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RCS Demographics V2.0 Codebook Religious Characteristics of States Dataset Project Demographics, version 2.0 (RCS-Dem 2.0) CODE BOOK Davis Brown Non-Resident Fellow Baylor University Institute for Studies of Religion [email protected] Acknowledgements I would like to thank the following persons for their assistance, without which this project could not have been completed. First and foremost, my co-principal investigator, Patrick James. Among faculty and researchers, I thank Brian Bergstrom, Peter W. Brierley, Peter Crossing, Abe Gootzeit, Todd Johnson, Barry Sang, and Sanford Silverburg. I also thank the library staffs of the following institutions: Assembly of God Theological Seminary, Catawba College, Maryville University of St. Louis, St. Louis Community College System, St. Louis Public Library, University of Southern California, United States Air Force Academy, University of Virginia, and Washington University in St. Louis. Last but definitely not least, I thank the following research assistants: Nolan Anderson, Daniel Badock, Rebekah Bates, Matt Breda, Walker Brown, Marie Cormier, George Duarte, Dave Ebner, Eboni “Nola” Haynes, Thomas Herring, and Brian Knafou. - 1 - TABLE OF CONTENTS Introduction 3 Citation 3 Updates 3 Territorial and Temporal Coverage 4 Regional Coverage 4 Religions Covered 4 Majority and Supermajority Religions 6 Table of Variables 7 Sources, Methods, and Documentation 22 Appendix A: Territorial Coverage by Country 26 Double-Counted Countries 61 Appendix B: Territorial Coverage by UN Region 62 Appendix C: Taxonomy of Religions 67 References 74 - 2 - Introduction The Religious Characteristics of States Dataset (RCS) was created to fulfill the unmet need for a dataset on the religious dimensions of countries of the world, with the state-year as the unit of observation. The first phase, Demographics (RCS-Dem), provides data on the population and percentages of adherents of 100 religious denominations or categories in each country for which coverage is provided. It is designed expressly for easy merger with datasets of the Correlates of War and Polity projects, datasets by the United Nations, the Religion And State datasets by Jonathan Fox, and the ARDA national profiles. Citation Davis Brown and Patrick James. 2017. Religious Characteristics of State Dataset: Demographics, version 2.0. http://www.thearda.com/Archive/Files/Descriptions/BROWN.asp. An article of record is due for publication in Journal of Conflict Resolution in 2018. Updates since version 1.1 In version 2.0, the temporal range has been updated to 2015 (from 2010) and coverage for a few countries has been expanded further back in time (notably Iceland). The territorial coverage has been expanded to include all micro-states, as well as all geographically separated dependencies. Many polynomial and exponential curves used for interpolation and extrapolation were further refined. Additional descriptor variables were added to facilitate merging with data from the United Nations, and the ARDA National Profiles, and the Religion And State (RAS) dataset by Jonathan Fox. Names of variables have been adjusted to better accommodate the ARDA’s standard truncating practice. All variable names now have a maximum of 7 characters, to accommodate placement of suffixes when using RCS in dyadic observations. The following religions’ ID numbers have been adjusted: Religion Old ID New ID Other Catholic 1230 1270 Other Extra-Canonical Christian 1813 1817 Other Non-Trinitarian Christian 1824 1827 Other Liminal Christian 1830 1870 Mandaean 2700 2500 Other Sunni 3150 3170 Other Shiite 3240 3270 Other (Non-Liminal) Muslim 3400 3700 Other Liminal Muslim 3830 3870 Sikh 4700 4800 - 3 - Religion Old ID New ID Other Buddhist 6400 6700 Other Indigenous Religionist 8300 8700 The Codebook, Appendix A, now includes the country code (ccode) for each country and more clearly differentiates independent states from dependencies and other subnational entities. RCS-Dem v. 2.0 introduces an additional feature: regional totals. For each region demarcated by the United Nations, including the entire world, RCS-Dem estimates religious demographics for the entire region (including dependencies) from 2015 back to the first year of common coverage. These estimates are provided in a separate dataset. Territorial and Temporal Coverage Version 2.0 of the demographics data covers 220 independent states, 26 selected sub-state entities, and 41 geographically separated dependencies, through the year 2015 and beginning at the year 1900 or earlier. The main dataset covers 42,747 state-years and features 225 variables, for a total of 9,618,075 individual datapoints. Appendix A details the precise coverage for each country/entity. Regional Coverage A new feature, introduced in version 2.0, is a separate dataset in which country variables are summed up to generate estimates for UN-demarcated regions. Those regions in turn are totaled to generate estimates for the entire world. The variables in the regional dataset are identical to those in the main dataset, with the following exceptions: (1) a four-letter regional abbreviation (rabbrev) replaces the standard three-letter country abbreviations (abbrev, iso3), and (2) only UN numeric codes (uncode) are provided, since other coding systems do not provide numeric codes for regions. This secondary dataset covers 30 regions in 3774 region-years and features 216 variables, for a total of 815,184 individual datapoints. Appendix B details the precise territorial and temporal coverage for each region. Religions Covered A taxonomy of religions covered in RCS, along with their numerical identifiers, is provided at Appendix C. RCS introduces several new composite categories: Western and Eastern Christian, East Asian and Buddhist Complexes, and two Liminal categories. Each composite has been created to facilitate the management of variables of religions with key commonalities, and each one now is explained in turn. Western and Eastern Christian. The Western Christian category consists of Latin-Rite Catholic, Extended Protestant, and most Liminal Christian denominations. These three branches (a) possess a common - 4 - scriptural root (they all treat the New Testament as canon); (b) dominate and coexist in largely the same geographic regions; and (c) feature a common heritage (i.e., Protestantism and Liminal Christianity split off from their parent denominations about 500 and 200 years ago, respectively). Although they do have some different beliefs and structures – for example, the Catholic branch is considerably more hierarchical than the Protestant – they also have similar ethical structures, including political ethics. This is especially true in the security studies context, for their war ethics are similar enough that they are often treated together (Johnson 1975, 1987; Cahill 1994; Brown 2008). The dataset also includes separate variables for each branch (and including this category presents no impediment to users who do not need it). The Eastern Christian category is added solely for completeness; no other justification for combining those denominations is offered. East Asian Complex and Buddhist Complex. The East Asian and Buddhist Complexes are closely related. The East Asian Complex is Shintoism, Confucianism, Taoism, and Chinese Folk Religion combined. The Buddhist Complex category is Shintoism, Confucianism, Taoism, and Buddhism combined. Despite the differences in many of the philosophies and worldviews of Buddhism, Confucianism, Taoism, and Shinto, it is appropriate for these purposes to amalgamate them, for two reasons. One reason is that Buddhism (usually Mahayana) has been imported into and widely accepted in the countries in which the other three religions have thrived; the sheer volume of the Mahayana Buddhist literature (Conze 1997: 295) discourages unity in belief or canon, and a variety of sects have emerged in China, Korea, Japan, and Vietnam, each flavored by the background of other, indigenous religious and philosophical traditions. In turn, Buddhism has influenced those indigenous traditions as well (Kitagawa 1990; 154; McGreal 1995: passim; Zaehner 1997: 293-373). Furthermore, many great thinkers in East Asia and India were versed in more than one religion (McGreal 1995). In China specifically, traditional society is often characterized as being a syncretic of Buddhism, Taoism, and Confucianism (Nyitray 2006); interestingly, the Oxford volume on global religions (Juergensmeyer 2006) groups the three religions together. In Japan, Buddhism and Shinto have become so closely intertwined with other (mostly East Asian) religions as to form a “single religious complex” (Kisala 2009: 89). Furthermore, Confucianist philosophy historically has been influential outside China; for example, it was the official theology of the Tokugawa shogunate in Japan (Kitagawa 1990: 153), and of the Choson dynasty in Korea (Lancaster 2006). However, the Chinese Folk religion is practiced outside the institutional forms of the other religions in the Buddhist Complex and therefore it is not included in it (Jochim 2006: 125). Amalgamating these four religions makes sense for a second reason. The sources of religious demographic data indicate that in East Asia, especially China and Japan, individuals often affiliate with more than one religion in tandem—usually a mixture of Buddhism or Confucianism with one of the other two (CIA 1981-2008; Zaehner 1997: 357; Juergensmeyer 2006: 69-172 passim). The trait often renders it nearly impossible to disaggregate these four religions from each other.
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