Bennettitales

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Introduction: Bennettitales are an extinct kind of Bennettitales Evolution/Taxonomy: seed plant, they are represented by at As of now, scientists are still studying the least two species of Ptilophyllum, relationships between prehistoric plants and including P. boolensis and P. modern plants. The evolution of fasciatum. Bennettitales, an extinct angiosperms is one mystery still yet to be lineage of Mesozoic seed plants with solved. Some scientists believe that cycad-like foliage and flowerlike Bennettitales are an ancestor of the modern reproductive structures. angiosperm. Evidence for this is the Bennettitales reproductive structure, which contains both male and female organs, like angiosperms, and is surrounded in structures that resemble petals, and could be homoloous with petals on modern flowering plants. Habitat/Range: Bennettitales were found mostly in stable Morphology: environments like Bennettitaless are reconstructed as small, floodplains and swamps. sparsely branched or unbranched trees or It is known from Early Geologic range (dates): 262-66 small shrubs. The trunk is slender or in some Cretaceous fossilized Bennettitales barrel-shaped. Leaves are Mya during the age of cycads forests in the Antarctic large, Simple or pinnately divided, very This group of plants flourished in similar in gross morphology to some cycad islands, India, and the triassic to lower cretaceous. leaves. China. There are 2 groups within Bennettitales differing in unique traits they are Cycadeoidaceae (stout trunk and Julia Cauley, Juan Carrillo, Jong bisporangiate strobili, serving as reproductive system) and Williamsoniaceae (with either Park bisporangiate or monosporangiate and GEOL204 The Fossil Record slender branching wood like trunks) Spring 2019 Section 0105.

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Seed Plant Phylogeny: Demise of the Anthophyte Hypothesis? Michael J
bb10c06.qxd 02/29/2000 04:18 Page R106 R106 Dispatch Seed plant phylogeny: Demise of the anthophyte hypothesis? Michael J. Donoghue* and James A. Doyle† Recent molecular phylogenetic studies indicate, The first suggestions that Gnetales are related to surprisingly, that Gnetales are related to conifers, or angiosperms were based on several obvious morphological even derived from them, and that no other extant seed similarities — vessels in the wood, net-veined leaves in plants are closely related to angiosperms. Are these Gnetum, and reproductive organs made up of simple, results believable? Is this a clash between molecules unisexual, flower-like structures, which some considered and morphology? evolutionary precursors of the flowers of wind-pollinated Amentiferae, but others viewed as being reduced from Addresses: *Harvard University Herbaria, 22 Divinity Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA. †Section of Evolution and more complex flowers in the common ancestor of Ecology, University of California, Davis, California 95616, USA. angiosperms, Gnetales and Mesozoic Bennettitales [1]. E-mail: [email protected] These ideas went into eclipse with evidence that simple [email protected] flowers really are a derived, rather than primitive, feature Current Biology 2000, 10:R106–R109 of the Amentiferae, and that vessels arose independently in angiosperms and Gnetales. Vessels in angiosperms 0960-9822/00/$ – see front matter seem derived from tracheids with scalariform pits, whereas © 2000 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved. in Gnetales they resemble tracheids with circular bor- dered pits, as in conifers. Gnetales are also like conifers in These are exciting times for those interested in plant lacking scalariform pitting in the primary xylem, and in evolution.
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Ancient Noeggerathialean Reveals the Seed Plant Sister Group Diversified Alongside the Primary Seed Plant Radiation
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1 Relationships of Angiosperms To
Relationships of Angiosperms to 1 Other Seed Plants Seed plants are of fundamental importance both evolution- all gymnosperms (living and extinct) together are not arily and ecologically. They dominate terrestrial landscapes, monophyletic. Importantly, several fossil lineages, Cayto- and the seed has played a central role in agriculture and hu- niales, Bennettitales, Pentoxylales, and Glossopteridales man history. There are fi ve extant lineages of seed plants: (glossopterids), have been proposed as putative close rela- angiosperms, cycads, conifers, gnetophytes, and Ginkgo. tives of the angiosperms based on phylogenetic analyses These fi ve groups have usually been treated as distinct (e.g., Crane 1985; Rothwell and Serbet 1994; reviewed in phyla — Magnoliophyta (or Anthophyta), Cycadophyta, Doyle 2006, 2008, 2012; Friis et al. 2011). These fossil lin- Co ni fe ro phyta, Gnetophyta, and Ginkgophyta, respec- eages, sometimes referred to as the para-angiophytes, will tively. Cantino et al. (2007) used the following “rank- free” therefore be covered in more detail later in this chapter. An- names (see Chapter 12): Angiospermae, Cycadophyta, other fossil lineage, the corystosperms, has been proposed Coniferae, Gnetophyta, and Ginkgo. Of these, the angio- as a possible angiosperm ancestor as part of the “mostly sperms are by far the most diverse, with ~14,000 genera male hypothesis” (Frohlich and Parker 2000), but as re- and perhaps as many as 350,000 (The Plant List 2010) to viewed here, corystosperms usually do not appear as close 400,000 (Govaerts 2001) species. The conifers, with ap- angiosperm relatives in phylogenetic trees. proximately 70 genera and nearly 600 species, are the sec- The seed plants represent an ancient radiation, with ond largest group of living seed plants.
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Dieciousness in Thalictrum Dasycarpum.*
The Ohio Journal of Science Vol. XX DECEMBER, 1919 No. 2 DIECIOUSNESS IN THALICTRUM DASYCARPUM.* JOHN H. SCHAFFNER. In the search for further light on the nature of dieciousness, the writer made some observations on Thalictrum, as repre- senting a genus of plants quite low in the evolutionary scale yet showing considerable specialization. The Ranunculaceae, among which the meadow-rues are included, are normally bisporan- giate plants and the lower species of Thalictrum are also bisporangiate, as for example, Thalictrum clavatum DC. and Thalictrum alpinum L. Thalictrum clavatum shows plainly that the ancestral type of the genus had the normal lateral stamens and terminal carpels so characteristic of Anthophyta, altho in the specialized species as will appear below there is no definite position for either stamens or carpels in the inter- mediate type of flowers. Thalictrum'dsycarpum Fisch. and Lall. and Thalictrum revolutum DC. are among the diecious species with many intermediate individuals, while Thalictrum dioicum L. and other species are normally strictly diecious. In Thalictrum dasycarpum there is no apparent sexual dimorphism between the staminate and carpellate plants except in the sporophylls themselves and even the stamens and carpels have an unusual similarity of appearance before the filaments elongate. A considerable per cent of the individuals are apparently strictly staminate or carpellate and from these extremes, inter- mediates grade through all degrees up to individuals which pro- duce nearly an equal number of stamens and carpels. Next to a pure staminate plant may be one completely staminate except that one flower has one normal carpel. A single sporophyll with female expression among thousands with male expression! Or there may be an individual having all carpellate flowers but one of these flowers has a single stamen.
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Iop Newsletter 119
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Exceptionally Well-Preserved Early Cretaceous Leaves of Nilssoniopteris from Central Mongolia
Acta Palaeobotanica 58(2): 135–157, 2018 e-ISSN 2082-0259 DOI: 10.2478/acpa-2018-0016 ISSN 0001-6594 Exceptionally well-preserved Early Cretaceous leaves of Nilssoniopteris from central Mongolia FABIANY HERRERA1,5,*, GONGLE SHI2, GOMBOSUREN TSOLMON3, NIIDEN ICHINNOROV 3, MASAMICHI TAKAHASHI4, PETER R. CRANE5,6 and PATRICK S. HERENDEEN1 1 Chicago Botanic Garden, Glencoe, Illinois 60022 USA; e-mails: [email protected]; [email protected] 2 State Key Laboratory of Palaeobiology and Stratigraphy, Nanjing Institute of Geology and Palaeontology and Center for Excellence in Life and Paleoenvironment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008 People’s Republic of China; e-mail: [email protected] 3 Institute of Paleontology and Geology, Mongolian Academy of Sciences, Ulaanbaatar-51, Mongolia; e-mails: [email protected]; [email protected] 4 Department of Environmental Sciences, Niigata University, Ikarashi, Nishi-ku, Niigata 950-2181 Japan; e-mail: [email protected] 5 Oak Spring Garden Foundation, Upperville, Virginia 20184 USA 6 School of Forestry and Environmental Studies, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06511 USA; e-mail: [email protected] Received 20 June 2018; accepted for publication 25 October 2018 ABSTRACT. Two new Early Cretaceous (Aptian-Albian) species of fossil bennettitalean leaves are described from central Mongolia and assigned to the genus Nilssoniopteris. Nilssoniopteris tomentosa F.Herrera, G.Shi, Tsolmon, Ichinnorov, Takahashi, P.R.Crane, et Herend. sp. nov., isolated from bulk sediment samples collected for mesofossils in the Tevshiingovi Formation at the Tevshiin Govi opencast coal mine, is distinctive in having a dense, well-developed indumentum composed of branched, flattened multicellular trichomes on the abaxial leaf surface.
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