G. Thom INTRODUCTION The overthrow of Zaire's President Mobutu Sese Seko, for 31 years a fixture of political dominance in central Africa, in an eight month military campaign, was a shocking development. To understand the downfall of Mobutu's Zaire, an appreciation of both the military realities and the regional political dynamics of the 1990s is required. -
Entanglements of Modernity, Colonialism and Genocide Burundi and Rwanda in Historical-Sociological Perspective
UNIVERSITY OF LEEDS Entanglements of Modernity, Colonialism and Genocide Burundi and Rwanda in Historical-Sociological Perspective Jack Dominic Palmer University of Leeds School of Sociology and Social Policy January 2017 Submitted in accordance with the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy ii The candidate confirms that the work submitted is their own and that appropriate credit has been given where reference has been made to the work of others. This copy has been supplied on the understanding that it is copyright material and that no quotation from the thesis may be published without proper acknowledgement. ©2017 The University of Leeds and Jack Dominic Palmer. The right of Jack Dominic Palmer to be identified as Author of this work has been asserted by Jack Dominic Palmer in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988. iii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I would firstly like to thank Dr Mark Davis and Dr Tom Campbell. The quality of their guidance, insight and friendship has been a huge source of support and has helped me through tough periods in which my motivation and enthusiasm for the project were tested to their limits. I drew great inspiration from the insightful and constructive critical comments and recommendations of Dr Shirley Tate and Dr Austin Harrington when the thesis was at the upgrade stage, and I am also grateful for generous follow-up discussions with the latter. I am very appreciative of the staff members in SSP with whom I have worked closely in my teaching capacities, as well as of the staff in the office who do such a great job at holding the department together. -
Handbook of Second Level Educational Research: Breaking the S.E.A.L
Provided by the author(s) and NUI Galway in accordance with publisher policies. Please cite the published version when available. Title Handbook of second level educational research: Breaking the S.E.A.L. Student engagement with archives for learning Author(s) Flynn, Paul; Houlihan, Barry Publication Date 2017-07 Publication Flynn, Paul, & Houlihan, Barry. (2017). Handbook of second Information level educational research: Breaking the S.E.A.L. Student engagement with archives for learning. Galway: NUI Galway. Publisher NUI Galway Item record http://hdl.handle.net/10379/6687 Downloaded 2021-09-24T14:02:50Z Some rights reserved. For more information, please see the item record link above. Handbook of Second Level Educational Research Breaking the S.E.A.L. Student Engagement with Archives for Learning, NUI Galway, 2017 Editors: Paul Flynn and Barry Houlihan ISBN: 978-1-908358-56-1 Table of Contents Foreword 7 Introduction 9 Moneenageisha Community College 10 Alanna O’Reilly Deborah Sampson Gannett and Her Role in the Continental Army During the American Revolutionary War. 11 Mitchelle Dupe The Death of Emmett Till and its Effect on American Civil Rights Movement. 11 Andreea Duma Joan Parlea: His Role in the Germany Army Between 1941-1943. 11 Paddy Hogan An Irishmans' Role in The Suez Crisis. 11 Presentation College Headford 12 Michael McLoughlin Trench Warfare in World War 1 13 Ezra Heraty The Gallant Heroics of Pigeons during the Great War 14 Sophie Smith The White Rose Movement 15 Maggie Larson The Hollywood Blacklist: Influences on Film Content 1933-50 16 Diarmaid Conway Michael Cusack – Gaelic Games Pioneer 18 Ciara Varley Emily Hobhouse in the Anglo-Boer War 19 Andrew Egan !3 The Hunger Striking in Irish Republicanism 21 Joey Maguire Michael Cusack 23 Coláiste Mhuire, Ballygar 24 Mártin Quinn The Iranian Hostage Crisis: How the Canadian Embassy Workers Helped to Rescue the Six Escaped Hostages. -
1476620137807.Pdf
Since the middle of the twentieth century Africa, and Sub-Saharan Africa in particular, has been dogged by war and its ever present partners; conquest, famine and death. Much debate can be, and is, had about who or what is to blame for this sorry state of affairs, and what is certain is that there are no shortage of political commentators who are all too happy to tell you their theories. In B’Maso I have attempted, but not always succeeded, to avoid any such postulating. Instead of politics, what the gamer will find inside is lots of information that will, I hope, allow him to refight a selection of African wars, stretching from the 1950s up to the 1990s across thousands of miles and hundreds of cultures. There are rule changes and additions that will help the gamer produce games that capture the feel of the various conflicts – some generic to Africa, others specific to one conflict. As will be seen, so much of the fighting in Africa was, in effect, the embodiment of the cold war fought by proxies. This can mean that all sorts of weird and wonderful equipment can turn up, from pre-WWII armoured trucks to the most modern technology. In many places it is impossible to provide detailed orders of battle, as formations operated on an entirely ad hoc basis, using anything that they could lay their hands on. What we have done throughout, however, is provide information on organisational structures and equipment that was used by the various nations, factions, tribes and groups. -
Seychelles.Html the Case of the “Seychelles” the Truth Commission Files
http://www.contrast.org/truth/html/seychelles.html The Case Of The “Seychelles” The Truth Commission Files [Seych-Report] Date (coup attempt): 25 November 1981 Place: Mahé International Airport on Mahé Island (Seychelles) Name Victim: Objective of the coup was to bring down the Seychelles government of President France-Albert René and to re-install the former President James Mancham. Information Victim: President France-Albert René: he ousted the former President Mancham in the 1977 coup [SE:167]. Mancham had been 'enthusiastically wooed by former information Secretary Eschel Rhoodie as a politically ally' and SA was unhappy with the rule of René. After the overthrow of Mancham, SA aircraft landing rights were withdrawn and SA'n economic overtures collapsed. [S.Tribune 29/11/81] Perpetrators: Hoare and his 43 mercenaries (Notes*1) were disguised as tourists: rugbyplayers and members of a beer-drinking group called the "Ancient Order of Frothblowers." They arrived in a Royal Swazi jet on Mahé, carrying their own weapons. Nine mercs (members of Hoare's advance guard) were already on the island on the evening of Wednesday, 25 November 1981. Perpetrators information: -In 1978 Seychelles exiles in SA, acting on behalf of ex-president James Mancham, began discussions with officials concerning a coup attempt to be launched in Seychelles.[SE:172] Gérard Hoareau, Seychelle dissident, was one of the authors of the 1981 coup attempt. Later expelled from SA. -As coup plans developed, the operation became en object of struggle between the Military Intelligence service (MI) and the civilian one (NIS). The SA Government allocated the coup operation to MI, but appointed Martin Dolinchek as a liaison officer on behalf of the NIS. -
Culture Clash: the Influence of Behavioural Norms on Military Performance in Asymmetric Conflicts
University of Calgary PRISM: University of Calgary's Digital Repository Innovations: A Journal of Politics Volume 8, 2008-2009 2008 Culture Clash: The Influence of Behavioural Norms on Military Performance in Asymmetric Conflicts Fitzsimmons, Scott http://hdl.handle.net/1880/112888 journal article © Innovations: A Journal of Politics 1998-2052 Downloaded from PRISM: https://prism.ucalgary.ca Volume 8 – 2008-2009 CULTURE CLASH: THE INFLUENCE OF BEHAVIOURAL NORMS ON MILITARY PERFORMANCE IN ASYMMETRIC CONFLICTS Scott Fitzsimmons Department of Political Science University of Calgary Abstract – This paper establishes the ways in which the military cultures of mercenary groups and their opponents influence their military performance in asymmetric conflicts. It develops and tests a constructivist military culture theory of military performance against the empirical record of two modern mercenary groups, one of which achieved victory over its opponent and one of which was defeated. The core logic of the theory is that a grossly outnumbered force must be highly flexible and adaptable if it is to perform the range of military tasks required to defeat materially superior opponents. Norms encouraging the pursuit of a wider range of tactical behaviour should increase military effectiveness, which, in turn, should increase a group’s prospects for military success. If the theory is correct, a military force’s performance should be conditioned by the degree to which the members of the force have been indoctrinated into norms that encourage them to be militarily effective. Specifically, the theory reasons that military forces that strongly emphasize norms encouraging creative thinking, decentralized authority, personal initiative, technical proficiency, and group loyalty, should exhibit greater militarily effectiveness than forces that deemphasize these norms. -
The Case for Mercenaries in Africa Mayank S Bubna Mr
IDSA Issue Brief IDSIDSAA IssueIssue BrBriefief 1 The Case for Mercenaries in Africa Mayank S Bubna Mr. Mayank Bubna is Visiting Fellow at the Institute for Defence Studies and Analyses, New Delhi. Summary Despite the concerns surrounding the use of mercenaries, they remain an indispensable force on the African continent, so much so that they have been welcomed by governments, and grudgingly even been accepted by NGOs, international organizations and civilians. Private militaries are never going to completely go out of business because of the critical need for such services on the African continent. With the world unwilling to intervene in far-off conflicts, institutionalizing such a private force will almost inevitably become necessary to bring about regional stability. The Case for Mercenaries in Africa 2 In 1998, former UN Secretary General, Kofi Annan, stated in a speech that “When we had need of skilled soldiers to separate fighters from refugees in the Rwandan refugee camps in Goma, I even considered the possibility of engaging a private firm. But the world may not be ready to privatize peace.”1 In some ways, he was revisiting an age-old international dilemma over the recruitment of private soldiers to manage deadly conflicts around the globe. Plenty of debate has occurred around the blight of mercenaries – freelance soldiers for hire – especially those operating in Africa. They have been blamed for everything ranging from inciting further conflict and committing human rights violations, to illicit arms sales and neo-imperialism. Like all stereotypes, there is an element of truth in such accusations. Mercenaries in Africa earned themselves particular infamy during the 1960s and 1970s due to the activities of people like “Mad Mike” Hoare, Bob Denard and Jean Schramme who caused mayhem in various parts of the continent like in the Seychelles, Comoros and the Congo, amongst other places. -
Vietnam War Turning Back the Clock 93 Year Old Arctic Convoy Veteran Visits Russian Ship
Military Despatches Vol 33 March 2020 Myths and misconceptions Things we still get wrong about the Vietnam War Turning back the clock 93 year old Arctic Convoy veteran visits Russian ship Battle of Ia Drang First battle between the Americans and NVA For the military enthusiast CONTENTS March 2020 Click on any video below to view How much do you know about movie theme songs? Take our quiz and find out. Hipe’s Wouter de The old South African Page 14 Goede interviews former Defence Force used 28’s gang boss David a mixture of English, South Vietnamese Williams. Afrikaans, slang and techno-speak that few Special Forces outside the military could hope to under- stand. Some of the terms Features 32 were humorous, some Weapons and equipment were clever, while others 6 We look at some of the uniforms were downright crude. Ten myths about Vietnam and equipment used by the US Marine Corps in Vietnam dur- Although it ended almost 45 ing the 1960s years ago, there are still many Part of Hipe’s “On the myths and misconceptions 34 couch” series, this is an about the Vietnam War. We A matter of survival 26 interview with one of look at ten myths and miscon- This month we look at fish and author Herman Charles ceptions. ‘Mad Mike’ dies aged 100 fishing for survival. Bosman’s most famous 20 Michael “Mad Mike” Hoare, characters, Oom Schalk widely considered one of the 30 Turning back the clock Ranks Lourens. Hipe spent time in world’s best known mercenary, A taxi driver was shot When the Russian missile cruis- has died aged 100. -
Congo to Zaire – and Back
Page 1 of 7 CONGO TO ZAIRE – AND BACK When I was an English schoolboy – many years ago! – one (of many) dates was drummed into me: 1066, the year the Normans overturned the Saxon kingdom of Harold: if a similarly significant date were to be selected for Africa, it would undoubtedly be 1960 when no less than 18 colonies gained their independence, and of these, the largest, the richest and the youngest – only 52 years old – was the Belgian Congo. Twice the size of South Africa, but possibly of greater diversity: from dense tropical jungles sheltering the rare okapi, to snow-capped mountains, vast prairie-like grasslands, mile-high blue lakes overlooked by volcanoes inhabited by gorillas… the list is endless. A diverse population too, speaking well over 500 languages, with a rich artistic culture, in sculpture, weaving, music… The legendary wealth of Congo, once described as “a geological scandal” includes copper & industrial diamonds, cobalt & cassiterite, gold & niobium… the list is endless. Agricultural produce such as palmoil, coffee, cotton, tea were also exported in significant quantities… but its greatest wealth in many ways is the Congo River, 2 nd -mightiest in the world, sweeping like a silver highway from East to West, crossing the Equator twice, before tumbling down to the Atlantic: and in these last 100km the hydro-electric potential – the equivalent of S. Africa’s total present energy generation – could give the country an economic kick-start… 3RD Feb 1960 “The Wind of Change is blowing through this Continent” warned Prime Minister Harold Macmillan, and he was certainly better placed than most of us in Africa to predict the momentous events which were to unfold within the next few months & years. -
Oral History: Utilising the Experience of Others
Journal of Military History and Defence Studies Vol. 1. Issue 2 (November 2020) Maynooth Academic Publishing. ISSN 2712-0171. http://ojs.maynoothuniversity.ie/ojs/index.php/jmhds Oral history: Utilising the Experience of Others Padraic Kennedy The Irish Defence Forces Leadership Doctrine emphasises the need for lifelong study and experiential learning, and the Defence Forces have considerable experience in managing oral history projects, including the Bureau of Military History and the Military Archives Oral History Projects. However, Irish doctrine does not outline any formal method to capture these experiences as a leadership development tool or to enhance organisational memory. The aim of this paper is to examine the value of utilising oral history for leadership development and organisational memory. It demonstrates that there is a risk to organisational memory unless a formal methodology is in place to capture the experiences of Defence Forces members and connected personnel. The use of tacit knowledge, which has facilitated the handover of information to date, is not sufficient nor is the written record alone. This paper shows that a combination of multiple primary sources, including the written record and oral history, provides an opportunity to enhance leadership development. It also demonstrates that the use of oral history provides an opportunity to capture the social and human aspect of Defence Forces activities to not only enhance organisational memory but to understand the context within which decisions were made. The Irish Defence Forces Capstone Doctrine emphasises the need to build upon past achievements and to utilise Irish Defence Forces knowledge from sixty years of peacekeeping (DFCD, 2016, pp. -
Week 4: Covert Action
Week 4: Covert Action Coups and Popular Revolutions Sometimes elections don’t mean anything… ● Violent means are needed to remove unfriendly governments: ○ Coups ○ Popular revolutions Coups: Definition ● Sudden overthrow of the government. ○ Group from establishment. ○ Often military ○ Not ideological. Coup Menu ● US-backed: ○ Iran 1953 ○ Guatemala 1954 ○ Congo 1961 ○ Brazil 1964 ○ Chile 1973 ● Soviet-backed: ○ Czechoslovakia 1968 Iran before 1953 ● Constitutional monarchy ruled by shah. ● Elected prime ministers, ○ Mohammed Mossadeq ● Mossadeq seeks to nationalize oil industry. Mossadeq (L), Mohammed Reza Pahlavi ®. CIA orchestrates coup in 1953 ● Two possible rationales: ● Secure Iran from communism. ● Secure Iranian oil for US corporations. Guatemala after WWII ● Succession of nationalist left-leaning leaders. ● Jacobo Arbenz elected president in 1951. ● Seeks to redistribute land to peasants Arbenz overthrown in 1954 The Congo after independence ● Independence from Belgium in 1960. ● Congolese National Movement led by Patrice Lumumba wins first elections. ● Lumumba is left-leaning, but not Soviet-backed. Coup and assassination of Lumumba ● Lumumba chastises imperialism, demands Belgian troops leave. ● CIA hires assassins to kill Lumumba. ● Overthrown by Mobutu Sese Seko in 1961. ○ Killed soon after. Brazil and Chile: Two socialist leaders Joao Goulart: President of Salvador Allende: President Brazil (1961-1964) of Chile(1970-1973) Indirect support for coups Brazil 1964 Chile 1973 Czechoslovakia after WWII ● Communists win 31% of vote in free elections in 1946. ● Control interior ministry and army. ● Lose popularity after election Coup of 1948 ● Communists purge non-communist officers from army. ● Non-communists resign. ● Army takes over communist ministries. ● President Benes forced to resign. When were coups supported? When were coups supported? ● Countries nearly under influence of one superpower. -
George P. Johnson Negro Film Collection LSC.1042
http://oac.cdlib.org/findaid/ark:/13030/tf5s2006kz No online items George P. Johnson Negro Film Collection LSC.1042 Finding aid prepared by Hilda Bohem; machine-readable finding aid created by Caroline Cubé UCLA Library Special Collections Online finding aid last updated on 2020 November 2. Room A1713, Charles E. Young Research Library Box 951575 Los Angeles, CA 90095-1575 [email protected] URL: https://www.library.ucla.edu/special-collections George P. Johnson Negro Film LSC.1042 1 Collection LSC.1042 Contributing Institution: UCLA Library Special Collections Title: George P. Johnson Negro Film collection Identifier/Call Number: LSC.1042 Physical Description: 35.5 Linear Feet(71 boxes) Date (inclusive): 1916-1977 Abstract: George Perry Johnson (1885-1977) was a writer, producer, and distributor for the Lincoln Motion Picture Company (1916-23). After the company closed, he established and ran the Pacific Coast News Bureau for the dissemination of Negro news of national importance (1923-27). He started the Negro in film collection about the time he started working for Lincoln. The collection consists of newspaper clippings, photographs, publicity material, posters, correspondence, and business records related to early Black film companies, Black films, films with Black casts, and Black musicians, sports figures and entertainers. Stored off-site. All requests to access special collections material must be made in advance using the request button located on this page. Language of Material: English . Conditions Governing Access Open for research. All requests to access special collections materials must be made in advance using the request button located on this page. Portions of this collection are available on microfilm (12 reels) in UCLA Library Special Collections.