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Moüjmtaiim Operations
L f\f¿ áfó b^i,. ‘<& t¿ ytn) ¿L0d àw 1 /1 ^ / / /This publication contains copyright material. *FM 90-6 FieW Manual HEADQUARTERS No We DEPARTMENT OF THE ARMY Washington, DC, 30 June 1980 MOÜJMTAIIM OPERATIONS PREFACE he purpose of this rUanual is to describe how US Army forces fight in mountain regions. Conditions will be encountered in mountains that have a significant effect on. military operations. Mountain operations require, among other things^ special equipment, special training and acclimatization, and a high decree of self-discipline if operations are to succeed. Mountains of military significance are generally characterized by rugged compartmented terrain witn\steep slopes and few natural or manmade lines of communication. Weather in these mountains is seasonal and reaches across the entireSspectrum from extreme cold, with ice and snow in most regions during me winter, to extreme heat in some regions during the summer. AlthoughNthese extremes of weather are important planning considerations, the variability of weather over a short period of time—and from locality to locahty within the confines of a small area—also significantly influences tactical operations. Historically, the focal point of mountain operations has been the battle to control the heights. Changes in weaponry and equipment have not altered this fact. In all but the most extreme conditions of terrain and weather, infantry, with its light equipment and mobility, remains the basic maneuver force in the mountains. With proper equipment and training, it is ideally suited for fighting the close-in battfe commonly associated with mountain warfare. Mechanized infantry can\also enter the mountain battle, but it must be prepared to dismount and conduct operations on foot. -
6.Peaks in 5 Days
6 Peaksin 5 Days Not surprisingly, scaling incredible summits ranks among the most popular activities in the Alps -- including iconic peaks like the Matterhorn, the mystical Wildspitze glacier, or the vertigo-inducing Zugspitze. But if climbing isn’t your thing, you can take a cable car to the tops of these peaceful giants and enjoy the views, sans ice pick. Breathtaking view of the Zugspitze, Germany’s highest peak Germany MUNICH SALZBURG 6 BERCHTESGADEN 4 GARMISCH ZURICH Austria 5 HOHE TAUERN Switzerland 3 ÖTZTAL 2 GSTAAD 1ZERMATT 1Zermatt Picturesque Zermatt lies at the foot of the fabled Matterhorn, one of the world’s iconic mountains. The popular, car-free destination has preserved its original character and offers nearly unlimited possibilities for fun, including skiing, climbing, and hiking, as well as boutique shopping and outdoor ice-skating and curling rinks. STAY EAT DO The Omnia Mountain Lodge At Cervo Mountain Boutique Zermatt cable cars take visitors to claims pride of place on a rock Resort, Alpine-chalet design Europe’s highest mountain station high above Zermatt. merges with a hint of hunting lodge. and the Matterhorn Glacier Paradise. At the Matterhorn’s foot sits the The Cervo-Puro Restaurant boasts Gorner Gorge ranks among the most four-star superior Romantik 14 GaultMillau points. Restaurant breathtaking natural beauties of Hotel Julen, featuring 1818 serves modern Alpine cuisine. Zermatt. spruce-paneled rooms. myswitzerland.com/the-omnia-mountain-lodge myswitzerland.com/hotel-cervo.html myswitzerland.com/zermatt.htm myswitzerland.com/romantik-hotel-julen myswitzerland.com/restaurant-1818 myswitzerland.com/gorner-gorge See Amazing Blacknose Sheep Visit the legendary Blacknose Sheep in the stable of the Julen family every Wednesday. -
Chapter 4 Member States of the European Union and The
CHAPTER 4 membeR StAteS oF tHe EuroPean UnioN and tHe EuroPean EcoNomic AReA 4.1 Austria ............................................. 18 4.15 Latvia .............................................. 50 4.2 belgium ........................................... 20 4.16 lithuania ......................................... 52 4.3 Cyprus ............................................. 24 4.17 luxembourg ................................... 55 4.4 Czech Republic ............................... 26 4.18 Malta ............................................... 59 4.5 denmark ......................................... 29 4.19 Netherlands ..................................... 61 4.6 estonia ............................................. 31 4.20 Norway ............................................ 64 4.7 Finland ............................................ 33 4.21 Poland .............................................. 66 4.8 France.............................................. 35 4.22 Portugal ........................................... 69 4.9 Germany ......................................... 37 4.23 Slovakia ........................................... 71 4.10 Greece .............................................. 39 4.24 Slovenia ........................................... 74 4.11 Hungary .......................................... 41 4.25 Spain ................................................ 76 4.12 Iceland ............................................. 43 4.26 Sweden ............................................. 81 4.13 Ireland ............................................ -
The Empire in the Provinces: the Case of Carinthia
religions Article The Empire in the Provinces: The Case of Carinthia Helmut Konrad Institut für Geschichte, Karl-Franzens-Universität Graz, Attemsgasse 8/II, [505] 8010 Graz, Austria; [email protected] Academic Editors: Malachi Hacohen and Peter Iver Kaufman Received: 16 May 2016; Accepted: 1 August 2016; Published: 5 August 2016 Abstract: This article examines the legacy of the Habsburg Monarchy in the First Austrian Republic, both in the capital, Vienna, and in the province of Carinthia. It concludes that Social Democracy, often cited as one of the six ingredients that held the old Empire together, took on distinct forms in the Republic’s different federal states. The scholarly literature on the post-1918 “heritage” of the Monarchy therefore needs to move beyond monolithic generalizations and toward regionally focused comparative studies. Keywords: empire; socialism; Jews; Habsburg Monarchy; Austria; Vienna; Carinthia; German Nationalism; Sprachenkampf 1. Introduction Which forms did the ideas take that allowed the Habsburg monarchy to persist, despite the diversity of nationalisms present in the small Republic of German-Austria, for so long after the end of the First World War? What was the “glue” that held this multiethnic empire together, when its collapse had been predicted since 1848, and which of its elements continued to exist beyond 1918? How was this heritage expressed in the different regions of the new republic? At least six factors can be identified as ingredients of the “glue” that held the monarchy together: first, the Emperor, a figure who symbolized the fusion of the complex linguistic, ethnic and religious components of the Habsburg state; second, the administrative officials, who were loyal to the Emperor and worked in the ubiquitous and even architecturally similar buildings of the Monarchy’s district authorities and train stations; third, the army, whose members promoted the imperial ideals through their long terms of service and acknowledged linguistic diversity. -
Three Countries Tour: Austria
+49 (0)40 468 992 48 Mo-Fr. 10:00h to 19.00h Three Countries Tour: Austria - Slovenia - Italy (M-ID: 2130) https://www.motourismo.com/en/listings/2130-three-countries-tour-austria-slovenia-italy from €849.00 Dates and duration (days) On request 8 days 06/12/2022 - 06/19/2022 8 days 08/13/2022 - 08/20/2022 8 days This tour takes us to the three-country corner of Austria, Slovenia and Italy. Our tour centre is located on the Austrian side, in the province of Carinthia, in Kötschach-Mauthen. We spend the night at the Hotel Erlenhof in the Gailtal. From this beautiful biker hotel we start our day tours and let 4th day: Highlights of Friuli the evening end in a cosy atmosphere with a multi-course Day trip to Friuli, the land of prosciutto, dinner and a drop of wine or a glass of beer. Caso di Lanza, Lake Sauris and Monte Cocolan Our tours take us, among other places, to Friuli, the Italian 5th day: Carinthia Highlights Nockalm - Maltatal part of the Julian Alps, to the land of prosciutto - it is said Hochalmstrasse that here you can get the best ham in Italy and to Slovenia, Up into the Nockberge - Nockalm Road - Innerkrems - to the area of the Triglav massif, which is still unknown to Maltatal - Windische Höhe most bikers. 6th day: Excursion to South Tyrol Of course the well-known Austrian panorama roads such as Via the Pustertaler Höhenstraße - to South Tyrol - the Grossglockner High Alpine Road, the Nockalm Road or Sexteneter Dolomites - Plöckenpass the Maltatal High Alpine Road should not be missing in our tour planning. -
Brochure on How to Act in Alpine Terrain
FORS MONTENEGRO FORSMONTENEGRO Foundation for the Development Fondacija za razvoj sjevera of Northern Montenegro Crne Gore Foundation for the Development of Northern Montenegro The project is funded by the European Union DIRECT BROCHURE ON HOW TO ACT IN ALPINE TERRAIN From a geographical standpoint, mountains are natural THE MOUNTAINS OF MONTENEGRO We hope that this brochure will be useful, that it will elevations of the earth’s surface attaining an altitude contribute to greater safety during stay in Montenegrin greater than 500 m. Mountains are formed and shaped by mountains, and that the tourists-hikers who visit our tectonic processes that could be classified as endogenic Montenegro is a South European and a Mediterranean mountains will carry away with them a most pleasant or internal (seismic an volcanic activity) or exogenic or country, mountainous and coastal at the same time, impression of their wild and breathtaking beauty. external (fluvial erosion – wearing away of soil by moving unique for its beauty, and one of the richest countries water, denudation – wearing down and stripping of the in Europe in terms of natural resources. e mountains rocks due to temperature swings, atmospheric influences, of Montenegro belong to the Dinaric Mountain Range. and expansion of plant roots, erosion – mechanical e prominent massifs are Orjen, Lovćen and Rumija disintegration of rocks, etc.). in the south, and Maglić, Durmitor, Vojnik, Morača Mountains, Komovi, Prokletije in the continental region, The tallest mountain ranges in the world are: The with an average elevation of the mountain peaks of over Himalayas with the highest peak in the world Mount 2,000 above sea level. -
Gamsgrube Trail High Alpine Road
GROSSGLOCKNER GAMSGRUBE TRAIL HIGH ALPINE ROAD 44 Gamsgrubenweg 44 Gamsgrubenweg Von der Franz-Josefs-Höhe zum Wasserfallwinkel ²²² Von der Franz-Josefs-Höhe zum Wasserfallwinkel ²²² The adventure tour at the National Park’s Gamsgrube Trail puts a spotlight on UNESCO World the Johannisberg as the mountain is lit by the midday sun. Heritage Site Nominee. Gamsgrube Trail FROM KAISER-FRANZ-JOSEFS-HÖHE TO THE WASSERFALLWINKEL We start the enjoyable walking tour along the before continuing on the informative nature trail. Gamsgrube Trail at the large entrance (Visitors’ National Park information boards help to expand Centre)Oben: of Diethe Kaiser-Franz-Josefs-Höhe Erlebniswanderung am Unten:our knowledge Nur den along Steinböcken, the way, always nicht revealing overlookNationalpark (1) before Gamsgrubenweg delving into the ‘Treasure lenkt seltensomething in stattlicher surprising. Anzahl, ist es er- Oben: Die Erlebniswanderung am Unten:Tunnel’auf Nur den andden mittagshellenits Steinböcken, world of myths Johannisbergnicht and legends. You laubt,The experience die streng opens geschützte up an incredible Gams world- of Nationalpark Gamsgrubenweg lenkt seltenwill inzu. learnstattlicher of mining, Anzahl, gold, quartzist es erand- water, and grubeadventure zu betreten. and freedom, during which you are auf den mittagshellen Johannisberg laubt,hear die thestreng Myth geschützteof the Pasterze Gams Glacier- along the kindly asked to stay on the trail (caution: Alpine zu. grubeway. zu betreten.After the sixth tunnel, we step out into the footpath, use at own risk). The Wasserfallwinkel open, perhapsKURZINFO dazzled for an instant by the light (2) lookout spot is hailed as Austria’s ‘most KURZINFO reflecting from8C the Grossglockner massif’s ice, beautiful snack stop’. -
Irish Kings and Carinthian Dukes: John Lynch Revisited
Part I(b) New_Layout 1 19/12/2012 12:01 Page 196 Irish kings and Carinthian dukes: John Lynch revisited ANNETTE KEHNEL Twenty years ago, Katharine Simms, my supervisor and mentor, challenged me incidentally with a very continental European phenonemen, an odd Carinthian inauguration rite, mentioned by John Lynch in 1662 . I have often asked myself what gave her the idea. I suppose it was because I came from continental Europe. However, I got hooked on this very topic, which since has marked a significant direction of my research, focusing on the history of power, that is to say, on political rituals of status elevation. Katharine’s hint to have a closer look initiated a long-term project. Starting from the well-known inauguration of the Irish king of Tír Conaill (Donegal) – a marginal example from the Celtic fringes – she directed my attention to the Carinthian ceremony, away from the Celtic fringes to the very centre of medieval Europe. In this essay, I will first briefly recapitulate the Irish case and then move on to present an overview on the source of the Carinthian inauguration. IRISH KINGS Gerald of Wales (Giraldus Cambrensis) reports the following story about the inauguration of the kings of Tír Conaill in his Topographia Hibernie : A new and outlandish way of confirming kingship and dominion: […] There is in the northern and farther part of Ulster, namely in Kenelcunill, a certain people which is accustomed to appoint its king with a rite altogether outlandish and abominable. When the whole people of that land has been gathered together in one place, a white mare is brought forward into the middle of the assembly. -
Changes in the Pastene and the Kleines Fleiskees Glaciers, Austria, As Measured from the Ground and Space
Changes in the Pastene and the Kleines FleiSkees glaciers, Austria, as Measured from the Ground and Space Dorothy K. Hall', Klaus J. Bay?, Wolfgang Schone4, Robert A. Bindschadler4, Janet Y. L. Chien' 'Code 974, NASNGoddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA d hall@,glacier.gsfc.nasa. gov 2Department of Geography, Keene State College, Keene, NH 03435-2001 USA 3Klimaabteilung ,Zentralanstalt fdr Meteorologie und Geodynamik - ZAMG (Central Institute of Meteorology and Geodynamics - ZAMG), A-1 190 Wien, Hohe Warte 38 (A- 1190 Vienna, Hohe Warte 38) Austria 4Code 97 1, NASNGoddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD 2077 1 USA 'General Sciences Corporation, Laurel, MD 20707 USA ABSTRACT The tongue of the Pasterze Glacier in the eastern Alps of Austria receded more than 1 152 m from 1880 to 200 1. Landsat and Ikonos satellite data from 1976 to 200 1, topographic maps beginning in 1893 and ground measurements were studied. Results show that though satellite images significantly underestimate the width of the Pasterze Glacier tongue due to the presence of morainal material on the surface, they provide an excellent way to measure the recession of the exposed-ice part of the glacier tongue. The rate of change of the terminus as determined using satellite data is found to compare well with ground measurements. Between 1976 and 200 1, Landsat-derived measurements show a recession of the terminus of the Pasterze Glacier of 479 +113 rn (at an average rate of 18.4 m a-') while measurements from the ground showed a recession of 428 m (at an average recession of 17.1 m a-I). -
The Place-Name Conflict in Carinthia (Austria): Symbolic Surface of Historical Burdens
The place-name conflict in Carinthia (Austria): Symbolic surface of historical burdens Peter JORDAN* On the background of critical toponomastics, the paper highlights at first reasons, why the representation of place names in public space has a special meaning for linguistic minorities in principal and from a cultural-geographical point of view, before it enters into describing and explaining the minority situation in the Austrian federal province of Carinthia [Kärnten] and the reasons for toponymic conflict there. The Carinthian minority situation is up to the present day – albeit with declining intensity – marked by the fact that a Slavonic population present since the 6-7th centuries has later been socially overlayed by Bavarians. The newcomers, supported by political powers, formed the upper strata of the society including traders and craftsmen while the Slavonic population remained the rural ground layer. Up to the end of the Middle Ages an ethnically/linguistically mixed situation persisted. Assimilation towards local majorities resulted in an ethnic/linguistic patchwork. This shapes Carinthian culture in many respects also today. This is also reflected by the namescape, which is a mixture of Slavonic and German names all over the province. In general, however, linguistic assimilation towards German-speakers, the upper strata of the society, proceeded. Social ascend was only possible by using the German language – very similar to the situation of Slovenes under Venetian rule in what is today Italy, where Venetian, later Italian were the languages of the dominating group. By the end of the Middle Ages a distinct language boundary within Carinthia had developed – very much coinciding with ecclesiastical boundaries between Salzburg and Aquileia. -
Decadal Sediment Yield from an Alpine Proglacial Zone Inferred from Reservoir Sedimentation (Pasterze, Hohe Tauern, Austria)
Erosion and Sediment Yields in the Changing Environment (Proceedings of a symposium held at the 161 Institute of Mountain Hazards and Environment, CAS-Chengdu, China, 11–15 October 2012) (IAHS Publ. 356, 2012). Decadal sediment yield from an Alpine proglacial zone inferred from reservoir sedimentation (Pasterze, Hohe Tauern, Austria) MARTIN GEILHAUSEN1, JAN-CHRISTOPH OTTO1, DAVID MORCHE2 & LOTHAR SCHROTT1 1 Department of Geography and Geology, University of Salzburg, Hellbrunnerstrasse 34, A-5020 Salzburg, Austria [email protected] 2 University of Halle-Wittenberg, Institute of Geosciences and Geography; Von-Seckendorff-Platz 4, D-06120 Halle, Germany Abstract Reservoir sedimentation over more than five decades enabled the quantification of subrecent sediment yield from the glacierized Pasterze catchment, a 40-km2 basin located in the Hohe Tauern Mountain range in Austria. Sediment yield is highly variable over an order of magnitude (1.5 to 16.7 × 104 t/year) with an average of ~ 6.3 ± 0.5 × 104 t/year resulting in a total sediment export of approx. 340 × 4 10 t of mainly fine grained sediment (D50 Ø coarse silt). This is equal to specific sediment yields (SSY) ranging from 0.4 to 4.2 × 103 t/km2/year (Ø 1.6 ± 0.1 × 10³ t/km²/year) at a total of 85.6 × 10³ t/km² in the 54 years studied. No significant correlation is found between annual data sets of sediment yield, discharge, glacial retreat and hydro-climate. Based on multi-temporal geomorphological mapping, a sandur (former proglacial lake) and a braid plain are identified as key landforms within the proglacial zone modulating sediment yield. -
The Future of the Protestant Church: Estimates for Austria and for the Provinces of Burgenland, Carinthia and Vienna
WWW.OEAW.AC.AT VIENNA INSTITUTE OF DEMOGRAPHY WORKING PAPERS 02/2020 THE FUTURE OF THE PROTESTANT CHURCH: ESTIMATES FOR AUSTRIA AND FOR THE PROVINCES OF BURGENLAND, CARINTHIA AND VIENNA ANNE GOUJON AND CLAUDIA REITER DEMOGRAPHY OF INSTITUTE Vienna Institute of Demography Austrian Academy of Sciences VIENNA – Vordere Zollamtsstraße 3| 1030 Vienna, Austria [email protected] | www.oeaw.ac.at/vid VID Abstract Secularization and migration have substantially affected the place of the Protestant Church in the Austrian society in the last decades. The number of members has been shrinking markedly from 447 thousand members in 1971 to 278 thousand in 2018. The trend is visible across all provinces, although the magnitude is stronger in Vienna where both disaffiliation and international migration are stronger: In the capital city, the Protestant population diminished from 126 thousand to 47 thousand over the 1971-2018 period. Using population projections of membership to the Protestant Church, we look at the potential future of affiliation to the Protestant Church in Austria, and in three provinces: Burgenland, Carinthia, and Vienna from 2018 to 2048, considering different paths of fertility and disaffiliation. We also look at the impact of different scenarios regarding the composition of international migration flows on affiliation to the Protestant Church. Our findings suggest that in the absence of compensatory flows, the Protestant Church will keep shrinking unless it manages to stop disaffiliation. The projections also show that migrants, especially within mobile Europe, are a potential source of members that is at present not properly contributing to membership in Austria. According to the TREND EUROPE scenario, which is – seen from today – the most likely scenario with a continuation of declining entries and increased exits, the Protestant population in Austria would still decline from 283 thousand in 2018 to 144 thousand in 2048 (-49%).