DOCSLIB.ORG

Terricolous Lichens in the Glacier Forefield of the Pasterze (Eastern Alps, Carinthia, Austria)

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Terricolous Lichens in the Glacier Forefield of the Pasterze (Eastern Alps, Carinthia, Austria) Author’s personal copy Phyton (Horn, Austria) Vol. 55 Fasc. 2 201–214 15. 12. 2015 DOI: 10.12905/0380.phyton55(2)2015-0201 Terricolous Lichens in the Glacier Forefield of the Pasterze (Eastern Alps, Carinthia, Austria) By Peter O. BILOVITZ*), Anja WALLNER, Veronika TUTZER, Juri NASCIMBENE**) and Helmut MAYRHOFER*) With 1 Figure Received April 30, 2015 Key words: Lichenized Ascomycetes, Lichenes. – Biodiversity, ecology, flora, floristics. – Alps, glacier forefield, glacier retreat. Summary BILOVITZ P. O., WALLNER A., TUTZER V. , NASCIMBENE J. & MAYRHOFER H. 2015. Ter- ricolous lichens in the glacier forefield of the Pasterze (Eastern Alps, Carinthia, Austria). – Phyton (Horn, Austria) 55 (2): 201–214, with 1 figure. The investigation of lichens on soil, plant debris and terricolous mosses in the glacier forefield of the Pasterze yielded 35 lichen species. Placidiopsis oreades BREUSS (Verrucariales) is new to Austria. Three sampling sites were established at increasing distance from the glacier, in order to compare species diversity, abun- dance and composition within the forefield and with four other glacier forefields of the Eastern Alps. Zusammenfassung BILOVITZ P. O., WALLNER A., TUTZER V. , NASCIMBENE J. & MAYRHOFER H. 2015. Ter- ricolous lichens in the glacier forefield of the Pasterze (Eastern Alps, Carinthia, Austria). [Terricole Flechten im Gletschervorfeld der Pasterze (Ostalpen, Kärnten, Österreich)]. – Phyton (Horn, Austria) 55 (2): 201–214, mit 1 Abbildung. *) Mag. Dr. Peter O. BILOVITZ (corresponding author), Ao. Univ.-Prof. Mag. Dr. Helmut MAYRHOFER, Institute of Plant Sciences, NAWI Graz, University of Graz, Holteigasse 6, 8010 Graz, Austria, Europe; e-mail: [email protected], helmut. [email protected] **) Dr. Juri NASCIMBENE, Department of Agronomy, Food, Natural Resources, Animals and the Environment (DAFNAE), University of Padova, viale dell’Università 16, 35020, Legnaro, Padova, Italy, Europe; e-mail: [email protected] Author’s personal copy 202 Die Erhebung der Flechten auf Erde, Pflanzenresten und terricolen Moosen im Gletschervorfeld der Pasterze ergab 35 Flechtenarten. Placidiopsis oreades BREUSS (Verrucariales) ist ein Neufund für Österreich. Es wurden drei Aufnahmeflächen mit zunehmender Entfernung vom Gletscher festgelegt, um Diversität, Abundanz und Zusammensetzung der Arten innerhalb des Vorfeldes und mit vier weiteren Gletschervorfeldern der Ostalpen zu vergleichen. 1. Introduction Glacier retreat on a global scale started with the end of the Little Ice Age around 1850. Since 1980, a significant global warming has led to glacier retreat becoming increasingly rapid and ubiquitous. In the past decades, the majority of glaciers in the Alps has experienced considerable mass losses. Currently, around 0.5 % of the Austrian territory is covered by ice (SULZER & LIEB 2009). In the glacier year 2012/2013, 90 % of the surveyed Austrian glaciers retreated (FISCHER 2014), also the Pasterze, with an average length loss of 41 metres (2012: –97.3 m; 2011: –40.3 m). The growing areas of recently bared glacier forefields are providing new ecological niches for pioneer organisms such as soil lichens, but little is known about their colonization patterns in these special habitats. In the framework of a project on the impact of changing local condi- tions on lichen occurrence in glacier retreat regions, we investigated the ter- ricolous lichen biota of five glacier forefields in the Eastern Alps (see also BILOVITZ & al. 2014a, 2014b, 2014c, 2015). The floristic data from the forefield of the Pasterze glacier (Fig. 1) in Carinthia, Austria are presented in this paper. 2. Investigation Area With a current length of about 8 km, the Pasterze is the longest glacier in the Eastern Alps, situated within the Hohe Tauern mountain range in the province of Carinthia, directly beneath Austria’s highest mountain, the pyr- amid-shaped Großglockner (3798 m). The Pasterze can be easily reached via the Großglockner High Alpine Road, which connects the provinces Salzburg and Carinthia. The Kaiser-Franz-Josefs-Höhe visitors’ centre at 2369 m of- fers a panoramic view over the Pasterze with its forefield and the surround- ing mountains. The glacier forefield of the Pasterze is situated within the so-called Tau- ern window, a geological structure, where high-grade metamorphic rocks of the underlying Penninic nappes crop out. The dominant rock types around the Pasterze mainly comprise calcareous mica-schists and greenschists (= prasinite). Detailed information about the geology of the Glockner Group can be found in FRANK 1969, KRAINER 1988 and KRAINER 1994. BURGER & FRANZ 1969 gave an overview on the soil development of the Pasterze area. The Glockner Group is situated in the transition zone of the atlantic- continental climate regime (TOLLNER 1969). According to PASCHINGER 1976, Author’s personal copy 203 Fig. 1. Pasterze glacier and its forefield, Johannisberg in the background. – Phot. P. O. BILOVITZ, 05.IX.2013. Author’s personal copy 204 three climate types can be distinguished: the continental valley climate, the weak continental slope climate and the atlantic frost climate of higher alti- tudes. According to this, the Tauern valleys are relatively dry, for example Heiligenblut (1380 m) with an average annual precipitation of 825 mm (1971–1980, TSCHERNUTTER 1982), whereas the continental character of the climate becomes weaker with increasing elevation. Standard measurements of the Pasterze glacier have been conducted annually since 1879, thus the amount of data is remarkable. Since the end of the Little Ice Age, the glacier has retreated almost continuously, only inter- rupted by few periods of stagnation or slight advances (SULZER & LIEB 2009). The discovery of parts of coniferous trees and pieces of peat (dated back mainly to the early Holocene) in the area of the Pasterze forefield, washed out by the stream from under the present ice, provided indications of small- er stages of the glacier in postglacial time (SLUPETZKY 1993, SLUPETZKY & al. 1998, NICOLUSSI & PATZELT 2000, NICOLUSSI & PATZELT 2001, DRESCHER-SCHNEI- DER & KELLERER-PIRKLBAUER 2008). The Hohe Tauern mountain range, in particular the area of the Groß- glockner and the surroundings of the Pasterze, has been of special interest for botanists for a long time. Details on the natural history exploration of the Glockner Group were provided by GAMS 1936 in the first part of his pa- per. The second part deals with the living conditions, the third part with the flora and the fourth part with the vegetation of the area, followed by an overview of the plant communities plus a vegetation map. FRIEDEL 1956 pub- lished a vegetation map of the environs of the Pasterze together with a com- prehensive annotation. The map represents the state of the area in the year 1934. At that time, the glacier reached the Elisabethfelsen (2156 m). FRIEDEL 1969 presented a short contribution on the vegetation of the area with an enclosed vegetation map. A more recent vegetation map of the Großglockner area is provided by SCHIECHTL & STERN 1985. BÖHM 1969 dealt with the tim- ber line of the Glockner Group. A contribution on the vegetation develop- ment of the forefield of the Pasterze was presented by ZOLLITSCH 1969, whereas FRANZ 1969 reported on the colonization of the forefield with inver- tebrates. The local flora and vegetation of the Pasterze glacier forefield was presented and discussed in respect to glaciology and vegetation dynamics by WITTMANN & al. 2009, dealing with the following plant communities: Sesler- io-Caricetum sempervirentis, Rhododendretum ferruginei, Salicetum re- tusae-reticulatae, Salicetum helveticae, Salicetum waldsteinianae, Dryade- tum octopetalae, Drabion hoppeanae, Caricetum frigidae as well as two rare communities of alpine alluvial habitats, namely the Carex bicolor-commu- nity and the Carex atrofusca-community; additionally, the Astero bellidias- tro-Kobresietum simpliciusculae was outlined. A remarkable locality is the Gamsgrube, situated above the Pasterze within a southwest exposed massive bowl-shaped cirque of the Fuscher- karkopf. For the most part, it is covered with wind-driven sand, thus provid- Author’s personal copy 205 ing unique living conditions in the Alps (e. g. FRIEDEL 1951, GAMS 1951, HARTL 1988). The Gamsgrube is the “locus classicus” of Braya alpina STERNB. & HOPPE (STERNBERG & HOPPE 1815), a rare and endangered endemic species of the Eastern Alps (FISCHER & al. 2008). A compilation of the lichens of Carinthia was presented by TÜRK & al. 2004. TÜRK & HAFELLNER 1992 provided a comprehensive list of 660 lichen species and HAFELLNER & TÜRK 1995 a list with more than 140 lichenicolous fungi both lichenized and non-lichenized, occurring in the Carinthian part of the Hohe Tauern National Park. EGGER 1997 surveyed site dynamics and succession of lichen colonization in the glacier forefield of the Winkelkees in the Seebach valley, situated in the Carinthian part of the Hohe Tauern Na- tional Park. 3. Material and Methods Sampling location: Austria, Carinthia, Hohe Tauern, Glockner Group, Hohe Tauern National Park, NW of Heiligenblut, 47°04’N/12°44’–45’E, 2075–2090 m, gla- cier forefield of the Pasterze, 05.IX.2013, leg. P.B ILOVITZ, V. TUTZER & A. WALLNER. Three sampling sites were established at increasing distance from the glacier, corresponding to a gradient of moraine age: site 1 = c. 600 m (ice-free for c. 30 years), site 2 = c. 1000 m (ice-free for c. 35 years), site 3 = c. 1300 m (ice-free for c. 60 years). In each site, lichens were surveyed within five 1 x 1 m randomly placed plots, both on soil and on plant debris or decaying terricolous mosses. Spots with larger stones were avoided. Phanerogams were present in all three sites, but, with increasing dis- tance from the glacier, diversity rose and vegetation cover became significantly denser. Each plot was divided into 10 x 10 cm quadrats (BILOVITZ & al. 2014a: Fig. 2), in order to obtain data on species frequency (max. frequency/plot = 100). For each species, specimens were collected for a more accurate identification in the labora- tory. The specimens have been identified mainly with the aid of WIRTH & al. 2013, using routine light microscopy techniques.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Gamsgrube Trail High Alpine Road
    GROSSGLOCKNER GAMSGRUBE TRAIL HIGH ALPINE ROAD 44 Gamsgrubenweg 44 Gamsgrubenweg Von der Franz-Josefs-Höhe zum Wasserfallwinkel ²²² Von der Franz-Josefs-Höhe zum Wasserfallwinkel ²²² The adventure tour at the National Park’s Gamsgrube Trail puts a spotlight on UNESCO World the Johannisberg as the mountain is lit by the midday sun. Heritage Site Nominee. Gamsgrube Trail FROM KAISER-FRANZ-JOSEFS-HÖHE TO THE WASSERFALLWINKEL We start the enjoyable walking tour along the before continuing on the informative nature trail. Gamsgrube Trail at the large entrance (Visitors’ National Park information boards help to expand Centre)Oben: of Diethe Kaiser-Franz-Josefs-Höhe Erlebniswanderung am Unten:our knowledge Nur den along Steinböcken, the way, always nicht revealing overlookNationalpark (1) before Gamsgrubenweg delving into the ‘Treasure lenkt seltensomething in stattlicher surprising. Anzahl, ist es er- Oben: Die Erlebniswanderung am Unten:Tunnel’auf Nur den andden mittagshellenits Steinböcken, world of myths Johannisbergnicht and legends. You laubt,The experience die streng opens geschützte up an incredible Gams world- of Nationalpark Gamsgrubenweg lenkt seltenwill inzu. learnstattlicher of mining, Anzahl, gold, quartzist es erand- water, and grubeadventure zu betreten. and freedom, during which you are auf den mittagshellen Johannisberg laubt,hear die thestreng Myth geschützteof the Pasterze Gams Glacier- along the kindly asked to stay on the trail (caution: Alpine zu. grubeway. zu betreten.After the sixth tunnel, we step out into the footpath, use at own risk). The Wasserfallwinkel open, perhapsKURZINFO dazzled for an instant by the light (2) lookout spot is hailed as Austria’s ‘most KURZINFO reflecting from8C the Grossglockner massif’s ice, beautiful snack stop’.
    [Show full text]
  • Changes in the Pastene and the Kleines Fleiskees Glaciers, Austria, As Measured from the Ground and Space
    Changes in the Pastene and the Kleines FleiSkees glaciers, Austria, as Measured from the Ground and Space Dorothy K. Hall', Klaus J. Bay?, Wolfgang Schone4, Robert A. Bindschadler4, Janet Y. L. Chien' 'Code 974, NASNGoddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA d hall@,glacier.gsfc.nasa. gov 2Department of Geography, Keene State College, Keene, NH 03435-2001 USA 3Klimaabteilung ,Zentralanstalt fdr Meteorologie und Geodynamik - ZAMG (Central Institute of Meteorology and Geodynamics - ZAMG), A-1 190 Wien, Hohe Warte 38 (A- 1190 Vienna, Hohe Warte 38) Austria 4Code 97 1, NASNGoddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD 2077 1 USA 'General Sciences Corporation, Laurel, MD 20707 USA ABSTRACT The tongue of the Pasterze Glacier in the eastern Alps of Austria receded more than 1 152 m from 1880 to 200 1. Landsat and Ikonos satellite data from 1976 to 200 1, topographic maps beginning in 1893 and ground measurements were studied. Results show that though satellite images significantly underestimate the width of the Pasterze Glacier tongue due to the presence of morainal material on the surface, they provide an excellent way to measure the recession of the exposed-ice part of the glacier tongue. The rate of change of the terminus as determined using satellite data is found to compare well with ground measurements. Between 1976 and 200 1, Landsat-derived measurements show a recession of the terminus of the Pasterze Glacier of 479 +113 rn (at an average rate of 18.4 m a-') while measurements from the ground showed a recession of 428 m (at an average recession of 17.1 m a-I).
    [Show full text]
  • Decadal Sediment Yield from an Alpine Proglacial Zone Inferred from Reservoir Sedimentation (Pasterze, Hohe Tauern, Austria)
    Erosion and Sediment Yields in the Changing Environment (Proceedings of a symposium held at the 161 Institute of Mountain Hazards and Environment, CAS-Chengdu, China, 11–15 October 2012) (IAHS Publ. 356, 2012). Decadal sediment yield from an Alpine proglacial zone inferred from reservoir sedimentation (Pasterze, Hohe Tauern, Austria) MARTIN GEILHAUSEN1, JAN-CHRISTOPH OTTO1, DAVID MORCHE2 & LOTHAR SCHROTT1 1 Department of Geography and Geology, University of Salzburg, Hellbrunnerstrasse 34, A-5020 Salzburg, Austria [email protected] 2 University of Halle-Wittenberg, Institute of Geosciences and Geography; Von-Seckendorff-Platz 4, D-06120 Halle, Germany Abstract Reservoir sedimentation over more than five decades enabled the quantification of subrecent sediment yield from the glacierized Pasterze catchment, a 40-km2 basin located in the Hohe Tauern Mountain range in Austria. Sediment yield is highly variable over an order of magnitude (1.5 to 16.7 × 104 t/year) with an average of ~ 6.3 ± 0.5 × 104 t/year resulting in a total sediment export of approx. 340 × 4 10 t of mainly fine grained sediment (D50 Ø coarse silt). This is equal to specific sediment yields (SSY) ranging from 0.4 to 4.2 × 103 t/km2/year (Ø 1.6 ± 0.1 × 10³ t/km²/year) at a total of 85.6 × 10³ t/km² in the 54 years studied. No significant correlation is found between annual data sets of sediment yield, discharge, glacial retreat and hydro-climate. Based on multi-temporal geomorphological mapping, a sandur (former proglacial lake) and a braid plain are identified as key landforms within the proglacial zone modulating sediment yield.
    [Show full text]
  • Humid Climate During Deposition of Sapropel 1 in the Mediterranean Sea: Assessing the Influence on the Alps
    Global and Planetary Change 71 (2010) 242–248 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Global and Planetary Change journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/gloplacha Humid climate during deposition of sapropel 1 in the Mediterranean Sea: Assessing the influence on the Alps Christoph Spötl a,⁎, Kurt Nicolussi b, Gernot Patzelt c, Ronny Boch a and Daphne team 1 a Institut für Geologie und Paläontologie, Universität Innsbruck, Innrain 52, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria b Institut für Geographie, Universität Innsbruck, Innrain 52, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria c Patscher Straße 20, 6080 Innsbruck-Igls, Austria article info abstract Article history: Cave and lake isotope records from the circum-Mediterranean realm show anomalously low O isotope values Received 23 January 2009 suggesting high rainfall intensity during the time of sapropel 1 deposition (9.5 to 6.5 ka; all ages are given Accepted 2 October 2009 before the year AD 2000, i.e. b2k), coincident with an interval of conspicuously low sea-surface salinities in Available online 22 October 2009 the entire Mediterranean Sea. Speleothem data from Corchia Cave (Tuscany) currently provide the most precise terrestrial chronology and constrain the wettest interval to ca. 8.2 to 7.3 ka. We have traced this Keywords: Holocene isotopic signal to the north and observe a synchronous isotopic change in stalagmites from southalpine and Alps eastalpine caves, but in opposite direction. We attribute this to a shift in the local moisture balance, i.e. to a palaeoclimate higher proportion of moisture advected from the Mediterranean Sea relative to the otherwise dominant stable isotopes northwesterly air masses in the Alps.
    [Show full text]
  • Die Entwicklung Von Supraglazialen Spaltenstrukturen Und Entwässerungssystemen an Der Gletscherzunge Der Pasterze Zwischen
    Die Entwicklung von supraglazialen Spaltenstrukturen und Entwässerungssystemen an der Gletscherzunge der Pasterze zwischen 1998 und 2012 Diplomarbeit zur Erlangung des Akademischen Grades eines Magisters der Naturwissenschaften an der Karl-Franzens-Universität Graz vorgelegt von KULMER Bernd Karl, Bsc am Institut für Geographie und Raumforschung Betreuer: MMag. Dr. Andreas KELLERER-PIRKLBAUER-EULENSTEIN Graz, Mai 2015 Eidesstattliche Erklärung Eidesstattliche Erklärung Hiermit erkläre ich, diese Arbeit selbstständig und ohne unerlaubte Beihilfe verfasst zu haben. Ich versichere keine weiteren, außer den genannten Hilfsmitteln verwendet zu haben und sämtliche, inhaltlich oder dem Wortlaut nach, anderen Werken entsprechenden Inhalte, durch Angabe der Quelle gekennzeichnet zu haben. Datum Unterschrift 2 Vorwort Vorwort Bereits als kleines Kind war meine Faszination für Schnee und Eis für kaum jemanden in meiner Umgebung zu übersehen. Als ich dann im Jahr 2000 das erste Mal auf der Franz-Josefs Höhe war und den spektakulären Blick auf den Großglockner und die Pasterze genießen durfte, wurde tieferes Interesse, das über die Beschäftigung mit Wintersport und Bergsport hinaus geht, in mir geweckt. So war es wenig verwunderlich, dass einige Zeit später die Reaktion von Gletschern auf die Klimaerwärmung, Thema meines Maturaspezialgebietes in Geographie und Wirtschaftskunde wurde. Im Zuge meines darauf folgenden Bachelorstudiums in Erdwissenschaften lernte ich viele begeisterte BergsteigerInnen kennen, mit denen ich meine Freizeit in und auf den Bergen verbrachte und immer wieder Touren in vergletscherten Gebieten unternahm. Seit dieser Zeit war für mich eigentlich immer klar, dass meine Abschlussarbeit etwas mit Glaziologie zu tun haben wird. Mein Interesse für diese Thematik vertiefte sich im Laufe meines aktuellen Lehramtsstudiums in Geographie und Wirtschaftskunde mit Bewegung und Sport.
    [Show full text]
  • Feel Better, Live Longer! the Lifetime Hotels: Vacation for the Lifetime Hotels: Vacation a Long Life
    The HolidayMagazineforaLongLife. Feel better, live longer! Spring2014 #01 News: Rethinking for a The Salzburg Pinzgau: The Lifetime Hotels: Vacation for Healthy Future. A Place of Power Touches the Senses. a Long Life. 1 Contents RETHINKING FOR A HEALTHY AND STABLE FUTURE. 03 Our healthcare system currently deals primarily with people who are already sick. A new approach is strongly required to avoid a collapse of the system. VACATION FOR A LONG LIFE. 05 The Lifetime Hotels explore what is specifically needed to sustain health for a long time. Thus, the Lifetime Hotels set standards in the entire healthcare sector. A PLACE OF POWER TOUCHES THE SENSES. 07 Mighty waterfalls, impressive moun­ tains, unusual rock formations, stunn­ ing lighting effects—the Salzburg Pinzgau region in sight. THE ART OF HIKING. Hiking is much more than just walking. 15 It is a profound experience that brings you further in life. SEARCHING FOR THE RIGHT SPEED. 21 In the long run, stress harms our health—when is it enough? 2 EDITORIAL PERMANENTLY HEALTHY AND HAPPY AT THE SAME TIME—IS THIS POSSIBLE? Dear Readers! Unfortunately, our modern everyday life is all too often characterised by pressure and a fast pace. We lose perspective on the essentials and only recog­ nise this if we have completely lost our true values or have had a burnout. To be permanently healthy, it is not enough to delete a few “to­dos” from the agenda. Rather, we should develop an attitude for long­lasting health and happiness. We have founded the Lifetime Hotels to commem­ orate a spirit which surrounds us and is inherent in all of us: nature.
    [Show full text]
  • Lichenotheca Graecensis, Fasc
    - 1 - Lichenotheca Graecensis, Fasc. 23 (Nos 441–480) Walter OBERMAYER* OBERMAYER Walter 2017: Lichenotheca Graecensis, Fasc. 23 (Nos 441– 480). - Fritschiana (Graz) 87: 1–13. - ISSN 1024-0306. Abstract: Fascicle 23 of 'Lichenotheca Graecensis' comprises 40 collections of lichens from the following countries (and ad- ministrative subdivisions): Albania, Australia (New South Wales; Norfolk Island; Queensland; Western Australia), Austria (Carin- thia; Salzburg; Styria; Upper Austria), Germany (Baden-Würt- temberg), Greece (Corfu Island), Spain (Mallorca), Switzerland (Canton of Jura), and U.S.A. (Alaska). Isotypes of Caloplaca dahlii, C. norfolkensis, and Trapeliopsis granulosa var. australis are distributed. TLC-analyses were carried out for Chrysothrix candelaris, Cladonia rei, Hypogymnia physodes (growing on ground), Hypotrachyna revoluta aggregate, Lepra albescens, Le- praria caesioalba, L. crassissima aggregate, Melanohalea exas- perata, Parmotrema arnoldii, Parmotrema reticulatum aggregate, Pycnora sorophora, Ramalina capitata, R. fraxinea, and Trapeli- opsis pseudogranulosa. *Institut für Pflanzenwissenschaften, NAWI Graz, Karl-Franzens- Universität, Holteigasse 6, 8010 Graz, AUSTRIA e-mail: [email protected] Introduction The exsiccata series 'Lichenotheca Graecensis' is distributed on exchange basis to the following 19 public herbaria and to one private collection (herbarium ab- breviations follow http://sweetgum.nybg.org/science/ih/): ASU, B, C, CANB, CANL, E, G, GZU, H, HAL, HMAS, LE, M, MAF, MIN, O, PRA, TNS, UPS, Klaus KALB. A pdf- file of the exsiccata is stored under https://static.uni-graz.at/fileadmin/ nawi- institute/Botanik/Fritschiana/fritschiana-87/lichenotheca-graecensis-23.pdf. A text version can be found under https://homepage.uni-graz.at/de/walter.obermayer/ publications/lichenotheca-graecensis-textfile-of-all-issues/. Label texts originally drafted in a local language have been translated into English by the author.
    [Show full text]
  • Tips for Trips
    TIPS FOR TRIPS From this specially compiled folder filled with endless suggestions for activities whose exact descriptions, details and insider tips you can put together your own weekly activity. Your advantage: personally tailored for you week with a varied program, but where you have to worry about anything yourself. You will also find some activities that we can recommend you in bad weather. Boredom does not exist in Salzburg! Of course, the following pages are just a small portion of all the opportunities that are offered in Salzburg. Of course you can check at the front desk. There are also stored some brochures with detailed information for you. There are also about the changing weekly and monthly programs in the local area or in sights, markets, exhibitions, walking, cycling and mountain biking maps and their route descriptions to know at the front desk or on the Internet. We are happy to print your individual pages of this solution in the reception! We recommend especially in summer for hiking and biking tours in the morning to break, because at that time more pleasant temperatures. You can finish in the wellness natural garden views and afternoon. If you are planning a larger mountain tour: Give us about it. For your own safety, it is recom- mended to inform someone about the planned path and the goal. Inform and discuss also about the weather forecast. Save a phone number of the hotel or the local mountain rescue. We wish you a nice time with us at the Berghof! For questions or information, we are happy to help you further.
    [Show full text]
  • 36,000 Wood, Fragile Fragments of Oak; Depth 7M, Embedded in Sand Below Gravel in Subsoil Water
    [RADIOCARBON, VOL. 17, No. 2, 1975, P. 247-254] VIENNA RADIUM INSTITUTE RADIOCARBON DATES VI HEINZ FELBER Institut fur Radiumforschung and Kernphysik der Osterr Akademie der Wissenschaften, Vienna, Austria Measurements have continued with the same proportional counter system, pretreatment procedure, methane preparation and measurement, and calculation, as described previously (R, 1970, v 12, p 298-318). Un- certainties quoted are single standard deviations originating from stan- dard, sample, background counting rates and half-life. No C13/C12 ratios were measured. The following list presents most samples of our work in the last year. Sample descriptions have been prepared in cooperation with submitters. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I express many thanks to Ing L Stein for excellent work in sample preparation, and to A Rasocha for careful operation of the dating equip- ment. SAMPLE DESCRIPTIONS I. GEOLOGY, GEOGRAPHY, SOIL SCIENCE, AND FORESTRY A. Austria VRI.322. Wallern, Burgenland >36,000 Wood, fragile fragments of oak; depth 7m, embedded in sand below gravel in subsoil water. Seewinkel between Wallern (470 36' N, 16° 56' E) and Pamhagen, Burgenland. Coil 1971 by Fa Frank, well digger, in Frauenkirchen; subm by H Franz, Hochschule f Bodenkultur, Vienna. Glacier Pasterze series, Karnten Pressed sandy humus from fossil autochthonous soil below 1 to 2m ground moraine. Forefield of glacier Pasterze within lateral moraine from 1856, erosion groove of E Seebach rivulet (47° 03' 48" N, 12° 45' 22" E), Glockner-Group, Hohe Tauern, Carinthia. Site thawed ca 20 yr ago (Patzelt, 1969). Coil 1971 and subm by G Patzelt, Inst Meteorolog Geophys, Univ Innsbruck. General Comment (GP): samples date passage of advancing glacier over fossil soil.
    [Show full text]
  • Consumption of Coal, Austria, by Consumer Groups 1937-1946-1947 (All Figures in Metric Tons, on a Hard Coal Basis)*
    CONSUMPTION OF COAL, AUSTRIA, BY CONSUMER GROUPS 1937-1946-1947 (ALL FIGURES IN METRIC TONS, ON A HARD COAL BASIS)* = 200,000 METRIC TONS TOTAL CONSUMPTION 1937 1946 1947 = 1937 5,030,749 3,603,044 5,030,749 = 1946 (4,950,428)** (3,303,604)** (4,578,813)** = 1947 * LIGNITE IS FIGURED AT A 2 TO I BASIS * * NOT INCLUDING DOMESTIC PRODUCTION OF COKE FIGURE XX Austria's Energy Resources delivers power to local users is located on the smaller streams of central and western Austria, where winter freezes and late summer dwindling of the General water flow curtail power generation severely. This necessitates a great Reliable supplies of coal, oil, and electricity are vital factors in Austria's reliance on the thermal generation plants of central and eastern Austria economic existence. Without coal, the steel mills of Linz and Donawitz if sufficient supplementary power is to be made available. Many of the would be useless, over two-thirds of the Austrian railroads would be in­ reservoir-type plants which are capable of supplying a more uniform flow operative, steam-driven factory and mining machinery would stop, the of electricity throughout the year were built by the Germans in western artificial gas works of Vienna and other cities would be unable to supply Austria to supply the needs of southern and south-western Germany. They heating and cooking gas to their consumers, electric power would be cut were connected to the German grid and not to the Austrian distribution below the subsistance level during the winter months, and the majority of system.
    [Show full text]
  • Trieste, Italy 2014
    ISTITUTO NAZIONALE DI OCEANOGRAFIA E DI GEOFISICA SPERIMENTALE Trieste, 19-23 May, 2014 ISTITUTO NAZIONALE DI OCEANOGRAFIA E DI GEOFISICA SPERIMENTALE Proceedings of the II PAST Gateways International Conference and Workshop Trieste, May 19-23, 2014 Editors: Renata G. Lucchi (OGS, Trieste) Colm O’Cofaigh (University of Durham) Michele Rebesco (OGS, Trieste) Carlo Barbante (CNR-IDPA Venice and University of Venice) Layout and cover photo: Renata G. Lucchi Organizers: Renata G. Lucchi (OGS, Trieste) Colm O’Cofaigh (University of Durham, PAST Gateways chairman) Michele Rebesco (OGS, Trieste) Michele Zennaro (OGS, Trieste) Franca Petronio (OGS, Trieste) Ivana Apigalli (OGS, Trieste) Paolo Giurco (OGS, Trieste) Field excursions: Roberto Colucci (CNR-ISMAR Trieste) Giovanni Monegato (CNR-IGG, Turin) Monika Dragosics (University of Island) PAST Gateways Steering Committee O'Cofaigh, C. (chairman); Alexanderson, H.; Andresen, C.; Bjarnadottir, L.; Briner, J.; de Vernal, A.; Fedorov, G.; Henriksen, M.; Kirchner, N.; Lucchi, R.G.; Meyer, H.; Noormets, R.; Strand, K.; and Urgeles, R. ISBN 978-88-902101-4-3 Conference and Workshop 2014 sponsored by: International Arctic Science Committee (IASC) through ICERP III action OGS (Istituto Nazionale di Oceanografia e di Geofisica Sperimentale) Kongsberg Maritime S.r.l. The second PAST-Gateways Conference, Trieste, Italy, 2014 Table of Contents Scientific program .................................................................................................................................... 5 List of
    [Show full text]
  • Europe's Battery: the Making of the Alpine Energy Landscape, 1870- 1955
    EUROPE'S BATTERY: THE MAKING OF THE ALPINE ENERGY LANDSCAPE, 1870- 1955 A Dissertation submitted to the Faculty of the Graduate School of Arts and Sciences of Georgetown University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in History By Marc D. Landry II, M.A. Washington, DC April 2, 2013 Copyright 2013 by Marc D. Landry II All Rights Reserved ii EUROPE'S BATTERY: THE MAKING OF THE ALPINE ENERGY LANDSCAPE, 1870- 1955 Marc D. Landry II, M.A. Thesis Advisor: John R. McNeill, Ph.D. ABSTRACT This study examines the environmental history of hydropower development in the Alps from the mid-nineteenth to the mid-twentieth centuries. Analyzing government archival files, associational journals, conference proceedings, and published contemporary material from several Alpine countries, it seeks to determine how and why Europeans modified the Alpine landscape to generate hydropower, and to explore the consequences of these decisions. I argue that during this time period, Europeans thoroughly transformed the Alpine environment, creating what I call "Europe's Battery": a gigantic system for storing hydropower and distributing it on a continental scale. This study shows how nineteenth-century innovations in energy technology contributed to a dramatic shift in the perception of the Alps as a landscape of "white coal." It demonstrates how at the outset of electrification, Europeans modified Alpine waterways on an unprecedented scale in order to tap into the power of flowing Alpine water. I show how after the turn of the twentieth century, Europeans took advantage of the unique mountain environment to store water, first by converting existing lakes into reservoirs.
    [Show full text]