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The Forever War a Federal Agency Called Wildlife Services Has Been Researching Nonlethal Means to Protect Livestock for Decades

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The Forever War a Federal Agency Called Wildlife Services Has Been Researching Nonlethal Means to Protect Livestock for Decades COAL CLEANUP | BEHIND THE OREGON OCCUPATION | RE-ENGINEERING THE RANCH High Country ForN people whoews care about the West THE FOREvER WAR A federal agency called Wildlife Services has been researching nonlethal means to protect livestock for decades. So why is it still killing so many predators? By Ben Goldfarb January 25, 2016 | $5 | Vol. 48 No. 1 | www.hcn.org 48 No. | $5 Vol. January 25, 2016 CONTENTS Editor’s note Human and canine coevolution I remember the day, years ago, I first saw them, while wandering through the raggedy wildlands behind our Midwestern neighborhood. Suddenly, they appeared — a pack of dogs at the edge of the woods, looking straight at me. I froze. Surely they would advance, snarling, to take down this slow, weak suburban prey. But they gazed at me without fear and apparently without malice, and then slipped silently into the oaks. Not dogs. Coyotes. I never saw coyotes there again, but decades later, when I moved to the rural West, they became a steady presence in my world. They ran across our fields by day and sang haunting choruses by night. My rancher neighbors were highly attuned to them as well; they routinely shot any coyote they saw. It was the only way, they believed, to keep these wily predators fearful and few. That’s been the attitude of the little-known federal agency that, for nearly a century, has A Wildlife Services’ Predator Research Facility near Logan, Utah. KRISTIN MURPHY “controlled” predators on behalf of ranchers and farmers. As Ben Goldfarb reports in this week’s cover story, Wildlife Services routinely kills tens of thousands FEATURE of coyotes every year — 61,638 in 2014 alone. Yet the coyote has survived, and even expanded 12 The Forever War its range to virtually every ecosystem on the continent. Ecologists believe that killing adult A federal agency called Wildlife Services has been researching coyotes actually encourages early breeding and On the cover nonlethal means to protect livestock for decades. So why is it still killing so many predators? By Ben Goldfarb more successful pup production, yet the agency has Coyotes at the stuck to its guns — and its traps — largely because, Predator Research as Goldfarb reports, its rancher clients, who help pay Facility near Logan, Utah, where non- CURRENTS its bills, want a quick return on their investment. lethal methods The story, though, doesn’t end there. Prodded of predator control 5 Coal company bankruptcies Public at risk of footing cleanup costs on the inside by folks like biologist Julie Young, are studied. Wildlife Services is slowly evolving, just like the KRISTIN MURPHY 6 Photos: At Malheur, a moment behind the limelight other federal natural resource agencies in the West, 8 A tale of BLM mascots From Johnny Horizon to Seymour Antelope and it has begun introducing the nonlethal forms of 9 Re-engineering the ranch Montana rancher prepares for future climate predator control favored by activists, such as guard dogs, fencing, noise and lights. More and more 9 The Latest: Yellowstone bison cull ranchers are willing to give them a try. Though significant barriers to reform remain, DEPARTMENTS especially the agency’s reliance on local funding, it was heartening to hear Young say at a recent Complete access meeting, “I can think of people who hate the fact that to subscriber-only 3 HCN.ORG NEWS IN BRIEF content I work for the agency I work for, but 80 to 90 percent 4 LETTERS of what we’re trying to do is the exact same thing.” HCN’s website And that is to manage these marvelous hcn.org 10 THE HCN COMMUNITY Research Fund, Dear Friends lands with ecological intelligence and a sense of Digital edition 21 MARKETPLACE hcne.ws/digi-4801 compassion for all their denizens, whether human, Tablet and mobile apps 25 BOOKS domesticated or wild. As we go to press, a band hcne.ws/HCNmobile-app Unprocessed by Megan Kimble. Reviewed by Katherine E. Standefer of misinformed rogues is occupying the Malheur National Wildlife Refuge in eastern Oregon’s high 26 WRITERS ON THE RANGE desert. They seem to have forgotten that the West’s Modern sagebrush rebels recycle old Western fantasies By Paul Larmer Follow us public lands belong to all of us, and that there is 27 ESSAY common ground to be found, even with deeply The tree in the river By Ana Maria Spagna entrenched bureaucracies, if we are willing to work for it. @highcountrynews 28 HEARD AROUND THE WEST By Betsy Marston —Paul Larmer, executive director/publisher 2 High Country News January 25, 2016 FROM OUR WEBSI TE: HCN.ORG Trending $43 trillion Ranchers estimated amount that carbon dioxide and methane released from permafrost thawing could cost the world by 2200. bought out In an opinion piece, conservation advocate percent of Alaska’s permafrost that will Tom Ribe praises disappear by the end of the century. 16 to 24 a new wilderness Until recently, relatively little was known about the repercussions of bill for buying up thawing permafrost. Today, as its role in global carbon cycles grows federal grazing leases more apparent, a slew of studies are transforming our understanding of surrounding Idaho’s the frozen soil. Among the most notable takeaways are U.S. Geological Boulder-White Clouds Survey research that produced an unprecedented map of permafrost Wilderness. The Forest distribution, and studies that found that tundra fires, which are Service would take becoming increasingly common, accelerate permafrost thaw. control of the leases KRISTA LANGLOIS and put them out of MORE: hcne.ws/permafrost-studies production, helping minimize predator- Slow-motion methane disaster cattle conflicts. North of Porter Ranch, California, natural gas has been leaking from a National buyout massive underground storage facility. Additives in the gas have caused programs are rare, due health problems for some local residents, including burning eyes, nausea to opposition from and headaches, but the long-term impacts promise to be even more the ranching industry, devastating. Natural gas is mostly made up of methane, which is much and Ribe lauds the more potent in terms of global warming than carbon dioxide. Although compromise as a sign natural gas burns more cleanly than coal, leaks like this one undermine of progress from a its advantages. The company will begin burning off some of the gridlocked Congress. methane to prevent further damage. JONATHAN THOMPSON Wilderness bills can MORE: hcne.ws/slow-mo-methane make damaging compromises, Ribe MAJOR METHANE EMITTERS IN THE WEST says, but this one 106,224 ConocoPhillips - San Juan Basin benefits both ranchers and environmentalists. 65,928 Southern California Gas - Aliso Canyon Leak KATE SCHIMEL Children play near a pumpjack in a neighborhood in Frederick, 10/23-1/8 Colorado. Colorado citizens can now report health problems potentially related to oil and gas development. DAVID ZALUBOWSKI/AP 53,284 Southern California Gas Co. You say 47,782 San Juan Basin geologic seeps* JACK PRIER: “So Colorado to track fracking-related health problems we can step away Colorado recently became the first state to have a health response program 41,820 BP America - San Juan Basin from an 1800s land for oil and gas operations. Fracking and drilling can release a range of experiment on behalf 33,496 San Juan Mine, NM of the public’s wildlife pollutants that harm human health, but definitive proof of links between oil ecosystem? Good and gas production and health problems is often elusive. The new program will 32,048 BP America - Green River Basin news.” allow citizens to report symptoms they believe may be related to oil and gas activity. Health specialists will also provide information on existing research, 26,049 West Elk Mine, CO DEB HOCHHALTER: track complaints and look for patterns of illness. The program is based on “Not only do the recommendations from the state’s oil and gas task force. But it stems from a 24,432 Encana - Piceance Basin grazers destroy the land, but they, along groundbreaking 2010 study performed in Battlement Mesa, Colorado, which 22,952 PDC Energy - Denver Basin with their friends looked at the health impacts of a proposal to drill some 200 natural gas wells at Wildlife Services, within town limits. Meanwhile, worries linger in the state over wells built too 0 20000 40000 60000 80000 100000 120000 are decimating the Metric tons of methane emitted in 2014 close to homes and schools. JODI PETERSON predator populations. MORE: hcne.ws/co-oil-gas-health SOURCE: CALIFORNIA AIR RESOURCES BOARD, EPA, LT ENVIRONMENTAL. *SAN JUAN BASIN Loss of these GEOLOGIC SEEPS ONLY INCLUDE THE PORTION OF THE BASIN IN COLORADO ON NON-UTE LAND. predators and their ability to control the ungulate populations Video are decimating A California housing development dries up ecosystems.” “It’s imperative that the community continues to grow. If it’s MARK BAILEY: fishers were arbitrarily truncated or cut short, I don’t see how the existing “Nothing is harder on 7released into Washington’s the public lands in the Gifford Pinchot National ratepayers will be able to bear that debt burden on their own. West than livestock Forest on Dec. 3. It was the If we’re not a growing community, we’re a dying community.” grazing. This is such a first time the weasel-like win-win fix.” creature had been seen —Edwin Pattison, general manager of Mountain House, in the South Cascades in a housing development east of San Francisco whose MORE: hcne.ws/ rancher-buyout and more than 70 years. BEN water supply was cut off last year due to drought Facebook.com/ GOLDFARB highcountrynews MORE: hcne.ws/wa-fishers MORE: hcne.ws/drying-up ZOË MEYERS www.hcn.org High Country News 3 LETTERS Send letters to [email protected] or Editor, HCN, P.O.
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