DOCSLIB.ORG

Shah Mohammed Reza Pahlavi and Ayatollah Khomeini: in Light of Shi'i History

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Shah Mohammed Reza Pahlavi and Ayatollah Khomeini: in Light of Shi'i History W&M ScholarWorks Dissertations, Theses, and Masters Projects Theses, Dissertations, & Master Projects 1986 Shah Mohammed Reza Pahlavi and Ayatollah Khomeini: in Light of Shi'i History Brigitte U. Neary College of William & Mary - Arts & Sciences Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarworks.wm.edu/etd Part of the History of Religion Commons, Islamic Studies Commons, and the Social and Behavioral Sciences Commons Recommended Citation Neary, Brigitte U., "Shah Mohammed Reza Pahlavi and Ayatollah Khomeini: in Light of Shi'i History" (1986). Dissertations, Theses, and Masters Projects. Paper 1539625376. https://dx.doi.org/doi:10.21220/s2-0f6r-pf24 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Theses, Dissertations, & Master Projects at W&M ScholarWorks. It has been accepted for inclusion in Dissertations, Theses, and Masters Projects by an authorized administrator of W&M ScholarWorks. For more information, please contact [email protected]. SHAH MOHAMMED REZA PAHLAVI AND AYATOLLAH KHOMEINI IN LIGHT OF SHI'I HISTORY A Thesis Presented to The Faculty of the Department of Sociology The College of William and Mary in Virginia In Partial Fulfillment Of the Requirements for the Degree of Master of Arts by Brigitte U. Neary 1986 ProQuest Number: 10627875 All rights reserved INFORMATION TO ALL USERS The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted. In the unlikely event that the author did not send a com plete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if material had to be removed, a note will indicate the deletion. uest ProQuest 10627875 Published by ProQuest LLC (2017). Copyright of the Dissertation is held by the Author. All rights reserved. This work is protected against unauthorized copying under Title 17, United States Code Microform Edition © ProQuest LLC. ProQuest LLC. 789 East Eisenhower Parkway P.O. Box 1346 Ann Arbor, Ml 48106 - 1346 APPROVAL SHEET This thesis is submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts Author Approved, January 1986 Nathan Altshuler Department of Anthropology Satoshi Ito Gary A>~Kreps /AfK Edwin H . Rh^pe J Chair DEDICATION To P.J. I'm glad you are my son. TABLE OF CONTENTS Page ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS . v ABSTRACT . .vi INTRODUCTION . 2 RELATIONSHIP TO THEORETICAL AND EMPRIRICAL KNOWLEDGE . 5 RESEARCH QUESTIONS, GOAL AND APPROACH . .14 ISLAM EMERGES: AN INTEGRATIVE SYSTEM IN THE CONTEXT OF SOCIAL CHANGE AND CONFLICT--A REVITALIZTIONMOVEMENT . .15 SHI'ISM IS BORN: AN INTEGRATIVE SYSTEM IN OPPOSITION TO THE RULING GROUP A REVITALIZATION MOVEMENT .... 18 THE ELABORATION OF IRANIAN SHI'ISM AS INTEGRATIVE SYSTEM IN THE CONTEXT OF THREAT . .21 SHI'ISM CONTINUES AS INTEGRATIVE SYSTEM IN THE FACE OF THREAT............... .30 ESTABLISHMENT OF THE PAHLAVI DYNASTY: ESTABLISHMENT OF A NEW THREAT SYSTEM................. .33 SUCCESSION OF THE PAHLAVI DYNASTY--SUCCESSION OF A THREAT SYSTEM: SOCIAL DISTANCE INCREASES ........................ .39 THE THREAT SYSTEM TAKES CENTER STAGE . .44 IN THE FACE OF CONTINUED THREAT: KHOMEINI-- THE VOICE OF THE OPPOSITION--THE PROMISE OF SECURITY . .50 EVENTS CONTRIBUTING TO THE GROWING GULF: OUT OF THE VOID EMERGES KHOMEINI THE VOICE OF COUNTERTHREAT IN THE NAME OF ISLAM . 58 REFLECTIONS OF DISTANCE ......................... 67 OIL AND AMERICAN INVOLVEMENT: TANGIBLE FACTORS IN THE DISTANCING PROCESS . .76 KHOMEINI--THE "PRINCE" WHO LEGITIMATES HIS OWN THREAT SYSTEM THE IMAM IN THE LINE OF ALI- -THE CHARISMATIC LEADER--THE HERO . 82 THE SHAH FROM EXILE: DISTANCE EXEMPLIFIED THROUGH HIS VIEWS . .85 CONCLUSION . .86 iii APPENDIX A: GLOSSARY............................. .90 APPENDIX B: CHRONOLOGY OF IMPORTANT HISTORICAL EVENTS . .96 APPENDIX C: COUNTRY PROFILE BEFORE THE REVOLUTION. .104 NOTES .... .111 BIBLIOGRAPHY . .113 iv ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I would like to express my profound thanks to Professors Edwin Rhyne, Satoshi Ito, Nathan Altshuler and Gary Kreps. With your skill, patience, vast knowledge, sense of humor, and caring, you guided me successfully, and relatively painlessly through this research and writing process. I would also like to thank Professors Elaine Themo, Victor Liguori and Jon Kerner for the constant encouragement I received, and Susan Bosworth, Betsy Farmer, John Linn, Fredi Jackson, and Christie Dressier for technical assistance, and for a listening ear. The support of Philip Neary, my spouse for sixteen years, of P.J., my son, and of all of my friends, helped me negotiate some of the rough spots. Finally, thank you, Georg and Margarethe Rotterschmidt, my parents, you didn't do so badly after all. ABSTRACT This study attempts to illuminate the relationship between Shah Mohammed Reza Pahlavi and Ayatollah Khomeini in Iran, in the context of Shi'i history. The Boulding model serves as the major theoretical framework. It postulates three kinds of human relationships based on differing organizing principles, namely, the exchange system, the integrative system, and the threat system. Established through a military coup d'etat in 1921 by Reza Khan (the father of Moahammed Reza Pahlavi) the threat system seemed to dominate Iran throughout the Pahlavi rule which ended in 1979. Under this kind of social organization, distance and legitimacy emerge as major variables. Activities, writings, and speeches of major public figures are employed to demonstrate the disparity between intent and outcome of the Shah's policies, and between world views and subsequent actions of the Shah and Khomeini. The theoretical offerings of Wallace and Klapp, add to the Boulding model by postulating how societies reflect distress and disintegration, inherent to any threat system, and how they handle these conditions. Wallace concentrates on "revitalization movements" which occur within groups or societies suffering from threatened self-identity and involve re-definition in opposition to other groups. Klapp explores the role of villain images, facilitating the "closing of the system." Together these themes form the background for an analysis of Shi'ism in Iran as an integrative system with a history of opposition to the ruling group, and as apparent contemporary solution for many Iranians. They further permit insight into the nature of the regime of Mohammed Reza Pahlavi, and into the role of Ayatollah Khomeini as voice of the opposition, charismatic leader, and as "prince" who legitimates his own threat system. SHAH MOHAMMED REZA PAHLAVI AND AYATOLLAH KHOMEINI IN LIGHT OF SHI'I HISTORY INTRODUCTION HE HAS LEFT large photos of a gaunt, elongated face, its controlled features so bent on showing neither anxiety nor defeat that it no longer expresses anything at all.... HE HAS RETURNED A severe patriarchal face that has no intention of expressing anything at all fills the rest of the page. (And between that departure and that return, what heights of emotion and fervor, rage and terror, how many conflagrations!) (Kapuscinski 1985, 3). To some of the scholars studying Iranian history, the recent revolution in Iran was an extreme reaction to social atomization, a byproduct of rapid change. Islam constituted a fallback ideology to capture the alienated, the disoriented, and the angry (Dekmajian in Curtis 1981, 40). To others, the revolution represented triumph over decades of "total repression” and over the "complete absence of rights" (Katouzian 1981, 332). "A nation trampled by despotism, degraded, forced into the role of an object, seeks shelter, seeks a place where it can dig itself in, wall itself off, be itself" (Kapuscinski 1985, 113). It is an attempt to preserve its separate identity and to regain security. "But a whole nation cannot emigrate, so it undertakes a migration in time rather than space" (Kapuscinski 1985, 113). Migration in time may involve self-definition in opposition to other groups, in terms of "what we are not." In its extreme form, this presentation of a united front expresses itself in schism, revolution and war. Symbols, rituals and institutions, rooted in commonly shared values, beliefs, expectations and anxieties perpetuate submission to the group--which becomes the magna mater, and gives renewed meaning and security to life. 2 Meaning is a way of ordering. It lends context to information and to relations. Thus, it forms the basis for identity, and identification, and consequently, for autonomy. As Miller observes, societies make their most important adjustments to the meaning, rather than the rate of incoming information. If the rate alone seems to threaten identity--it is a sign "that the system is breaking down." One exception, however, is monetary information--where changes in flows activate adjustment processes. Thus, profound social changes may follow sudden increase in wealth such as oil producing countries experienced in the 1970s (Miller 1978, 833-834). Confronted with drastic change in all spheres of life, over a relatively short period of time, the Iranian people faced major adjustments. Within the context of instability, rooted in Iranian history, this process threatened their separate identity. In this sense, intense embrace of Shi'ism, to the exclusion of other solutions, eliminated a multitude of behavioral elements, basic to change, and increased predictability of events.^ At the same time, however, Shah Mohammed Reza Pahlavi seemingly offered his own kind of predictability. For instance, he apparently tried to facilitate social cohesion, and establish legitimacy, through rituals, such as the formal coronation ceremony in 1967, and
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Who Is Queen Elizabeth II?
    Who is Queen Elizabeth II? Elizabeth Alexandra Mary, later to become Queen Elizabeth II, was born on 21 April 1926 in Mayfair, London. She was the first child of The Duke and Duchess of York, who later became King George VI and Queen Elizabeth. The Queen’s birthday is officially celebrated in Britain on the second Saturday of June each year. This special day is referred to as ‘The Trooping of the Colour’. The Queen is also known as the British Sovereign. Trooping of the Colour Elizabeth’s Family In 1936, King Edward VIII stepped down from the throne. Elizabeth’s father was crowned King George VI. Her mother became Queen Elizabeth, and Elizabeth and her sister Margaret were now Princesses. Elizabeth’s Childhood Princess Elizabeth was taught at home, not at school. • She studied art and music and enjoyed drama and swimming. • When she was 11, she joined the Girl Guides. • Elizabeth undertook her first public engagement on her 16th birthday, when she inspected the soldiers of the Grenadier Guards. The Royal Family Elizabeth got married in Westminster Abbey on 20th November 1947, when she was 21 years old. Her husband Prince Philip, also known as the Duke of Edinburgh, was the son of Prince Andrew of Greece. In 1948, the Queen’s first child Prince Charles was born. Two years later Princess Anne was born. Elizabeth would go on to have two more children, Prince Andrew and Prince Edward in 1960 and 1964. Elizabeth Becomes Queen In 1952, when she was just 25, Elizabeth’s father King George VI died.
    [Show full text]
  • IRAN April 2000
    COUNTRY ASSESSMENT - IRAN April 2000 Country Information and Policy Unit I. SCOPE OF DOCUMENT 1.1 This assessment has been produced by the Country Information & Policy Unit, Immigration & Nationality Directorate, Home Office, from information obtained from a variety of sources. 1.2 The assessment has been prepared for background purposes for those involved in the asylum determination process. The information it contains is not exhaustive, nor is it intended to catalogue all human rights violations. It concentrates on the issues most commonly raised in asylum claims made in the United Kingdom. 1.3 The assessment is sourced throughout. It is intended to be used by caseworkers as a signpost to the source material, which has been made available to them. The vast majority of the source material is readily available in the public domain. 1.4 It is intended to revise the assessment on a 6-monthly basis while the country remains within the top 35 asylum producing countries in the United Kingdom. 1.5 The assessment will be placed on the Internet (http://www.homeoffice.gov.uk/ind/cipu1.htm). An electronic copy of the assessment has been made available to the following organisations: Amnesty International UK Immigration Advisory Service Immigration Appellate Authority Immigration Law Practitioners' Association Joint Council for the Welfare of Immigrants JUSTICE Medical Foundation for the care of Victims of Torture Refugee Council Refugee Legal Centre UN High Commissioner for Refugees CONTENTS I SCOPE OF DOCUMENT 1.1 - 1.6 II GEOGRAPHY 2.1 - 2.2
    [Show full text]
  • Understanding the Concept of Islamic Sufism
    Journal of Education & Social Policy Vol. 1 No. 1; June 2014 Understanding the Concept of Islamic Sufism Shahida Bilqies Research Scholar, Shah-i-Hamadan Institute of Islamic Studies University of Kashmir, Srinagar-190006 Jammu and Kashmir, India. Sufism, being the marrow of the bone or the inner dimension of the Islamic revelation, is the means par excellence whereby Tawhid is achieved. All Muslims believe in Unity as expressed in the most Universal sense possible by the Shahadah, la ilaha ill’Allah. The Sufi has realized the mysteries of Tawhid, who knows what this assertion means. It is only he who sees God everywhere.1 Sufism can also be explained from the perspective of the three basic religious attitudes mentioned in the Qur’an. These are the attitudes of Islam, Iman and Ihsan.There is a Hadith of the Prophet (saw) which describes the three attitudes separately as components of Din (religion), while several other traditions in the Kitab-ul-Iman of Sahih Bukhari discuss Islam and Iman as distinct attitudes varying in religious significance. These are also mentioned as having various degrees of intensity and varieties in themselves. The attitude of Islam, which has given its name to the Islamic religion, means Submission to the Will of Allah. This is the minimum qualification for being a Muslim. Technically, it implies an acceptance, even if only formal, of the teachings contained in the Qur’an and the Traditions of the Prophet (saw). Iman is a more advanced stage in the field of religion than Islam. It designates a further penetration into the heart of religion and a firm faith in its teachings.
    [Show full text]
  • American Strategic Policy and Iranian Political Development 1943-1979
    University of Montana ScholarWorks at University of Montana Graduate Student Theses, Dissertations, & Professional Papers Graduate School 1985 American strategic policy and Iranian political development 1943-1979 Mohsen Shabdar The University of Montana Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarworks.umt.edu/etd Let us know how access to this document benefits ou.y Recommended Citation Shabdar, Mohsen, "American strategic policy and Iranian political development 1943-1979" (1985). Graduate Student Theses, Dissertations, & Professional Papers. 5189. https://scholarworks.umt.edu/etd/5189 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Graduate School at ScholarWorks at University of Montana. It has been accepted for inclusion in Graduate Student Theses, Dissertations, & Professional Papers by an authorized administrator of ScholarWorks at University of Montana. For more information, please contact [email protected]. COPYRIGHT ACT OF 1976 Th is is an unpublished manuscript in which copyright sub ­ s is t s , Any further r epr in tin g of it s contents must be approved BY THE AUTHOR, Man sfield L ibrary Un iv e r s it y of Montana Date : •*' 1 8 AMERICAN STRATEGIC POLICY AND IRANIAN POLITICAL DEVELOPMENT 1943-1979 By Mohsen Shabdar B.A., Rocky Mountain College, 1983 Presented in partial fu lfillm e n t of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts UNIVERSITY OF MONTANA 1985 Approved by: ‘ Chairman, Board of Examir\efs Dean, Graduate School UMI Number: EP40653 All rights reserved INFORMATION TO ALL USERS The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted. In the unlikely event that the author did not send a complete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted.
    [Show full text]
  • History Brief: Timeline of US-Iran Relations Until the Obama
    MIT International Review | web.mit.edu/mitir 1 of 5 HISTORY BRIEF: TIMELINE OF US‐IRAN RELATIONS UNTIL THE OBAMA ADMINISTRATION Key Facts & Catalysts By Sam Sasan Shoamanesh Looking back at key events in this US‐Iran chronicle is helpful in understanding some of the traditional causes of friction and mistrust between Tehran and Washington. A reference to the annals of US‐Iran relations will also be valuable in appreciating that the policies of the past sixty years have not been advantageous to US interests and on the contrary, have resulted in blowbacks, which still vex the relations to this day. 1856: Genesis of Formal Relations | Diplomatic relations between Iran and the United States began in 1856. 1909: American Lafayette in Iran | In 1909, Howard Baskerville, an American teacher and Princeton graduate on a Presbyterian mission in Tabriz, Iran, instantly becomes an Iranian national hero where after joining the Constitutionalists during the Constitutional Revolution of 1905‐1911, loses his young life while fighting the Royalists and the forces of the Qajar king, Mohmmad Ali Shah’s elite Cossack brigade. He is remembered as saying: ʺ[t]he only difference between me and these people is my place of birth, and this is not a big difference.ʺ To this day he is revered by Iranians. Second World War | Until the second World War, the US had no interest or an active policy vis‐à‐vis Iran and relations remained cordial. 1953 C.I.A. Coup | In 1951, Prime Minister Mossadegh and his National Front party (“Jebhe Melli”), a socio‐democratic, liberal‐secular nationalist party in Iran, nationalize the country’s oil industry.
    [Show full text]
  • Triumphs and Tragedies of the Iranian Revolution
    The Road to Isolation: Triumphs and Tragedies of the Iranian Revolution Salma Schwartzman Senior Division Historical Paper Word Count: 2, 499 !1 Born of conflicting interests and influences — those ancient tensions deeply rooted in its own society — the Iranian revolution generated numerous and alternating cycles of triumph and tragedy, the one always inextricably resulting from and offsetting the other. This series of vast political shifts saw the nation shudder from a near feudal monarchy to a democratized state, before finally relapsing into an oppressive, religiously based conservatism. The Prelude: The White Revolution Dating from 1960 to 1963, the White Revolution was a period of time in Iran in which modernization, westernization, and industrialization were ambitiously promoted by the the country’s governing royalty: the Pahlavi regime. Yet although many of these changes brought material and social benefit, the country was not ready to embrace such a rapid transition from its traditional structure; thus the White Revolution sowed the seeds that would later blossom into the Iranian Revolution1. Under the reign of Reza Shah Pahlavi, the State of Iran underwent serious industrial expansion. After seizing almost complete political power for himself, the Shah set in motion the land reform law of 1962.2 This law forced landed minorities to surrender vast tracts of lands to the government so that it could be redistributed to small scale agriculturalists. The landowners who experienced losses were compensated through shares of state owned Iranian industries. Cultivators and laborers also received share holdings of Iranian industries and agricultural profits.3 This reform not only helped the agrarian community, but encouraged and supported 1 Britannica, The Editors of Encyclopaedia.
    [Show full text]
  • C01384460 Approved for Release: 2014/02/26
    C01384460 Approved for Release: 2014/02/26 APPLIND1X A . ;hose Dil? An Abbreviated History of the Anglo-Iranian Oil Dispute,-'194; -53 In 1372, the then Shah of Persia, rlaser ad-Din, in return for much needed cash, gave to Baron Paul Julius de Reuter. .'a concession to. exploit all his country's minerals (except for gold, silver, and precious stones'), all its forests and uncultivated land, and ail canals and irrigation works, as ;sell as a monopoly to construct railways and tranilways. Although the resulting uproar,-zsrac:.a11~ from neighboring Russiaraused this sweeping concession to be cancelled, de Reuter, who was a German Jew with British citizenship, persisted and by 1889 regained two parts of his original concession--the operation of a bank and the working of Persia's mines. Under the latter grant, de Reuter's men explored-for oil without great success, and the concession expired in 1999, 'the year the Baron died.` Persian oil right Shen passed to a British speculator, William Knox D'Arcy, whose first fortune had been made in Australian gold mines: The purchase price of the concession was about 50,000 pounds, and in 1903 the enterprise began to sell shares in "The First Exploitation Company." Exploratory drilling proceeded, and by 1904, two producing wells were in. a,+A - Shortly thereafter,Ainterest in oil was sharply stimulated by the efforts of Admiral Sir John Fisher, First Lord of the Admiralty, to convert the Royal Navy.from'burning coal to oil.. As a result, the Burmah Oil Company sought to become involved in eersian oil and, joining with D "lrcy and Lord Strathcona, formed the new Concessions Syndicate, L d, which endured un'ti'l 1907 when Burmah Oil bought D'Arcy out for 200„000 pounds cash and 900,000 pounds in shares.
    [Show full text]
  • The Reception of European Philosophy in Qajar Iran
    chapter 8 The Reception of European Philosophy in Qajar Iran Roman Seidel 1 Introduction (Historical Context) Iranian intellectual history in the Qajar era was marked by the incipient re- ception of European philosophical trends, which took place in the broader context of various processes of knowledge transmission between Europe and the Middle East. Alongside the increasing influence of European colonial- ist powers, intellectuals and scholars in the Middle East began to encounter various strands of modern Western thought. These encounters initiated new intellectual discourses, which were intended to either overcome the Islamic in- tellectual tradition or, at least, to supplement or reform Islamic thought. These discussions did not, in fact, lead to a rapid change in the philosophical dis- course in Qajar Iran and were—from the perspective of eminent philosophers of the time, as presented in this volume—a rather marginal phenomenon. Nevertheless, they added an important facet to the philosophical tradition by gradually making European philosophical doctrines accessible to Iranian scholars, a phenomenon that became especially significant in the context of the reform of the educational system. Initially, however, the Iranian interest in European thought was of a techni- cal rather than a philosophical nature. Facing the enormous military, the ad- ministrative and economic superiority of Europe, reformists, state officials and intellectuals propagated the idea that reform was needed in matters relating to the army and governmental administration.1
    [Show full text]
  • Tribes and Empire on the Margins of Nineteenth-Century Iran
    publications on the near east publications on the near east Poetry’s Voice, Society’s Song: Ottoman Lyric The Transformation of Islamic Art during Poetry by Walter G. Andrews the Sunni Revival by Yasser Tabbaa The Remaking of Istanbul: Portrait of an Shiraz in the Age of Hafez: The Glory of Ottoman City in the Nineteenth Century a Medieval Persian City by John Limbert by Zeynep Çelik The Martyrs of Karbala: Shi‘i Symbols The Tragedy of Sohráb and Rostám from and Rituals in Modern Iran the Persian National Epic, the Shahname by Kamran Scot Aghaie of Abol-Qasem Ferdowsi, translated by Ottoman Lyric Poetry: An Anthology, Jerome W. Clinton Expanded Edition, edited and translated The Jews in Modern Egypt, 1914–1952 by Walter G. Andrews, Najaat Black, and by Gudrun Krämer Mehmet Kalpaklı Izmir and the Levantine World, 1550–1650 Party Building in the Modern Middle East: by Daniel Goffman The Origins of Competitive and Coercive Rule by Michele Penner Angrist Medieval Agriculture and Islamic Science: The Almanac of a Yemeni Sultan Everyday Life and Consumer Culture by Daniel Martin Varisco in Eighteenth-Century Damascus by James Grehan Rethinking Modernity and National Identity in Turkey, edited by Sibel Bozdog˘an and The City’s Pleasures: Istanbul in the Eigh- Res¸at Kasaba teenth Century by Shirine Hamadeh Slavery and Abolition in the Ottoman Middle Reading Orientalism: Said and the Unsaid East by Ehud R. Toledano by Daniel Martin Varisco Britons in the Ottoman Empire, 1642–1660 The Merchant Houses of Mocha: Trade by Daniel Goffman and Architecture in an Indian Ocean Port by Nancy Um Popular Preaching and Religious Authority in the Medieval Islamic Near East Tribes and Empire on the Margins of Nine- by Jonathan P.
    [Show full text]
  • ETHNIC INEQUALITY in IRAN: an OVERVIEW Akbar Aghajanian Fayetteville State University
    Fayetteville State University DigitalCommons@Fayetteville State University Faculty Working Papers Sociology Department 1983 ETHNIC INEQUALITY IN IRAN: AN OVERVIEW Akbar Aghajanian Fayetteville State University Follow this and additional works at: http://digitalcommons.uncfsu.edu/soci Part of the Inequality and Stratification Commons Recommended Citation Aghajanian, Akbar, "ETHNIC INEQUALITY IN IRAN: AN OVERVIEW" (1983). Faculty Working Papers. 13. http://digitalcommons.uncfsu.edu/soci/13 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Sociology Department at DigitalCommons@Fayetteville State University. It has been accepted for inclusion in Faculty Working Papers by an authorized administrator of DigitalCommons@Fayetteville State University. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Int. J. Middle East Stud. 15 (1983), 211-224 Printed in the United States of America Akbar Aghajanian ETHNIC INEQUALITY IN IRAN: AN OVERVIEW INTRODUCTION Iran is a country of diverse ethnic and linguistic communities. There are Kurds in the west and northwest, Baluchis in the east, Turks in the north and northwest, and Arabs in the south. Persians are situated today in the central areas. Through the history of Iran these various ethnic groups have lived in geographically distinct regions and provinces. Along with this residential separa- tion, social and economic distance has long persisted and still continues among ethnic communities. Yet, regrettably, there is very little known about these inequalities in the contemporary history of Iran. A full examination of the historical development of the ethnic and linguistic communities in Iran is beyond the scope of this paper.' It is clear, however, that ethnic diversity goes back to pre-Islamic times.
    [Show full text]
  • Opening Statement
    Opening Statement Dr. Nour Ali Tabandeh (MajzoobAliShah)1 Original SSNV Paper in Farsi The 1st Annual International Symposium on: Sey-yed Nourod-din Shah Nematollah Vali October 11-12, 2002 Morris Dailey Auditorium San Jose State University (SJSU), San Jose, California, USA In the Name of Allah, the Compassionate, the Merciful I am very delighted that a group of scholars are assembled in this spiritual and academic gathering to honor one of Iran’s greatest men of literature, ‘irfan (Sufism) and Islam. For my part, I appreciate and admire the efforts of all, especially Dr. Azmayesh, the founder and organizer of this gathering. 1 A brief biography of Dr. Nour Ali Tabandeh submitted along with the paper: His highness Dr. Hajj Nour Ali Tabandeh, Majzoob Alishah, the Qutb [Leader] of Nematollahi Order, was born 21st of Mehr, 1306 Hejri Solar, (October 13, 1927). His noble great grandfather, his highness Sultan Alishah Gonabadi (passed away 1327 Hijri lunar), was among the most famous "Orafa" and "Olama" of his time, and accordingly after him the Nematollahi Order became famous as the Nematollahi Gonabadi. Dr. Nour Ali Tabandeh received his theological education from his father, his highness Saleh Alishah. He later studied with the renowned religious scholars of Tehran, at University of Tehran, and later obtained his PhD degree from the University of Paris. In Paris, he also attended the classes of the late Islamic scholar and philosopher Professor Henry Corbin. Since Corbin was an expert in Islamic studies, academic research, and Sufism, including Nematollahi Gonabadi Order, Dr. Nour Ali Tabandeh and Professor Corbin undertook the task of collaborating a series of articles about this order.
    [Show full text]
  • Symbolism of the Longest Reigning Queen Elizabeth II From1952 To2017
    الجمهورية الجزائرية الديمقراطية الشعبية Ministry of Higher Education and Scientific Research University of Tlemcen Faculty of Letters and Languages Department of English Symbolism of the Longest Reigning Queen Elizabeth II from1952 to2017 Dissertation submitted to the Department of English as a partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master in (LC) Literature and Civilization Presented by Supervised by Ms. Leila BASSAID Mrs. Souad HAMIDI BOARD OF EXAMINERS Dr. Assia BENTAYEB Chairperson Mrs. Souad HAMIDI Supervisor Dr. Yahia ZEGHOUDI examiner Academic Year: 2016-2017 Dedication First of all thanks to Allah the most Merciful. Every challenging work needs self efforts as well as guidance of older especially those who were very close to our heart, my humble efforts and dedications to my sweet and loving parents: Ali and Soumya whose affection, love and prayers have made me able to get such success and honor, and their words of encouragement, support and push for tenacity ring in my ears. My two lovely sisters Manar and Ibtihel have never left my side and are very special, without forgetting my dearest Grandparents for their prayers, my aunts and my uncle. I also dedicate this dissertation to my many friends and colleagues who have supported me throughout the process. I will always appreciate all they have done, especially my closest friends Wassila Boudouaya, for helping me, Fatima Zahra Benarbia, Aisha Derouich, Fatima Bentahar and many other friends who kept supporting and encouraging me in everything for the many hours of proofreading. I Acknowledgements Today is the day that writing this note of thanks is the finishing touch on my dissertation.
    [Show full text]