DOCSLIB.ORG

Maryam, the “Red Princess”

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Maryam, the “Red Princess” Maryam, the “Red Princess” When she was born in May 1914, the streets of Teheran had not been spoiled yet by the smell of petrol-driven cars and buses, but the air was smelling of the blossoming lime- and chestnut trees, and odor that at least in this season was almost strong enough to evercome the usual smell of the horses and donkey. But because she was born in a palace surrounded by a hugh garden and several pools with water-lillies on it, the smells, the dust and the noise of the capital of Persia was kept away behind walls and a broad fence of trees. The palace was only one part of the properties of her family, the dynasty of the Quajars, who ruled the country for more than a hundred years. They were not only the ruling family of Persia and gave birth to the Shah, princess and ministers of the gouvernment, but over many years also managed to accumulate amazing rich property. They not only owned the famous Shahs palace on the nothern outskirt of Tehran but many thousands of land across the country, with summer residences on the Caspian Sea coast and in the Elborz mountains and winter residences at the gulf islands. When she was born to the Quajar prince Abdol-Hossein Mirza Farmanfarma and his wife Batoul Khanoum, she was given the name Princess Maryam Farman Farmaian. Wheras her mother was always around her and the most important person, her father always had others wifes, whom she refered to as aunts. Because of this huge family tree with many crisscrossing branches, she had altogether 24 brothers and 12 daughters. For all of them, one of the eight wifes of Farmanfarma was their mother, and their most beloved and respected person, whereas the prince Farmanfarma came home only occasionally when his many gouvernmental duties as minister or gouverner of Fars, Azerbaidshan or Kerman gave him a few free days. When she was in the first years attending a school that her father had especially founded for the education of girls, some changes happened in the upper ranks of the Persian leadership. A former lieutenant who was in charge of leading the palace guard, Reza Khan became unease with his role as a military servant to the Quajar Shah, and in 1924 he plotted a coup d’etat against her uncle Ahmad Shah Qajar, the last ruler of the Quajar dynasty. Princess Maryam remembered this army lieutenant very well, because he preferred to play with her and all her sisters and brothers in the palace garden. He gave the Shahs children their first lessons on horse riding, he trained them how to shoot with a gun on empty glass bottles and tought them to play his army trumpet. When Reza Khan returned at dusk to his army baracks, her and all her sisters and brothers guided him to the gate and he had tp promise them to continue the games at exactly the same position as they finished. The high walls and dense trees around the palace garden not only protected the live of princess Maryam from all the atrocities of the noisy, dangerous and dirty daily life of the ordinary people, it also shielded her from understanding that the situation in the country had dramatically changed since she was born 6 years ago. But even without the fences around the huge garden and the thick walls of the palace, she would have probably not understand how complicate these changes were. The only difference that she and her play-mates realized was that from one day on their lieutenant master and play companion did not came any more. And suddenly the large family, all her uncles and aunts and servants started to condemn lieutenant Reza Khan, called him a liar, a traitor, an enemy of the right Shah. It appeared that during an increasing political chaotic situation that destabilized the whole country, the lieutenant had overruled the old Quajar Shah, and by this ended the political power of the entire dynasty, inluding this of her own family. From one day to the other in 1925, princess Maryam’s parents lost their exclusive position, and remained nothing else than a large and rich, but privat family. Princess Maryam, meanwhile 10 years old continued to learn at the first Tehran school for girls, where her sense for social rights and equal opportunities and human progress developed. She received a liberal education for the Persian women of her time, and attended university later in life while living in exile. She was a linguist, fluent in Persian, Arabic, French, Russian, German, and English. An independent thinker, she appreciated communist theory. She chose to become a member of the Tudeh party, because this political organisation was the only party willing to accept her as a woman and give her a chance to become active in the women's rights movemen. Maryams enthusiams for political changes and a new society with equal rights for everybody was so strong that she decided to abandon her aristocratic name and adopted the surname Firouz in her political struggles; her grandfather's name. She became known as Maryam Firouz in the political arena. She retained her legal name as Maryam Farman Farmaian with pride. From her first mariages, that was still in the traditional way arranged by her father, she had two daughters. After seperating from her first husband in 1949, Maryam married Noureddin Kianouri, a member and later general secretary of the Tudeh Party of Iran. In cooperation with Kianouri, Farman Farmaian established a women's division of the Tudeh Party. Following the attempted assassination of Mohammad Reza Shah on 4 February 1949, the Tudeh party was blamed and her husband was imputed to have been one of the masterminds of the operation. She and her husband were forced into exile. She started her life in exile in the USSR and then lived in East Berlin, in the former German Democratic Republic. During her years of exile she completed her university studies and later taught French in the universities of Leipzig and Berlin. She remembered the years in Leipzig as a nice time, and she spend every free moment in the large parks of the city, which during most of the year where as green and full of flowers as the garden of her Tehran childhood was only during spring time. Princess Maryam and her husband left Leipzig in 1979 , when the Islamic Revolution chased Shah reza Pahlevi, the son of her childhood companion lieutenant out of the country. Maryam, meanwile entitled the Red Prinzess, tried to refound the peoples party of Iran (Tudeh), but the islamic fundamentalist regime considered this a threat to their political power and imprisoned Maryam and her husband in 1983 accusing them for espionage for the Soviet Union. Maryam Firouz spent all of her imprisonment in solitary confinement. She was the only member of the Tudeh Party's imprisoned leadership who did not make a forced confession on TV at the time. Most of her sisters and brothers from the former mighty Quasar dynasty, with hom she had spend the happy days of childhood in the Tehran palace, had left the country and settled down on the other side of the globe, in Los Angeles. They had managed to rescue most of their wealth and spend a rich and safe, but at the same time lazy and boring time in their new california home. Occasionally, at persian receptions or during Nowrouz, the children and grand children of the Quajar dynasty met some members of another persian family. They knew that they had to do with the coup d’etat in 1924, which was the beginning of their long lasting loss of power, when their grandfather, Ahmad Shah Quajar was overruled by the grandfather of this other emigrant family, Reza Shah, the former palace guard lieutenant who used to overcome the boring time as a guard member by playing with the Shahs kids funny games. While he first only replaced the Shah as a companion for his children, some years later he succesfully reached for all his power and took over the entire country. But now, 60 years later, the descendents of both dynasties with the last remnants of their former endless material wealt that they had managed to rescue into their american exal, where nothing more than “Shahs of Sunset” in a cheap Hollywood soap opera. Maryam Farman Farmaian, a.k.a Maryam Firouz, was released from political prison in 1994 and placed under house arrest for a couple more years, but enjoyed persian cooking and red french and german books that friends send her from far away. She was released to the custody of her eldest daughter in Tehran. She was released from prison in 1994 and placed under house arrest for a couple more years before being released to the custody of her eldest daughter in Tehran. When she died in Tehran on March 23, 2008, newspapers all around the world recognised her political active life and her devotion to womans liberation. .
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Triumphs and Tragedies of the Iranian Revolution
    The Road to Isolation: Triumphs and Tragedies of the Iranian Revolution Salma Schwartzman Senior Division Historical Paper Word Count: 2, 499 !1 Born of conflicting interests and influences — those ancient tensions deeply rooted in its own society — the Iranian revolution generated numerous and alternating cycles of triumph and tragedy, the one always inextricably resulting from and offsetting the other. This series of vast political shifts saw the nation shudder from a near feudal monarchy to a democratized state, before finally relapsing into an oppressive, religiously based conservatism. The Prelude: The White Revolution Dating from 1960 to 1963, the White Revolution was a period of time in Iran in which modernization, westernization, and industrialization were ambitiously promoted by the the country’s governing royalty: the Pahlavi regime. Yet although many of these changes brought material and social benefit, the country was not ready to embrace such a rapid transition from its traditional structure; thus the White Revolution sowed the seeds that would later blossom into the Iranian Revolution1. Under the reign of Reza Shah Pahlavi, the State of Iran underwent serious industrial expansion. After seizing almost complete political power for himself, the Shah set in motion the land reform law of 1962.2 This law forced landed minorities to surrender vast tracts of lands to the government so that it could be redistributed to small scale agriculturalists. The landowners who experienced losses were compensated through shares of state owned Iranian industries. Cultivators and laborers also received share holdings of Iranian industries and agricultural profits.3 This reform not only helped the agrarian community, but encouraged and supported 1 Britannica, The Editors of Encyclopaedia.
    [Show full text]
  • C01384460 Approved for Release: 2014/02/26
    C01384460 Approved for Release: 2014/02/26 APPLIND1X A . ;hose Dil? An Abbreviated History of the Anglo-Iranian Oil Dispute,-'194; -53 In 1372, the then Shah of Persia, rlaser ad-Din, in return for much needed cash, gave to Baron Paul Julius de Reuter. .'a concession to. exploit all his country's minerals (except for gold, silver, and precious stones'), all its forests and uncultivated land, and ail canals and irrigation works, as ;sell as a monopoly to construct railways and tranilways. Although the resulting uproar,-zsrac:.a11~ from neighboring Russiaraused this sweeping concession to be cancelled, de Reuter, who was a German Jew with British citizenship, persisted and by 1889 regained two parts of his original concession--the operation of a bank and the working of Persia's mines. Under the latter grant, de Reuter's men explored-for oil without great success, and the concession expired in 1999, 'the year the Baron died.` Persian oil right Shen passed to a British speculator, William Knox D'Arcy, whose first fortune had been made in Australian gold mines: The purchase price of the concession was about 50,000 pounds, and in 1903 the enterprise began to sell shares in "The First Exploitation Company." Exploratory drilling proceeded, and by 1904, two producing wells were in. a,+A - Shortly thereafter,Ainterest in oil was sharply stimulated by the efforts of Admiral Sir John Fisher, First Lord of the Admiralty, to convert the Royal Navy.from'burning coal to oil.. As a result, the Burmah Oil Company sought to become involved in eersian oil and, joining with D "lrcy and Lord Strathcona, formed the new Concessions Syndicate, L d, which endured un'ti'l 1907 when Burmah Oil bought D'Arcy out for 200„000 pounds cash and 900,000 pounds in shares.
    [Show full text]
  • Tribes and Empire on the Margins of Nineteenth-Century Iran
    publications on the near east publications on the near east Poetry’s Voice, Society’s Song: Ottoman Lyric The Transformation of Islamic Art during Poetry by Walter G. Andrews the Sunni Revival by Yasser Tabbaa The Remaking of Istanbul: Portrait of an Shiraz in the Age of Hafez: The Glory of Ottoman City in the Nineteenth Century a Medieval Persian City by John Limbert by Zeynep Çelik The Martyrs of Karbala: Shi‘i Symbols The Tragedy of Sohráb and Rostám from and Rituals in Modern Iran the Persian National Epic, the Shahname by Kamran Scot Aghaie of Abol-Qasem Ferdowsi, translated by Ottoman Lyric Poetry: An Anthology, Jerome W. Clinton Expanded Edition, edited and translated The Jews in Modern Egypt, 1914–1952 by Walter G. Andrews, Najaat Black, and by Gudrun Krämer Mehmet Kalpaklı Izmir and the Levantine World, 1550–1650 Party Building in the Modern Middle East: by Daniel Goffman The Origins of Competitive and Coercive Rule by Michele Penner Angrist Medieval Agriculture and Islamic Science: The Almanac of a Yemeni Sultan Everyday Life and Consumer Culture by Daniel Martin Varisco in Eighteenth-Century Damascus by James Grehan Rethinking Modernity and National Identity in Turkey, edited by Sibel Bozdog˘an and The City’s Pleasures: Istanbul in the Eigh- Res¸at Kasaba teenth Century by Shirine Hamadeh Slavery and Abolition in the Ottoman Middle Reading Orientalism: Said and the Unsaid East by Ehud R. Toledano by Daniel Martin Varisco Britons in the Ottoman Empire, 1642–1660 The Merchant Houses of Mocha: Trade by Daniel Goffman and Architecture in an Indian Ocean Port by Nancy Um Popular Preaching and Religious Authority in the Medieval Islamic Near East Tribes and Empire on the Margins of Nine- by Jonathan P.
    [Show full text]
  • Dr. Sabar Mirza Farman Farmaian; Benefactor and Former Director of Pasteur Institute of Iran
    SCIENTISTS and SCIENCE ADVOCATES Iranian Biomedical Journal 22(1): 1-3 January 2018 Dr. Sabar Mirza Farman Farmaian; Benefactor and Former Director of Pasteur Institute of Iran Narges Shahbazi and Ehsan Mostafavi Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Research Centre for Emerging and Reemerging Infectious Diseases, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran. E-mail: [email protected] asteur Institute of Iran (PII) is known for its history of benefaction by exquisite characters, the most prominent of who is the family of Farman P Farmaian. Dr. Sabar Mirza Farman Farmaian, born in 1912 in Tehran, resided as the director of PII for a period of six years (1971-1977). Furthermore, he devoted his house (located in Shemiranat) for the establishment of a center to study and combat infectious diseases. Both of these events had a significant impact on the fate of PII. He was born to a famous family of Farman Farmaian. His father, Abdol- Hossein Mirza Farman Farmaian, the grandson of Abbas Mirza and Fath-Ali Shah, was born in 1852, in Tabriz. He was known as “Salar Lashkar” and “Farman Farma”. He finished his elementary studies at Dar ul-Funun, after which he went to an Austrian school to learn military skills. He held numerous critical positions during 1881-1919. These include the chief of Kerman and Azerbaijan military troops, governor of Kerman, Tehran, Fars, Khorasan, and Kermanshah, as well as the minister of War, Justice and the Interior. The most prominent of all is his chair as the prime minister during the reign of Ahmad Shah Qajar. In 1922, due to his passion for promotion of health, Abdol- Hossein Farman Farmaian dedicated a vast piece of land (~13 thousand square meters with the value of 10 thousand tomans, at the time) for the expansion of Pasteur Institute of Iran.
    [Show full text]
  • Lament of Ahmad Khani: a Study of the Historical Struggle of the Kurds for an Independent Kurdistan
    Lament of Ahmad Khani: A Study of the Historical Struggle of the Kurds for an Independent Kurdistan Erik Novak Department of Political Science Villanova University The Kurdish poet Sheikmous Hasan, better known as Cigerxwin, wrote these words as part of his much larger work, Who Am I? while living in exile in Sweden. “I am the proud Kurd, the enemies’ enemy, the friend of peace-loving ones. I am of noble race, not wild as they claim. My mighty ancestors were free people. Like them I want to be free and that is why I fight, for the enemy won’t leave in peace and I don’t want to be forever oppressed.”1 Although Hasan, who died in 1984, was a modern voice for Kurdish nationalism, he is merely one of a chorus of Kurds reaching back centuries crying out for a free and independent Kurdish state, unofficially named Kurdistan. Although the concept of nationalism is common today, the cries of the Kurds for their own state reach back centuries, the first written example coming from the Kurdish poet Ahmad Khani in his national epic Mem-o-Zin in 1695. Mem-o-Zin actually predates the French Revolution of 1789, which is often thought to be the true beginning of the concept of a national state. Despite having conceived of nationalism for the Kurds nearly a century ahead of France and the rest of Western Europe, the Kurds lack a state of their own. What are the origins of Kurdish nationalist thought and how has it evolved over the years? To answer this question, we will track the evolution of Kurdish nationalist thought from its origins during the Ottoman Empire, 1 through World War I and up to the present by looking at the three successor states of the Ottoman Empire that contain the largest Kurdish populations: Turkey, Iran, and Iraq.
    [Show full text]
  • 437-439 Abdul-Aziz Movahed Nasaj and Sajjad Farmohmedy, 2015 438
    437 RESEARCH JOURNAL OF FISHERIES AND HYDROBIOLOGY © 2015 AENSI Publisher All rights reserved ISSN:1816-9112 Open Access Journal Copyright © 2015 by authors and American-Eurasian Network for Scientific Information. This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution International License (CC BY). http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Personality Assessment Abdul Hossein Teymourtash 1Abdul-Aziz Movahed Nasaj and 2Sajjad Farmohmedy 1Department of History, ABSTRACT Shoushtar Branch, Islamic Azad Abdul Hossein Teymourtash one of the most famous figures of the first Pahlavi era. His family University, Shoushtar, Iran background in Khorasan, education in St. Petersburg, beginning of Executive Vice Jovin, Ghouchan representative in the second round of legislation, President of the army of Khorasan, Address For Correspondence: Quchan representative legislature in the third period, the state of Gilan, the representative of the fourth round of the National Assembly, Minister of Justice, Government Kerman, Minister of Abdul-Aziz Movahed Nasaj, Public Works and the Ministry of representation in the National Assembly referred to the court Department of History, of the king with all the resources that have been written about her life. Some of the details of his Shoushtar Branch, Islamic Azad personal life and political status is clear for translation. University, Shoushtar, Iran Received: 6 March 2015 KEY WORDS: Reza shah- Teymour tash – pahlavidera - iran Accepted: 25 April 2015 Published: 29 May 2015 Background: Abdul Hossein Teymourtash, the most famous and influential statesman during the reign of the Shah of Iran, which in the first seven years of his reign was considered the most powerful political figure in Iran after the Shah.
    [Show full text]
  • IN IRAN Submitted to the Graduate College of Bowling Green Fulfillment
    HISTORY AND DEVELOPMENT OF BROADCASTING IN IRAN Bigan Kimiachi A Dissertation Submitted to the Graduate College of Bowling Green State University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY June 1978 © 1978 BI GAN KIMIACHI ALL RIGHTS RESERVED n iii ABSTRACT Geophysical and geopolitical pecularities of Iran have made it a land of international importance throughout recorded history, especially since its emergence in the twentieth century as a dominant power among the newly affluent oil-producing nations of the Middle East. Nearly one-fifth the size of the United States, with similar extremes of geography and climate, and a population approaching 35 million, Iran has been ruled since 1941 by His Majesty Shahanshah Aryamehr. While he has sought to restore and preserve the cultural heritage of ancient and Islamic Persia, he has also promoted the rapid westernization and modernization of Iran, including the establishment of a radio and television broadcasting system second only to that of Japan among the nations of Asia, a fact which is little known to Europeans or Americans. The purpose of this study was to amass and present a comprehensive body of knowledge concerning the development of broadcasting in Iran, as well as a review of current operations and plans for future development. A short survey of the political and spiritual history of pre-Islamic and Islamic Persia and a general survey of mass communication in Persia and Iran, especially from the Il iv advent of the telegraph is presented, so that the development of broadcasting might be seen in proper perspective and be more fully appreciated.
    [Show full text]
  • Effect of Reza Shah Modernity on the Political Opposition Development
    ISSN 2039-2117 (online) Mediterranean Journal of Social Sciences Vol 7 No 5 S1 ISSN 2039-9340 (print) MCSER Publishing, Rome-Italy October 2016 Effect of Reza Shah Modernity on the Political Opposition Development 1Mohammad Reza Motamedi 2Dr. Ali Akbar Amini 1, 2Department of Political Science, Faculty of Law and Political Science, Islamic Azad University, Zahedan Branch, Zahedan, Iran Corresponding Author email: [email protected] Doi:10.5901/mjss.2016.v7n5s1p84 Abstract Reza Khan, commander of Cossack Brigade based in Qazvin, came to power by coup in 1920, and with the coronation in 1305 brought Qajar dynasty to an end and founded Pahlavi dynasty. He as the first Pahlavi King started a series of planned reforms to establish himself and bring about a secular state and society inspired by the West, especially Ataturk in Turkey. Since then, Islam and Islamic clergies enjoyed power and influence in political and social affairs especially after the effective presence and leadership tobacco and constitutional movements. Reza Shah tries to use sources of progress to bring modernization into people's private life. In 1929, he passed a law that required men to wear foreign outfits instead of traditional and clergy dress, and then to remove hijab was obligatory to women and they were banned from wearing hijab. Keywords: Reza Shah, Modernism, Modernity 1. Introduction Our contemporary history of Iran has always been the scene of battles, victories, defeats and honorable acts of a nation with freedom from domestic and foreign tyranny, the main objective. Trying to prevent the collapse of the country against colonial invasion of Russia, Britain, and The U.S.
    [Show full text]
  • Human Rights in Iran Under the Shah
    Case Western Reserve Journal of International Law Volume 12 Issue 1 Article 7 1980 Human Rights in Iran under the Shah Richard W. Cottam Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarlycommons.law.case.edu/jil Part of the International Law Commons Recommended Citation Richard W. Cottam, Human Rights in Iran under the Shah, 12 Case W. Res. J. Int'l L. 121 (1980) Available at: https://scholarlycommons.law.case.edu/jil/vol12/iss1/7 This Comment is brought to you for free and open access by the Student Journals at Case Western Reserve University School of Law Scholarly Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in Case Western Reserve Journal of International Law by an authorized administrator of Case Western Reserve University School of Law Scholarly Commons. Volume 12, Number 1, Winter 1980 COMMENT Human Rights in Iran Under the Shah by Professor Richard W. Cottam* I. INTRODUCTION FOR ANY ADVOCATE of human rights, the events surrounding the Iranian revolution must be a source of continuing agony. But for any- one interested in gaining a sharper understanding of some of the basic issues concerning human rights, the dramatic developments in Iran should be highly instructive. The early summary executions in Iran and the later public trials conducted by revolutionary Islamic courts were properly condemned by western human rights advocates as failing to ap- proach the requirements of due process. Yet the great majority of those who were tried and executed were charged with terrible violations of the most elemental human rights; and the testimony of the accused, so rich in detail and so internally consistent as to be credible,1 tends to confirm the worst charges against the Shah's regime.
    [Show full text]
  • Iran and the CIA This Page Intentionally Left Blank Iran and the CIA the Fall of Mosaddeq Revisited
    Iran and the CIA This page intentionally left blank Iran and the CIA The Fall of Mosaddeq Revisited Darioush Bayandor © Darioush Bayandor 2010 Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1st edition 2010 978-0-230-57927-9 All rights reserved. No reproduction, copy or transmission of this publication may be made without written permission. No portion of this publication may be reproduced, copied or transmitted save with written permission or in accordance with the provisions of the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988, or under the terms of any licence permitting limited copying issued by the Copyright Licensing Agency, Saffron House, 6-10 Kirby Street, London EC1N 8TS. Any person who does any unauthorized act in relation to this publication may be liable to criminal prosecution and civil claims for damages. The author has asserted his right to be identified as the author of this work in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988. First published 2010 by PALGRAVE MACMILLAN Palgrave Macmillan in the UK is an imprint of Macmillan Publishers Limited, registered in England, company number 785998, of Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire RG21 6XS. Palgrave Macmillan in the US is a division of St Martin’s Press LLC, 175 Fifth Avenue, New York, NY 10010. Palgrave Macmillan is the global academic imprint of the above companies and has companies and representatives throughout the world. Palgrave® and Macmillan® are registered trademarks in the United States, the United Kingdom, Europe and other countries. ISBN 978-1-349-36788-7 ISBN 978-0-230-27730-4 (eBook) DOI 10.1057/9780230277304 This book is printed on paper suitable for recycling and made from fully managed and sustained forest sources.
    [Show full text]
  • Research Journal of Social Sciences Life and Empowerment of Reza Khan
    Copyright © 2015, American-Eurasian Network for Scientific Information publisher Research Journal of Social Sciences ISSN: 1815-9125 EISSN: 2309-9631 JOURNAL home page: http://www.aensiweb.com/RJSS 2015 September; 8(7): pages 7-12. Published Online 30 June 2015. Research Article Life and empowerment of Reza Khan 1Iran Hajnabi and 2Reza Shabani 1Department of History, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran. 2full Professor, Department of History Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran. Received: 23 April 2015; Revised: 28 May 2015; Accepted: 18 June 2015 Copyright © 2015 by authors and American-Eurasian Network for Scientific Information. This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution International License (CC BY). http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ ABSTRACTABSTRACT Reza known to Reza Khan, is of the people of Alasht in Savadkuh and Bavand dynasty had begun his work of Cossack Brigade, as he was an ambitious individual with regard to the situation was created, could achieve an official level, and during the capture of Tehran had entered the Qajar state and obtained key officials including the Ministry of War in Ahmad Shah’s State, and deposed Ahmad Shah on 24 December 1925 In the National Assembly, and signed the Oath, the next day relying on his throne. On Sunday 4 April 1926. Wearing a military uniform with the coronation of King's Crown Jewels Thus, Reza Khan as The first king of the Pahlavi Dynasty was the founder of the dynasty. Reza Shah's reign saw the creation of the new world order. To guarantee its absolute power, closed independent newspapers, parliamentary immunity of Representatives and Political parties are ruined.
    [Show full text]
  • Azerbaijan Democratic Party: Ups and Downs (1945-1946)
    Revista Humanidades ISSN: 2215-3934 [email protected] Universidad de Costa Rica Costa Rica Azerbaijan Democratic Party: Ups and Downs (1945-1946) Soleimani Amiri, PhD. Mohammad Azerbaijan Democratic Party: Ups and Downs (1945-1946) Revista Humanidades, vol. 10, no. 1, 2020 Universidad de Costa Rica, Costa Rica Available in: https://www.redalyc.org/articulo.oa?id=498060395015 DOI: https://doi.org/10.15517/h.v10i1.39936 Todos los derechos reservados. Universidad de Costa Rica. Esta revista se encuentra licenciada con Creative Commons. Reconocimiento-NoComercial-SinObraDerivada 3.0 Costa Rica. Correo electrónico: [email protected]/ Sitio web: http: //revistas.ucr.ac.cr/index.php/humanidades This work is licensed under Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivs 3.0 International. PDF generated from XML JATS4R by Redalyc Project academic non-profit, developed under the open access initiative PhD. Mohammad Soleimani Amiri. Azerbaijan Democratic Party: Ups and Downs (1945-1946) Desde las ciencias sociales, la filosofía y la educación Azerbaijan Democratic Party: Ups and Downs (1945-1946) Partido Demócrata de Azerbaiyán: altibajos (1945-1946) PhD. Mohammad Soleimani Amiri DOI: https://doi.org/10.15517/h.v10i1.39936 University of Sapienza, Italia Redalyc: https://www.redalyc.org/articulo.oa? [email protected] id=498060395015 http://orcid.org/0000-0002-0554-6964 Received: 19 June 2019 Accepted: 23 November 2019 Abstract: Democratic Party of Azerbaijan's movement is one of the most important events in the history of Iran and the world. It was for the first time in the history of Iran that a political party seriously stressed the issue of autonomy. In addition, this movement as liberation movement prioritized several decisive and fundamental reform.
    [Show full text]