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Criminal alienation: Arizona prison expansion, 1993-2003 Item Type text; Dissertation-Reproduction (electronic) Authors Hammer-Tomizuka, Zoe Publisher The University of Arizona. Rights Copyright © is held by the author. Digital access to this material is made possible by the University Libraries, University of Arizona. Further transmission, reproduction or presentation (such as public display or performance) of protected items is prohibited except with permission of the author. Download date 11/10/2021 01:49:08 Link to Item http://hdl.handle.net/10150/290137 NOTE TO USERS Page(s) not included in the original manuscript and are unavailable from the author or university. The manuscript was scanned as received. 293 This reproduction is the best copy available. UMI CRIMINAL ALIENATION: ARIZONA PRISON EXPANSION 1993-2003 by Zoe Hammer-Tomizuka A Dissertation Submitted to the Faculty of the PROGRAM OF COMPARATIVE CULTURAL AND LITERARY STUDIES In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements For the Degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY In the Graduate College THE UNIVERISTY OF ARIZONA 2 0 0 4 UMI Number: 3158100 INFORMATION TO USERS The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted. Broken or indistinct print, colored or poor quality illustrations and photographs, print bleed-through, substandard margins, and improper alignment can adversely affect reproduction. In the unlikely event that the author did not send a complete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if unauthorized copyright material had to be removed, a note will indicate the deletion. UMI UMI Microform 3158100 Copyright 2005 by ProQuest Information and Learning Company. All rights reserved. This microform edition is protected against unauthorized copying under Title 17, United States Code. ProQuest Information and Learning Company 300 North Zeeb Road P.O. Box 1346 Ann Arbor, Ml 48106-1346 2 The University of Arizona ® Graduate College As members of the Final Examination Committee, we certify that we have read the dissertation prepared by Zee Kristine Hammer-Tomizuka ^ entitled Criminal Alienation; Arizona Prison Expansion 1993 - 2000 and recommend that it be accepted as fulfilling the dissertation requirement for the Degree pf Doctor of Philosophy pt date / ,. / // ^ . I ^ i jo ¥- ,1 S iO- 7foU \ date •&/10 in^ i/ dateo -f-o. ' a, I Final-approval and acceptance of this dissertation is contingent upon the candidate's submission of the final copies of the dissertation to the Graduate College. I hereby certify that I have read this dissertation prepared under my direction and recommgnd that it be accepted as fulfilling the dissertation requirement. Dissertation Director 3 STATEMENT BY AUTHOR This dissertation has been submitted in partial fulfillment of requirements for an advanced degree at The University of Arizona and is deposited in the University Library to be made available to borrowers under rules of the Library. Brief quotations from this dissertation are allowable without special permission, provided that accurate acknowledgment of source is made. Requests for permission for extended quotations from or reproduction of this manuscript in whole or part may be granted by the head of the major department or the Dean of the Graduate College when in his or her judgment the proposed use of the material is in the interests of scholarship. In all other instances, however, permission must be obtained from the author. SIGNED: r 4 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS The list of extraordinary teachers, mentors, community organizers, colleagues, students, prisoners, babysitters, friends, and family members that made this project happen is too long to acknowledge adequately in the space allowed. My distinguished dissertation committee, Miranda Joseph, Ruth Wilson Gilmore, Marvin Waterstone, Jane Hill, and Julia Sudbury, as well as Samantha King, George Henderson, Yvonne Reineke, Jacqueline Sharkey, and Eileen Meehan provided support, encouragement, acute intellectual engagement, political solidarity, wit, humor, and astounding patience throughout my course work, oral examinations, extensive research period, and heated writing process. Community organizers Caroline Isaacs and Jennifer Allen generously allowed ray participation in their projects, offering an intensive education in the analysis, tactics, and practices of the abolition movement in Arizona. Criminal Alienation would have been impossible without them. As a result of their support, I was also privileged to work with and learn from many community activists, including: Gustavo Lozano, Paula Arnquist, Julia Sudbury, Patricia Moncada, Riva Rivera, Michelle Foy, Rose Braz, Jane Wholey, Randall Smith, Luis Herrera, Dan Kreibel, and many more. My beloved graduate school cohort, Caren Zimmerman, Ari Anand, Jodi Kelber-Kaye, Wendy Buck, Melina Patterson, Christopher Jewell, Paul Burkhardt, Farhang Rouhani, Dereka Rushbrook, Danika Brown, Cathy Chaput, Curtis Ferree, Elizabeth Krauss, Patricia Macias, and Sahee Kil provided the political camaraderie, intellectual enthusiasm, emotional commiseration, bar-room intrigue, glitzy parties, and Miller Lite that made it survivable. Susanne Olkkola provided staunch support, endless encouragement, and kept me aware of the need to finish! John Hammer, Peter Klempay, Kathrin Morris, and Roger Morris encouraged the curiosity and pelitical instincts and provided the tuition, patience, emergency loans, and child- care that led me to and got me through graduate school in cultural studies. Frank Tomizuka has been there from the beginning, lending encouragement, sympathy, social insight and inspirational co-parenting. Paul Burkhardt has been an endlessly provocative intellectual comrade and staunchly supportive domestic partner in crime. And Coleman Hammer- Tomizuka makes the future worth fighting for. 5 DEDICATION For Kathrin Morris, Jennifer Allen, and Caroline Isaacs 6 TABLE OF CONTENTS ABSTRACT . 12 CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION 14 The Project 14 The Problem 15 Prison Expansion 15 Representations of Crime 17 Prison as the Solution to All Problems 18 In Order to Change This Problem, It Must Be Understood 19 Contemporary U.S. Prison Studies 20 Contemporary U.S. Prison Abolition .27 Overview of Chapters 32 Criminal Alienation . 32 The Border/Prison System 34 Repression Matters . 35 Border/Prison Narratives 35 Struggling For and Against Criminal Alien Prisons in Willcox, AZ . 37 Conclusion 38 CHAPTER 2 PRISON EXPANSION IN ARIZONA, 1993-2002: CONVERGING STATE PRACTICES AND THE PRODUCTION OF FLEXIBLE PRISONER MARKETS 40 Chapter Overview .................................... 40 Introduction ........................................ 42 The Border: Militarization and the Criminalization of Immigrants--The Expansion of Repressive State Capacities 46 IRAIRA 50 7 TABLE OF CONTENTS - Continued Gatekeeper, Hold-the-Line, and Safeguard 51 Intended Effects: Deterrence or Image Control? . 53 Lived Effects: More War, More Crime 57 Border Militarization and Capital .............. 60 Migrant Settlement and the Value of Labor ...... 61 The Contradictions of Deterrence 66 Arizona: The Crimefare State (State Repression and Neoliberal Globalization) . ... 68 The Border as Magnet for Federal Crimefare Dollars . 70 Crimefare as Corporate Keynesianism: Criminal Alien Requirement 3 - Corporate Bail-Out 72 The Bailout 75 Why Immigrants? 76 The "New Penology": Arizona State Prisons, Privatization, Segregation, and the Interchangeability of Mexican National Prisoners . 78 Fin de Siecle Arizona 80 Arizona Private Prisoner Population Overview . 81 Stewart' s Progress 83 The More or Less "Solid Bet": Capturing DUI, Losing Women 86 Repression for Profit 87 Conclusion 89 CHAPTER 3 "REPRESSION MATTERS" 92 Chapter Overview 92 Introduction 94 Section 1: Why Study State Repression? 95 Marxist Cultural Studies and the State ......... 96 Marx: "Primitive Accumulation" 96 Gramsci and Althusser: State-Educated Subjects and the Reproduction of the Conditions of Production 101 8 TABLE OF CONTENTS - Continued Gramsci: The State as Educator ................ 102 Althusser: Interpellation ..................... 105 Spivak, Hall,and Gilmore: Shifting the Analytical Lens to "Other" Subjects, "Other" Places 108 Spivak: Subj ects and Non-Subjects ............. 110 Hall; Narratives and Subjectivities of Globalization 114 Foucault: The "Soul" as Prisonhouse ........... 120 Section 2: Accounting for the State ................ 123 Section 3: Contingency, Performativity, History .... 126 Spivak: Contingency 126 Butler: Performativity 131 Robinson: History 133 Section 4: Valorization, Production, Alienation . 137 Wright: Valorization 13 9 Joseph: Production ............................ 144 Woods; Alienation 156 Launching Point: Considerations Regarding the History and Technology of State Repression 159 CHAPTER 4 PARASITIC WORKERS, CRIMINAL ALIENS, IMMIGRATION REFORM: REPRODUCING THE CONDITIONS OF RACIAL CAPITALISM .................................... 162 Chapter Overview . 162 Terms of Analysis ............................. 163 Introduction ....................................... 165 Reproducing the Conditions of Production: How Do We Make the "Changing Same" ? 167 Structures or Practices? 167 Reproduction 169 9 TABLE OF CONTENTS - Continued Real and Imagined Social Relations ............ 172 Displacement 177 State Narratives Displace Hierarchy 178 Spatial Effects of the State 180 Identities as Divisions of Labor ................... 182 Reorganizing Identity-Based Work Assignments ....... 182 Organizing Power of Identity
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