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HISTORY WW Buchanan,ARM Upton J R Coll Physicians Edinb 2005; 35:371–373 PAPER © 2005 Royal College of Physicians of Edinburgh Illness in literature: an example in Middle Scots 1WW Buchanan, 2ARM Upton 1Emeritus Professor of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario L8N 3ZS Canada, 2Professor of Medicine and Director of Neurological Services, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario L8N 3ZS Canada ABSTRACT Few poets have written on medical topics, but one who did was William Correspondence to WW Watson Dunbar, an eighteenth century Scots poet who wrote of his headache. His Buchanan, Apartment 306, 2000 headache was severe enough to confine him to his house, and may have been Creekside Drive Dundas, Ontario migraine, but this remains uncertain. Scotland’s king at that time was James IV who L9H 7S7 Canada was well-educated and interested in medicine. He awarded Dunbar a salary, probably as a secretary in his household, which may reflect his general support for e-mail [email protected] education and the arts. KEYWORDS Headache, migraine, poetry. DECLARATION OF INTERESTS No conflict of interests declared. INTRODUCTION The consonant3 (typed above as a ‘z’) is ‘g’ in old German and old English orthography, but ‘j’ or ‘y’ in Illness is not among the prime themes of literature, Scots or English.8 The words in the first verse with this although Virginia Woolf (1882–1941), who suffered consonant are in modem texts: ‘yak’, ‘yester’, ‘menyie’, from a bipolar disorder, published an essay entitled On and ‘ganyie’.9 being ill.1 Although several accounts of various diseases are not to be found in a number of author's works, The poem in modern English is as follows. The translation there are no novels on influenza or typhoid fever, and is literal, not poetic: no odes to scarlet fever or pneumoconiosis. However, there are addresses to whooping cough,2 and to My head did ache last night, toothache (by the two Scottish poets, Robert Burns This day to make that I not may. (1759–1796),3 who suffered from whooping cough,4 So sore the migraine commits me (to be) and by the Skye poet Uilleam Ross (1762–1790), about housebound, Penetrating my forehead as any arrow, a friend's toothache5). The most memorable ode is by That hardly I may look on the light. the English poet, John Milton (1608–1678) who addressed his blindness in a sonnet.6 Perhaps less well And now, sir, latterly after mass known is the poem by the fifteenth and sixth century To poem thought I began to prepare, Scottish poet,William Dunbar (c1460–c1520), entitled, The sentence lay full utterly to find, On his heidake.7 Not having slept in my head behind, Made dull in torpor and sorrow. My heid did zak zester nicht, This day to mak that I na micht. Very often at dawn I get up, So sair the magryme dois me menzie, When that my inclination sleeping lies. Perseing my brow as ony ganzie, For joy, my music-making and sport, That scant I luik may on the licht. Despite loud noise neither dancing nor revelry, It will not waken me not at all. And now, schir, laitlie eftir mes To dyt thocht I begowthe to dres, COMMENT The sentence lay full evill till find, Vnsleipit in my heid behind, Comparatively little is known of the author, William Dullit in dulnes and distress. Dunbar, although it is believed he was born in East Lothian, and took a Bachelor of Arts degree at St Full oft at morrow I wpryse, Andrews University in 1477, becoming a ‘maister’ two Quhen that my curage sleipeing lyis. years later.10, 11 He may have acted as secretary to the For mirth, for menstrallie and play, Scottish Embassy in France in 1491, and was probably in HISTORY For din nor dancing nor deray, London to take part in discussions of the marriage of It will not walkin me no wise. Margaret Tudor (1489–1541), daughter of Henry VII Tudor (1457–1509) of England, to James IV of Scotland 371 WW Buchanan,ARM Upton (1488–1513), in 1500.10 In 1500, William Dunbar was Although the title of the poem in modern anthologies is awarded a ‘pensioun’, a salary, from the king for serving as On his heid-ake it should be noted that titles of poems a servitour, or member of the royal household, probably have no early authority, most being invented by editors, as a secretary. The ‘pensioun’ was for £10, which in 1507 in the eighteenth and nineteenth century.7 The language was increased to £20, and finally in 1510 to £80.10 of the poem is that of Older Scots, i.e. that prior to 1700.9 Older Scots has conveniently been divided into Sir Walter Scott (1771–1832) considered that the times three types: Preliterary, up to c.1375, Early, i.e. of James IV were rude and barbarous,II commenting in his c.1375–1450, and Middle Scots, i.e. 1450 to1700.15 John poem Marmion on ‘rude Scotland’ and a ‘barbarous age’.12 Barbour (c.1320-1345) who composed the long poem, This is surprising, since James IV, according to a Spanish The Brus (c.1375) was the principal writer of Early Scots. visitor Pedro de Ayala, spoke Latin very well, and also five William Dunbar and his contemporaries such as Robert different European languages. He was interested not only Henryson, Gavin Douglas and Sir David Lindsay wrote in in medicine and surgery, but also dentistry, and it was what is defined as middle Scots.9,11 In the later period of during his reign that King’s College (named after him) Middle Scots, John Knox (c.1514–1572)16 and King James was founded in Aberdeen in 1500, and the Royal College VI (1566–1625)17 anglicised the language.9, l1, 18 The of Surgeons of Edinburgh received its Charter in 1506.13 language was first called Scots in 1494, previously being Perhaps less known is the fact that King James IVenacted referred to as ‘Inglis’.9, 15 the first compulsory Education Act in 1496, and founded the New College of St Leonard’s at the University of St The description of the poet’s headache, described as Andrews in 1512. King James IV promoted alliances with ‘magryme’, could well have been migraine, although none European powers, other than France which was a matter of the other features is described, such as affecting one of course, and even negotiated for a ‘treaty of perpetual side of the head, nausea and vomiting, visual and sensory peace’ between Scotland and England in 1502. He prodromata, loss of field of vision, bright or coloured brought peace and stability to his own nation, and lights (fortification spectrum) or tingling of the lips and attempted a peaceful settlement in the Isles at a meeting hands. The headache was of sufficient severity however at Caisteal Dun Stafhinis with lain Mòr MacDhomhnuill, to make him incapable of leaving the house, and to be Dun Naomhaig, and his son Iain Cathanach, in 1493. This scarcely able to ‘luik . on the licht.’ In the second verse failed and both father, son and two grandsons were the poet has difficulty in remembering a sentence, this hanged on the Boroughmuir of Edinburgh in 1499.14 having, ‘vnsleipit in my heid behind.’ The posterior part Although James IV's private life was no model life (he of the brain was considered traditionally the seat of had five illegitimate children, by four different mothers) memory (memoria), while the imagination (phantasma) his court in Edinburgh was one of splendour, where occupied the anterior portion, and cogitation (discursus poets such as Robert Henryson (c.1420–c.1490), Gavin menti) the middle, as defined by Theophilus Douglas (1460–c.1513) and Sir David Lindsay Protopatharius (f1630).7, 9 The last verse suggests the (c.1486–1555) flourished.13 King James IV was a poet may have suffered from depression, the reason why popular king, whose untimely death at the Battle of he found himself unable to ‘wpryse’, i.e. get up. Many of Flodden (1513) was mourned by all the people of Dunbar’s other poems suggest he might have suffered Scotland, with the exception of those of the Western from mood swings between exultation and depression, Isles and Highlands. i.e. a mild bipolar disease. REFERENCES heidake, 1988. p 127, p 17, p 366. 8 MacKenzie WM (editor). The Poems of William Dunbar. London: 1 Woolf V. On being ill. Ashfield, Massachusetts: Paris Press; 2002. Faber and Faber Limited; 1932. 2 Roy G. 9 Jack RDS. The language of literary materials: origins to 1700. In: 3 Burns R. Address to the toothache. Probably written in 1795, when The Edinburgh History of the Scots Language. Jones C (editor). he was experiencing ‘the delightful sensations of an omnipotent Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press; 1997. Ch 7, pp 213–263. tooth-ache, while fifty troops of internal spirits are riding past 10 Lindsay M. The fifteenth century and before. In: History of Scottish from ear to ear along my jaw bones.’ In: The complete works of Literature. London: Robert Hale; 1979. Ch 1, pp 47–57. Robert Burns. Mackay JA (editor). Alloway: Ayrshire Alloway 11 Bawcutt P .William Dunbar and Gavin Douglas. In: The History Publishing Press; 1990 p 553. of Scottish Literature Vol I. Origins to 1660. Jack RDS (editor). 4 Buchanan WW,Kean,WF.Robert Burns' illness revisited. Scot Med Aberdeen University Press; 1989. Ch 5, pp 73–89. J. 1982. 27:75–88. 12 Scott Sir W. Marmion VI, XI. In: The Poetical Works of Sir Walter 5 Ross,W.
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