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Party Controls in National Central University and Nanjing University Before and After 1949

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Party Controls in National Central University and Nanjing University Before and After 1949 Lingnan University Digital Commons @ Lingnan University Theses & Dissertations Department of Political Sciences 2008 Party controls in National Central University and Nanjing University before and after 1949 Zhendong XU Follow this and additional works at: https://commons.ln.edu.hk/pol_etd Part of the Political Science Commons Recommended Citation Xu, Z. (2008). Party controls in National Central University and Nanjing University before and after 1949 (Master's thesis, Lingnan University, Hong Kong). Retrieved from http://dx.doi.org/10.14793/pol_etd.5 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Department of Political Sciences at Digital Commons @ Lingnan University. It has been accepted for inclusion in Theses & Dissertations by an authorized administrator of Digital Commons @ Lingnan University. Terms of Use The copyright of this thesis is owned by its author. Any reproduction, adaptation, distribution or dissemination of this thesis without express authorization is strictly prohibited. All rights reserved. PARTY CONTROLS IN NATIONAL CENTRAL UNIVERSITY AND NANJING UNIVERSITY BEFORE AND AFTER 1949 XU ZHENDONG MPHIL LINGNAN UNIVERSITY 2008 PARTY CONTROLS IN NATIONAL CENTRAL UNIVERSITY AND NANJING UNIVERSITY BEFORE AND AFTER 1949 by XU Zhendong A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Degree of Master of Philosophy in Social Science (Political Science) Lingnan University 2008 ABSTRACT Party controls in National Central University and Nanjing University before and after 1949 by XU Zhendong Master of Philosophy In 1898, with the foundation of the Metropolitan University of the Qing Dynasty (Jingshi da xuetang) in Beijing, the modern higher education system was established in China. After the Qing Dynasty, China has been ruled by two political parties before and after 1949: Kuomintang (KMT) dated from 1911 to 1949 and Chinese Communist Party (CCP)1 dated from 1949 to present. The history of Nanjing University (NJU) can be traced back to Sanjiang Normal School founded by the Qing government in 1902. The NJU witnessed the development of modern higher education in China. The Nanjing city used to be the capital of the KMT regime and National Central University (NCU) was under the control of the KMT. Nevertheless, today Nanjing is the capital of Jiangsu province and NJU is under the control of the CCP. As commonly known, the KMT and the CCP followed different political systems. The political status of the city and the university has changed a lot. It is worthwhile to do a research on the party controls of the KMT over NCU and the CCP over NJU within a changeable century to find which political system benefit the university more. This thesis introduces and compares the party controls of the KMT over NCU and the CCP over NJU in chapter two (party controls over personnel) and chapter three (party controls over the whole university). Afterwards, chapter four discusses the continuum of the political controls from the Qing Dynasty, to the KMT and then to the CCP and chapter five gives a summary as the conclusion. It is commonly known that China has a long civilized history for more than five thousand years. Within this long period of time, China formed a traditional Chinese authoritarianism with a typical Confucian orientation and three related structural aspects, hierarchical system, paternalism and bureaucratic pattern. This traditional Chinese authoritarianism was widely accepted and adopted by all dynasties and political regimes in China. All the modern universities (including NCU and NJU) and political parties (including the KMT and the CCP) in China are influenced by this type of authoritarianism while they are at the same time influenced by the Soviet Union (mainly in party constructions of the KMT and the CCP) and western values (mainly in university affairs including university settings and university administrations) in the late days. So the traditional Chinese authoritarianism, Soviet Union influence and western values are the three most important backgrounds in the party controls 1 In academics, there are two different references: Chinese Communist Party (CCP) and Communist Party of China (CPC). The Chinese Communist Party (CCP) is widely accepted by the western scholars and the Communist Party of China (CPC) is officially used in China. In this thesis, I will adopt the first name: Chinese Communist Party (CCP). of the KMT over NCU and the CCP over NJU. Based on the analysis of this thesis, there is a continuum underlying the political controls of Qing Dynasty, the KMT and the CCP. It is found that the traditional Chinese authoritarianism is the dominant element in this continuum. Both the party controls of the KMT and the CCP have the characteristics of a typical Chinese Confucian orientation with its hierarchical structure, paternalism and bureaucratic pattern. DECLARATION I declare that this is an original work based primarily on my own research, and I warrant that all citations of previous research, published or unpublished, have been duly acknowledged. Xu Zhendong Date CERTIFICATE OF APPROVAL OF THESIS PARTY CONTROLS IN NATIONAL CENTRAL UNIVERSITY AND NANJING UNIVERSITY BEFORE AND AFTER 1949 by XU Zhendong Master of Philosophy Panel of Examiners: (Chairman) (Dr. Wong Yiu-chung) (External Member) (Dr. Tsao King-kun) (Internal Member) (Dr. Chan Che-po) (Internal Member) (Dr. Zhang Baohui) Chief Supervisor: Dr. Chan Che-po Co-supervisor: Dr. Chung Chien-peng Approved for the Senate: Chairman, Research and Postgraduate Studies Committee Date CONTENTS ABSTRACT TABLE OF CONTENTS LIST OF TABLES LIST OF GRAPHS ABBREVIATIONS ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION…………………………………………………………...1 1. Research Backgrounds………………………………………………………………..1 2. Research Argument…………………………………………………………………..15 3. Why Adopt a Case Study Method and Why Choose National Central University and Nanjing University? ………………………………………………………...….16 4. Fieldwork and Data…………………………………………………………………..16 5. Literature Review…………………………………………………………………….17 CHAPTER TWO：COMPARISON OF PARTY CONTROLS OF THE KMT AND THE CCP OVER PERSONNEL IN THE NATIONAL CENTRAL UNIVERSITY AND THE NANJING UNIVERSITY BEFORE AND AFTER 1949………………………………...…...29 1. Student………………………………………………………………………………...30 2. The Role of the University President before and after 1949……………………..43 CHAPTER THREE：COMPARISON OF PARTY CONTROLS OF THE KMT AND THE CCP OVER THE WHOLE UNIVERSITY OF NATIONAL CENTRAL UNIVERSITY AND NANJING UNIVERSITY BEFORE AND AFTER 1949………………………………...…...51 1. Party Branches and Party Schools………………………………………………….53 2. Board of University Directorates…………………………………………………...57 3. Funding under the Two Different Party Control Systems………………………..60 4. Spiritual Control……………………………………………………………………….61 5. Ideological Control…………………………………………………………………..62 6. Personnel Affairs……………………………………………………………………..70 CHAPTER FOUR: THE CONTINUUM UNDERLYING THE GOVERNMENT CONTROL OF THE QING DYANSTY AND PARTY CONTROLS OF THE KMT AND THE CCP…………………………………………………………………………………….…..73 CHAPTER FIVE: CONCLUSION…………………………………………………………….80 APPENDIX: Appendix 1: Former presidents of National Central University and Nanjing University from 1902-present………………………………………………………………………………………87 Appendix 2: Former party secretary of Nanjing University from 1953-present………………….87 Appendix 3: Political backgrounds and experiences of seven presidents in National Central University…………………………………………………………………………………………88 Appendix 4: Political backgrounds and experiences of eight presidents in Nanjing University…………………………………………………………………………………………89 Appendix 5: The statistics of the education background of the teachers in National Southeast University…………………………………………………………………………………………89 Appendix 6: Different versions of graduation certifications………………………………...…...90 Appendix 7: The exhibitions on the bulletin boards in Nanjing University campus……………..92 i Appendix 8: The exhibition materials in the University History Museum of Nanjing University…………………………………………………………………………………………93 Appendix 9: The running systems of Nanjing University (2007)………………………………...94 Appendix 10: Brick during National Central University period………………………………….95 Appendix 11: The history and evolution of National Central University and Nanjing University…………………………………………………………………………………………96 Appendix 12: The governmental control of the Qing Government over San/Liangjiang Normal School…………………………………………………………………………………………….99 BIBLIOGRAPHY……………………………………………………………………….……..101 ii LIST OF TABLES 1. Table 1 Fees of the students have to pay in National Central University in 1939…………..38 2. Table 2 Political status of Nanjing University students in 1957…………………….……....54 3. Table 3 Political status of Nanjing University students in 1972………………………….....54 4. Table 4 Political status of Nanjing University students in 1982…………………….……....54 5. Table 5 Political status of Nanjing University students in 1992………………………...…..54 6. Table 6 Political status of Nanjing University students in 2000………………………….....54 7. Table 7 Income of National Central University in 1932…………………………………….60 8. Table 8 Income of Nanjing University in 2000 (20 February 2000)………………………...60 9. Table 9: The party controls of the KMT over National Central University and the CCP over Nanjing University…………………………………………………………………………..81 10. Table 10 Funds of San/Liangjiang Normal School…………………………………….......105 iii LIST OF GRAPHS 1. Graph 1 The changes of party controls of the CCP over Nanjing University from 1949-2008…………...…………... …………...…………..............................................14
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