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Visual Culture in the Modern Middle East Visual Culture

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VISUALVISUAL CULTURECULTURE IINN THETHE MODERNMODERN MIDDLEHIPPIE EASTEAST RHETORICRHETORIC OFOF THETHE IMAGEIMAGE EDITEDEDITED BYBY CHRISTIANECHRISTIANE GRUBERGRUBER ANAf\IDD SUNESUNE HAUGBOLLEHAUGBOLLE IndianaIndiana UniversitUniversityy PressPress Bloomington and IndianapolisIndianapolis ThisThis bookbook isisa apublication publication ofof IndianaIndiana UniversityUniversityPress Press OfficeOffice ofofScholarly ScholarlyPublishing Publishing HermanHerman BBWells WellsLibrary Library350 350 13201320 EastEast10th 10thStreet Street Bloomington,Bloomington,Indiana Indiana47405 47405USA USA iupress.indiana.eduiupress.indiana.edu TelephoneTelephone ordersorders 800-842-6796800-842-6796 FaxFoxorders orders 812-855-7931812-855-7931 ©© 20132013by byIndiana Indiana UniversityUniversity PressPress AllAll rightsrights reservedreserved NoNo partpart ofofthis this bookbook maymaybe be reproducedreproduced oror utilizedutilizedin inany anyform formor orby byany anymeans, means, electronicelectronic oror mechanical,mechanical, includingincluding photocopyingphotocopying andandrecording, recording, ororby byany anyinfor­ infor- mationmation storagestorage andand retrievalretrievalsystem, system, withoutwithout permissionpermissionin inwriting writingfrom fromthe thepub­ pub- lisher.lisher. TheTheAssociation Association ofofAmerican AmericanUniversity UniversityPresses' Presses'Resolution Resolution ononPermissions Permissions constitutesconstitutes thethe onlyonly exceptionexception totothis thisprohibition. prohibition. S© TheThe paperpaper usedused inin thisthis publicationpublication meetsmeets thethe minimumminimum requirementsrequirements ofofthe the AmericanAmerican NationalNationalStandard Standard forfor InformationInformationSciences-Permanence Sciences—Permanenceof ofPaper Paperfor for PrintedPrinted LibraryLibraryMaterials, Materials,ANSI ANSIZ39.48-1992. Z39.48-1992. ManufacturedManufactured ininthe the UnitedUnitedStates States ofofAmerica America LibraryLibrary ofof CongressCongressCataloging-in-Publication Cataloging-in-PublicationData Data VisualVisual cultureculture ininthe the modernmodern MiddleMiddleEast: East:rhetoric rhetoric ofofthe theimage image/ / editededitedby by ChristianeChristiane GruberGruberand and SuneSuneHaugbolle. Haugbolle, pagespages em.cm. "The"The contributionscontributions werewere firstfirst presentedpresented atatthe the AprilApril2009 2009conference conference "Rhetoric"Rhetoric ofofthe the Image:Image:Visual VisualCulture Culturein inPolitical PoliticalIslam," Islam,"held heldin inMagleaas, Magleaas, Denmark"Denmark"—Acknowledgements-Acknowledgements.. IncludesIncludesbibliographical bibliographicalreferences referencesand andindex. index. ISBNISBN 978-0-253-00884-8978-0-253-00884-8(cloth: (cloth :alk. alk.paper) paper) -—ISBN ISBN978-0-253-00888-6 978-0-253-00888-6 (pbk.(pbk.::alk. alk.paper) paper) -—ISBN ISBN978-0-253-00894-7 978-0-253-00894-7(ebook) (ebook) 1.1.Art Artand andsociety­ society- MiddleMiddle East--Congresses.East—Congresses. 2.2.Visual Visualcommunication-Middle communication—MiddleEast-Congresses. East—Congresses. 3.3.Arts, Arts,Modern-20th Modern—20thcentury-Middle century—MiddleEast-Congresses. East—Congresses. 4.4.Popular Popularculture- culture- .MiddleMiddleEast-Congresses. East—Congresses. I.I.Gruber, Gruber,Christiane ChristianeJ., J.,[date] [date] II.II.Haugbolle, Haugbolle,Sune, Sune, [date][date] NX180's6V475NX180.S6V475 20120133 700.103-dc23700.103-dc23 20130164442013016444 11234 2 3 4 55 1717 1616 1515 1414 1313 VisualVisual CultureCulture inin thethe ModernModern MiddleMiddle EastEast CHAPTERCHAPTER 3 - MemoryMemory andand Ideology:Ideology: Imageslinages ofof SaladinSaladin inin SyriaSyria andand inin IraqIraq -- STEFANSTEFAN HEIDEMANNHEIDEMANN Through itsits cultural heritage a society becomes visible to itself and toto others. WhichWhich past becomes evident inin that heritage and which valuesvalues emergeemerge inin itsits identificatoryidentificatory appropriation tellstells us much about thethe con-con­ stitution and tendenciestendencies of aa society.society. -JAN—JAN ASSMANN,ASSMANN, "Collective MemoryMemory andand CulturalCultural Identity,"Identity," 133.133. SinceSince thethe MiddleMiddle Ages,Ages, SaladinSaladin hashas beenbeen oneone ofof thethe mostmost influentialinfluential figuresfigures ofof historicalhistorical memorymemory inin Eurasia.Eurasia. HeHe waswas usedused asas aa symbolsymbol ofof thethe noblenoble enemy,enemy, ofof warwar withwith thethe WestWest andand Israel,Israel, andand ofof peace.1 InIn variousvarious incarnationsincarnations hehe waswas alsoalso aa nationalnational hero.hero. DuringDuring thethe LebanonLebanon WarWar ofof 2006,2006, eveneven Nasrallah,Nasrallah, thethe shi'iShi'i leaderleader ofof thethe HizbullahHizbullah inin Lebanon,Lebanon, waswas eulogizedeulogized byby SyriansSyrians asas thethe "Saladin"Saladin ofof thethe modernmodern age."zage."2 Moreover,Moreover, afterafter thethe fallfall ofof SaddamSaddam Hussein,Hussein, thethe SunniSunni Kata'ibKata'ib SalahSalah aI-Dinal-Din inin IraqIraq chosechose SaladinSaladin asas thethe eponymeponym forfor theirtheir guerrillaguerrilla warwar againstagainst thethe shi'iShi'i governmentgovernment andand AmericanAmerican troops.troops. BernardBernard Lewis,Lewis, inin hishis 19751975 PrincetonPrinceton lecturelecture seriesseries History:History; Remem­Remem- bered,bered, Recovered,}nvented,Recovered, Invented, waswas oneone ofof thethe firstfirst toto studystudy thethe politicalpolitical useuse ofof thethe pastpast inin thethe MiddleMiddle East.East.3 EricEric Hobsbawm'sHobsbawm's studiesstudies furtherfurther advancedadvanced thethe analysisanalysis ofof thethe InventionInvention ofof TraditionTradition (1983)(1983) asas anan attemptattempt toto establishestablish continuitycontinuity withwith aa suitablesuitable historichistoric past,past, focusingfocusing onon thethe deliberatedeliberate "polit­"polit- icalical mass-producingmass-producing oftraditions."4Janof traditions."4 Jan Assmann'sAssmann's DasDos kulturellekulturelle GediichtnisGeddchtnis (1992)(1992) allowedallowed forfor aa moremore refinedrefined comprehensivecomprehensive approach.approach. AccordingAccording toto Assmann,Assmann, anyany collectivecollective memorymemory ofof aa symbolsymbol oror figurefigure createscreates orientationorientation withinwithin aa groupgroup andand identityidentity forfor thethe individual.individual. CulturalCultural memorymemory isis recon­recon- structive,structive, asas knowledgeknowledge ofof thethe pastpast isis alignedaligned anewanew withwith contemporarycontemporary needs.needs.s5 InIn thethe post-colonialpost-colonial statesstates inin thethe MiddleMiddle East,East, inventedinvented pastspasts enforceenforce social,social, "national""national" coherencecoherence wherewhere itit hashas notnot existedexisted before.before. HistoricalHistorical rhetoricrhetoric legitimizeslegitimizes currentcurrent ideologiesideologies andand identitiesidentities acrossacross religiouslyreligiously andand ethnicallyethnically diversediverse populations.populations. SymbolsSymbols andand figuresfigures ofof collectivecollective memorymemory mustmustbe beemotionally emotionallymeaningful meaningfuland andresonant resonant forforthe the audience;audience;they they pre­pre- supposesupposeknowledge knowledgeand andmemory memoryamong amongthe the targetedtargetedgroups groupsand andrequire, require, asasHobsbawm Hobsbawmstates, states,"broadcasting "broadcasting ononthe the wavelengthwavelength totowhich whichthe the publicpublic isisalready already tunedtuned in."6in."6 InInmodern modern statesstates thethe resonanceresonance ofofsuch such historicalhistorical rhetoricrhetoricis isestablished established largelylargelyby bycompulsory compulsory schoolschool attendance.attendance.77Political Political resonance,resonance, politicalpoliticalorientation, orientation,and and nationalnational identityidentity areare fabricatedfabricatedby by meansmeans ofofthe the publicpublic presencepresence ofofthese these memorymemory figures-representedfigures—represented onon monuments,monuments,statues, statues, oror murals,murals,or or transmittedtransmitted viaviaendlessly endlesslyreproduced reproduced carrierscarriersof ofimages imagesand andmeaning, meaning,such suchas asposters, posters, banknotes,banknotes, stamps,stamps, coins,coins, politicalpoliticalslogans, slogans,popular popular movies,movies,and andtelevision television programs.programs. ThisThisessay essayexplores exploresthe the memorymemoryfigure figure "Saladin""Saladin"and and hishisapplication application acrossacrossdifferent different media,media,emphasizing emphasizingthe the useuseof ofhis hisimage imagein inco.ntemporary contemporary Syria.Syria.The The firstfirst partpart ofofthis this studystudy summarizessummarizesthe the WesternWestern·origin origin ofofthe the memorymemoryfigure figure totoexplain explainits itsemergence emergencein inthe the MiddleMiddleEast, East,which whichdid didnot not havehavea avisual visualmemorial memorialculture culturebefore beforethe thelate latenineteenth nineteenthcentury. century.The Thesec­ sec- ondondpart partconsiders considersthe theIraqi Iraqicase caseto tocontrast contrast ititwith withits itsSyrian Syriancounterpart counterpart ininthe the thirdthird part.part.Both Bothstates states havehaveor orhad hada aBaathist Baathistgovernment government andandused used thethe figurefigure ofofSaladin Saladinnearly nearlysimultaneously simultaneouslybut but toto differentdifferent ends.ends.
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    ILLUSTRATIONS, FIGURES AND MAPS illustrations 1. Kneeling crusader with his horse behind him, from the Westminster Psalter, c. 1250. xxii © British Library Board. All Rights Reserved / Bridgeman Images. 2. Eichstätt model of the Edicule, twelfth century. Bildarchiv Monheim GmbH / xxiv Alamy Stock Photo. 3. Aerial view of the Church of the Holy Sepulchre, Jerusalem. Photo © Zev Radovan / xxv Bridgeman Images. 4. Croix de chevalier from the First Crusade. Photo Josse / Scala, Florence. 4 5. Giving the cross, from J. Riley-Smith (ed.), The Oxford Illustraded History of 7 the Crusades (Oxford 1995). 6. Women at a siege, from Histoire ancienne jusqu’à César, late thirteenth century. 11 © The British Library Board (MS 15268, fol. 101v). 7. Stone carving of Roland (right) on the exterior of the royal palace at Navarre, 13 twelfth century. Granger / Bridgeman Images. 8. ‘The Rider on the white horse and his followers’, from Apocalypse (‘The Queen 16 Mary Apocalypse’), early fourteenth century. © The British Library Board (Royal 19 B. XV, fol. 37r). All rights reserved / Bridgeman Images. 9. Godfrey of Bouillon and his train setting out on horseback, from William of Tyre, 22 Histoire d’Outremer, 1232–61. © British Library Board. All Rights Reserved / Bridgeman Images. 10. Richard I jousts with Saladin during the crusade of 1191. Encaustic tiles from 29 Chertsey Abbey, c. 1250. Universal History Archive/UIG / Bridgeman Images. 11. The Dome of the Rock, Jerusalem. Lori Epstein / National Geographic 32 Image Collection / Bridgeman Images. 12. Ivory casket with figural and ornamental decoration including hunting scenes, southern 33 Italy or Sicily, eleventh–twelfth centuries.
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    History, Hollywood, and the Crusades

    HISTORY, HOLLYWOOD, AND THE CRUSADES ________________ A Thesis Presented to The Faculty of the Department of History University of Houston ________________ In Partial Fulfillment Of the Requirements for the Degree of Master of Arts _______________ By Mary R. McCarthy May, 2013 HISTORY, HOLLYWOOD, AND THE CRUSADES ________________ An Abstract of a Thesis Presented to The Faculty of the Department of History University of Houston ________________ In Partial Fulfillment Of the Requirements for the Degree of Master of Arts _______________ By Mary R. McCarthy May, 2013 HISTORY, HOLLYWOOD, AND THE CRUSADES ______________________ Mary R. McCarthy APPROVED: ______________________ Sally N. Vaughn, Ph.D. Committee Chair ______________________ Martin Melosi, Ph.D. ______________________ Lorraine Stock, Ph.D. _______________________ John W. Roberts, Ph.D. Dean, College of Liberal Arts and Social Sciences Department of English ABSTRACT This thesis discusses the relationship between film and history in the depiction of the Crusades. It proposes that film is a valuable historical tool for teaching about the past on several levels, namely the film’s contemporaneous views of the Crusades, and the history Crusades themselves. This thesis recommends that a more rigid methodology be adopted for evaluating the historicity of films and encourages historians to view films not only as historians but also as film scholars. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I would like to thank my history teachers and professors over the years who inspired me to do what I love. In particular I am indebted to Mimi Kellogg and my thesis committee: Dr. Sally Vaughn, Dr. Martin Melosi, and Dr. Lorraine Stock. I am also indebted to my friends and family for their support and enthusiasm over the past few months.
  • State-Civil Society Relations in Syria : EU Good Governance Assistance in an Authoritarian State Issue Date: 2014-09-25

    State-Civil Society Relations in Syria : EU Good Governance Assistance in an Authoritarian State Issue Date: 2014-09-25

    Cover Page The handle http://hdl.handle.net/1887/28916 holds various files of this Leiden University dissertation. Author: Spitz, René Title: State-civil society relations in Syria : EU good governance assistance in an authoritarian state Issue Date: 2014-09-25 State-Civil Society Relations in Syria EU Good Governance Assistance in an Authoritarian State Proefschrift ter verkrijging van de graad van Doctor aan de Universiteit Leiden, op gezag van Rector Magnificus prof. mr. C.J.J.M. Stolker, volgens besluit van het College voor Promoties ter verdediging op donderdag 25 september 2014 klokke 11.15 uur door René Spitz geboren te Maastricht in 1955 Promotiecommissie Promoter Prof. dr. M. A. M. R. Salih Overige leden Prof. dr. M. O. Hosli Prof. dr. R. J. van der Veen (Universiteit Amsterdam) Prof. dr. A. F. Fowler (Erasmus Universiteit Rotterdam) Dr. R.E.C. Leenders (University of London, UK) I. Abstract The European Union’s (EU) good governance policies consider civil society an actor promoting development as well as political accountability of governments, thus contributing to the democratisation of political systems. By means of its European Neighbourhood Policy (ENP), the EU promotes good governance in its relations and cooperation with neighbouring countries to the East and the South, including Syria. The cooperation in the domain of good governance has not been successful in the southern neighbouring countries, although some governments have allowed civil society to become more active. Indeed, authoritarianism prevailed in the whole Arab region until recently. This study argues that the EU’s good governance policy is based on questionable assumptions with respect to the nature of civil society, as well as the willingness of state and civil society to cooperate.
  • European Journal of American Studies, 15-3 | 2020 the Reluctant Islamophobes: Multimedia Dissensus in the Hollywood Premodern 2

    European Journal of American Studies, 15-3 | 2020 the Reluctant Islamophobes: Multimedia Dissensus in the Hollywood Premodern 2

    European journal of American studies 15-3 | 2020 Special Issue: Media Agoras: Islamophobia and Inter/ Multimedial Dissensus The Reluctant Islamophobes: Multimedia Dissensus in the Hollywood Premodern Elena Furlanetto Electronic version URL: https://journals.openedition.org/ejas/16256 DOI: 10.4000/ejas.16256 ISSN: 1991-9336 Publisher European Association for American Studies Electronic reference Elena Furlanetto, “The Reluctant Islamophobes: Multimedia Dissensus in the Hollywood Premodern”, European journal of American studies [Online], 15-3 | 2020, Online since 29 September 2020, connection on 08 July 2021. URL: http://journals.openedition.org/ejas/16256 ; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4000/ejas. 16256 This text was automatically generated on 8 July 2021. Creative Commons License The Reluctant Islamophobes: Multimedia Dissensus in the Hollywood Premodern 1 The Reluctant Islamophobes: Multimedia Dissensus in the Hollywood Premodern Elena Furlanetto 1. Introduction 1 In February 2020,1 Bong Joon-ho’s film Parasite made history winning four Academy Awards, including best foreign picture and best picture, awarded for the first time to a non-Anglophone film. After Parasite’s game-changing success, the question of Orientalism in Hollywood has become more layered; perhaps, as Mubarak Altwaiji suggests, working toward the exclusion of countries from the map of the Orient and their inclusion in the imaginary perimeter of Western progress (see 313).2 Yet, as South Korean cinema makes its grand entrance into the persistently white halls of the Academy, Muslim countries remain underrepresented and Muslim characters continue to be heavily stereotyped. Altwaiji goes as far as suggesting that neo-Orientalism of the post 9/11 kind has triggered a re-evaluation of the classic Orient with the “Arab world” and its stereotyping as its center (314).
  • A Case Study Saverio Giovacchini*

    A Case Study Saverio Giovacchini*

    January 2011 Journal of Global Analysis The Cosmopolitan Epics of 2004: A Case Study Saverio Giovacchini* In 2004 Hollywood produced three purportedly blockbuster epic films: Troy, King Arthur and Alexander. Many critics suggested a direct link between the 1950s “sword and sandal” epic and this new crop of movies. Similarities between the two cycles certainly exist but in this essay I want to emphasize a crucial difference between the contemporary, cosmopolitan, epic and the previous, more nation-bound, 1950s cycle. Rather than being in tune with key elements of American foreign policy, the new cycle of “sword and sandal” films offers a somber assessment of American imperial adventures. I shall contend, in fact, that the new crop of epic films had to choose between two generic conventions that are, at present, not compatible. On the one hand, epic films had traditionally been the bearers of the foreign policy vision of the country that produced them. On the other, their inflated budgets made them dependent on an international market. Deeply aware of a globalized and rising opposition to US foreign policy and of the fact that foreign box office now exceeds the domestic take of a blockbuster, it may be no wonder that the makers of these films chose to craft them into citizens of the world. Keywords: Iraq War, Blockbuster cinema, American Foreign Policy, Anti-Americanism. Saverio Giovacchini Associate Professor History Department University of Maryland College Park, Maryland, 20742, USA www.cesran.org e-mail: [email protected] Ph: 301 405 8406 Journal of Global Analysis, * Saverio Giovacchini is Associate Professor at the University of Maryland.
  • ASOR Cultural Heritage Initiatives (CHI): Planning for Safeguarding Heritage Sites in Syria and Iraq1

    ASOR Cultural Heritage Initiatives (CHI): Planning for Safeguarding Heritage Sites in Syria and Iraq1

    ASOR Cultural Heritage Initiatives (CHI): Planning for Safeguarding Heritage Sites in Syria and Iraq1 S-IZ-100-17-CA021 March 2018 Monthly Report Appendices — March 1–31, 2018 Michael D. Danti, Marina Gabriel, Susan Penacho, William Raynolds, Allison Cuneo, Darren Ashby, Gwendolyn Kristy, Nour Halabi, Kyra Kaercher Table of Contents: Other Key Points 2 Military and Political Context 3 Incident Reports: Syria 12 Incident Reports: Iraq 88 Incident Reports: Libya 115 Satellite Imagery and Geospatial Analysis 137 Heritage Timeline 141 1 This report is based on research conducted by the “Cultural Preservation Initiative: Planning for Safeguarding Heritage Sites in Syria and Iraq.” Weekly reports reflect reporting from a variety of sources and may contain unverified material. As such, they should be treated as preliminary and subject to change. 1 Other Key Points Syria ● Aleppo Governorate ○ Batuta, one of the "Dead Cities" of Northern Syria, a UNESCO World Heritage Site in Aleppo Governorate was completely dismantled. ASOR CHI Incident Report SHI 16-0160 UPDATE ○ Artifacts in the Ain Dara Museum in Ain Dara, Aleppo Governorate have been left unguarded and exposed to the elements. ASOR CHI Incident Report SHI 18-0067 ○ Alleged Turkish shelling damaged the Shrine of Yagmur Dada in Mabatli, Aleppo Governorate. ASOR CHI Incident Report SHI 18-0068 ○ Suspected Syrian Liberation Front shelling reportedly damaged al-Adnan Mosque in Urm al-Kubra, Aleppo Governorate. ASOR CHI Incident Report SHI 18-0069 ○ Suspected Free Syrian Army fighters reportedly vandalized a Yezidi shrine, Shrine of Kara Jorna in Aleppo Governorate. ASOR CHI Incident Report SHI 18-0071 ○ Reported FSA and Turkish fighters defaced the Statue of Rafiq al-Watani in Afrin, Aleppo Governorate.
  • An Islamic History of the Crusades. Matt King University of Minnesota, Matthewking1@Usf.Edu

    An Islamic History of the Crusades. Matt King University of Minnesota, [email protected]

    University of South Florida Scholar Commons History Faculty Publications History 1-2016 Paul M. Cobb. The Race for Paradise: An Islamic History of the Crusades. Matt King University of Minnesota, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarcommons.usf.edu/hty_facpub Scholar Commons Citation King, Matt, "Paul M. Cobb. The Race for Paradise: An Islamic History of the Crusades." (2016). History Faculty Publications. 201. https://scholarcommons.usf.edu/hty_facpub/201 This Book Review is brought to you for free and open access by the History at Scholar Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in History Faculty Publications by an authorized administrator of Scholar Commons. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Paul M. Cobb. The Race for Paradise: An Islamic History of the Crusades. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2014. 360 pp. $31.95 (cloth), ISBN 978-0-19-935811-3. Reviewed by Matthew King (University of Minnesota) Published on H-War (January, 2016) Commissioned by Margaret Sankey (Air War College) The words “crusade” and “jihad” are firmly en- Arabic ones. Cobb’s work thus fills an important histo- trenched in modern political rhetoric and often function riographical gap by presenting a well-researched, thor- to reinforce monolithic notions of a clash of civilizations ough, yet also accessible history of the Crusades based between Christianity and Islam or West and East. This on the careful reading of medieval Islamic sources so as popular discourse makes the publication of Paul Cobb’s to show how medieval Muslims perceived events that we The Race for Paradise: An Islamic History of the Crusades today categorize as “Crusades.” all the more timely.