Geomorphic Responses to Landuse Changes on Steep Slopes in Timberline Environment; Central Alps, Austria1

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Geomorphic Responses to Landuse Changes on Steep Slopes in Timberline Environment; Central Alps, Austria1 GEOMORPHIC RESPONSES TO LANDUSE CHANGES ON STEEP SLOPES IN TIMBERLINE ENVIRONMENT; CENTRAL ALPS, AUSTRIA1 ERICH STOCKER ∗ Key-words: Alpine soil erosion, alpine gullies, alpine pastures, blaiken, snow avalanches, Austrian Alps. Veränderungen geomorphologischer Prozesse und Formen als Reaktion auf den Nutzungswandel an steilen Almflächen im Bereich der Waldgrenze; Zentralalpen, Österreich. Seit Jahrhunderten wird die Höhenzone im Bereich der Waldgrenze für Weide und als Mähwiesen genutzt. Damit wird ein weites Spektrum von Abtragsprozessen (Frostverwitterung, Solifluktion, Rasenabschälung, Abspülung, Massenbewegungen, Schnee- und Lawinenschurf) durch die Tätigkeit des Menschen modifiziert, und teils sogar gesteuert. Die Wirkung der natürlichen Variablen auf die Prozesse des Abtrags wie Geologie, Klima, Relief, Boden und Vegetation kann sich dadurch deutlich verschieben. Eine der am deutlichsten sichtbaren Phänomene an Steilhängen dieser Höhenstufe bezeichnet man in den Ostalpen als „Blaiken“. Sie treten als Kahlflächen oder nur schwach von Vegetation bedeckte Flächen hervor und stellen typische Formen beschleunigter Abtragung dar. Viele Arbeiten haben sich damit beschäftigt, mit Hilfe der Blaiken als Indikator eine Relation zwischen menschlichem Einfluss und geomorphologischen Wirkungen nachzuweisen, da Blaiken mit Hilfe von Luftbildern hinsichtlich ihrer Ausdehnung und Verteilung sehr leicht erfasst und quantifiziert werden können. Allerdings ergaben schon die Untersuchungen über die Prozesse der Entwicklung dieser Erscheinungsformen beschleunigter Hangabtragung sehr unterschiedliche Resultate: vor allem auf Grund von Untersuchungen in den Nördlichen Kalkalpen wurden sie als einfache Bodenrutschungen oder durch Schnee- und Lawinenschurf erklärt. Messungen südlich der Hohen Tauern (Kreuzeckgruppe) ergaben, dass viele dieser Kahlflächen durch ein Zusammenwirken mehrerer Prozesse entstanden, wobei jene der Frostverwitterung kombiniert mit Kammeisaktivität und sommerlicher Bodenabspülung hier als wirksamer eingestuft wurden als jene durch Lawinenschurf. Die Arbeit versucht daher anhand von Dokumentationen von 26 Steilhängen im Umkreis der Hohen Tauern eine Typisierung der Blaiken, aus der hervorgeht, dass Blaiken nördlich des Hauptkammes der Hohen Tauern primär im Zusammenhang mit Grundlawinen erklärbar sind, die Vorkommen in den Zentralalpen südlich der Hohen Tauern dagegen vor allem durch Rasenabschälung entstanden oder sich ausgehend von Runsen als Nischen mit rascher Rückverwitterung entwickelten. Ein Monitoring der Blaikenentwicklung im Bereich Lenkengraben (Kreuzeckgruppe, Kärnten) zeigte, dass sich die Aktivität der unter der Waldgrenze liegenden nischenartigen Blaiken seit 1980 rasch, jene der über Waldgrenze liegenden flachen Blaiken nur langsam verringerte. Dies wurde mit der Dokumentation der Landnutzung seit 1950 in Beziehung gebracht. Zunächst wurden Mähwiesen an Steilhängen eingestellt. Erst als 1968 auch die durch Hirten gewährleistete flächenhafte Schafweide und Ziegennutzung eingestellt wurde, kam es zu einem schrittweisen Überwachsen der Kahlflächen durch Grünerlengebüsch, sowie Jungwald aus Lärchen und Fichten. Die Schafweide verringerte sich und bei freiem Wandern der Schafe wurden vorwiegend die Areale oberhalb der Waldgrenze genutzt. Die Steilhänge darunter fielen über Jahrzehnte nahezu brach. INTRODUCTION Features of accelerated erosion in the Eastern Alps are named often as “blaiken” or “plaiken”, a term which was used for studies since STINY (1910). They were described as bare surfaces created by sliding, snow avalanche scour and/or rain-wash, favoured by slope angles steeper than 35° and by weak subsurface rock conditions which provide ample and fine weathering material. As the dominant process in generation of blaiken most studies from the Northern Calcareous Alps quoted translational ∗ Assoc. Prof. (retired), Department of Geography and Geology, University of Salzburg, Hellbrunnerstrasse 34, A 5020 Salzburg, Austria. 1 Paper presented at the IAG Regional Conference on Geomorphology Landslides, Floods and Global Environmental Change in Mountain Regions, Braşov, September 15–26, 2008. Rev. Roum. Géogr./Rom. Journ. Geogr., 53, (1), p. 91–106, 2009, Bucureşti. 92 Erich Stocker 2 slips, caused by rainstorms during the summer season. Natural predispositions for accelerated erosion are mostly supported by alpine farming which implies clearing of forests on slopes below the natural timberline, growing of bushes and scrubs which favour avalanche erosion (shortcomings in the preservation of pastures) and a high intensity of animal treats. The increasing areas of such patches of bare surface in the last decennia’s has been generally explained as a consequence of the reduction in staff of the Alpine farming because the former labour- intensive measures and treatments of soil conservation were more and more neglected. In the last decades investigations (e.g. Schauer 1975, Kelch, Drexler & Zech 1977, Riedl 1982, Stehrer 1987, Blechschmidt 1990) showed strong evidences for a relationship of blaiken with the change of land utilization in alpine areas. As an indicator for human impact, blaiken can be easily identified on aerial photographs and their distribution and extension can be measured exactly. By studies performed in the subalpine and alpine belt of the Central Alps of Carinthia (Stocker 1971, 1985, 1996) a succession of processes has been observed on steep slopes beginning with turf exfoliation and needle ice action on sharp and frayed turf borders. Developing bar surfaces underlie rain-wash during the summer season and procure an abundant erosion of loose material along the border on which the blaiken-surface cuts the weathering horizons. Other basic differences in comparison with the described blaiken from the Northern Calcareous Alps were found in on-slope process interactions and interactions between blaiken slopes and ravine channels. Accelerated erosion of larger extent contains often both regolith and subsurface rock layers and creates a sequence of form elements and interacting processes. In addition, weathering processes play a more important role than snow avalanche scouring. The actual study focuses on comparisons of features of accelerated erosion from 26 different sites north and south of the main chain of the Alps (Hohe Tauern) which could help to create a typology in which it is shown that “blaiken” can be explained not only by one typical process or a typical set of processes, in fact they are resulting from different geomorphic processes and process-interactions influenced by human impact. Land use change can trigger effects which vary in dependence upon the types of accelerated erosion. A monitoring in the study area of Lenkengraben, Kreuzeck-Group, Carinthia, over 30 years shows a gradually decrease of blaiken activity, which proceeded faster below the natural timberline and very slowly above the timberline. The different stages of stabilization can be attributed as a result of general reduction of pasture on steep slopes in the timberline environment. STUDY AREAS For reasons of comparability the slopes were selected in terms of similar altitudinal ranges and slope angles (generally between 30° and 45°); further the slopes are predominately turf covered, suitable for alpine pastures, and situated around the timberline. Areas created by glacial scour, such as ice-scoured and rocky trough valley sides and areas consisting of roches mountonnées were excluded. The high number of sites makes it possible to study also the influence of a wide range of comparable crystalline rock conditions and climatic conditions both on the north- and the south side of the main chain of Hohe Tauern. The studied slopes of the northern Hohe Tauern comprise areas of the geologic units of the “Tauern Window” which belong to the Austroalpine crystalline complexes with the central gneiss- zone. On these very resistant rocks, accelerated erosion is found only on steep slopes which are not primarily dominated by glacial activity. The Northern part of the Sonnblick- and Glockner-Group belongs to the Austroalpine Cover and consists of a series of schist’s, the “Bündnerschiefer” (Neubauer & Handler 2000). In average, the resistance of these metamorphites (sericite-mica-schists, calcareous mica-schists, greenschists and gneisses) is varying from mainly soft to partially hard. Extended slopes of these areas with a relative relief of about 1000–1200 m, show a minor amount of glacial origin in landscape development. The steep slopes underlie primarily gully erosion and ravine development. Study areas in the south of the Hohe Tauern are belonging to the Middle Austroalpine basement and consist 3 Geomorphic responses to land use changes in Central Alps, Austria 93 primarily of a wide range of phyllites and schists and show a high variability of resistance, tending largely to rock deformation by gravitation (gravitational sagging, toppling, “Bergzerreissung”). Fig. 1 – Study area, distribution of sites. CHARACTERISTICS OF ANALYSED SLOPES 17 of the analysed slopes are situated north of the main chain of Hohe Tauern and Niedere Tauern, 9 are located on the southern side of the main chain. The mean altitude of the crest is about 2300 m a. s. l. , the base of the analysed slopes has an average altitude of 1600 m a. s. l. ,it means that generally 350 m of height level differences are considered both above and below the mean timberline. Most of the analysed slopes are orientated between southeast and west. Slopes of the north-sectors,
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