DOCSLIB.ORG

A Concise History of the Baltic States Free

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
A Concise History of the Baltic States Free FREE A CONCISE HISTORY OF THE BALTIC STATES PDF Andrejs Plakans | 492 pages | 04 May 2011 | CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY PRESS | 9780521541558 | English | Cambridge, United Kingdom (PDF) A Concise History of the Baltic States | Markus Meckl - The term is not used in the context of cultural areasnational identityor languagebecause while the majority of people in Latvia and Lithuania are Baltic peoplethe majority in Estonia are Finnic. The three countries do not form an official union, but engage in intergovernmental and parliamentary cooperation. All three are classified as high-income economies by the World Bank and maintain a very high Human Development Index. The term Baltic stems from the name of the Baltic Sea — a hydronym dating back to the 3rd century B. Erastothenes mentioned Baltia in Ancient Greek and earlier. This meaning is retained in modern Baltic languageswhere baltas in Lithuanian and balts in Latvian mean 'white'. The term Baltic states was, until the early 20th century, used in the context of countries neighbouring the Baltic Sea : Sweden and Denmark, sometimes also Germany and the Russian Empire. Throughout the 18th century to the 20th century, the Baltic states were part of the Russian Empire until the four countries gained independence in and near the end of World War I. Soviet rule ended when the three countries declared the occupation illegal and culminated with the restoration of independence to their pre-war status in when communism collapsed in Eastern Europe. In the 13th century pagan and Eastern Orthodox Baltic and Finnic peoples in the region became a target of the Northern Crusades. It was divided into four autonomous bishoprics and lands of the Livonian Brothers of the Sword. Northern Estonia initially became a Danish dominionbut it was purchased by the Teutonic Order in the midth century. The majority of the crusaders A Concise History of the Baltic States clergy were German, and Baltic Germans remained influential in Estonia and most of Latvia until the first half of the 20th century: they formed the backbone of the A Concise History of the Baltic States gentry, and German served both as a lingua franca and for record-keeping. The Lithuanians were also targeted by the crusaders; however, they were able to resist and established the Kingdom of Lithuania in which later became Grand Duchy of Lithuania. It expanded to the east conquering former principalities of Kiev up to the Black sea. After the Union of Krewo inGrand Duchy of Lithuania created a dynastic union with Kingdom of Polandthey became ever more closely integrated and finally merged into the Polish—Lithuanian Commonwealth in After victory in the Battle of Grunwald inthe Polish—Lithuanian union became a major political and military power in the region. The Lithuanians were also targeted by the crusaders; however, they were able to defend the country from Livonian and Teutonic Orders and established the Kingdom of Lithuania in which later, after the death of King Mindaugas became Grand Duchy of Lithuania. Mindaugas was the first Lithuanian ruler who accepted Christianity. GDL became A Concise History of the Baltic States of the most influential powers in Northern and Eastern Europe in the 14th—16th century. In the Christianization of Lithuania occurred [15] - it signified the official adoption of Christianity by Lithuanians, the last pagan nation in Europe. After the victory of joint Polish - Lithuanian forces in the Battle of Grunwald inthe Polish—Lithuanian union became a major political and military power in the region. Polish—Lithuanian Commonwealth existed up to and was partitioned in three stages by the neighboring Russian Empirethe Kingdom of Prussiaand the Habsburg Monarchy. In Livonia was attacked by the Tsardom of Russia and the Livonian war broke out, lasting until The rulers of different A Concise History of the Baltic States within Livonia sought to ally with foreign powers, which resulted in Polish—Lithuanian, Swedish and Danish involvement. As a result, by the Livonian confederation had ceased to exist and its lands in modern Latvia and Southern Estonia became the Duchy of Courland and Semigallia and the Duchy of Livoniawhich were vassals to the Polish—Lithuanian CommonwealthOsel island came under Danish rule and Northern Estonia became the Swedish Duchy of Estonia. In the aftermath of later conflicts of the 17th century, much of the Duchy of Livonia and Osel also came under Swedish control as Swedish Livonia. These newly acquired Swedish territories, as well as Ingria and Kexholm now the western part of the Leningrad Oblast of Russiabecame known as the Baltic Dominions. Parts of the Duchy of Livonia that remained in the Commonwealth became Inflanty Voivodeshipwhich contributed to the modern Latgale region of Eastern Latvia becoming culturally distinct from the rest of Latvia as the German nobility lost its influence and the region remained Catholic just like Poland-Lithuania, while the rest of Latvia and also Estonia became Lutheran. At the beginning of the 18th century the Swedish Empire was attacked by a coalition A Concise History of the Baltic States several European powers in the Great Northern War. Among these powers was Russia, seeking to restore its access to the Baltic Sea. During the course of the war it conquered all of the Swedish provinces on the Eastern Baltic coast. This acquisition was legalized by the Treaty of Nystad in which the Baltic Dominions were ceded to Russia. After the Partitions of Poland which took place in the last quarter of the 18th century, the third Ostsee governorate was created, as the Courland Governorate presently a part of Latvia. This toponym stems from the Curoniansone of the Baltic [18] indigenous tribes. Following the annexation of Courland the two other governates were renamed to the Governorate of Livland and the Governorate of Estland. Russian replaced German as the language of administration e. In the late 19th century, nationalist sentiment grew in Estonia and in Latvia morphing into an aspiration to national statehood after the Russian Revolution. After the First World War the term "Baltic A Concise History of the Baltic States came to refer to countries by the Baltic Sea that had gained independence from Russia in its aftermath. As such it included not only former Baltic governorates, but also Latgale LatviaLithuania and Finland. Estonia had already obtained autonomy from tsarist Russia inbut was subsequently occupied by the German Empire; they fought an independence war against Soviet Russia and Baltic nobility before gaining true independence from to Latvia and Lithuanians followed a similar process, until the Latvian War of Independence and Lithuanian Wars of Independence were extinguished in During the interwar period these countries were sometimes referred to as limitrophe states between the two World Wars, from the French, indicating their collectively forming a rim along Bolshevik Russia's, later the Soviet Union's, western border. They were also part of what Clemenceau A Concise History of the Baltic States a strategic cordon sanitairethe entire territory from Finland in the north to Romania in A Concise History of the Baltic States south, standing between Western Europe and potential Bolshevik territorial ambitions. Some note that the events in Lithuania differed from its two more northerly neighbors, with Smetona having different motivations as well as securing power 8 years before any A Concise History of the Baltic States events in Latvia or Estonia took place. Despite considerable political turmoil in Finland no such events took place there. Finland did however get embroiled in a bloody civil warsomething that did not happen in the Baltics. In accordance with a secret protocol within the Molotov—Ribbentrop Pact of that divided Europe into A Concise History of the Baltic States and Soviet spheres of influence, the Soviet Army entered eastern Poland in Septemberand then coerced Estonia, Latvia, and Lithuania into mutual assistance treaties which granted them the right to establish military bases in these countries. In Junethe Red Army occupied all of the territory of Estonia, Latvia, and Lithuaniaand installed new, pro-Soviet governments in all three countries. Following elections in which only pro-communist candidates were allowed to runthe newly elected parliaments of the three countries formally applied to join the Soviet Union in August and were incorporated into it as the EstonianLatvianand Lithuanian Soviet Socialist Republics. Repressions, executions and mass deportations followed after that in the Baltics. Between andthe Soviet government deported more thanpeople from the Baltic to remote locations in the Soviet Union. In addition, at least 75, were sent to Gulags. The Soviet control of the Baltic states was interrupted by Nazi German invasion of this region in Initially, many Estonians, Latvians, and Lithuanians considered the Germans as liberators. The Baltic countries hoped for the restoration of independence, but instead the Germans established a civil administration, known as the Reichskommissariat Ostland. The German occupation lasted until late in Courlanduntil earlywhen the countries were reoccupied by the Red Army and Soviet rule was re- established, with the passive agreement of the United States and Britain see Yalta Conference and Potsdam Agreement. The forced collectivisation of agriculture began inand was completed after the mass deportation in March see Operation Priboi. Private farms were confiscated, and farmers were made to join the collective farms. In all three countries, Baltic partisansknown colloquially as the Forest BrothersLatvian national partisansand Lithuanian partisanswaged unsuccessful guerrilla warfare against the Soviet occupation for the next eight years in a bid to regain their nations' independence. The armed resistance of the anti-Soviet partisans lasted up to Although the armed resistance was defeated, the population remained anti-Soviet. Each was staffed initially by diplomats from A Concise History of the Baltic States last governments before USSR occupation. In the late s a massive campaign of civil resistance against Soviet rule, known as the Singing revolutionbegan.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • The Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth As a Political Space: Its Unity and Complexity*
    Chapter 8 The Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth as a Political Space: Its Unity and Complexity* Satoshi Koyama Introduction The Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth (Rzeczpospolita) was one of the largest states in early modern Europe. In the second half of the sixteenth century, after the union of Lublin (1569), the Polish-Lithuanian state covered an area of 815,000 square kilometres. It attained its greatest extent (990,000 square kilometres) in the first half of the seventeenth century. On the European continent there were only two larger countries than Poland-Lithuania: the Grand Duchy of Moscow (c.5,400,000 square kilometres) and the European territories of the Ottoman Empire (840,000 square kilometres). Therefore the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth was the largest country in Latin-Christian Europe in the early modern period (Wyczański 1973: 17–8). In this paper I discuss the internal diversity of the Commonwealth in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries and consider how such a huge territorial complex was politically organised and integrated. * This paper is a part of the results of the research which is grant-aided by the ‘Grants-in-Aid for Scientific Research’ program of the Japan Society for the Promotion of Science in 2005–2007. - 137 - SATOSHI KOYAMA 1. The Internal Diversity of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth Poland-Lithuania before the union of Lublin was a typical example of a composite monarchy in early modern Europe. ‘Composite state’ is the term used by H. G. Koenigsberger, who argued that most states in early modern Europe had been ‘composite states, including more than one country under the sovereignty of one ruler’ (Koenigsberger, 1978: 202).
    [Show full text]
  • Download Download
    ESUKA – JEFUL 2014, 5–1: 27–36 LIVONIAN LANDSCAPES IN THE HISTORICAL GEOGRAPHY OF LIVONIA AND THE DIVISION OF THE LIVONIAN TRIBES Urmas Sutrop Institute of the Estonian Language, Tallinn, and the University of Tartu Abstract. There is no exact consensus on the division and sub-division of the former Livonian territories at the end of the ancient independence period in the 12th century. Even the question of the Coastal Livonians in Courland – were they an indigenous Livonian tribe or a replaced eastern Livonian tribe – remains unsolved. In this paper the anonymously published treatise on the historical geography of Livonia by Johann Christoph Schwartz (1792) will be analysed and compared with the historical modern views. There is an agreement on the division of the Eastern Livonian territories into four counties: Daugava, Gauja, Metsepole, and Idumea. Idumea had a mixed Livo- nian-Baltic population. There is no consensus on the parochial sub-division of these counties. Keywords: Johann Christoph Schwartz, historical geography, Livonian tribes, Livonians DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.12697/jeful.2014.5.1.02 1. Introduction It is commonly believed that Livonians (like Estonians) did not form either territorial or political unity at the end of the ancient independence period in the 12th century (see e.g. Koski 1997: 45). The first longer document where Livonians are described is the Livonian Chronicle (Heinrici Cronicon Lyvoniae) for the period 1180 to 1227 written by Henry of Livonia, an eyewitness of these events. Modern ideas on the division of Eastern Livonian peoples and territories go back to the cartographic work of Heinrich Laakmann, who divided Livonians into three territories – Daugava, Thoreida, and Metsepole; and added that there was a mixed Livonian-Baltic population at the end of the 12th century in Idumea (see the map Baltic Lands: population about 1200 AD and explanation to this map in Laakmann 1954).
    [Show full text]
  • Personal Names and Denomination of Livonians in Early Written Sources
    ESUKA – JEFUL 2014, 5–1: 13–26 PERSONAL NAMES AND DENOMINATION OF LIVONIANS IN EARLY WRITTEN SOURCES Enn Ernits Estonian University of Life Sciences Abstract. This paper presents the timeline of ethnonyms denoting Livonians; specifies their chronology; and analyses the names used for this ethnos and possible personal names. If we consider the dating of the event, the earliest sources mentioning Livonians are Gesta Danorum and the Tale of Bygone Years (both 10th century), but both sources present rather dubious information: in the first the battle of Bråvalla itself or the date are dubious (6th, 8th or 10th century); in the latter we cannot be sure that the member of the Rus delegation was really a Livonian. If we consider the time of recording, the earliest sources are two rune inscriptions from Sweden (11th century), and the next is the list of neighbouring peoples of the Russians from the Tale of Bygone Years (12th century). The personal names Bicco and Ger referred in Gesta Danorum, and Либи Аръфастовъ in Tale of Bygone Years are very problematic. The first certain personal name of a Livonian is *Mustakka, *Mustukka or *Mustoikka (from Finnic *musta ‘black’) written in 1040–1050s on a strip of birch bark in Novgorod. Keywords: Livs, Finnic peoples, ethnonyms, anthroponyms, onomastics DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.12697/jeful.2014.5.1.01 1. Introduction This paper (1) seeks to present the timeline of ethnonyms denoting Livonians; (2) to specify their chronology; (3) and to analyse the names used for this ethnos and possible personal names. It is supple- mental to the paper by Mauno Koski on words denoting Livonians (Koski 2011).
    [Show full text]
  • RCS Demographics V2.0 Codebook
    Religious Characteristics of States Dataset Project Demographics, version 2.0 (RCS-Dem 2.0) CODE BOOK Davis Brown Non-Resident Fellow Baylor University Institute for Studies of Religion [email protected] Acknowledgements I would like to thank the following persons for their assistance, without which this project could not have been completed. First and foremost, my co-principal investigator, Patrick James. Among faculty and researchers, I thank Brian Bergstrom, Peter W. Brierley, Peter Crossing, Abe Gootzeit, Todd Johnson, Barry Sang, and Sanford Silverburg. I also thank the library staffs of the following institutions: Assembly of God Theological Seminary, Catawba College, Maryville University of St. Louis, St. Louis Community College System, St. Louis Public Library, University of Southern California, United States Air Force Academy, University of Virginia, and Washington University in St. Louis. Last but definitely not least, I thank the following research assistants: Nolan Anderson, Daniel Badock, Rebekah Bates, Matt Breda, Walker Brown, Marie Cormier, George Duarte, Dave Ebner, Eboni “Nola” Haynes, Thomas Herring, and Brian Knafou. - 1 - TABLE OF CONTENTS Introduction 3 Citation 3 Updates 3 Territorial and Temporal Coverage 4 Regional Coverage 4 Religions Covered 4 Majority and Supermajority Religions 6 Table of Variables 7 Sources, Methods, and Documentation 22 Appendix A: Territorial Coverage by Country 26 Double-Counted Countries 61 Appendix B: Territorial Coverage by UN Region 62 Appendix C: Taxonomy of Religions 67 References 74 - 2 - Introduction The Religious Characteristics of States Dataset (RCS) was created to fulfill the unmet need for a dataset on the religious dimensions of countries of the world, with the state-year as the unit of observation.
    [Show full text]
  • Crusading, the Military Orders, and Sacred Landscapes in the Baltic, 13Th – 14Th Centuries ______
    TERRA MATRIS: CRUSADING, THE MILITARY ORDERS, AND SACRED LANDSCAPES IN THE BALTIC, 13TH – 14TH CENTURIES ____________________________________ A Thesis Presented to the School of History, Archaeology and Religion Cardiff University ____________________________________ In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Doctor of Philosophy in History & Welsh History (2018) ____________________________________ by Gregory Leighton Abstract Crusading and the military orders have, at their roots, a strong focus on place, namely the Holy Land and the shrines associated with the life of Christ on Earth. Both concepts spread to other frontiers in Europe (notably Spain and the Baltic) in a very quick fashion. Therefore, this thesis investigates the ways that this focus on place and landscape changed over time, when crusading and the military orders emerged in the Baltic region, a land with no Christian holy places. Taking this fact as a point of departure, the following thesis focuses on the crusades to the Baltic Sea Region during the thirteenth and fourteenth centuries. It considers the role of the military orders in the region (primarily the Order of the Teutonic Knights), and how their participation in the conversion-led crusading missions there helped to shape a distinct perception of the Baltic region as a new sacred (i.e. Christian) landscape. Structured around four chapters, the thesis discusses the emergence of a new sacred landscape thematically. Following an overview of the military orders and the role of sacred landscpaes in their ideology, and an overview of the historiographical debates on the Baltic crusades, it addresses the paganism of the landscape in the written sources predating the crusades, in addition to the narrative, legal, and visual evidence of the crusade period (Chapter 1).
    [Show full text]
  • East Baltic Vikings - with Particular Consideration to the Ctrronians
    East Baltic Vikings - with particular consideration to the Ctrronians Swedish Allies in the Saga World EAST BALTIC At the mythical battlefield of Bravellir (Sw. VIKINGS - WITH Bnl.vallama), Danes and the Swedes clashed in a PARTICULAR fight of epic dimensions. The over-aged Danish king Harald Hildetand finally lost his life, and CONSIDERA­ his nephew king Sigurdr hringr won Denmark TION TO THE for the Swedes. The story appears in a fragment CURONIANS of a Norse saga from around 1300. But since Sa­ xo Grammaticus tells it, the written tradition Nils Blornkvist must go back at least to the late 12th century. Wri­ ting in Latin he prefers to call it bellum Suetici, 'the Swedish war'. It's for several reasons ob­ vious that Saxo has built his text on a Norse text that must have been quite similar to the preser­ ved fragment. The battle of Bravellir- the Norse fragment claims - was noteworthy in ancient tales for having be­ en the greatest, the hardest and the most even and uncertain of the wars that had been fought in the Nordic countries.1 Both sources give long lists of the famous heroes that joined the two armies in a way that recalls the list of ships in Homer's Iliad. These champions are the knight­ errants of Germanic epics, to some degree rela­ ted with those of chansons de geste. They are pre­ sented with characteristic epithets and eponyms that point out their origins in a town, a tribe or a country. When summed up they communicate a geographic vision of the northern World in the 11 th and 12th centuries.
    [Show full text]
  • From Tribe to Nation a Brief History of Latvia
    From Tribe to Nation A Brief History of Latvia 1 Cover photo: Popular People of Latvia are very proud of their history. It demonstration on is a history of the birth and development of the Dome Square, 1989 idea of an independent nation, and a consequent struggle to attain it, maintain it, and renew it. Above: A Zeppelin above Rīga in 1930 Albeit important, Latvian history is not entirely unique. The changes which swept through the ter- Below: Participants ritory of Latvia over the last two dozen centuries of the XXV Nationwide were tied to the ever changing map of Europe, Song and Dance and the shifting balance of power. From the Viking Celebration in 2013 conquests and German Crusades, to the recent World Wars, the territory of Latvia, strategically lo- cated on the Baltic Sea between the Scandinavian region and Russia, was very much part of these events, and shared their impact especially closely with its Baltic neighbours. What is unique and also attests to the importance of history in Latvia today, is how the growth and development of a nation, initially as a mere idea, permeated all these events through the centuries up to Latvian independence in 1918. In this brief history of Latvia you can read how Latvia grew from tribe to nation, how its history intertwined with changes throughout Europe, and how through them, or perhaps despite them, Lat- via came to be a country with such a proud and distinct national identity 2 1 3 Incredible Historical Landmarks Left: People of The Baltic Way – this was one of the most crea- Latvia united in the tive non-violent protest activities in history.
    [Show full text]
  • Were the Baltic Lands a Small, Underdeveloped Province in a Far
    3 Were the Baltic lands a small, underdeveloped province in a far corner of Europe, to which Germans, Swedes, Poles, and Russians brought religion, culture, and well-being and where no prerequisites for independence existed? Thus far the world extends, and this is the truth. Tacitus of the Baltic Lands He works like a Negro on a plantation or a Latvian for a German. Dostoyevsky The proto-Balts or early Baltic peoples began to arrive on the shores of the Baltic Sea nearly 4,000 years ago. At their greatest extent, they occupied an area some six times as large as that of the present Baltic peoples. Two thousand years ago, the Roman Tacitus wrote about the Aesti tribe on the shores of the #BMUJDBDDPSEJOHUPIJN JUTNFNCFSTHBUIFSFEBNCFSBOEXFSFOPUBTMB[ZBT many other peoples.1 In the area that presently is Latvia, grain was already cultivated around 3800 B.C.2 Archeologists say that agriculture did not reach southern Finland, only some 300 kilometers away, until the year 2500 B.C. About 900 AD Balts began establishing tribal realms. “Latvians” (there was no such nation yet) were a loose grouping of tribes or cultures governed by kings: Couronians (Kurshi), Latgallians, Selonians and Semigallians. The area which is known as -BUWJBUPEBZXBTBMTPPDDVQJFECZB'JOOP6HSJDUSJCF UIF-JWT XIPHSBEVBMMZ merged with the Balts. The peoples were further commingled in the wars which Estonian and Latvian tribes waged with one another for centuries.3 66 Backward and Undeveloped? To judge by findings at grave sites, the ancient inhabitants in the area of Latvia were a prosperous people, tall in build.
    [Show full text]
  • THE POLISH RES PUBLICA of NATIONAL and ETHNIC Minorities from the PIASTS to the 20TH CENTURY
    PRZEGLĄD ZACHODNI 2014, No. II MARCELI KOSMAN Poznań THE POLISH RES PUBLICA OF NATIONAL AND ETHNIC MINORITIES FROM THE PIASTS TO THE 20TH CENTURY Początki Polski [The Beginnings of Poland], a fundamental work by Henryk Łowmiański, is subtitled Z dziejów Słowian w I tysiącleciu n.e. [On the History of Slavs in the 1st Millennium A.D.]. Its sixth and final volume, divided into two parts, is also titled Poczatki Polski but subtitled Polityczne i społeczne procesy kształtowania się narodu do początku wieku XIV [Political and Social Processes of Nation Forma- tion till the Beginning of the 14th Century]1. The subtitle was changed because the last volume concerns the formation of the Piast state and emergence of the Polish nation. Originally, there were to be three volumes. The first volume starts as follows: The notion of the beginnings of Poland covers two issues: the genesis of the state and the genesis of the nation. The two issues are closely connected since a state is usually a product of a specific ethnic group and it is the state which, subsequently, has an impact on the transformation of its people into a higher organisational form, i.e. a nation.2 The final stage of those processes in Poland is relatively easily identifiable. It was at the turn of the 10th and 11th century when the name Poland was used for the first time to denote a country under the superior authority of the duke of Gniezno, and the country inhabitants, as attested in early historical sources.3 It is more difficult to determine the terminus a quo of the nation formation and the emergence of Po- land’s statehood.
    [Show full text]
  • Between National and Academic Agendas Ethnic Policies and ‘National Disciplines’ at the University of Latvia, 1919–1940
    BETWEEN NATIONAL AND ACADEMIC AGENDAS Ethnic Policies and ‘National Disciplines’ at the University of Latvia, 1919–1940 PER BOLIN Other titles in the same series Södertörn Studies in History Git Claesson Pipping & Tom Olsson, Dyrkan och spektakel: Selma Lagerlöfs framträdanden i offentligheten i Sverige 1909 och Finland 1912, 2010. Heiko Droste (ed.), Connecting the Baltic Area: The Swedish Postal System in the Seventeenth Century, 2011. Susanna Sjödin Lindenskoug, Manlighetens bortre gräns: tidelagsrättegångar i Livland åren 1685–1709, 2011. Anna Rosengren, Åldrandet och språket: En språkhistorisk analys av hög ålder och åldrande i Sverige cirka 1875–1975, 2011. Steffen Werther, SS-Vision und Grenzland-Realität: Vom Umgang dänischer und „volksdeutscher” Nationalsozialisten in Sønderjylland mit der „großgermanischen“ Ideologie der SS, 2012. Södertörn Academic Studies Leif Dahlberg och Hans Ruin (red.), Fenomenologi, teknik och medialitet, 2012. Samuel Edquist, I Ruriks fotspår: Om forntida svenska österledsfärder i modern historieskrivning, 2012. Jonna Bornemark (ed.), Phenomenology of Eros, 2012. Jonna Bornemark och Hans Ruin (eds), Ambiguity of the Sacred, 2012. Håkan Nilsson (ed.), Placing Art in the Public Realm, 2012. Lars Kleberg and Aleksei Semenenko (eds), Aksenov and the Environs/Aksenov i okrestnosti, 2012. BETWEEN NATIONAL AND ACADEMIC AGENDAS Ethnic Policies and ‘National Disciplines’ at the University of Latvia, 1919–1940 PER BOLIN Södertörns högskola Södertörns högskola SE-141 89 Huddinge www.sh.se/publications Cover Image, taken from Latvijas Universitāte Illūstrācijās, p. 10. Gulbis, Riga, 1929. Cover: Jonathan Robson Layout: Jonathan Robson and Per Lindblom Printed by E-print, Stockholm 2012 Södertörn Studies in History 13 ISSN 1653-2147 Södertörn Academic Studies 51 ISSN 1650-6162 ISBN 978-91-86069-52-0 Contents Foreword ......................................................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Volume 66: Number 2, 2020: Summary
    International Affairs: Volume 66: Number 2, 2020: Summary. Sergey Lavrov Turns 70. International Affairs Editorial Board and Staff Members. Dear Sergey Viktorovich, Staff members of the International Affairs journal are sending their sincere, heartfelt wishes on your birthday. We are genuinely proud of the fact that for many years (far from the easiest ones in the history of Russia and humankind), the International Affairs Board has been headed by a Russian politician and statesman such as you. Your diplomatic talent, reinforced by your professionalism, will to victory and sometimes unconventional decisions, give confidence that Russia will pass through this zone of turbulence, the times of arbitrary rules, not international laws, and the sanctions chaos in international relations and will emerge as a model of stability and a sought-after world arbiter. We are grateful that, despite your superhuman schedule of meetings and trips, addressing priority international issues in real time and sometimes actually saving the world, you find an opportunity to get your articles published in our journal and become involved in our projects. This is very important to us. We hope that this will continue to be the case in the future. We wish you good health, well-being and many more years at the service of our Motherland. To Provide Strategic Stability and Form a Just World Order. Vladimir Putin, President of the Russian Federation. DEAR FRIENDS, Let me extend my heartfelt wishes on your professional holiday, Diplomats’ Day. Russian diplomats have always resolutely and consistently defended the interests of our Fatherland. While continuing the glorious traditions of our predecessors, you carry out your duty with honor and deal with challenging and responsible foreign policy tasks.
    [Show full text]
  • Contents/Sommaire
    RANSYLVANIAN EVIEW Vol. XXIV T R No. 3 /REVUE DE TRANSYLVANIE Autumn 2015 Contents/Sommaire ROMANIAN ACADEMY Chairman: • Paradigms Academician Ionel-Valentin Vlad Between Religion and Science: Some Aspects Concerning Illness and Healing in Antiquity 3 CENTER FOR Simona Gabriela Bungãu TRANSYLVANIAN STUDIES Viorel-Cristian Popa Director: Academician Ioan-Aurel Pop Religion and Power in Ioan Petru Culianu’s View 19 Dorin David A Priest in the “Romanian Action”: Dr. Titus Mãlaiu 26 Maria Ghitta Aspects of Religiosity in the Social Institutions Operating in the Romanian Public Space 40 Ion Petricã Felicia Andrioni Religion and the Public Sphere: Transitional (Post-communist) Representations of the Uniate Community of Cluj-Napoca, between Religion and Politics 56 Codruþa Liana Cuceu Pilgrimage and Its Infrastructure in Post-communist Transylvania 70 Mircea Sergiu Moldovan From Double to Triple Minority: Romanian neo-Protestants from the Serbian Banat in the United States and Canada 85 Mircea Mãran Aleksandra Durić-Milovanović– • Tangencies La révolution hussite et l’affirmation du voïvodat de Transylvanie dans le contexte de la croisade tardive 98 Florian Dumitru Soporan Liana Lãpãdatu The Moldavian Lady On the cover: and the Elder Lords of the East 113 Solicitude, Silence... Mark Whelan (2014) Photo by ALIN BARBIR Alexandru Simon TR 3 2015.indd 1 11/13/2015 12:31:51 PM Violence in Northern Ireland 130 Corina Pãcurar Transylvanian Review continues the • Editorial Events tradition of Revue de Transylvanie, founded by Silviu Dragomir, which Romanian Capitalism: Out of the Frying Pan into was published in Cluj and then in Sibiu the Fire: Lessons in Dependency and Development 140 between 1934 and 1944.
    [Show full text]