Die Entwicklung Von Supraglazialen Spaltenstrukturen Und Entwässerungssystemen an Der Gletscherzunge Der Pasterze Zwischen

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Die Entwicklung Von Supraglazialen Spaltenstrukturen Und Entwässerungssystemen an Der Gletscherzunge Der Pasterze Zwischen Die Entwicklung von supraglazialen Spaltenstrukturen und Entwässerungssystemen an der Gletscherzunge der Pasterze zwischen 1998 und 2012 Diplomarbeit zur Erlangung des Akademischen Grades eines Magisters der Naturwissenschaften an der Karl-Franzens-Universität Graz vorgelegt von KULMER Bernd Karl, Bsc am Institut für Geographie und Raumforschung Betreuer: MMag. Dr. Andreas KELLERER-PIRKLBAUER-EULENSTEIN Graz, Mai 2015 Eidesstattliche Erklärung Eidesstattliche Erklärung Hiermit erkläre ich, diese Arbeit selbstständig und ohne unerlaubte Beihilfe verfasst zu haben. Ich versichere keine weiteren, außer den genannten Hilfsmitteln verwendet zu haben und sämtliche, inhaltlich oder dem Wortlaut nach, anderen Werken entsprechenden Inhalte, durch Angabe der Quelle gekennzeichnet zu haben. Datum Unterschrift 2 Vorwort Vorwort Bereits als kleines Kind war meine Faszination für Schnee und Eis für kaum jemanden in meiner Umgebung zu übersehen. Als ich dann im Jahr 2000 das erste Mal auf der Franz-Josefs Höhe war und den spektakulären Blick auf den Großglockner und die Pasterze genießen durfte, wurde tieferes Interesse, das über die Beschäftigung mit Wintersport und Bergsport hinaus geht, in mir geweckt. So war es wenig verwunderlich, dass einige Zeit später die Reaktion von Gletschern auf die Klimaerwärmung, Thema meines Maturaspezialgebietes in Geographie und Wirtschaftskunde wurde. Im Zuge meines darauf folgenden Bachelorstudiums in Erdwissenschaften lernte ich viele begeisterte BergsteigerInnen kennen, mit denen ich meine Freizeit in und auf den Bergen verbrachte und immer wieder Touren in vergletscherten Gebieten unternahm. Seit dieser Zeit war für mich eigentlich immer klar, dass meine Abschlussarbeit etwas mit Glaziologie zu tun haben wird. Mein Interesse für diese Thematik vertiefte sich im Laufe meines aktuellen Lehramtsstudiums in Geographie und Wirtschaftskunde mit Bewegung und Sport. Im Jahr 2014 durfte ich schließlich als Mitarbeiter bei den alljährlichen Gletschermessungen an der Pasterze mithelfen. Bei diesen Arbeiten kam ich das erste Mal mit meinem Betreuer MMag. Dr. Andreas Kellerer-Pirklbauer-Eulenstein ins Gespräch. Er war es auch, der mich auf das Thema meiner Arbeit aufmerksam machte und noch weitere Begeisterung für die Glaziologie in mir hervorrief. An dieser Stelle möchte ich mich bei all jenen bedanken, die mich beim Verfassen dieser Arbeit unterstützt haben. An erster Stelle bedanke ich mich bei meinem Betreuer MMag. Dr. Andreas Kellerer-Pirklbauer-Eulenstein. Er hatte immer ein offenes Ohr für meine Anliegen und war stets bemüht mich in meiner Arbeit voranzubringen. Weiters bedanke ich bei Herrn Ao. Univ.- Prof. Mag. phil. Dr. rer. nat. Gerhard Lieb. Er war es, der mir die Mitarbeit bei den Gletschermessungen an der Pasterze ermöglichte und mich meinem Betreuer vorstellte. Mein spezieller Dank gilt meinen Eltern und meiner gesamten Familie. Sie waren es, die mir mein Studium überhaupt erst ermöglicht und mich im Laufe meiner gesamten Zeit als Student unterstützt haben. 3 Zusammenfassung Zusammenfassung Anhand von fünf Gletscherständen, 1998, 2003, 2006, 2009 und 2012 werden supraglaziale Spaltenstrukturen und Entwässerungssysteme an der Gletscherzunge der Pasterze kartiert und interpretiert. Als Grundlage für die Kartierungen dienen Orthophotos der Jahre 1998, 2003, 2006, 2009 und 2012 sowie Digitale Höhenmodelle (DEMs) derselben Jahre mit Ausnahme von 1998. Weiters werden die Ergebnisse der jährlichen Gletschermessungen an der Pasterze, des gesamten Zeitraums 1998 bis 2012 für die Interpretation der Ergebnisse herangezogen. Als entscheidend für die Interpretation der supraglazialen Spaltenstrukturen, haben sich die Entwicklungen der strukturglaziologischen Erscheinungsformen, Abschiebung, Überschiebung und en èchelon Struktur, sowie der geometrischen Erscheinungsform des Eiszerfalls, erwiesen. Im Rahmen dieser Arbeit wurden nicht zu übersehende Anpassungserscheinungen des Gletschers, an eine sich verändernde Umwelt, beschrieben. Der Gletscher weist jährlich große Längen- und Höhenverluste sowie eine deutliche Verringerung der Fließgeschwindigkeit auf. Aus den Kartierungen geht, im selben Zeitraum, eine deutliche Erhöhung der Spaltendichte hervor. Besonders betroffen ist davon der vordere Teil der Gletscherzunge, der von zunehmenden Zerfallserscheinungen, deren alleinige strukturglaziologische Erscheinungsform die Abschiebung ist, geprägt ist. Weiters kann anhand berechneter Oberflächenhöhenunterschiede der Gletscherzunge zwischen den kartierten Gletscherständen, ein räumlicher Zusammenhang zwischen hohen Reliefunterschieden und der räumlichen Verteilung von Spaltenstrukturen gezeigt werden. Große Teile der Spaltenstrukturen können somit als, zunehmend unabhängig von der Fließgeschwindigkeit des Eises entstehend, beschrieben werden. Vielmehr sind diese Spalten als Anpassungsreaktionen auf hohe Reliefunterschiede zu interpretieren. Für detailliertere Aussagen hinsichtlich der Entwicklung von Entwässerungsstrukturen wären weitere Untersuchungen von Nöten gewesen. 4 Abstract Abstract On the basis of 5 glacier stages, 1998, 2003, 2006, 2009 and 2012, supraglacial brittle structures and drainage systems at the glacier tongue of the Pasterze were mapped and interpreted. Aerial photographs of the mentioned glacier stages as well as Digital Elevation Models (DEMs) from the same years, except from 1998, were used as a basis for this work. Furthermore the results of the annual glacier measurements from the entire period 1998 to 2012 were used interpreting the results. Structure glaciological manifestations such as normal faults, thrust faults and en èchelon structures, as well as geometric manifestations such as ice disintegration, are seen as essential for interpreting the development of supraglacial brittle structures. In the framework of this diploma thesis, obvious adjustment reactions, to a changing environment, have been described. The glacier annually features high length and height recession rates. On the basis of the mappings, an increase of the number of crevasses can be seen in the same time. Especially the front part of the glacier tongue is affected by this development, as it is affected by increasing ice disintegration, whose only structure glaciological manifestation are normal faults. Due to calculated surface-subsidence of the glacier tongue between the particular glacier stages, a correlation between high relief differences and spatial distribution of brittle structures can be seen. A large number of brittle structures can therefore be described as, increasingly independent from glacier motion. This structures can be rather seen as adjustment reactions to high relief differences. More detailed conclusions regarding supraglacial drainage systems would have needed further research. 5 Inhaltsverzeichnis Inhaltsverzeichnis Eidesstattliche Erklärung ........................................................................................................................ 2 Vorwort ................................................................................................................................................... 3 Zusammenfassung .................................................................................................................................. 4 Abstract ................................................................................................................................................... 5 Abbildungsverzeichnis ............................................................................................................................ 8 Tabellenverzeichnis............................................................................................................................... 11 1. Einleitung .......................................................................................................................................... 12 2. Beschreibung des Arbeitsgebietes ................................................................................................... 14 2.1 Geographische Übersicht............................................................................................................ 14 2.2 Allgemeine Übersicht.................................................................................................................. 16 2.3 Geologische Übersicht ............................................................................................................... 19 2.4 Glaziologische Übersicht ............................................................................................................ 23 2.4.1 Das Akkumulationsgebiet ................................................................................................... 26 2.4.2 Der Gletscherbruch .............................................................................................................. 26 2.4.3 Die Gletscherzunge .............................................................................................................. 27 2.4.4 Auswirkungen der Schuttbedeckung großer Gletscherteile ............................................... 28 2.5 Klima und Witterung .................................................................................................................. 31 2.5.1 Wetterlagen ......................................................................................................................... 31 2.5.2 Niederschlag ........................................................................................................................ 31 2.5.3
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