Why Border Enforcement Backfired
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Trumpfronterizo the Influence of Trumpism on Socio-Economic Cross-Border Flows in the San Diego – Tijuana Bi-National Metropolitan Area
Trumpfronterizo The influence of Trumpism on socio-economic cross-border flows in the San Diego – Tijuana bi-national metropolitan area Nadim van Minnen Radboud University Nijmegen | s4801431 1 Trumpfronterizo The influence of Trumpism on socio-economic cross-border flows in the San Diego – Tijuana bi-national metropolitan area Front page background sources: Autodesk, 2018. Own figure, 2017. Wikimedia Commons, 2017. Master thesis Nadim van Minnen Radboud University Nijmegen | Nijmegen School of Management Department of Geography, Planning and Environment MSc. Programme Human Geography: Globalisation, Migration and Development Thesis supervisor: Dr. Lothar Smith Nadim van Minnen [s4801431] [email protected] 10 July 2018 Radboud University Nijmegen 2 PREFACE This thesis was written as an integral part of the Master program of Human Geography and the track Globalisation, Migration and Development at Radboud University Nijmegen. This master thesis is the final assignment that needed to be completed in order finish this study, and therefore to receive my degree as a Master of Science. As can be seen in the methodology chapter and the conclusion, as well as annex 4, there were some small problems while doing this research, mostly due to the bi-national nature of this research. However, everything turned out alright in the end as I gathered plenty of information in order to make valid and informed statements regarding the issues at play in this thesis. A major thank you therefore goes out to my informants and expert interviewees for sacrificing their valuable time, their expertise and their willingness to participate. Without them and the useful information they provided me, I would not have gotten what I wanted out of this research. -
Exploring the Relationship Between Militarization in the United States
Exploring the Relationship Between Militarization in the United States and Crime Syndicates in Mexico: A Look at the Legislative Impact on the Pace of Cartel Militarization by Tracy Lynn Maish A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science (Criminology and Criminal Justice) in the University of Michigan-Dearborn 2021 Master Thesis Committee: Assistant Professor Maya P. Barak, Chair Associate Professor Kevin E. Early Associate Professor Donald E. Shelton Tracy Maish [email protected] ORCID iD: 0000-0001-8834-4323 © Tracy L. Maish 2021 Acknowledgments The author would like to acknowledge the assistance of their committee and the impact that their guidance had on the process. Without the valuable feedback and enormous patience, this project would not the where it is today. Thank you to Dr. Maya Barak, Dr. Kevin Early, and Dr. Donald Shelton. Your academic mentorship will not be forgotten. ii Table of Contents 1. Acknowledgments ii 2. List of Tables iv 3. List of Figures v 4. Abstract vi 5. Chapter 1 Introduction 1 6. Chapter 2 The Militarization of Law Enforcement Within the United States 8 7. Chapter 3 Cartel Militarization 54 8. Chapter 4 The Look into a Mindset 73 9. Chapter 5 Research Findings 93 10. Chapter 6 Conclusion 108 11. References 112 iii List of Tables Table 1 .......................................................................................................................................... 80 Table 2 ......................................................................................................................................... -
Congressional Record—Senate S3775
April 18, 2005 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD — SENATE S3775 I may have agreed with it. I may Dorgan/Durbin amendment No. 399, to pro- PROHIBITION ON TERMINATION OF EXISTING have disagreed. I did not want to see us hibit the continuation of the independent JOINT-SERVICE MULTIYEAR PRO- counsel investigation of Henry Cisneros past CUREMENT CONTRACT FOR C/KC- making the Senate into some kind of a 130J AIRCRAFT June 1, 2005 and request an accounting of supreme court that would overturn any SEC. 1122. No funds appropriated or other- costs from GAO. wise made available by this Act, or any decision we didn’t like. On the way out, Reid amendment No. 445, to achieve an ac- other Act, may be obligated or expended to the third Senator came up to Lowell celeration and expansion of efforts to recon- terminate the joint service multiyear pro- Weicker and myself and linked his arm struct and rehabilitate Iraq and to reduce curement contract for C/KC-130J aircraft in ours, and he said: We are the only the future risks to United States Armed that is in effect on the date of the enactment Forces personnel and future costs to United true conservatives on this floor be- of this Act. cause we want to protect the Constitu- States taxpayers, by ensuring that the peo- AMENDMENT NO. 418, AS MODIFIED tion and not make these changes. ple of Iraq and other nations do their fair Mr. CHAMBLISS. Mr. President, I I turned to him and I said: Senator share to secure and rebuild Iraq. -
COYOTES Animal Damage Control Lakewood, Colorado 80228
Jeffrey S. Green Assistant Regional Director USDA-APHIS- COYOTES Animal Damage Control Lakewood, Colorado 80228 F. Robert Henderson Extension Specialist Animal Damage Control Kansas State University Manhattan, Kansas 66506-1600 Mark D. Collinge State Director USDA-APHIS- Animal Damage Control Boise, Idaho 83705 Fig. 1. Coyote, Canis latrans Damage Prevention and Shed lambing, kidding, and calving Toxicants usually reduce coyote predation. Control Methods M-44 ejector devices for use with Remove carrion to help limit coyote sodium cyanide-loaded plastic Exclusion populations. capsules. They are most effective Produce livestock in confinement. Frightening Agents and during cold weather (fall to spring). Repellents Herd livestock into pens at night. Livestock protection collars (LPC) Guarding dogs: Some dogs have containing Compound 1080 Exclusion fences (net-wire and/or (sodium monofluoroacetate) are electric), properly constructed and significantly reduced coyote predation. registered for use only in certain maintained, can aid significantly in states. reducing predation. Donkeys and llamas: Some are Fumigants Cultural Methods and aggressive toward canines and have Habitat Modification reduced coyote predation. Gas cartridges are registered as a burrow (den) fumigant. Select pastures that have a lower Sonic and visual repellents: Strobe incidence of predation to reduce lights, sirens, propane cannons, and Trapping exposure of livestock to predation. others have reduced predation on both sheep and calves. Leghold traps (Nos. 3 and 4) are Herding of livestock generally reduces effective and are the most versatile Chemical odor and taste repellents: predation due to human presence control tool. during the herding period. None have shown sufficient effectiveness to be registered for Snares are effective where coyotes pass Change lambing, kidding, and calving use. -
UNIVERSITY of CALIFORNIA, SAN DIEGO Re-Thinking
UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, SAN DIEGO Re -thinking the Immigrant Narrative in a Global Perspective: Representations of Labor, Gender and Im/migration in Contemporary Cultural Productions A dissertation submitted in partial satisfaction of the requireme nt s for the degree Doctor of Philosophy in Literature by Irene Mata Committee in charge: Professor Rosaura Sánchez, Chair Professor Michael Davidson Professor Jorge Huerta Professor Lisa Lowe Professor Shelley Streeby 2007 Copyright Irene Mata, 2007 All rights reserved. The Dissertation of Irene Mata is approved, and it is acceptable in quality and form for publication on microfilm. Chair University of California , San Diego 2007 iii DEDICATION Par a mi madre , Irene Martinez de Mata . iv TABLE OF CONTENTS Signature Page…………………………………………………… .. ……… ….iii Dedication………………………………………………………………… .... ..iv Table of Contents……………………………………………………… …... …v Acknowledgements……………………………………………………… ... ....vi Vita……………………………………… ……………………………… ... ... vii i Abstract……………………………………………………………… .. ... ……ix Introduction………………………………………………………… .…… .….1 Chapter One : Up by Their Bootstraps or Can you D ance the Spanglish Lambada in the Barrio, Pocho?: The Immigrant Narrative Across Time, Place and Gender in Pocho , Barrio Boy , Spanglish and The Forbidden Dance is the Lambada .……………………………………………………. ... 25 Chapter Two : Alternative Narratives: Representations of Domestic Labor and Immigration in the Southwest .. ………………………………………. ... 71 Chapte r Three : “Ab ove All…Strive to be Invisible.” From the Suburbs to the Hotel: Representations of Domestic Labor in the Northeast U.S ………12 4 Conclusion…………………………………………………………………. 18 1 References.. ………………………………… ……………………………... 19 1 v ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Thank you to the Center for the Study of Race and Ethnicity and the Department of Literature for helping to fund my research and writing. I would like to acknowledge all of the help and guidance from my committee members . -
The Heart of an Industry: the Role of the Bracero Program in the Growth of Viticulture in Sonoma and Napa Counties
THE HEART OF AN INDUSTRY: THE ROLE OF THE BRACERO PROGRAM IN THE GROWTH OF VITICULTURE IN SONOMA AND NAPA COUNTIES by Zachary A. Lawrence A thesis submitted to Sonoma State University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of MASTER OF ARTS in History Copyright 2005 By Zachary A. Lawrence ii AUTHORIZATION FOR REPRODUCTION OF MASTER’S THESIS I grant permission for the reproduction of parts of this thesis without further authorization from me, on the condition that the person or agency requesting reproduction absorbs the cost and provide proper acknowledgement of authorship. Permission to reproduce this thesis in its entirety must be obtained from me. iii THE HEART OF AN INDUSTRY: THE ROLE OF THE BRACERO PROGRAM IN THE GROWTH OF VITICULTURE IN SONOMA AND NAPA COUNTIES Thesis by Zachary A. Lawrence ABSTRACT This study examines the role of the Bracero Program in the growth of Sonoma and Napa County viticulture in an attempt to understand how important bracero labor was to the industry. While most histories of the Bracero Program are nationwide or statewide in scope, this study explores the regional complexities of how and why the program was used in Sonoma and Napa Counties, how both the growers and laborers in the region felt about it, and how this was different from and similar to other regions. Government documents provided the statistics necessary to determine the demographic changes in the region due to the Bracero Program. Important primary source material that provided the human side of the story includes a number of oral history interviews I conducted, the collection of Wine Industry Oral Histories, and various regional newspaper articles. -
La Gran Marcha: Anti-Racism and Immigrants Rights in Southern California
La Gran Marcha: Anti-Racism and Immigrants Rights in Southern California Jenna M. Loyd1 Department of Geography, Syracuse University 144 Eggers Hall, Syracuse, NY 13244-1020 USA Email: [email protected] Andrew Burridge Department of Geography, University of Southern California, 416 Kaprielian Hall, Los Angeles, CA 90089-0255 USA Email: [email protected] Abstract Millions of people across the United States took to the streets in spring 2006 to protest repressive immigration legislation, demand just immigration reform, and seek justice in daily life. This article has two aims. First, we seek to intervene in the popular immigration debate, which denies racism and claims to be concerned only with law-and-order. Second, we analyze (im)migration politics in relation to national racial formations. That is, racialized immigration policies do not exist apart from a racially stratified citizenry. We rely on the concept of social death to trace state policies of immigration and criminalization as key sites of interracial and transnational struggles against racism and for justice and liberation. Thus, we seek to elucidate possibilities for anti-racist alliances and social change. We conclude with a discussion of the ways in which we see the immigrants rights movement connecting with other struggles for social justice, and the implications that 1 © Jenna M. Loyd and Andrew Burridge, 2007 La Gran Marcha: Anti-Racism and Immigrants Rights in Southern California 2 concepts of national racial formation and social death have for the movement against global apartheid. KEY WORDS: immigrants rights, racism, national racial formation, social death, criminalization, militarization, United States “Immigration politics also surfaced in California’s gubernatorial race … with Gov. -
Border Security: the San Diego Fence
Order Code RS22026 Updated May 23, 2007 Border Security: The San Diego Fence Blas Nuñez-Neto Analyst in Domestic Security Domestic Social Policy Division Michael John Garcia Legislative Attorney American Law Division Summary This report outlines the issues involved with DHS’s construction of the San Diego border fence and highlights some of the major legislative and administrative developments regarding its completion; it will be updated as warranted.1 Congress first authorized the construction of a 14-mile, triple-layered fence along the U.S.-Mexico border near San Diego in the Illegal Immigration Reform and Immigration Responsibility Act (IIRIRA) of 1996. By 2004, only nine miles had been completed, and construction was halted because of environmental concerns. The 109th Congress subsequently passed the REAL ID Act (P.L. 109-13, Div. B), which contained provisions to facilitate the completion of the 14-mile fence. These provisions allow the Secretary of Homeland Security to waive all legal requirements determined necessary to ensure expeditious construction of authorized barriers and roads. In September 2005, the Secretary used this authority to waive a number of mostly environmental and conservation laws. Subsequently, the Secure Fence Act of 2006 (P.L. 109-367) removed the specific IIRIRA provisions authorizing the San Diego fence and added provisions authorizing five stretches of two-layered reinforced fencing along the southwest border. While the specific authorization of the San Diego fence was deleted, the project appears permissible under a separate, more general authorization provision of IIRIRA. In the 110th Congress, S.Amdt. 1150, the Secure Borders, Economic Opportunity, and Immigration Reform Act of 2007, which has been proposed in the nature of a substitute to S. -
Congressional Record United States Th of America PROCEEDINGS and DEBATES of the 106 CONGRESS, FIRST SESSION
E PL UR UM IB N U U S Congressional Record United States th of America PROCEEDINGS AND DEBATES OF THE 106 CONGRESS, FIRST SESSION Vol. 145 WASHINGTON, WEDNESDAY, NOVEMBER 10, 1999 No. 158 House of Representatives The House met at 10 a.m. R E V I S E D N O T I C E If the 106th Congress, 1st Session, adjourns sine die on or before November 17, 1999, a final issue of the Congressional Record for the 106th Congress, 1st Session, will be published on December 2, 1999, in order to permit Members to revise and extend their remarks. All material for insertion must be signed by the Member and delivered to the respective offices of the Official Reporters of Debates (Room HT±60 or S±123 of the Capitol), Monday through Friday, between the hours of 10:00 a.m. and 3:00 p.m. through December 1. The final issue will be dated December 2, 1999, and will be delivered on Friday, December 3, 1999. If the 106th Congress does not adjourn until a later date in 1999, the final issue will be printed at a date to be an- nounced. None of the material printed in the final issue of the Congressional Record may contain subject matter, or relate to any event that occurred after the sine die date. Senators' statements should also be submitted electronically, either on a disk to accompany the signed statement, or by e-mail to the Official Reporters of Debates at ``Records@Reporters''. Members of the House of Representatives' statements may also be submitted electronically by e-mail or disk, to accom- pany the signed statement, and formatted according to the instructions for the Extensions of Remarks template at http:// clerkhouse.house.gov. -
Border Enforcement Developments Since 1993 and How to Change CBP
Border Enforcement Developments Since 1993 and How to Change CBP Daniel E. Martínez The University of Arizona Josiah Heyman The University of Texas at El Paso Jeremy Slack The University of Texas at El Paso August 24, 2020 CMS Essays, https://cmsny.org/publications/border-enforcement-developments-since-1993- and-how-to-change-cbp/ Executive Summary Enforcement along the US-Mexico border has intensified significantly since the early 1990s. Social scientists have documented several consequences of border militarization, including increased border-crosser deaths, the killing of more than 110 people by Customs and Border Protection (CBP) agents over the past decade, and expanded ethno-racial profiling in southwestern communities by immigration authorities. Less attention has been paid to the pervasive and routine mistreatment migrants experience on a daily basis in CBP custody. This paper traces major developments in border enforcement to three notable initiatives: the “prevention-through-deterrence” strategy, the aftermath of the 9/11 terrorist attacks, and the Department of Homeland Security (DHS) Consequence Delivery System, initiated in 2011. Despite the massive buildup in enforcement, CBP has operated with little transparency and accountability to the detriment of migrants. The paper provides an overview of the findings of nongovernmental organizations and social scientists regarding migrant mistreatment while in CBP custody. It then highlights important shifts in migration patterns over the past decade, as well as changes in border enforcement efforts during the Trump administration. It discusses how these transformations affect migrants’ everyday encounters with CBP officials. The paper concludes by providing specific recommendations for improving CBP conduct. Its core theme is the need to emphasize and inculcate lessons of appropriate police behavior, civil rights, and civil liberties in training and recruiting agents and in setting responsibilities of supervisors and administrators. -
Migraciones Internacionales 22.Indd
Opinión de los polleros tamaulipecos sobre la política migratoria estadounidense Simón Pedro IZCARA PALACIOS Universidad Autónoma de Tamaulipas Resumen Desde el comienzo de los años noventa, la política migratoria estadounidense ha centrado la atención en el control de la frontera, mientras las sanciones a los em- pleadores, la vigilancia de los lugares de trabajo y otras formas de control del inte- rior han permanecido desatendidas. Sin embargo, un resguardo más estricto de la frontera ha sido incapaz de contener el flujo de inmigrantes indocumentados. En la medida en que Estados Unidos ha reforzado la vigilancia fronteriza, los inmigrantes se han tornado más dependientes de los contrabandistas de indocumentados. Este artículo analiza qué opinión tienen los polleros tamaulipecos sobre la estrategia es- tadounidense de control de la inmigración centrada en la vigilancia de la frontera y cómo ha afectado esto el contrabando de indocumentados. Palabras clave: 1. guía de migrantes, 2. política migratoria, 3. cruce fronterizo, 4. Tamaulipas, 5. Estados Unidos. Tamaulipas Coyotes’ Views on U.S. Immigration Policy Abstract Since the early 1990s the overwhelming emphasis in U.S. immigration policy has been on border enforcement while employer sanctions, worksite enforcement and other forms of interior control have remained notoriously weak. However, border enforcement proved to be a poor deterrent to the unauthorized fl ow of immi- grants. As the United States has tightened border controls, migrants have become increasingly dependent on people smugglers. Th is article analyzes the views of Tamaulipas’ smugglers on U.S. immigration control which focuses on border sur- veillance, and how it has aff ected illegal immigrant smuggling. -
The State of America's Border Security
THE STATE OF AMERICA’S BORDER SECURITY Senator Ron Johnson, Chairman Committee on Homeland Security and Governmental Affairs United States Senate 114th Congress November 23, 2015 MAJORITY STAFF REPORT Table of Contents Executive Summary .......................................................................................................................3 Key Highlights .....................................................................................................................7 Part I: The U.S. – Mexico Border ...............................................................................................15 Physical Barriers and Technological Detection Capabilities in the Sectors ..................................16 Fencing and Infrastructure ................................................................................................17 Technologies ......................................................................................................................22 Experiences on the Border .............................................................................................................28 Border Patrol .....................................................................................................................28 Local Law Enforcement .....................................................................................................29 Local Landowners ..............................................................................................................30 Transnational Crime at the Southwest Border